konsep sistem informasi - mas-anto.com atau definisi dari item individual (defined of individual...

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Konsep Sistem Informasi

Agus Sumaryanto, [email protected]

1http://learning.mas-anto.com

Konsep Sistem Informasi

• Prasyarat : Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

• Tujuan :

– memahami dan menguasai konsep sisteminformasi,

– dapat menjelaskan peranan informasi dalam suatuorganisasi,

– struktur dari suatu sistem informasi,

– dukungan komputer terhadap suatu sisteminformasi, dan

– nilai informasi bagi pengambilan keputusan


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Materi :

1. Pengertian data dan informasi

2. Konsep dasar sistem dan sistem informasi

3. Konsep organisasi dan manajemen dalamkaitannya dengan suatu sistem informasi

4. Struktur sistem informasi: komponen, aktivitas, peran, dan tujuan pembangunan sisteminformasi

5. Jenis-jenis sistem informasi berbasis komputer

6. Peran sistem informasi untuk pengambilankeputusan


• Buku Referensi :

1. Couger, J.D. and Mc Fadden, F.R., "Introduction to Computer- Based Information Systems", John Willey & Sons, Inc., New York, 1976.

2. McLeod Jr., Raymond, “Management Information System A Study of Computer-Based Information System”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1990.

3. Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management Information System A Contemporary Perpective”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1990.

4. Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management Information System Management The Digital Firm, Seven Edt.”, Prentice-Hall,New Jersey, 2002.

5. Turban-McLean-Wetherbe, “Information Technology For Management,Second Edition”, John Wiley & Sons, USA, 1999.

6. Steven Alter, “Information Systems Foundation of E-Business, 4Ed”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,2002.


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Pengertian Data dan Informasi

• Data :“Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use”, 4.p8-9).

(adalah aliran dari fakta yang direpresentasikan melalui kejadian dalam organisasi atau lingkungan fisik sebelum diorganisasi dan di susun ke dalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan digunakan oleh user).

• Data adalah fakta / sebagian fakta yang mengandung arti berupa angka, huruf, symbol khusus atau gabungan darinya.


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Informasi (1)

• “Data have been shaped into form that is meaningful and useful to human beings”.

(Informasi adalah data yang disusun kedalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan bermanfaat bagi user) atau.

• Informasi adalah “hasil dari kegiatan pengolahan data yang memberikan bentuk yang lebih berarti berupa suatu informasi” atau

• Informasi adalah data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanya dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan keputusan.


Data vs Informasi


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Informasi(2)

• Untuk menjadi informasi,umumnya data perlu mengalami proses pengolahan.

• Sifat informasi dapat perfect (sempurna, tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian) dan dapat pula imperfect (tidak sempurna, mengandung unsur ketidakpastian).

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Data InformasiProcess

http://learning.mas-anto.com

Informasi(3)

• Sumber Informasi :–Pengamatan lapangan (observasi)–Kuesioner–Kejadian / event (pencatatan, perekaman

ataupun penangkapan sinyal digital secara langsung).

–Pemodelan (forecasting, econometric, operational research, simulation, heuristic, dsb).


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Informasi(4)

• Karakteristik (kualitas) Informasi yang baik :– Timeliness (informasi harus tepat waktu,

tersedia manakala dibutuhkan)– Accuracy (informasi harus akurat / teliti)– Reduced Uncertainty (informasi

ketidakpastiannya harus ditekan / diminimize/diperkecil)

– Element of Surprise (informasi tidakmengandung unsur / elemen kejutan)


Informasi(5)

• Informasi disampaikan kepada pengguna (user) dapat direpresentasikan dalam media :– Kertas/hardcopy– Tampilan/display-monitor/video– Suara/audio

• Informasi yang dibutuhkan manajemen umumnya dalam bentuk laporan. Ada banyak variasi dan tipe laporan antara lain :– Loran Periodik– Laporan Indikator Kunci– Laporan berdasarkan permintaan (on-call report)– Laporan Khusus– Laporan Penyimpangan (exception report)


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Informasi(6)

• Laporan dapat di representasikan dengan berbagai bentuk, antara lain yang umum digunakan :– Narasi– Tabel– Grafik dan Gambar– Kombinasi– Kertas/hardcopy


• System ?

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Input Output

Feedback

System

“A group of elements or parts that are integrated and coordinated for the purpose of achieving a goal”(Sekumpulan komponen atau bagian yang terintegrasi dan dikoordinir untuk maksud mencapai suatu tujuan / gol)


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information system

An information system (IS) is an arrangement of people, data, processes, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support an organization


What is a System?

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ManufacturingProcess

Input ofRaw Materials

Output ofFinished Products

Environment

Other Systems

Control byManagement

ControlSignals

ControlSignals

FeedbackSignals

FeedbackSignals

System Boundary


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The Internetworked -Business

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Manufacturingand

Production

Engineering &Research

Accounting,Finance, andManagement

Suppliers and Other Business Partners

Procurement, Distribution, and Logistics

Advertising Sales Customer Service

Consumer and Business Customers

Company

Boundary

Intranets

The Internet

Extranets

Extr

ane

ts


A Federation of Information Systems


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Information System Applications


Focuses for Information Systems

• Knowledge — the raw material used to

create useful information.

• Process — the activities (including

management) that carry out the mission of

the business.

• Communication — how the system

interfaces with its users and other

information systems.


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The CMM Process Management Model

Capability Maturity Model (CMM) – a standardized framework for assessing the maturity level of an organization’s information system development and management processes and products. It consists of five levels of maturity:

– Level 1—Initial: System development projects follow no prescribed process.

– Level 2—Repeatable: Project management processes and practices are established to track project costs, schedules, and functionality.

– Level 3—Defined: A standard system development process (sometimes called a “methodology”) is purchased or developed. All projects use a version of this process to develop and maintain information systems and software.

– Level 4—Managed: Measurable goals for quality and productivity are established.

– Level 5—Optimizing: The standardized system development process is continuously monitored and improved based on measures and data analysis established in Level 4.


Capability Maturity Model (CMM)

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Types of Information Systems

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Transaction

Processing

Systems

Process

Control

Systems

Enterprise

Collaboration

Systems

Operations

Support

Systems

Management

Information

Systems

Decision

Support

Systems

Executive

Information

Systems

Management

Support

Systems

Information Systems


A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information system that captures and processes data about business transactions.

A management information system (MIS) is an information system that provides for management-oriented reporting based on transaction processing and operations of the organization.

A decision support system (DSS) is an information system that either helps to identify decision making opportunities or provides information to help make decisions.


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An expert system is an information system that captures the expertise of workers and then simulates that expertise to the benefit of nonexperts.

A communications and collaboration system is an information system that enables more effective communications between workers, partners, customers, and suppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate.

An office automation system is an information system that supports the wide range of business office activities that provide for improved work flow between workers.


Other Categories of Information Systems

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Expert Systems

Knowledge Management Systems

Functional Business Systems

Strategic Information Systems

Cross-Functional Information Systems


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The Information Systems Development Process


Management Challenges of the E-Business Enterprise

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•Business Strategies•Business Processes•Business Needs

•Customer Relationships•Business Partners•Suppliers•Business Customers

Ethical ConsiderationsPotential Risks?Potential Laws? Possible Responses?

•IS Human Resources•IS Development

•IT Infrastructure•IS Performance

•Organization Structure•and Culture•User Acceptance


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Chapter Summary

• Information Systems play a vital role in the efficient and effective operations of E-Business, E-Commerce and enterprise collaboration.

• The business professional must know:

– Foundations (fundamentals) of IS

– Information Technologies

– Business Applications

– Development Processes; and

– Managerial Challenges


Chapter Summary (cont)

• A system is a group of interrelated components working toward the attainment of a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.

• An information system uses the resources of people, hardware, software, data, and networks to perform input, processing, output, storage and control activities.


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• IS Resources:

– Hardware Resources

– Software Resources

– People Resources

– Data Resources

– Network Resources

• Products:

– Paper Reports

– Visual Displays

– Multimedia Documents

– Electronic Messages

– Graphics images

– Audio Responses



• Information systems perform three vital roles in business firms. They support:

– Business processes and operations,

– Business decision making; and

– Strategic competitive advantage

• Major application categories of information systems include:

– Operations Support Systems; and

– Management Support Systems


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Data : Tipe Data

Lima tipe utama data pada sistem informasi yang sekarang yaitu : 6.p132-177)

1. predefined data item,

2. images,

3. text,

4. audio, dan

5. video

Pada sistem informasi tradisional hanya berisi predefined data item dan text. Pada saat ini, akibat pesatnya kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi IT data dapat dibuat dalam bentuk gambar, suara dengan menggunakan teknik seperti digitization, voice messaging dan video conference


Predefined data item

• Predefined data item tediri dari numeric atau alphabetical item, yang mempunyai arti dan format khusus yang jelas dan selanjutnya digunakan untuk mengendalikan kalkulasi dan transaksi yang menggunakan data. Sebagai contoh credit card number, transaction date, purchase account, dan merchant ID.


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Text

• Text terdiri dari letters, numbers, dan karakter lainnya yang pengertiannya dikombinasikan tidak hanya bergantung pada bentuk yang ditentukan (prespecified format) atau definisi dari item individual (defined of individual items).


Images

• Images adalah data dalam bentuk gambar, baik dalam bentuk photographs, gambar yang dibuat tangan (hand-drawn pictures), atau grafik yang dihasilkan dari data numerik. Images dapat disimpan, dimodifikasi, dan di kirim (transmitted) dalam banyak cara yang sama seperti text.


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• Audio

– Audio adalah data dalam bentuk suara.

• Video

– Video adalah kombinasi gambar dan suara yang ditampilkan secara bersamaan. Penggunaannya misalnya melalui video conference.


Satuan Data

• Bit satuan terkecil data

• Byte satu karakter=8 bit

• Word satu kata=2 byte=16 bit

• Double Word satu kata=4 byte=32 bit

• Data satu data=beberapa byte yang punya arti

• Record satu baris data

• Field satu lajur/kolom data

• Table satu table data (baris dan kolom)

• Library satu kumpulan file data

• Database satu bank data (kumpulan semua data)


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Evolution of DB Systems

• Flat files - 1960s - 1980s

• Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s

• Network – 1970s - 1990s

• Relational – 1980s - present

• Object-oriented – 1990s - present

• Object-relational – 1990s - present

• Data warehousing – 1980s - present

• Web-enabled – 1990s - present


Basis Data (Database)

• Elemen Basis Data – Terdapat 3 elemen basis data yaitu : User, Isi Data

dan Tempat Penyimpan (memori) data.

– Dalam elemen user terdapat 3 golongan yaitu :

– Operator yang memerlukan fasilitas ‘Query’ atau paket program yang sudah jadi

– Programmer yang memerlukan bahasa pemrograman DBMS

– DBA (database administrator) yang memerlukan data dictionary system (DDS)


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Pengertian Basis Data

• Basis Data adalah kumpulan dari data yang saling berhubungan (berinteraksi) satu dengan yang lainnya, tersimpan di perangkat keras computer dan digunakan perangkat lunak untuk memanipulasinya.

• Penerapan database dalam sistem informasi di sebut database sistem.


Pengertian Sistem Basis Data

• Sistem Basis Data adalah suatu sistem informasi yang mengintegrasikan kumpulan dari data yang saling berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya dan membuatnya tersedia untuk beberapa aplikasi yang bermacam-macam di dalam suatu organisasi.

• Software yang digunakan untuk mengatur (manage) data adalah DBMS (Data Base Management System). Contoh DBMS : Excell, Access, FoxBase, FoxPro, Oracle, Informix, Sybase, dll


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Kenapa perlu konsep Basis Data

• Dalam pendekatan pengolahan data tradisional sumber data ditangani sendiri-sendiri oleh masing-masing bagian untuk tiap aplikasi.

• Sedangkan dalam konsep database, pengolahan data dilakukan secara terintegrasidalam sebuah database, dimana tiap-tiap orang atau bagian dapat memandang database dari sudut pandangan yang berbeda.


Organisasi File Basis Data

• Organisasi data secara konvensional dirasakan kurang, karena berorientasi pada file, artinya data cenderung hanya berhubungan dengan data yang lainnya dalam satu file saja, kurang ada hubungan dengan data lain yang berada di file lain.

• Oleh karena itu dikembangkan jenis organisasi data yaitu :

– Hirarki (berjenjang),

– Network (jaringan) dan

– Relasional (hubungan).


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Organisasi Hirarki (1)

• Organisasi Hirarki / berjenjang atau disebut juga struktur data poon (tree). Suatu pohon dibentuk dari beberapa elemen grup data yang berjenjang, disebut dengan node. Node yang paling atas disebut root (level-1), tiap node dapat bercabang ke node-node yang lain. Dengan ketentuan setiap pohon hanya mempunyai satu root saja dan tiap-tiap node kecuali root hanya dapat mempunyai sebuah orang tua (parent) saja tetapi tiap-tiap node dapat mempunyai beberapa anak (child).


Organisasi Hirarki (2)


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Organisasi Network(1)

• Pada Organisasi pohon tiap node tidak dapat mempunyai leih dari satu orang tua, maka pada strukur data jaringan tiap-tiap node dapat mempunyai lebih dari satu orang tua.


Organisasi Network(2)


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Organisasi Relasional (1)

• Hubungan di dasarkan pada field kunci (yaitu field yang unik / tidak ada duanya), contoh file MHS dan file NILAI dihungkan melalui field kunci NPM.


Organisasi Relasional (2)


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Relasi Data


Data, Informasi dan Sistem Informasi(..catatan tambahan)

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SI sudah merupakan bagian dari perusahaan untuk mendukung usaha dengan CBIS (Computer Base Information System)

Resources : 5M + I

Man

Machine

Money

Material

Method and

Information


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Kenapa SI perlu dimenej?, karena resources terbatas, karena terbatas maka perlu di optimalkan pemanfaatannya

Sistem pasti mempunyai tujuan, komponen sistem apa saja, tergantung sistem apa, bisa metode, barang, dll

Karakteristik sistem :1. Transformasi input ke output (retrieve, update, representation)

Representasi : Text,suara,gambar, dll

2. Interdisiplinair yang tergabung dalam satu kesatuan

3. Holistik (menyeluruh)

4. Dapat dibedakan dengan yang lainnya (lingkungannya)

5. Sinergi

6. Hierarki

7. Ada aturan (regulasi)

8. Harus punya tujuan (objective)


Information Systems Architecture(ISA)

• Overall blueprint for organization’s information systems

• Consists of:

– Data (Enterprise Data Model – simplified ER Diagram)

– Processes – data flow diagrams, process decomposition, etc.

– Data Network – topology diagram (like fig 1.8)

– People – people management using project management tools (Gantt charts, etc.)

– Events and Points in Time (when processes are performed)

– Reasons for events and rules (e.g. decision tables)


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Information Engineering• A data-oriented methodology to create and maintain

information systems

• Top-down planning approach.

• Four steps:– Planning

• Results in an Information Systems Architecture– Analysis

• Results in functional specifications…i.e. what we want– Design

• Results in design specifications…i.e. how we’ll do it– Implementation

• Results in final operational system


Information Systems Planning

• Strategy development

– IT Planning to meet Corporate strategy

• Three steps:1. Identify strategic planning factors

2. Identify corporate planning objects

3. Develop enterprise model


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Identify Strategic Planning Factors (table 2.1)

• Organization goals – what we hope to accomplish

• Critical success factors – what MUST work in order for us to survive

• Problem areas – weaknesses we now have


Identify Corporate Planning Objects (table 2.3)

• Organizational units

• Organizational locations

• Business functions – these might become the users

• Entity types – the things we are trying to model

• Information (application) systems


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Develop Enterprise Model

• Decomposition of business functions

– See figure 2.2

• Enterprise data model

– See figure 2.1

• Planning matrixes

– See figure 2.3


Enterprise Data Model

• First step in database development

• Specifies scope and general content

• Overall picture of organizational data, not specific design

• Entity-relationship diagram

• Descriptions of entity types

• Relationships between entities

• Business rules


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Informasi

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Data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanya dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan keputusan

Untuk menjadi informasi umumnya data perlu mengalami proses pengolahan

Sifat informasi :1. Perfect (tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)

2. Imperfect (mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)


INPUT PROSES OUTPUT

Data Proses Informasi - Bisa sangat simple

- Bisa dapat complicated

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• Suatu data jika akan menghasilkan informasi yang baik, maka datanya harus bersih.

• prosesnya meliputi :1. Verifikasi2. Validasi3. Duplication data


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63

Macam-macam atribut suatu data :1. Identifier (sebagai identifikasi)

2. Locater (sebagai penunjuk lokasi)

3. Temporal

4. Classifier

5. Relational

Faktor yang mempengaruhi ‘nilai suatu informasi’ :1. Tepat ISI dan TELITI (accuracy)

2. Tepat WAKTU (timeliness)

3. Tepat GUNA (relevancy)

4. Tepat SAJI (presentation)


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Manfaat Informasi Terhadap Proses :

1. Menghemat Tenaga

2. Meningkatkan Efisiensi

3. Mempercepat Proses

4. Perbaikan Dokumentasi

5. Pencapaian Standar

6. Perbaikan Keputusan

Terhadap Produk :

1. Peningkatan “feature”

2. Perubahan Karakteristik

3. Peningkatan Fasilitas Penyampaian Produk

4. Inovasi Produk barang atau jasa


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Terhadap Kualitas :

1. Peningkatan kualitas proses (JIT,Feedback, dsb)

2. Peningkatan kualitas produk (standarisasi produk, peningkatan pelayanan, dsb)

Komponen SI :

1. Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)

2. Infoware (Database)

3. Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)

4. Brainware (humanware)


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Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)

Merupakan sistem komputer dan jaringan

Infoware (Database)

DBMS (Data Base Management System)

DBA (Database Administrator)

Kegagalan DBMS pada umumnya pada updating karna faktor SDM

Jika data tidak diupdate, maka cutomer kecewa, ini akan sangat berbahaya. Oleh karena itu perlu dijaga kedisiplinan agar data tetap up-to-date.


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Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)

Mencakup Organisasi dan Prosedur

Prosedur :

1. Prosedur Penyiapan Data

2. Prosedur Perekaman Data

3. Prosedur Pemrosesan Data

4. Prosedur Pengamanan Data

5. Dsb

Jika sistem sudah “menyimpang terlalu jauh”, maka perlu di “Re-Design”

Dengan adanya prosedur baru, terdapat cara kerja baru dan ini harus disosialisasikan

Kalau mau mengembangkan SI harus mengacu kepada rencana induk perusahaan

Dulu EDP sekarang IT Division atau IS Division


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Brainware

Mengatur Brainware paling sulit dibandingkan dengan 3 komponen yang lainnya

Contoh job dalam bidang IT:

1. Operator Perekam Data

2. Teknisi Perangkat Kerja dan Jaringan

3. Pemrogram APlikasi Sistem (Programmer)

4. Analis Sistem (Analyst)

5. Administrator Database (Database Administrator)

6. Perancang Sistem (System Designer)

7. Perekayasa Perangkat Lunak (S/W Engineering)

8. Perekayasa Jaringan (Network Engineering)

9. Pengelola Proyek SI (IS Project Manager)


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Karakteristik Sistem

Sub Sistem

Sub SistemSub Sistem

Sub Sistem

Input Output

Interface

(penghubung)

Input OutputProcess

Environment

Goals

Boundary

(batas sistem)


Siklus Pengolahan Data

PROSES

(Model)

ENTRI DATAOUTPUT

(Informasi)BASIS DATA

USER

(Penerima)

KEPUTUSAN

TINDAKAN

HASIL

TINDAKAN

CAPTURING

DATA


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Understanding Systems from Business Viewpoint

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Amazon.com : An Evolving Business Models

The Need for Frameworks and Models

The Work System Framework

Work System Principles

Relationships Beetwen Work Systems and IS

The Principle Based Systems Analysis Method

Measurement Work System Performance

Clasification Related to


Amazon.com : An Evolving Business Models

(Work System Snapshot, Amazon.com provides a different

way to shop for books)


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The Work System Framework

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The Customer

The Product and Services

The Business Process

The Participant

The Information

The Technology

Context

Infrastructure


The Customer

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People who use and receive direct benefit from the products and services


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The Product and Services

75

The combination of physical things information and services that the work system produces for to customer


The Business Process

76

The sets of the steps or activities that are performed within the work system


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The Participant

77

People who perform the work step in the business process


The Information

78

The information used by the participants to perform their work


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The Technology

79

The hardware, software and the other tools and equipment used by the participants


Context

80

The organizational, competitive, technical and regulatory realm within which the work system operates


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Infrastructure

81

Is share human and technical resources that the work system rellies on even through these resources exist and are managed outside of it.


CUSTOMER

People who purchases books

Whosellers that supply the books

Amazon.com Shipping departement

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Information about books that might be purchased

information describing cash book order

books that are eventually delivered

BUSINESS PROCESS

Purchaser log on www.amazon.com

Purchaser identifies desired books or gives search criteria

Purchaser looks at book related information and desides what

to order

Purchaser enter order

Amazon.com finds the books in it inventory and packs thm fpr

dhipping, if the book are no in its inventory, Amazon order

them from a wholeseller and ships them to the customer after

they arrive at the Amazon werehouse

Shipping departement packages order and sends it to the

purchaser

PARTICIPANTS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

People interested in

purchasing books

order fullfillment

department of

wholeseller

Shipping department

Amazon.com

Order for books

price and other

information about each

book

purchase hidtory and

related information for

each customer

Personel computers

used by purchaser

computers and

networks use by

Amazon.com for order

processing

the internet

(infrastructure)

Work System Snapshot

Amazon.com provides a different way to shop for

books


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Data and Knowledge Management (KM)

I. Data Management :

1. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)

2. Data Life Cyle Process and Knowledge Discovery

3. Data Source and Collection

4. Data Quality (DQ)

5. Multimedia and OO Databases

6. Document Management


II. Data Warehousing, Mining and Analysis :

1. Transaction Vs Analytical Processing

2. Data Warehousing and Marts

3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and Mining


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III. Data Visualization and Technology

1. Data Visualization

2. Multidimensionality

3. GIS


IV. Marketing Databases in Action

1. The Marketing Transaction Database

2. Implementation in Example

V. KM

1. Knowledge Base and Organizational Learning

2. Implementing KM Systems


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I. Data Management

I. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)

– The Difficulties• The Amount of data increases exponentially

• Collected by many individuals, using several methods and devices

• Organization’s data are relevant for specific decision

• Raw Data my be stored in different computing systems, databases, formats, and human and computer languages

• Data Security, Quality, and integrity


– These difficulties and the critical need for

• Timely and Accurated information

• Search effective and efficient

– Data management • Support TPS

• Relational Databases

• Client/Server Environment

• Finding Data Quiqly and Easly

– Creation of Data Warehouse


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2. Data Life Cyle Process and Knowledge Discovery

• Trace how and where data flows in organization

• Business do not run on data, They run on information and their knowledge of how to put that information to uses successfully.

• The transformation of data into knowledge mybe accomplished in several ways


Converting Data to Knowledge

Data

Source

Collection

Data Sorage

Selection

Target Data Preproce-

ssing Data

Prepro-

cessingTrans-

formation

Data

mining

Interpretation /

Evaluation

iMac Use

Transfor-

med DataPatterns

Storage,

Knowledge

Base

Knowledge

Data Warehousing Data Analysis


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3. Data Source and Collection

• The Data life cycle begins with the acquisition of data from data sources.

• Data can include :

– Documents

– Pictures

– Maps

– Sound and


– Animation

– Concepts

– Opinions

– Raw or

– Summarized or extrated data

– Data Source :

– Internal Data

– Personal Data

– External Data


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– Internal Data :– are organizational internal data are

stored in one or more places

– About : people, product, services, and processes

– Personal Data– IS user or other coorporate employees

by creating personal data


– External Data :– Data are available on :

» CD-ROM

» Internet Server (film, music or voice)

» Pictures (diagram, atlases)

» Television

– Large amounts of external data are available on the internet.

– The internet and commercial databases services -> Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)


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– Methods For Collection Raw Data– Can be collected :

» Manually or» Instruments or sensors » Scanned or » Transferred Electronically

– Manual Data Collected :» Time studies» Surveys» Observations and» Constributions from experts


4. Data Quality (DQ)• Data are frequently found to be :

» Inaccurate

» Incomplete

» Ambiguous

– The economical and social damage from poor quality data costs billions of dollars


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• Problem Data :– DQ Problem divide into four catagories

and dimension :1. Instrinsic DQ :

» Accuracy, objectivity, believability, reputation2. Accessability DQ :

» Accessability and security3. Contextual DQ :

» Relevance, Value Added, timeliness, completeness, amount data

4. Representasion DQ:» Interpretability, ease of understanding, concise

representation, consistent representation


• Problem Data (cont..):– Data are not correct

– Data are not timely

– Data are not measured or index properly

– Needed data simply do not exist

• One of the major issues of DQ is DATA INTEGRITY


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• OOD are sometimes referred to as multimedia databases and are manage special Multimedia Databases Management Systems (MDMS)

• These manage data in variety of formats in additional to standard text or numeric fields.

• The formats include Images such as digitized photographs or forms of bit-mapped graphics


6. Document Management (DM)• Document Management Systems (DMS)

provide information to decision makers in an electronic format

• DM is the automated control of electronic document, page images, spreadsheet, word processing document, and complex, compound documents through their entire life cycle within an organization, from initial creation to final archiving.

• DMS usually include computerized imaging systems


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II. Data Warehousing, Mining and Analysis :

I. Transaction Vs Analytical Processing– Data processing in organizations can be

viewed either as transactional or analytical

– Transactional Processing, in the routine daily processing of the transactional of the organizations such as ordering or billing


• A good data delivery system therefore should be able to support :

» Easy data access by the end users themselve

» Quicker decision making

» More accurate and effective decision making

» Flexible decision making


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• This improved option of analytical processing involves three concepts :1. A business representation of data for end

users

2. A client/server enviroment that gives the user query and reporting capabilities

3. A server-base repository, the data warehouse, that allows centralized security and control over the data


2. Data Warehousing and Marts• Data Warehouse, benefits :

1. To reach data quickly

2. To do it easly

• The purpose of data warehouse is to establish a data repository that makes operational data accessable in a form rapidly acceptable for analytical processing activities such as decision support, EIS, and other user application.


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• Data Warehouses allow for the storage of metadata, which include data summaries that are easier to index and search, especially with web tools


Legacy

OLTP

External

Select

Extract

Transform

Integrate

Maintain

Preparation

Opeparational

System / Data

A

P

I

S

M

I

d

l

e

w

a

r

e

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Metadata

Reposition

Enterprise

Data

Warehouse

Data Mart

Data Mart

Data Mart

Target

Database(s)

(RDB, MDDB)

Replication

Marketing

Risk

Management

EngineeringData Mining

AccessApplication

EIS / DSS

Custom-Built

Application

(4GL Tools)

Production

Reporting

Tools

Relation

Query Tools

Web Browses

OLAP /

ROLAP

Data Warehouse Framework and Views


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– Characteristic of Data Warehousing

1. Organization :

» data are organized by detailed subject, containingly information relevant for decision support

2. Consistency

» Data in different operational databases my be encoded differently, e.g gender data ‘0’, ‘1’ or ‘m’, ‘f’ and consistent manner


3. Time variant

» The data are kept for 5 to 10 years so they can be used for trends, forecasting and comparisons over time

4. Nonvolatile

» Once entered into the warehouse, data are not update (Tdk dpt diubah)


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5. Relational

» Typically the data warehouse uses a relational structure

6. Clent/Server

» The data warehouse uses the client/server architecture mainly to provide the end user an easy access to its data


• Data Marts is a replicated subset of the data warehouse and is dedicated to a functional or regional area.


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• Summary of strategic Uses

of Data Warehousing

Industry Functional Area of Use Strategic UseAirline Operations and Marketing analysis of route

profitability

Banking Product Development, Customer service,

operation and marketing trend analysis, product

and service promotion.

Reduction of IS

expenses

Healt Care Operation reduction of operational

expenses


3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and Mining • The program of extracting useful

knowledge from volumes of data is known as knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) or just knowledge discovery.

• KDD’s objective is to identify valid, novel, potensially usefull, and ultimatellyunderstandable patterns in data


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• KDD support by three technologies :1. Massive data collection

2. Powerfull multiprocessor computers

3. Data Mining Algorithms

• Tools and Techniques of KDD

• KDD tools over time can be divided into four major stage :

1. Data Collection (1960s)

2. Data Acess (1980s)

3. Data Warehousing and Decion Support (1990s)

4. Intelligence Data Mining (l-1990)


– The problem with the data collection and access techniques is that they are not suitable for a large volume of data, nor can they be used effectively by end user.

– Even though Structured Query Language (SQL) use is becaming more user friendly.


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• OLAP

(On Line Analytical Processing)

• OLAP refers to such end-user activities as DSS modeling using spreadsheets and grahics, which are done online.

• Unlike online transaction online processing (OLTP) application.


• Data Mining

• Data mining derives is name from the similarities between searching for valuable business information in a large database and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable are.


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IMPACT OF IT ON ORGANIZATIONS,

INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY

117

I. Impact on Organizations

II. Impact on Individuals at Work

III. Societal Impacts and The Internet Community


I. IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS

118

1. Structure

2. Authority

3. Power and

4. Job Content


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II. IMPACTs ON INDIVIDUALS

AT WORK

119

1. Job Satisfaction

2. Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts

3. Impacts On Health and Safety


III. SOCIETAL IMPACTS AND THE

INTERNET COMMUNITY

120

1. Opportunitis For People With Disabilities

2. Quality of Life Improvements

3. Other Impacts


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IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS

1.1. Structure

121

Structure,Authority,Power and Job Content

a. Flatter Organizational Hierarchies

b. Staff-To-Line Ratio

c. Special Units

d. Centralization of Authority

e. Power and Status

f. Job Contens

g. Role Ambiguity and Conflict


A. Flatter Organizational Hierarchies (FOH)

122

Increased Productivity and increased span of control

Decreased number of experts

FOH result from :

reduction in the total number of employees,

reengineering of business process, and

ability of lower-level employee to perform higher –level job


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B. Staff-To-Line Ratio

123

The number of professional and specialists could decline in relation to the total number of employees in the organizations.


C. Special Units

124

Creating a technology centre

Internet/electronic commerce unit

Decision support system departement

Intelligent system departement


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D. Centralization of Authority

125

Because of the trend toward smaller and flatters organizations, centralization become more popular.

Example : introduction of expert systems in general electric’s maintenance area increased the power of the desentarlization units because they become less dependent on the companys headquarters.


E. Power and Status

126

Knowledge is power

Changing the power structure within organization

Example : expert system may reduce the power of certain professional group, becaise their knowledge will be in the public domain.


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F. Job Contens

127

Job Conten is important not only because it is related to organizational structure, but also becase it is interrelated with employee satisfaction, compensation, status, and productivity.

Changes in job content occuur when work is redesigned.

Example : when BPR (Business Process Reenginerring) is attempted or when electronic commerce changes the marketing system.



1.2. Personnel Issues

128

Employee Career Ladders

Changes in Supervision

Other Considerations

The Manager’s Job


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1.3. The Manager’s Job

129

Automation of routin decision

Less expertise required for many decisions

Less reliance on experts to provide support to top executive

Power distribution among managers

Electronic support of complex decision (intelligent agents, DSS)


Impacts On Health and Safety

130

Job Stress

Repetitive Strain Injuries

Lessening The Negative Impact on Health and Safety

Other Impacts


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Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts

131

Dehumanization :

Negative effect on people’s individuality, such : many people feel loss of identity.

Expert systems or artificial intelligence are increasingly replacing people in the creative arena.


Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts(2)

132

Psychological Impacts :

Isolating influence : depression and loneliness

Distance learning : lack of social impact.


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IS and Individual

The Individual

The

Individual

Entertainment

business and

education

Environment

and

application

Security

Home

Informatio

n System Insurance

and

Brokerage

Accounting

and Legal

Police

and Fire

Library

Public and

Private Service

System

Education and

Medical System

Centre

Medical

Database

Hospital

Adm and

treatment

Laisure Time

System

Consumer

System

Financial

System

Travel

Reservation

Theater and

Entertainment

Hotel

Reservation

Drug StoreDepartment

Store

Supermarket

Money Card

Real Estate

Stocks

Integrated

Financial

Database

Educational

and Adm

Record

Computer

Assisted

Education

e-Commerce

E-funds transfer
