kimia-air-contoh kimia air aplikasi

8/21/2019 Kimia-Air-contoh Kimia Air Aplikasi

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Review and learn general guidelines for

developing effecing sa!pling progra!s"

#racice $ow o inerpre %ased on

geoc$e!ical daa anal&sis"


2/32

C'E(ICAL C'ARACTERISTICS ) *

pH (Hydrogen Ion Activity) affects aqueous complexation,

mineral solubility, adsorption properties, gas solubility, &

biochemical reactions.

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

9.5

-4.5 -3.5 -2.5 -1.5 -0.5

og !"#$

p H

%ffect of "#$ gas pressure

on groundater !H

A sample of '

originally in equilibrium

ith calcite at !"#$ * +.atm

⇒ alloed to equilibrate

ith atmosphere (!"#$ *

+.+++- atm)arge change in pH

(pH ./ 0.1) ould

have a ma2or effect on

the solubility of

minerals.


3/32

p'

T$e p' of waer deer!ines $e solu%ili& +a!oun $a cadissolved in $e waer, and %iological availa%ili& +a!oun

$a can %e uili-ed %& a.uaic life,of c$e!ical consiuens suc$ asnuriens +p$osp$orus/ nirogen/

and car%on, and $eav& !eals+lead/ copper/ cad!iu!/ ec","

$

-

1/

3

04

+

$

-

1

5 pure rain

5 sea ater 5 distilled ater

bleach 5

5 most fish species die

ammonia 5

lemon 2uice 5

beer 5

vinegar 5


4/32

Al0alini& 5 o deer!ine $e dissolved inorganic car%on concenraion

+CO1+a.,/ '1CO*/ 'CO*) / CO*1), of a waer sa!ple 'ardness 5 o !easure $e soap)consu!ing capaci& 2 scale)for!ing endenc&

of $e waer +Ca13 3 (g13,

C'E(ICAL C'ARACTERISTICS ) 4

Conducivi& T5S

5ivide La0e 67 4"8

La0e Superior 9: 8*

La0e Ta$oe 91 84

Grindsone La0e 9; 8;

Ice La0e 667 :9La0e Independence *68 16*

La0e (ead


5/32

T5S +Toal 5issoloved Solids, ) T5S !eer

T$is !eer wor0s %& !easuring $e electrical conductivity of $e

waer" Conducivi& increases as $e a!ouns of sals and o$er

dissolved solids increase in $e waer" Conducivi& and T5S are

wo differen %u relaed ess" One can %e calculaed fro! $eo$er %& !ulipl&ing or dividing %& a cerain fi=ed nu!%er"

T5S +!g>L, ? 7";; o 7": = conducivi& of sa!ple + S>c!,

C'E(ICAL C'ARACTERISTICS ) ;


6/32

Redo= ? O=idaion 3 Reducion O=idaion @ su%sance loses or donaes elecrons +e),

Reducion @ su%sance gains or acceps elecrons +e),

Redo= reacions can %e $oug$ of as reacions involving ransfer ofo=&gen"

In soluion c$e!isr& i is generall& !ore convenien o considerredo= reacions as elecron ransfers"

T$e redo= poenial is a !easure of $e affini& of a su%sance forelecrons"

ni in vols ) a ransfer of elecrons is an elecrical curren"

+++

++=+ 2HO2

12FeOH2Fe 2

2

2

3

+−+

=+ 23 FeeFe

C'E(ICAL C'ARACTERISTICS ) ;


7/32

Redo= #oenial can %e !easured

using Redo= eser on sie"

Redo= #oenial +E$, %& $e Nerns e.uaion@

w$ere E7 ? sandard poenial +a 1;C 2 6 a! pressure,

R ? gas consan +0cal>+!ol;,

T ? e!peraure +0elvins,

D ? Darada& consan +1*"6 0cal>V,

n ? nu!%er of elecrons

sp ? solu%ili& produc

RE5O #OTENTIALS +E$,

sp

0 lnKnF

RTEEh +=

.


8/32

pH

+ $ 1 0 + $ 1

% h

( v o

l t s )


9/32

% h

( v o l t s )


10/32

pH

+ $ 1 0 + $ 1

% h

( v o

l t s )


11/32

5issolved O=&gen +5O, 5 $e onl& gas rouinel& !easured inwaer sa!ples +!g>L,"

5issolved o=&gen refers o $e volu!e of o=&gen $a is conained

in waer" O=&gen eners $e waer %& p$oos&n$esis of a.uaic

%ioa and %& $e ransfer of o=&gen across $e air)waer inerface"

T$e a!oun of 5O depends on $e waer e!peraure/ salini&/and pressure"

$en perfor!ing $e dissolved o=&gen es/ onl& gra% sa!ples

s$ould %e used/ and $e anal&sis s$ould %e perfor!ed

i!!ediael&" T$erefore/ $is is a field es $a s$ould %eperfor!ed on sie"

As dissolved o=&gen levels in waer drop %elow ;"7 !g>L/ a.uaic

life is pu under sress" T$e lower $e concenraion/ $e greaer

$e sress"

C'E(ICAL C'ARACTERISTICS ) 8


12/32

5ea$ Valle& SpringsGeoc$e!ical Invesigaion


13/32

AREA INDOR(ATION

Researc$ers sugges $a ground waer in $e Hucca (ounain

area is $&draulicall& conneced o $e Lower Car%onae A.uifer"

5isc$arge fro! $e !aor springs in 5ea$ Valle& !a& %e faul)

conrolled"

T$e o%ecive of $is geoc$e!ical sud& of spring waers was o

o deer!ine $e source of $ese waers"

Geolog& in $e sud& is $ig$l& varia%le and co!ple=" Al$oug$

i is possi%le o readil& !ap $e surface geolog& of $e area/ our

0nowledge of $e su%surface geolog& %enea$ $e alluvial %asinis %ased upon a li!ied nu!%er of %ore$oles"


14/32

@ost of the springs

are located near the

top of the recharge

system.

9he very high H"#-conc and very lo

conc of =a, "l, 6#1, &

@g indicate a very

young ground ater

source.

9o springs differ

from the other

springs < they are

localiDed

intermittent seeps.


15/32

9hese springs have

very similar chemical

compositions < high

conc of =a & E and

intermediate conc of H"#-, 6#1, & "l.

9his indicate ater

discharging from

these springs has

folloed long travelpaths.


16/32

F$, F1, & F/ springs

have similar chemical

compositions, but are

not geographically near

each other. 9hesesprings can be

described as a mixed

bag of sources, based

on the ide range of

chemical compositions.


17/32

9hese springs are

totally dominated by

evaporation

processes, ith high

conc of =a"l.

9he composition of

F3 is similar to other

mountain springs,

hich suggest this

is a fault controlledspring source.


18/32

SEAGE 5IS#OSAL SHSTE(S

8 G i = d l d "#


19/32

8arGer eservoir, =ederland, "#

6urface ater 6ample 6ite

'round ater 6ample 6ite

esidence


20/32

AREA INDOR(ATION

Bar0er Reservoir is a !ounain reservoir adacen o Nederland/

$a supplies 47 percen of $e drin0ing waer for $e ci& ofBoulder"

T$e sud& area is pri!aril& #reca!%rian igneous and!ea!orp$ic roc0/ e=cep for uaernar& alluviu! andcolluviu! in srea!%eds and drainages $a lead o $e reservoir"

Ground waer $a disc$arges ino Bar0er Reservoir flows%enea$ residenial develop!ens on $e nor$ and sou$ sides of$e reservoir"

'o!es on %o$ sides of $e reservoir use individual sewagedisposal s&se!s for disposal of do!esic wasewaer"

SGS 2 Ci& of Boulder conduced $is sud& o evaluaew$e$er sewage disposal s&se!s affec $e .uali& of groundwaer enering Bar0er Reservoir or is ri%uaries"

B +B, i d i di f di l ff d


21/32:issolved boron concentrations in ground ater and surface ater

Boron +B, is a good indicaor of sewage disposal s&se! effecs on groundwaer %ecause +6, naural %ac0ground concenraions are generall& lowrelaive o sewage disposal effluen/ +1, B does no undergo %iologicalre!oval during rea!en/ and +*, B is no significanl& sor%ed in $esu%surface"

B conc" &picall& range fro! less $an67 g>L o 47 g>L" Elevaed B conc" can indicae $u!an influence +non)c$lorine %leac$es and

frui,

( g7)


22/32


23/32

ACI5 (INE 5RAINAGE


24/32

AREA INDOR(ATION

T$e sud& area is locaed in rural sou$ern Sar0 Coun&

O$io in $e Bear Cree0 Run aers$ed"

T$is area is an unglaciaed par of O$io wi$ relief of

up o 177 fee per 7"; !iles" T$ree #enns&lvanian aged unis

are presen in $e areaF $e Cone!aug$/ Alleg$en&/

and #osville Dor!aions" T$ese unis consis of iner%edded

coals/ s$ales/ and li!esone including $e Broo0ville ndercla& w$ic$

acs as a !aor regional a.uiclude/ and occurs a $e conac %eween

$e #osville and $e Alleg$en& Dor!aions"

T$e area $as %een srip !ined for coal and li!esones for !os of $is

cenur& and a%andoned !ine spoils occup& appro=i!ael& 47K of

$e drainage %asin"


25/32

B

A

"

8

':

%

Areas occupied by strip minespoils (red)

6


26/32

# $ % & E F G

Te'p 12.0 11.7 11.7 10.6 11.5 12.1 11.2

pH 7.46 8.42 8.60 7.04 7.55 7.17 4.89

H%O3 876 776 552 424 512 324 28

%O3 0 67 0 0 0 0 0

%l 1266.4 72.9 10.4 43.1 32.5 15.9 8.7

O4 10 10 10.9 10 10 82.4 2069.9

!O4 0.15 0.75 0.55 0.10 0.20 0.18 0.10

) 0.26 0.18 0.22 0.31 0.40 0.44 0.26

$r 11.50 1.20 0.06 0.60 0.44 0.13 0.04

)" 890 340 220 140 190 160 20

K 8.5 3.0 2.3 7.2 5.0 2.1 5.6

*g 6.21 0.36 0.18 7.43 3.99 0.70 223.50

%" 20 0.8 0.6 22 12 2 443

#l 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.13 5.40

*n 0.01 0 0 0.03 0.02 0.01 46.1

Fe 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 46.7

+ 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.3 )&

T& 2996 1264 800 645 757 590 2890

6A@!% :A9A (,on,. +n 'g/


27/32

C'LORI5E +Cl, 5oes no su%siue for o$er anions +no waer)roc0 ineracion,⇒

conservaive ele!en sed in !ass %alance calculaions for !i=ing of waer %odies"

!arG

Cl +!g>L,

#ar0 *1

River 6;

Local A.uifer *9

8ased on the ater chemistry, the parG ater as a mixture

of aquifer and river ater. hat is the mixing ratio


28/32

BRO(INE +Br,

Bro!ine is widel& disri%ued in naure/ generall& in low

concenraions in $e for! of %ro!ine sals" T$e !os co!!on

for!s of %ro!ine are solu%le sals found naurall& in seawaer/

sal la0es/ inland seas/ and %rine wells suc$ as $ose in

(ic$igan and Ar0ansas in $e nied Saes"

Seawaer conains a%ou 8; pp! %ro!ide sals +!uc$ s!aller

.uaniies $an c$loride,"

Br is also a conservaive ion +no waer)roc0 ineracion,"

Br>Cl raio is used o race origins of salini&"

Dor ocean waer/ Br>Cl ? *"; = 67)*

Groundwaer flowing $roug$ a.uifer wi$ $alie +NaCl,

⇒ Sal dissoluion will lower Br>Cl as Cl increases"


29/32

NITRATE +N,

So!e N in rainfall +dissoluion of a!osp$eric N 2

an$ropogenic NO= e!issions,

Also inpu fro! soil +especiall& w$ere ferilisers are used or

near sepic s&se!s,⇒ sed o assess i!pacs of polluion+effluen/ ferilisers,

Tends o %e conservaive in !os groundwaer environ!ens"

Aero%ic condiion/ NO* is sa%le and a conservaive racer"


30/32

,hoeller &+"gr"'

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

4045

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

' e 1 . /

#

$%

&

E

F

G

H%O3 %l O4 )" *g %"


31/32

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

To"l &+ssole4 ol+4s ('g./

5 e l l & e p 2 h ( e l e 3 " 2 + o n " 6 o 3 e s e "

l e 3 e

l 0

B

%

":

8

'

A


32/32

" A 9 I # = 6 A = I # = 6meq7l

=aCE H"#- C"#- "l

@g 6#1

"a"alcium ("a) "hloride ("l)

6 u l f a t e ( 6 # 1 ) C "

h l o r i d

e ( " l )

" a l c i u

m ( " a ) C @ a g n e s i u m ( @ g )

" a r b o

n a t e ( " # - ) C 8

i c a r b o

n a t e ( H " # - )

6 o d i u m ( = a ) C ! o t a s s i u m ( E )

6 u l f a

t e ( 6 # 1 )

@ a g

n e s i u m ( @

g )

0+ + 1+ $+ $+ 1+ + 0+

0 +

. +

1 +

$ +

$ +

1 +

. +

0 +

$ +

1 +

. +

0 +

0 +

. +

1 +

$ +

$ +

1 +

. +

0 +

$ +

1 +

. +

0 +

0 +

. +

1 +

$ +

0 +

. +

1 +

$ +

'

A

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