hukum jual beli (ke)perusahaan - nyata...

By Miftahul Huda/Huda&Co 1

HUKUM JUAL BELI (KE)PERUSAHAAN

Oleh: Dr. Miftahul Huda, SH, LLM

Disampaikan Dalam Kuliah

HUKUM JUAL BELI (KE)PERUSAHAAN

Program S1 Reguler/Paralel/Ekstensi

Fakultas Hukum - Universitas Indonesia

Semester Genap Tahun Akademik 2014/2015

Jakarta, 23 Pebruari 2015


APA & BAGAIMANA PRINSIP-PRINSIP JUAL BELI?

• Perjanjian khusus (1457-1540 KUH Perdata)?

• Asas konsensuil - obligatoir (1458 KUH Perdata)?

• Hak-hak & kewajiban-kewajiban?

• Beralihnya resiko?

• Beralihnya hak milik?

• Cara pembayaran?

• Jual beli dengan L/C - penegasan kembali hak dan kewajiban?


JUAL BELI DENGAN (PEMBUKAAN) L/C?

• UCP 600 : 2007 Revision

berlaku 1 Juli 2007

• Jenis L/C - Dari segi penggunaan:

(1) Documentary L/C - Commercial L/C/Merchandise L/C

(2) Standby L/C – SBLC - Security

• Istilah & Definisi

(1) Istilah: Commercial Credit

Letter of Credit Documentary Credit

Credit



ARTICLE 2

Meaning of Credit ([UCP 500]

For the purposes of these Articles, the expressions "Documentary Credit(s)" and Standby Letter(s) of Credit" (hereinafter referred to as "Credit(s)"), mean any arrangement, however named or described, whereby a bank (the "Issuing Bank") acting at the request and on the instructions of a customer (the "Applicant") or on its own behalf,

i. is to make a payment to or to the order of a third party (the "Beneficiary"), or is to accept and pay bills of exchange (Draft(s)) drawn by the Beneficiary, or

ii. authorizes another bank to effect such payment, or to accept and pay such bills of exchange (Draft(s)); or

iii. authorizes another bank to negotiate,

against stipulated document(s), provided that the terms and conditions of the Credit are complied with.

For the purposes of these Articles, branches of a bank in different countries are considered another bank.


SKEMA TRANSAKSI L/C & INCOTERMS

INCOTERMS 2000 = 13 TERMS

ASELLER

BBUYER

DADVISING BANK

CISSUING BANK

FCARRIER

SALES

CONTRACT

Goods/

Services

L/C

EEXPEDITUR

GOODS/SERVICES = DELIVERY

PRICE = PAYMENT

APPLICATION

DOCUMENTSAUTHORIZING:

TO PAY

TO ACCEPT & PAY

TO NEGOTIATE

L/C

DOCUMENTS

L/C

Rp/$

RP/$

DOCUMENTS

RP/$

RP/$

GOOD/SERVICES

B/L

B/L

UCP 500/SKBDN

AUTHORIZING:

TO PAY

TO ACCEPT & PAY

TO NEGOTIATE

GOODS

DOCUMENTS

PERJ.PENGANGKUTAN

PERJ. EXPEDISI

EXW DDP



ARTICLE 2 DEFINITIONS [UCP 600]

“Credit" means any arrangement, however named or described, that is irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of issuing bank to honour a complying presentation.

“Honour” means:

a. to pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment.

b. to incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment.

c. to accept a bill of exchange (“draft”) drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity of the credit is available by acceptance.

“Issuing bank” means the bank that issues a credit at the request of an applicant or on its own behalf.

“Complying presentation” means a presentation that is in accordance with the terms and conditions of the credit, the applicable provisions of these rules and international standard banking practice.

“Presentation” means either the delivery of documents under a credit to the issuing bank or nominated bank or the documents so delivered.

“Nominated bank” means the bank with which the credit is available or any bank in the case of a credit available with any bank.

“Beneficiary” means the party whose favour a credit issued.


SKEMA TRANSAKSI L/C & INCOTERMS

INCOTERMS 2010 = 11 TERMS

ASELLER

BBUYER

DADVISING BANK

CISSUING BANK

FCARRIER

SALES

CONTRACT

Goods/

Services

L/C

EEXPEDITUR

GOODS/SERVICES = DELIVERY

PRICE = PAYMENT

APPLICATION

DOCUMENTSANY ARRANGMENT –

DEFINITE UNDERTAKING

TO HONOUR:

TO PAY AT SIGHT

TO INCUR DEFERRED

PAYMENT

TO ACCEPT B/E (DRAF)

TO NEGOTIATE

ISSUES A CREDIT AT THE

REQUEST OF APPLICANT

OR

ON ITS OWN BEHALF

L/C

DOCUMENTS

L/C

Rp/$

RP/$

DOCUMENTS

B/E

RP/$

RP/$

GOOD/SERVICES

B/L

B/L

UCP 600/SKBDN

UNDERTAKING TO REIMBURSE NOMINATED

BANK TO HONOUR:TO PAY AT SIGHT PAYMENT,

TO INCUR DEFERRED PAYMENT, TO ACCEPT

B/E & PAY OR NEGOTIATE

WITHOUT RECOURSE

GOODS

DOCUMENTS

PERJ.PENGANGKUTAN

PERJ. EXPEDISI

EXW DDP


“Sample L/C Application” ?


“Sample L/C” ?


“Sample SBLC”?


“Mike Tyson v. Lennox Lewis”?


“L/C Pertamina” ?


SURAT WESEL

Jakarta, 05/11/2012

Disetujui Kepada Yth

[Dibayarkan di BNI] Tuan B

JKT 05/12/2012 Di Jakarta

Pada tanggal 05/12/2012 harap Saudara membayar Wesel ini kepada Sdr. C atau penggantinya di Jakarta uang sejumlah

Rp 100.000.000,- (seratus juta Rupiah).

AVALIST Hormat kami,

TT

Tuan D [Meterai]

PT A

- Dasar Hukum = Ps 100-

Ps 173 KUHD

- Syarat formal & materiil =

Ps 100 KUHD


TUJUAN & FUNGSI ?

• Merchant’s LC?

• Banker’s L/C?

• Fungsi (Banker’s) L/C:

- perjanjian bank-bank

- pengamanan para pihak yang terlibat

- pemastian pembayaran

- dokumen-dokumen

- pemberian fasilitas pembiayaan


KELEBIHAN & KEKURANGAN ?

• KELEBIHAN (?)

(1) Penjual – Kreditur – Jaminan pembayaran

Penjual – Pembiayaan (back to back L/C dsb)

(2) Pembeli – Debitur – pembiayaan + (re)financing

• KEKURANGAN (?)

- Biaya?

- Waktu?

- Bank-bank – dokumen?

- Pembeli - barang/& harganya?


PARA PIHAK & HUBUNGAN (KONSTRUKSI) HUKUM?

Pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam (pembukaan) L/C?

(1) Pembeli – Debitur ?

(2) Penjual – Kreditur (Beneficiery)?

(3) Bank (Issuing Bank)?

[4] Bank (Advising Bank + Nominated Bank)


ISSUES ?

• A (Beneficiery) telah menerima L/C bernilai US$100,000 dari D (Advising Bank)

yang diterbitkan oleh C (Issuing Bank) atas permintaan dan atau instruksi B

(Applicant). Dokumen (-dokumen) yang dipersyaratkan dalam L/C tersebut,

khususnya Wesel telah diserahkan kepada D, dan D telah mengakseptasi Wesel

dimaksud. Wesel tersebut kemudian dijual/dibeli oleh E dengan diskonto 20%.

Pada saat jatuh tempo (due) E menyerahkan Wesel kepada D untuk

mendapatkan pembayaran. Alangkah terkejutnya E karena D menolak

membayar Wesel tersebut.

• Siapa yang harus bertanggung jawab terhadap ‘kerugian’ E?

• Upaya hukum apa yang dapat ditempuh oleh E?

• Jelaskan dan berikan argumentasi Saudara berikut dasar hukumnya?


ISSUES – Contn’d

• Hubungan hukum antara A dengan B ?

• Hubungan hukum antara B dengan C ?

• Hubungan hukum antara C dengan D ?

• Hubungan hukum antara A dengan D ?

• Hubungan hukum antara E dengan D ?

• Hubungan hukum antara E dengan B ?


PARA PIHAK & HUBUNGAN (KONSTRUKSI) HUKUM?

1. Pembeli (Debitur) v Bank ?

- Pemberian kuasa [dengan upah] (1792-1819 KUHPerdata)?

- Perj. melakukan beberapa pekerjaan (1601, 1601 b KUHPer)?

- Pinjam-meminjam (1754-1773 KUHPerdata)?

2 Pembeli (Debitur) v Penjual (Kreditur) ?

- Janji membuka L/C pada saat perj. jual beli?

- Janji membuka L/C setelah perj. jual beli?

- Saat-saat prestasi penjual & pembeli dipastikan kembali?

- Hak penjual terhadap pembeli setelah perintah membuka L/C?

3. Bank v Penjual [Kreditur] (Beneficiery)?

• Bank sebagai (pen)jamin (borg) bagi Pembeli (1820 KUHPer)?

• Bank sebagai (pen)jamin (aval) bagi Pembeli (131 KUHD)?

• Bank memenuhi kewajiban membayar(kan) Pembeli?

• Pelaksanaan “syarat untuk kepentingan P3” (1317 KUHPer)?

• Irr. L/C sebagai delegasi - novasi subyektif pasif (1417 KUHPer)?

• Sebagai akseptasi wesel (127 KUHD)?

• “Sui generis” = karakteristik – separate transaction (Art 4(a) UCP 600)?


SIFAT (HUBUNGAN) HUKUM L/C DENGAN KONTRAK?

ARTICLE 4

Credits v. Contracts [UCP 600]

a. A credits by its nature is a separate transaction from the sale or other contract on which they may be based. Banks are in no way concerned with or bound by such contract, even if any reference whatsoever to it is included in the credit. Consequently, the undertaking of a bank to honour, to negotiate or to fulfil any other obligation under the credit, is not subject to claims or defences by the applicant resulting from his relationships with the issuing bank or the beneficiary.

Beneficiary can in no case avail itself of the contractual relationships existing between the banks or between the applicant and the issuing bank.

b. An issuing bank should discourage any attempt by the applicant to include, as an integral part of credit, copies of the underlying cntract, proforma invoice and the like.


CONCERN & FOCUS BANK?

ARTICLE 5

Documents v. Goods, Services or Performances [UCP 600]

Banks deal with documents and not with goods,

services or other performance to which the

documents may relate.


AVAILABILITY, EXPIRY DATE & PLACE FOR PRESENTATION

(ARTICLE 6)

a. L/C harus menyebutkan keberadaan dana – Nominated Bank = Issuing Bank.

b. L/C harus menyebutkan cara dan atau waktu pembayaran = sight payment,

deferred payment, acceptance or negotiation.

c. L/C dilarang mencantumkan kondisi keberadaan/pembayaran dana

berdasarkan wesel yang diterbitkan thd pembeli (pemohon) ?

d. L/C harus mencantumkan tgl daluarsa penyerahan dokumen – tgl daluarsa

‘pembayaran’ (honour/negotiation) dianggap pada tgl daluarsa penyerahan

(dokumen).

b. L/C mencantumkan Bank tempat penyerahan dokumen.

c. Kecuali Ps 29(1) penyerahan dokumen pada/sebelum tgl daluarsa.


FURTHER ISSUES ?

ADA BERAPA JENIS L/C MENURUT KETENTUAN UCP 600, DAN

APA KRITERIA PENJENISANNYA?


PENUTUP

“TERIMA KASIH”