Pengertian dari kalimat langsung adalah kalimat yang dikutip dari perkataan seseorang tanpa merubah kata-kata dan selalu dibubuhkan tanda kutip pada kalimatnya. Sedangkan kalimat tidak langsung adalah kalimat yang merupakan penyampaian apa yang diucapkan seseorang tetapi di dalam kalimat tersebut terdapat perubahan kata-kata dan tidak mengubah maksud. Kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung terbagi menjadi tiga, yakni pernyataan (statement), perintah (command), dan pertanyaan (question). Kalimat Perintah Pada kalimat perintah, kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung terbagi menjadi kalimat perintah positif dan kalimat perintah negatif. Pada kalimat perintah perlu ditambahkan to di depan kalimatnya. Perhatikan contoh berikut ini : Kalimat perintah positif : He asked me, open the door He asked me to open the door. Kalimat perintah negatif : She told me, dont eat that meal She told me not to eat that meal Kalimat Pernyataan Dalam kalimat pernyataan, sering digunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antar kalimat pengantar dan kalimat yang dilaporkan. Perhatikanlah contoh kalimat berikut ini : Kalimat langsung : He told his friend, I have a new car Kalimat tidak langsung : He told his friend that he had a new car Kalimat langsung : She said, I work in a factory Kalimat tidak langsung : She said that she worked in a factory. Kalimat Pertanyaan Pada kalimat tanya, kata-kata tanya seperti where, when, why, what, who, how, dan lain-lain digunakan sebagai kata hubung. Contoh : That girl asked me, where do you live? That girl asked me where i lived Jane asked me, When did you get back from your trip? Jane asked me when I had got back from my trip. Jika kalimat tanya membutuhkan jawaban yes or no, kata yang kita gunakan adalah if atau whether (jika, apakah). Contoh : The teacher asked me, have you finish your homework? The teacher asked me if i had finished my homework. John asked me, did you see Jane at the party yesterday? John asked me whether I had seen Jane at the party yesterday

Direct dan Indirect Speech

Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis, pronoun (kata ganti orang), keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place).

Sebelum melangkah jauh ke sub-pembahasan tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga mengerti tentang apa yang dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech.

Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (") dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik ("). He said, "I have a present for you in my bag." He asked me, "why do you come late."Sedangkan Reported Speech adalah baigan awal dari kalimat direct speech. He said, "I have a present for you in my bag." He asked me, "why do you come late."Untuk itu, pada artikel ini penulis sengaja membagi beberpa sub-penjelasan mengenai direct dan indirect speech berdasakan perubahan-perbuahan di atas.

1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat

Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik ("). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.

Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:

NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01He said, "I have a present for you in my bag." He said that he had a present for me in his bag.

02He asked me, "why do you come late."He asked me why I came late.

03He orderd me, "don't bring a bag."He ordered me to didn't bring a bag.

Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:

NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01They asked me, "Do you want to join us to play football?"They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.

02He asked me, "Does she want to mary me?" He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:

NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01He asked me, "why do you come late?"He asked me why I came late.

02He asked me, "what does she eat?"He asked me what she ate.

03He asked me, "when did you come?"He asked me when I came.

04He asked me, "who are you?"He asked me who I was.

05He asked me, "who is she?"He asked me who she was.

2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)

Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.

Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.

NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01Simple PresentSimple Past

02Present ContinuousPast Continuous

03Present FuturePast Future

04Present PerfectPast Perfect

05Present Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous

06Simple PastPast Perfect

07Past ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous

Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:

NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01V1 (eat)V2 (ate)

02V2 (ate)Had + V3 (had eaten)

03Am/is/areWas/were

04Do/doesDid

05Do/does notDid not

06Did notHad not + V3

07Was/wereHad been

08Am/is/are + V-ingWas/were + V-ing

09Was/were +V-ingHad been + V-ing

10Has/have + V3Had + V3

11Will/shall/can/may/mustWould/should/could/might/had to

12Could/might/should/would + V1/beCould/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

3. Perubahan PronounPerubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01He said, I am busy.He said that he was busy.

02She said, I am unwell.She said that she was unwell.

03I said, I will be late.I said that I would be late.

04They said, We will not permit this.They said that they would not permit that.

05We said, We need to buy some clothes.We said that we needed to buy some clothes.

Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01He said to me, You have to come with me.He told me that I had to go with him.

02She said to me, You can go.She told me that I could go.

03She said to him, You can go.She told him that he could go.

Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01He said, She is a good girl.He said that she was a good girl.

02She said, They have invited us.She said that they had invited them.

03They said, He does not have the necessary qualifications.They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.

4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)

Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.NoDirect SpeechIndirect Speech

01NowThen

02To dayThat day

03TomorrowThe next dayThe day afterThe following dayA day later

04Next ...The ... afterThe following ...

05Last ...The ... beforeThe Previous ...

06... ago... before... earlier

07YesterdayThe day beforeThe previous dayThe preceeding day

08The day before yesterdayTwo day before

09HereThere

10ThisThat

11TheseThose

Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.Direct SpeechIndirect Speech

(+)He said, I have a present for you in my bag. hereHe said that he had a present for me in his bag there.

(-)

He said, I do not have a present for you in my bag

He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.

(?)

He asked, Do I have a present for you in my bag?

He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag.

(?)

He asked me, Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?

He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.

(!)He ordered/commanded me, Bring my bag here now!He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.

(!)He ordered me, Dont bring your bag here!He ordered me not to bring my bag there.