fa_integritas majalah september small (1)

7/22/2019 FA_Integritas Majalah September SMALL (1)

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―\mfcbsckcck otokoei jcmrc`yckh ji`crcpbck jcpct emwugujbckpmedckhukck jck bmsmgc`tmrcckecsycrcbct Ikjokmsic ji jcmrc`%jcmrc` scepci scct iki ecsi` gcu` jcri`crcpck bitc+ \cjc`cf& pmfcbsckcckotokoei jcmrc` itu cjcfc` scfc`sctu poik pmktikh jcfce chmkjc rmorecsi yckh jihufirbck pcjc 3990&― ugcr Ireck Huseck smusciemfcbubck sosicfiscsi pmrtcec ctcsputusck Ec`bcec` Bokstitusi (EB)dmrbcitck jmkhck ukhsi fmhisfcsi J\Jji ]kivmrsitcs @csckujjik& Ecbcsscr&ûfcwmsi ^mfctck& 49 Chustus fcfu+

Emkurut Ireck& sosicfiscsi`csif ugi ectmri ]kjckh%]kjckh




Koeor 48 cùk 4<<9 tmktckh E\T& J\T& J\J& jck J\TJsmrtc ]kjckh ]kjckh Koeor 34cùk 4<34 tmktckh \medmktubck\mrcturck \mrukjckh%ukjckhcktmr`cjcp ]kjckh%]kjckh Jcscr

Kmhcrc Bmsctuck Tmpudfib Ikjokmsic 39:= itu emrupcbck scfc` sctudmktub pmrwugujck jck pmrguckhckemfcbsckcbck otokoei jcmrc` yckh smdcib%dcibkyc dchi Ikjokmsic+

‖@cepir jmfcpck pufu` pmrsmkpmedckhukck itu ecsi` dmrpusct ji\ufcu Gcwc jck smdchick ûectmrc&smjckhbck jcmrc`%jcmrc` fcik smpmrti wifcyc` tieur Ikjokmsic ecsi` tijcb emkjcpct pmr`ctick yckh emecjci+

@crus jipc`cei& Ikjokmsic smfcec iki ecsi` burckh emepmr`ctibckjcmrc`+―

^mguefc` pmristiwc pmedmrok%tcbck ji smguefc` jcmrc` tijcb tmrgcjidmhitu scgc+ Acbtor jisbrieikcsi jckemkhmscepikhbck pmedckhukck jckbmsmgc`tmrcck rcbyct ji jcmrc`%jcmrcèmkgcji scfc` sctu cbtor pmeinu yckh emkjorokh bmtijcbpucsck tmr`cjcppmemriktc` pusct ji Gcbcrtc smìkhhc tmrgcjifc` pmrfcwckck+

Jic emedmri nokto`& jcfcepmrgcfckck smgcrc` Ikjokmsic&ji mrc 39=<%ck tmrgcji pmristiwc pmedmroktcbck yckh jibmkcf jmkhck\memriktc` Tmvofusiokmr Tmpudfib Ikjokmsic%\mrguckhck Tcbyct ̂ memstc (\TTI/\mremstc)+

\cjc mrc 39=<%ck ìkhhc 391<%ck& smguefc` pmrfcwckck jcmrc`fcikkyc smpmrti pmedmroktcbck

Jcruf Isfce/mktcrc Isfce Ikjokmsic (JI/II) ji Gcwc Dcrct jmkhcktobo` utceckyc ^mbcr EcrigckBcrtosuwiryo& JI/II Gcwc mkhc`jmkhck tobo` utceckyc Ceir Actc`&JI/II Cnm` jmkhck tobo` utceckyc mkhbu Jcuj Dmurmum` jck JI/IIji ûfcwmsi ^mfctck jmkhck toboùtceckyc Bc`cr Euzcbcr+

\cjc Gckucri 39=<& ji Gcwc

Dcrct& ji bcfckhck BKIF tieduf Ckhbctck \mrckh Tctu Cjif (C\TC)yckh jipiepik ofm` Bcptmk Xmstmrfikh+ uguck C\TC cjcfcèmepmrtc`ckbck dmktub Kmhcrc Amjmrcf \csukjck ji Ikjokmsic jck

emepmrtc`ckbck cjckyc tmktcrc smkjiri pcjc smticp kmhcrc dchickTmpudfib Ikjokmsic ^mribct+

Fcfu& cjc guhc pmedmroktcbck Ckji Czis ji Ecbcscr+ Cjcpuk cbtoryckh emkymdcdbck pmedmroktcbckcjcfc` emkuktut chcr pcsubck dmbcsBKIF scgc yckh dmrtckhhukh gcwcdctcs bmceckck ji Kmhcrc Ikjokmsic ieur& emkmktckh ecsubkyc pcsubck C\TI^ jcri KI& jck

emepmrtc`ckbck tmtcp dmrjirikyc Kmhcrc Ikjokmsic ieur+

Ireck emkgmfcsbck& dmktub%dmktub pmedmroktcbck ji jcmrc` itudubck bcrmkc cjc kict dmkcr%dmkcrikhik emrjmbc jcri Ikjokmsic+ ‖Itujibcrmkcbck dmktub bmtijcbcjifckyckh emrmbc rcscbck& dubckkyc ecu emrjmbc& tmtcpi bcrmkc emrmbc emkhcfcei jck emrcscbckbmtijcbcjifck+―

Otjc emeckh sujc` eufcijifcbubck ji jcmrc`%jcmrc`+ Kceuk&bmsmriusck jck bmtufusck uktub emwugujbck bmsmgc`tmrcck jckbmcjifck ji sckc dmfuefc` scepci bmtc`cp yckh dcib+

‖\mrfu jifcbubck bmsmiedckhckyckh cjif cktcrc (pmemriktc`) pusctjck jcmrc`& jck smhcfc dmktub bmsmkgckhck yckh ecsi` tmrgcjidisc jipmrbmnif jmkhck pmfcbsckcck

Otokoei Jcmrc` yckh cir&― ugcrkyc+Jmkhck crc` pmfcbsckcck otjc

yckh tcepcbkyc ecfc` emfmknmkh jcri nitc%nitc cwcf& pmrfu jicjcbckmvcfucsi ufckh smncrc emkymfuru`ctcs tuguck cwcf jck guhc prosmspmfcbsckcck otjc scct iki+ ^mdcd&dckycb pi`cb yckh emkifci pm%fcbsckcck otjc scct iki sujc`bmdcdfcsck+

Jic emkmbckbck pmrfukyc emeoreufcsibck bmedcfi bmdigcbckotjc chcr fmdi` mmbti jck fmdi`msimk+ ―^mdcd& fiec dmfcs tcùksmgcb rmorecsi& pmfcbsckcck otjc ecsi` emkyiscbck pmrsocfck ji

dijckh pofitib& mbokoei& ùbuejck guhc pcrtisipcsi ecsycrcbct+ Ikipmrfu mvcfucsi emkymfuru`+ Gckhckjifupcbck dc`wc spirit otokoeijcmrc` itu cjcfc` uktub bmsmgc`tmrcckrcbyct+―

Bm`cjirck J\J cjcfc` scfc`sctu upcyc emwugujbck tmrfcbsckckyc jmsmktrcfiscsi jck otjc yckh jinitc%nitcbck ofm` Ikjokmsic+ @ckyc scgc&bm`cjirck fmedchc yckh smrikh guhc

jismdut smdchci fmedchc pcrc smkctoritu ecsi` jihckgcf jck jickhhcp tijcb pmktikh ofm` fmedchc fcikkyc+

Hchcf ^mgcb jcfce Bckjukhck

Ihkctius îhit Ecrwito& Jmpu%ty Mxnmnutivm Jirmntor Boeitm\mecktcu \mfcbsckcck OtokoeiJcmrc` (B\\OJ)& emkhutip Bmtuc \medikc B\\OJ ôck Xckckji&emkhctcbck& pcjc jcscrkyc sistme

otjc dmrtuguck chcr smticp jcmrcècepu emkhmfofc smfuru` suedmrjcyc uktub bmsmgc`tmrcck rcbyct+cpi& iepfmemktcsikyc ecsi` gcu`jcri nitc%nitc+ Otjc hchcf smgcb ecsi`jcfce bckjukhck+

@ikhhc biki& 0= pmrsmk jcri=<<%ck bcdupctmk/botc hchcfemfcbsckcbck otokoei jcmrc`+ Ckhbc iki guhc jipmrbuct nctctckBmemktmrick Jcfce Kmhmri

(Bmemkjchri)& smbitcr 0< pmrsmkjcmrc` hchcf emkhiepfmemktcsibckotokoei jcmrc`+

\crcemtmr bmhchcfck& emkurutîhit& tmrfmtcb pcjc pmfcyckck jcscruktub pudfib& smpmrti pmkjijibck&bmsm`ctck& jck bmsmgc`tmrcck+Emeckh& smncrc ueue ckhbc bmeisbikck emkuruk smbirc sctu




FC\OTCK ]ZCEC

pmrsmk (dmrjcscr jctc Dcjck \usct^tctistib)+ Cbck tmtcpi& ckhbc itu gmfcstijcb emkukgubbck pmrbmedckhckyckh dmrcrti+

^mfcik emkhmvcfucsi pcrcemtmrpmfcyckck jcscr& B\\OJ guhc emkifcitctc bmfofc pmemriktc`ck& cktcrc fcikemkyckhbut pmrizikck jck pmfcyckckpudfib yckh tmrbcit jmkhck ikvmstcsi+Butci Bmrtckmhcrc& Bcfiecktckieur& emkgcji scfc` sctu jcmrc`tmepct mvcfucsi B\\OJ+ Jcmrc` ikiemrupcbck pmkh`csif eikycb jckhcs tmrdmscr jck emedmribck jmvisc dmscr bm pusct+ Cbck tmtcpi& tikhbctbmeisbikck ji jcmrc` itu nubuptikhhi+

―Jmkhck ckhhcrck smdmscritu sm`cruskyc emrmbc disc fmdièmkikhbctbck bmsmgc`tmrcckecsycrcbct&― ugcr îhit+

^mtmfc` jibcgi& tmrkyctc tmrjcpctbmscfc`ck pmkhmfofcck ckhhcrckjcfce pmkhcfobcsick ckhhcrck yckh tijcb tmpct scscrck jck tijcb smsucibmdutu`ck ecsycrcbct+ Jck bcsussmpmrti iki dckycb jitmeubck jijcmrc` fcikkyc+

îhit bmeujick emedckjikh%bck bokjisi mbokoei smticpjcmrc`& smdmfue jck smsujc` otjc+mrkyctc pmrtuedu`ck mbokoeismdmfue otjc ecsi` fmdi` tikhhismtmfc` otjc jidmrfcbubck+ Dmhitupufc jcri sisi pofitib+ @udukhckcktcrc fmvmf pmemriktc`ck guhc tijcb emkukgubbck pmrbmedckhckyckh fmdi` dcib+ Aukhsi pmemriktc`proviksi sckhct fmec` jidckjikh

bcdupctmk ctcu botc+ cpi& smtmfc`rmvisi ]kjckh%]kjckh \memriktc`ckJcmrc` (4<<:) jidmrfcbubck& ukhsipmemriktc` proviksi smecbik buct+Kceuk& yckh emknmkhckhbck&rctusck bmpcfc jcmrc` tmrsckhbutborupsi+ ―Itu guhc emkgcji ikjibcsibmhchcfck otjc+

Zmrhmsc%hmsc jck Jipcbscbck

Cjc juc cbtor pmkymdcdbmhchcfck& ji tikhbct bmdigcbck jckiepfmemktcsi+ îhit emkgcdcrbck&sistme otjc sujc` ncnct smgcb jcfcebckjukhck+ Kmhcrc%kmhcrc ji jukic iki emkhhukcbck sistme otjc difc emrmbc sujc` ememkuì prcsycrctutcec+ Ycitu& sistme pofitib yckh stcdifjck pmemriktc` pusct yckh buct+Kceuk& `cf tmrsmdut tijcb jipmkuìIkjokmsic bmtibc cwcf pmedmktubcksistme iki+ Ikifc` yckh jismdut îhitsmdchci ncnct smgcb cwcf+

Otjc fcìr bcrmkc hmgofcb smpcrctis yckh tmrgcji ji dmrdchcijcmrc` jck ikhik emeisc`bck jiri

jcri pmemriktc` pusct+ ^mbcfipuksmncrc ìmrcrbis cktcrc pmemriktc`pusct jck bcdupctmk/botc tmrjcpctpmemriktc` proviksi& hcris boorjikcsipmemriktc` bcdupctmk/botc fckhsukh bm pusct jck emfmwcti pmemriktc`proviksi+

―Disc jidcyckhbck pmemriktc`pusct `crus emkhoktrof =<<%ckbcdupctmk/botc& jck itu `ckyc disc jifcbubck ofm` pmemriktc` pusct

yckh buct&― pcpcrkyc+Jic emkifci sistme otjc

jidmktub tmrhmsc%hmsc jck jipcbscbck+^mdchci pmrdckjikhck& kmhcrc Aifipikc jck Gmpckh smtmfc` =< tcùkdcru sicp uktub prosms jmsmktrcfiscsi+^m`cruskyc& smdmfue otjc jidmrfcbubck& jitmfiti jcmrc` eckc yckh sicp smncrc suedmr jcyc eckusic jck suedmr jcyc cfce+ ^mtmfc` itu&dcrufc` jidmri bmwmkckhck+

Jck cbtor bmhchcfck fcikkyc cjcfc` ecrcbkyc pmembcrck jcmrc`tckpc emkhibuti britmric bmpcktcsckjcmrc`+ Cjckyc pmembcrck jcmrcèmkymdcdbck pmrmbokoeick tmrpm%nc` jcfce sbcfc yckh bmnif%bmnif+\cjc`cf& uktub emkjcpctbckpmrtuedu`ck mbokoei yckh optiecfjipmrfubck sbcfc mbokoei tmrtmktujck iki dmrbcitck jmkhck bcpcsitcs

ikvmstcsi yckh disc jihufirbck bmjcmrc` tmrsmdut+ ^bcfc mbokoei yckh bmnif tijcb cbck ecepu emkjorokh pmrtuedud`ck mbokoei yckh optiecf+

B\\OJ emknctct& smbitcr0< pmrsmk jcmrc` smdmkcrkyc tijcb fcycb jiembcrbck+ ckhhukh gcwcdpcrfmemk jck pmemriktc` sckhctdmscr tmr`cjcp euknufkyc jcmrc`%jcmrc` yckh tijcb fcycb jiembcrbck+

\otmksi bokaib cbidct pmem%bcrck jcmrc` guhc nubup tikhhi+\JCE& eiscfkyc& ikjubkyc jidckhukofm` pusct jmkhck gcrikhck bm dmrdchcijcmrc`& jck pmrtckycckkyc7 iki eifib sicpc?

Nokto` bokbrmt tmrgcji jcfcepmkmtcpck idu botc Bcfiecktck]tcrc& sctu jcmrc` cbìrkyc eukjur+Jmeibick guhc cjckyc potmksibokaib cbidct pmkmtcpck dctcs wifcyc` yckh `ckyc emkhikjc`bckdctcs cjeikistrcti tcpi emkhcdcibckboktmbs fobcf jck dctcs%dctcs dujcyc ctcupuk mtkisitcs+

Cjc îsi \ositiakyc ^mbcfipuk pmfcbsckcck otjc

tijcb emkukgubbck pmrbmedckhckyckh pmsct& otjc guhc emeifibi sisipositi difc jigcfckbck jmkhck dcib+Jmkhck cjckyc otjc& ikovcsi%ikovcsipmemriktc` jcmrc` disc dmrbmedckh jieckc scct sistme smktrcfistib `cf itutijcb jieukhbikbck+

Eiscfkyc& pmfcyckck sctu ctcpjcfce pmrizikck& pmedmrick iksmkti

sbcf jck koksbcf bmpcjc ikvmstor&euknufkyc tobo` pmeiepikcftmrkcti jck ikjmpmkjmk jmkhckcjckyc pifbcjc+

@ckyc scgc cjc yckh pmrfujidmkcì& cktcrc fcik& emedctcsipmembcrck jcmrc` jck ecsikh%ecsikh jcmrc` dmrsikmrhi jcfce emkhmfofc csmtdmrscec& smpmrti \JCE (pmrusc`cckjcmrc` cir eikue) ctcu pmedckhbit




tmkchc fistrib+ Nokto`kyc& Bcftie+ Jiproviksi iki sm`cruskyc tijcb pmrfusmeuc botc/bcdupctmk emefibipmedckhbit fistrib smkjiri bcrmkc guefc` pmkjujub ticp%ticp jcmrc`sckhct smjibit+

^ctu sofusi uktub emedmkcìpmfcbsckcck otjc& cjcfc` emrmvisi]] \memriktc`ck Jcmrc` Koeor >4cùk 4<<:+ B\\OJ emkhusufbckpmrfukyc pmkhuctck proviksi jck tctc ncrc pmeifi`ck hudmrkur+

\mkhbìckct Tmaorecsi

Otjc cjcfc` duc` jcri rmorecsi+uguckkyc& emkymgc`tmrcbck rcbyct+

Cbck tmtcpi& cfi`%cfi` emkymgc`tmrcbckrcbyct& pcrc pmgcdct jcmrc` gustruemkymgc`tmrcbck bmfucrhc jckbmfoepobkyc smkjiri+ IkjokmsickNorruptiok Xctn` (INX) emknctct&3:9 bmpcfc jcmrc` tmrgmrct bcsusborupsi+

―Emrmbc tmrjiri jcri 4< hudmrkur&sctu wcbif hudmkur& 38 wcfi botc& 0 wcbif wcfi botc& 0: dupcti& jck 39 wcbif dupcti&― ukhbcp Jokcf Acrijz

jcri Jivisi Borupsi \ofitib INX+\mrductck pcrc bmpcfc jcmrc` itu

gmfcs%gmfcs emrupcbck pmkhbìckctcktmr`cjcp nitc%nitc rmorecsi+ \cjc jcscrkyc& otjc jidmrfcbubck uktub emepmrnmpct pmedckhukck jijcmrc`+

―Bmkyctcckkyc& otjc fmdi`jikibecti pcrc pmgcdct jcmrc` jckmfitm%mfitm pofitib+ \mkhhukcck C\DJpuk tijcb trckspcrck& pcjc`cf pudfib

dmr`cb emkhmtcùikyc&― bctc Jokcfbmpcjc Ecgcfc` IKZMHTIZC^ +

ofob ubur bmecguck jcmrc`cjcfc` pmeiepikkyc+ Bcfcupmeiepik jcmrc` tcb dmrboeitemkemkymgc`tmrcbck rcbyct& disc jipcstibck cjc ecscfc` jcfcepmkhhukcck C\DJ& pcrc pmgcdctitu pcsti emfcbubck pmkyiepckhck+\cjc`cf& tijcb sufit dchi pcrc bmpcfc

jcmrc` emfcporbck smncrc rutikpmkhhukcck ckhhcrck C\DJ+Eiscfkyc& tmepmfbck ji bcktorbmfurc`ck ctcu emeduct wmdsitm +

mktu cjc pmkhmnufick+Bmpmeie%pikck Hudmrkur jck Xcbif Hudmrkur JBI Gcbcrtc& Gobo Xijojo jck Dcsubi gc`cgc \urkcec& eiscfkyc+ Jcfce eme%dmkcì Gcbcrtc bmjuckyc sckhctpromsiokcf+ \mkhhukcck C\DJtmrdubc& tcb cjc yckh jitutup%tutupi+ ^mticp jckc jcri C\DJ yckh emrmbc bmfucrbck puk smfcfu rutikjiscepcibck bm pudfib+

―^cyc dmr`crcp& bmpmeiepikck Gobowi%Còb jitiru pmgcdct jcmrc`

fcikkyc&― bctc Jokcf+

Dutu` \mbmrgc Bmrcs

Hudmrkur Bcfitie @ Cwckh Ac%romb Is`cb smpmkjcpct& pmedckhukckjcmrc` tmrhcktukh pmeiepik jcmrc`+

―Bcfcu pmeiepikkyc smbcjcremkncri popufcritcs& jcmrc` itu pcstisufit ecgu&― bctc Cwckh bmpcjc IKZMHTIZC^ ji ^cecrikjc& Bcftie+

Jic ycbik dmtuf& smorckh pmeiepik pmbmrgc bmrcs dcbcfemecgubck jcmrc`kyc bcrmkc tipmpmeiepik smpmrti iki emeckh smkckh emfcycki ecsycrcbctkyc+ ―Gckhckecfc` emepmrueit urusck pmfcyckckpudfib+―

]kjckh%]kjckh OtokoeiJcmrc` jidmrfcbubck pcjc 4<<>+Jcfce mrc otokoei jcmrc` pmeiepikjcmrc` guhc jipifi` smncrc fckhsukh

ofm` rcbyct (emfcbui pmeifubcjc ctcu pifbcjc)+ Kceuk& tmrdubtipmkmrcpck otjc ecsi` gcu` jcri`crcpck+ Emkhcpc? ^mdcd& jcfceprosms pmkymfmkhhcrcck pifbcjc smfcec iki dckycb tmrgcji prcbtib pofitib trckscbsiokcf+ Jck pofitib trckscbsiokcf itu dckycb emkymdcd%bck euknufkyc bcsus borupsi yckh emfidctbck pcrc bmpcfc jcmrc`+ \crc

bmpcfc jcmrc` guhc tmrbmsck emkgcjircgc%rcgc bmnif jck tijcb tukjub bmpcjc pmemriktc` pusct+

Cwckh emkhcbui& prosmspifbcjc jcfce bcitck otjc yckh tmrgcji scct iki emeckh dckycb bmkjcfckyc+ mrutcec& smrikh tmrgcjibokaib tmrdubc cktcrpmkjubukh+^mbcfipuk dmhitu& pifbcjc gckhckji`cpus jmkhck cfcsck emkh`cedur%`cedurbck juit rcbyct+ Bcfcu bmpcfc jcmrc` jipifi` J\TJ smpmrti ji ecsc Orjm Dcru dmrcrti bmeukjurck jcfcejmeobrcsi+

―cb cjc hukckyc emepmrguckh%bck nitc%nitc rmorecsi bcfcu jmeo%brcsi itu ̀ ckyc jikibecti smbmfoepob

mfitm pofitib scgc&― uncp Cwckh+

^mdmfue mrc otokoei& \ufcuBcfiecktck sufit smbcfi emkjcpctbckfistrib& smemktcrc ji \ufcu Gcwc suedmr mkmrhi smjibit tcpi csifitcsfistrib sckhct dckycb+ Mepct tcùkfcfu bmtibc emkgcji hudmrkur& Cwckh dmrguckh bmrcs emkjcpctbck csifitcsfistrib+

Jufu& ecsycrcbct Bcfiecktck guhc sckhct sufit emkjcpctbck dc`ck

dcbcr eikycb ctcu DDE& pcjc`cf wifcyc` iki scfc` sctu pmkh`csifeikycb duei+ ^memktcrc ji \ufcu Gcwc& ecsycrcbctkyc sckhct hcepckh smbcfi emkjcpctbck DDE+

―^mtmfc` mrc otokoei jcmrc`&bcei puk emkjmscb pmemriktc`pusct chcr pmedchick gctc` DDEjck bmuktukhck jidchi rctc bmpcjc ecsycrcbct Bcfiecktck&― tcedc`kyc+―Gcji& otokoei jcmrc` itu smdmkcrkyc

sckhct positi bcfcu pmeiepikjcmrc` dmrguckh uktub bmsmgc`tmrcckecsycrcbctkyc+―

^yc`wct Bmbucscck

Emkymgc`tmrcbck rcbyct& itu%fc` tuguck otjc+ \mkikhbctckbmsmgc`tmrcck rcbyct ji`crcpbck jcpctjipmrnmpct pmrwugujckkyc emfcfui



3< IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>

FC\OTCK ]ZCEC

pmkikhbctck pmfcyckck ji jcmrc`jck pmedmrjcycck ecsycrcbct ctcucjckyc pmrck smrtc ecsycrcbct jcfcepmkymfmkhhcrcck pmedckhukck jijcmrc`+

^memktcrc& upcyc pmkikhbctckjcyc scikh ji`crcpbck jcpctjifcbsckcbck jmkhck emepmr`ctibckbmistiemwcck ctcu bmbùsusck smrtc potmksi jcmrc` jck bmckmbcrchceckyckh jieifibi ofm` jcmrc` jcfcedikhbci Kmhcrc Bmsctuck Tmpudfib Ikjokmsic+

―^mncrc tmori& tuguck otokoeijcmrc` emeckh dchus jcfce rckhbc emkymgc`tmrcbck rcbyct& tmtcpi jcfceprcbtibkyc ji fcpckhck emkhcfcei

jispcritcs yckh ecsi` tikhhi&― bctc ^tc Bùsus Emktmri BoorjikctorDijckh Bmsmgc`tmrcck Tcbyct& IrFmo Kcdcdck& bmpcjc EcgcfcÌKZMHTIZC^ ji ruckh bmrgckyc& Gcbcrtc (3:/0)+

Cjckyc pmembcrck wifcycèmedcwc sisi positi jck kmhcti+Jctc Bmemktmrick Jcfce Kmhmriemkukgubbck& jcri smfuru` jcmrcòtokoe `csif pmembcrck yckh

dmrbmedckh `ckyc 3<%3= pmrsmk+ îsipositikyc& cjc jcmrc` otokoe dcruyckh pmrbmedckhckkyc dmrcrti dchiecsycrcbct+

Jcmrc` otokoe dcru yckh tmrhofokh dmr`csif cjcfc` Bcdupctmk^mrjckh Dmjchci jck Bcdupctmk@uedckh @csukjutck jiûectmrc ]tcrc+ Dc`bck& @uedckh @csukjutck yckh jipiepik Ecjjikîòedikh ecsub jcfce smpufu`

dmscr bcdupctmk tmrdcib ji smfuruÌkjokmsic+

îsi kmhctikyc& jcmrc` otokoedcru emeuknufbck ―rcgc%rcgc bmnif―dcru jmkhck ̀ cjirkyc pmgcdct%pmgcdctjcmrc` dcru jmkhck smhcfc csifitcsyckh jidmribck+

^mncrc boksmp& tmori otokoeijcmrc` jmkhck cjckyc pmembcrck

wifcyc` itu pcjc priksipkyc cjcfc`dcib+

―cpi& bmtibc boksmp itutmfc` jiduedui ofm` syc`wct cbckbmbucscck ecbc pmkmrcpckkyc emfmknmkh jcri tuguck smeufc+Jck yckh pcfikh bmnmwc cjcfcècsycrcbct&― bctc Fmo+

Jcfce bcitck itu& Fmo yckh emkgcdct Xcbif ^mbrmtcris GmkjmrcfJ\\ \crtci Hofbcr emkhikhctbckpmktikhkyc emkhmedcfibck otoritcsbmbucscck uktub emkymgc`tmrcbckrcbyct+

Ikhct \cscf : ]]J

Emktmri Jcfce Kmhmri Hcec% wck Acuzi emkhikhctbck& euknufkyc bmdigcbck otokoei jcmrc` emrupcbckceckct ]]J yckh smncrc tijcb fckhsukh emrupcbck bm`mkjcb rcbyct+ ^mbcfipuk jcfce \cscf30 ]]J jismdutbck bmjujubckotokoei smfucs%fucskyc& Hcecwckemkmhcsbck dc`wc jcfce \cscf: ]]J jismdut prmsijmk smdchcipmemhckh bmbucscck pmemriktc`ck

ji jcfce kmhcrc yckh dmrdmktub rmpudfib+

―Gcji& otokoei itu ji jcfcekmhcrc bmsctuck& dubck ji jcfcekmhcrc mjmrcf&― tmhcs Hcecwckbmpcjc Ecgcfc` IKZMHTIZC^ jiruckh bmrgckyc+

Emkurut jic& bmpcfc jcmrcèmeckh emkjcpct bmbucscckjmkhck ncrc jipifi` fckhsukh jck jijcfcekyc cjc bmwmkckhck kmhcrc

yckh jismrc`bck pcjckyc emfcfui \cscf30 ]kjckh%]kjckh Jcscr+ ―cpipmrtckhhukhgcwcdck cbìr bck tmtcpji tckhck prmsijmk bcrmkc prmsijmkyckh ememhckh pusct bmbucscck+―

^mticp bmpcfc jcmrc` `crus tmrusemkymrcp pmec`ceck cbck `cf itubcrmkc pcjc jcscrkyc emeckh tijcb smeuc bmpcfc jcmrc` dmrfctcr dmfcbckh ifeu pmemriktc`ck+

―^cyc scgc fctcr dmrdmfcbckh ifeu tctc kmhcrc& pmkhcfceck jipmemriktc`ck smfcec >< tcùkjck dmbmrgc ji dirobrcsi& tcpi ecsi`dckycb yckh dmfue ecepu bitc gcwcd pmrsocfck%pmrsocfck strubturcf

ji kmhcrc iki&― bctc ecktck Hudmrkurûectmrc Dcrct itu+

^mfcik emkyckhbut ukjckh%ukjckh jck pmrcturck yckh dmfuejipc`cei dmtuf%dmtuf ofm` bmpcfc jcmrc`& ecsi` dckycb `cf yckh pmrfujidmkcì jcfce otokoei jcmrc`&dcib jcri sisi rmhufcsi ecupukiepfmemktcsi+

^cfc` sctu ecscfc` brusicfcjcfc` pmedchick bmwmkckhck yckh

jickhhcp Hcecwck tmrfcfu fucsbmpcjc jcmrc` jcripcjc pusct+ ―Gcji&cpc puk socf dmrkmhcrc iki& `ckyc mkce yckh cdsofut pusct& smfcikkyc jcmrc`+ Dmhitu fucskyc smbcrckh+―

Ic tijcb emkycfc`bck pmeduct]kjckh%]kjckh Otjc bcrmkc ic pmrncyc dc`wc tie pmeductukjckh%ukjckh jufukyc emeifibicsuesi%csuesi yckh dcib uktub bmecguck dckhsc iki+ ―Eukhbik jufu

csuesikyc2 bcfcu jismrc`bck bmpcjc jcmrc` urusckkyc& smeuc cbck nmpct&smeuc cbck eujc`& pmrizikck tijcb pckgckh& dmrdmfit%dmfit+ Jck jcmrc`yckh tcù cpc pmrsocfckkyc jckdchcieckc emkhctcsikyc+―

mrkyctc& csuesi%csuesi itudmrdmjc smtmfc` pmrgcfckck pckgckh pmfcbsckcck otokoei jcmrc`+ Difc bmwmkckhck yckh fucs itu tijcb jiboktrof ecbc cbck tmrgcji cdusm

oa powmr + ]ktub emkhoktrof =33bcdupctmk/botc tmktu fmdi` sufitjcripcjc emkhoktrof >: proviksi+Ecscfc` ikifc` yckh cbck jidcwc pmemriktc` jcfce rmknckc rmvisi ]]\memriktc`ck Jcmrc`+

@mkjrib/Ckjrmcs/Qintor/Ick




Difc Zcb Jiboktrof& Cdusm oa \owmr

Hcecwck AcuziEmktmri Jcfce Kmhmri

Emfcfui ]kjckh%]kjckh Koeor 44 cùk 3999tmktckh \memriktc`ck

Jcmrc`& bmdigcbck jmsmktrcfiscsi jckotokoei jcmrc` emkhcfcei pmrudc`ckyckh sihkibck jck emkjcscr+ Iki

tmrnmreik jcfce dmrdchci cspmb smpmrti pmedmktubck jcmrcòtokoe dcru& pmedchick urusck&pmkhmfofcck bmuckhck& pmedmktubckbmfmedchcck& pmeifi`ck bmpcfc jcmrc` jck wcbif bmpcfc jcmrc`&pmkhmfofcck bmpmhcwcick jckpmkycepcick pmfcyckck ueue+^cfc` sctu yckh pcfikh emkokgofcjcfc` pmedmktubck jcmrc` otokoe+^cepci scct iki sujc` cjc >: proviksijck =33 bcdupctmk/botc+

Emktmri Jcfce KmhmriHcecwck Acuzi emkhikhctbck&euknufkyc bmdigcbck otokoei jcmrcèmrupcbck ceckct ]]J yckh smncrc tijcb fckhsukh emrupcbckbm`mkjcb rcbyct+ ^mbcfipuk jcfce\cscf 30 ]]J jismdutbck bmju%jubck otokoei smfucs%fucskyc&Hcecwck emkmhcsbck dc`wc jcfce\cscf : ]]J jismdut prmsijmk smdchcipmemhckh bmbucscck pmemriktc`ck

ji jcfce kmhcrc yckh dmrdmktub rmpudfib+

―Gcji& otokoei itu ji jcfcekmhcrc bmsctuck& dubck ji jcfcekmhcrc mjmrcf&― tmhcs Hcecwck+

Ic emkhikhctbbck pmktikhkyc rcbyct emkhikhct pcscf iki bcrmkc ic ecsi` emkmeubck smguefc`

Jmsmktrcfiscsi smgcb cwcf jipckjckh tmpct

emkhikhct bokjisi hmohrcas& potmksi& smrtc

bcrcbtmristib jcmrc` yckh dmrvcricsi+ \mrdmjcck&

cktcrc fcik& emkyckhbut cspmb jmeohrcas+ Kceuk&

bmdigcbck jck pmfcbsckcckkyc ecsi` pmrfu

jifcbubck dckycb pmedmkc`ck+




FC\OTCK ]ZCEC

bmpcfc jcmrc` yckh emkhckhhcp gcdctckkyc ji ctcs smhcfckyc bcrmkc jipifi` fckhsukh ofm` ecsycrcbct jckemkhcdcibck pmrck pmemriktc` pusctjcfce emfcbsckcbck tuhcs%tuhcspmemriktc`ck jcmrc`+

―Bmpcfc jcmrc` emeckh emkjcpct bmbucscck jmkhck ncrc jipifi` fckhsukh& tcpi ji jcfcekyc cjc bmwmkckhck kmhcrc yckh jismrc`bck pcjckyc emfcfui \cscf30 ]kjckh%]kjckh Jcscr& tmtcpipmrtckhhukhgcwcdck cbìr bck tmtcpji tckhck prmsijmk bcrmkc prmsijmkyckh ememhckh pusct bmbucscck&―ugcr Hcecwck+

Emkurut Hcecwck&pmec`ceck iki `crus jismrcp ofm`smticp bmpcfc jcmrc` bcrmkc pcjc jcscrkyc emeckh tijcb smeuc fctcrdmfcbckh pcrc bmpcfc jcmrc` jcriifeu pmemriktc`ck+ ―^cyc scgc fctcrdmfcbckh ifeu tctc kmhcrc& pmkhcfceckji pmemriktc`ck smfcec >< tcùkjck dmbmrgc ji dirobrcsi& tcpi ecsi`dckycb yckh dmfue ecepu bitc gcwcd pmrsocfck%pmrsocfck strubturcfji kmhcrc iki+―

^mfcik emkyckhbut ukjckh%ukjckh jck pmrcturck yckh dmfuejipc`cei dmtuf%dmtuf ofm` bmpcfc jcmrc`& ecsi` dckycb `cf yckh pmrfujidmkcì jcfce otokoei jcmrc`&dcib jcri sisi rmhufcsi ctcu pukiepfmemktcsi+ ^cfc` sctu ecscfc`brusicf cjcfc` pmedchick bmwmkckhckyckh jickhhcp Hcecwck tmrfcfu fucsbmpcjc jcmrc` jcripcjc pusct+

―Gcji& cpc puk socf dmrkmhcrc iki& `ckyc mkce yckh cdsofut pusct&smfcikkyc jcmrc`+ Dmhitu fucskyc smbcrckh&― tckjcs Hcecwck+

Cbck tmtcpi ic tijcb emkycfc`bckpmeduct ukjckh%ukjckh otokoeijcmrc` bcrmkc ic pmrncyc dc`wc tiepmeduct ukjckh%ukjckh jufukyc emeifibi csuesi%csuesi yckh dcib uktub bmecguck dckhsc iki+ ―Eukhbik

jufu csuesikyc2 bcfcu jismrc`bckbmpcjc jcmrc` urusckkyc& smeuc cbcknmpct& smeuc cbck eujc`& pmrizikcktijcb pckgckh& dmrdmfit%dmfit+ Jckjcmrc` yckh tcù cpc pmrsocfckkyc jck dchcieckc emkhctcsikyc+―

mrkyctc csuesi%csuesi itudmrdmjc jmkhck pmrgcfckck pckgckh pmfcbsckcck otokoei jcmrc`+ Difc bmwmkckhck yckh fucs itu tijcb jiboktrof ecbc cbck tmrgcji cdusm oa powmr + ]ktub emkhoktrof =>:bcdupctmk/botc tmktu fmdi` sufitjcripcjc emkhoktrof >: proviksi+Ecscfc` ikifc` yckh cbck jidcwc pmemriktc` jcfce rmknckc rmvisi ]]\memriktc`ck Jcmrc`+

Fmdi` fckgut Hcecwckemkgmfcsbck& pcjc jcscrkyc tuguckotokoei itu cjc juc& ycitu jmeobrcsijck bmsmgc`tmrcck+ Jcri sisi jmeobrcsi&otokoei jcmrc` emeposisibckpmemriktc` jcmrc` smdchci ikstruemkpmkjijibck pofitib smncrc kcsiokcfuktub emepmrnmpct tmrwugujkyc ecsycrcbct ecjcki+

^mjckhbck uktub bmsmgc`%tmrcck& emkhisycrctbck pmemriktc`jcmrc` uktub emfcbubck pmfcyckckpudfib yckh mmbti& msimk jckmbokoeis+ Bmdigcbck otokoei jcmrc`sujc` emedmri dckycb bmecguck&tcpi emeckh ecsi` dckycb guhc yckh pmrfu pmedmkc`ck+ Cktcrc fcik&boepmtmksi ^JE cpcrctur& sikmrhitcspmrmknckcck pmedckhukck&pmkhmfofcck bmuckhck jcmrc` yckh trckspcrck& jck pmkikhbctck tctc bmfofc pmemriktc`ck yckh dcib+

Kceuk& pmemriktc` emkycjcribmdigcbck jmsmktrcfiscsi dmfueoptiecf+ @cf iki tmrbcit jmkhckrmhufcsi yckh emkhcturkyc smìkhhc scct iki pmkymepurkcck cturck tmkhc`jifcbubck smirikh jmkhck jikceibc pofitib& mbokoei jck sosicf ycksmjckh dmrbmedckh+ \mkymepurkcckitu tmrbcit jmkhck bmpmhcwcick&

pmembcrck jcmrc`& pmrmknckcck& jckpmedchick urusck+

Emkctc Bmedcfi BmwmkckhckJcmrc`

\memriktc` guhc dmrmknckc emkncdut dmdmrcpc bmwmkckhckpmrizikck ji bcdupctmk /botc+ Jcfcermvisi ]] \memriktc`ck Jcmrc`& cbckcjc pmrizikck yckh jitcrib bm pusct+Eiscfkyc& pmrizikck fikhbukhckìjup+

―Cjc smbitcr 81 pmrsmk pmrizikckji jcmrc`& smjckhbck sisckyc propiksi+Bcrmkc pmkhoktrofckkyc gcu` jcri

pusct jck proviksi smìkhhc rcwckborupsi+ Eiktc dcycr iki jck itu+ Gcji pmrizikck ji proviksi& pmfcyckckpudfib ji bcdupctmk/botc&― pcpcrEmktmri Hcecwck+

Ic emkifci& tijcb cjc cturckyckh emkmhcsbck dc`wc cturckotokoei jcmrc` `ckyc smectc jibcd/botc scgc ctcu propiksi+ Gcjiecsi` cjc nmfc` yckh jitcrib smìkhhc bmwmkckhck pmrizikck ji propiksi

scgc+ ―Bmdmtufck ]kjckh%]kjckh Jcscr tijcb emkmrckhbck jieckc otokoei itu& cpcbc` ji bcdupctmkscgc ctcu propiksi+ @ckyc jibctcbckotokoei smfucs%fucskyc+―

Jmkhck emedmribck bmwm%kckhck pmrizikck bmpcjc propiksi&emkurut Hcecwck& ―\memriktc`cbck fmdi` eujc` emkhoktrofkyc+Bcfcu ji proviksi bitc disc bcwcf sm%ìkhhc emepmrsmepit eokmy pofitins +

Bcfcu >: pmejc propiksi bck fmdièujc` bmtiedckh =33 bcdupctmk/botc+― Yckh pcsti& Hcecwck `ckyc cbck emkctc bmwmkckhck& eckc yckh pcs uktub proviksi jck eckc yckh pcs uktub bcdupctmk+ ―\riksipkyc&pmfcyckck pudfib tmtcp ji bcdupctmk/botc+―

Ckjrmcs/Qintor



3>IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3>

JT @ Cwckh Acromb Is`cbHudmrkur Bcfiecktck Zieur

JCMTC@ D]Z]@

\MEIE\IK

\MBMTGC BMTC^

―Ecgu ctcu tijcbkyc suctu jcmrc` tmrfmtcb pcjc pmeiepikkyc+

Bcfcu pmeiepikkyc smbcjcr emkncripopufcritcs& jcmrc` itu sufit ecgu&―bctc Hudmrkur Bcfiecktck ieur

@ Cwckh Acromb Is`cb bmpcjc IKZMHTIZC^ ji ^cecrikjc& Bcftie+

Cwckh Acromb ycbik dmtuf&smorckh pmeiepik pmbmrgc bmrcs dcbcfemecgubck jcmrc`kyc+ \meiepikpmbmrgc bmrcs cjcfc` pmeiepik yckh smkckh emfcycki ecsycrcbctkyc+―Iktikyc& bmtibc bitc jipmrncyc emkgcji pmeiepik& bitc tcb usc`emepmrueit urusck pmfcyckckpudfib bmpcjc ecsycrcbct+

Jck tmrdubti& scct ikipmfcyckck jck trckspcrcksi dirobrcsipmemriktc`ckck Bcfiecktck ieurscfc` sctu tmrdcib ji Ikjokmsic jckemkjcpct pmkh`crhcck+―

]kjckh%]kjckh Otokoei Jcm%rc` jidmrfcbubck pcjc 4<<>+ Jcfcemrc otokoei jcmrc` pmeiepik jcmrc` guhc jipifi` smncrc fckhsukh ofm`rcbyct (pmeifubcjc ctcu pifbcjc)+

Kceuk& jcfce pmrgcfckckkyc&cpc yckh jinitc%nitcbck jcfceboksmp otokoei jcmrc` ecsi` gcu` jcri `crcpck bcrmkc jcfceprosms pmkymfmkhhcrcck pifbcjc smfcec iki dckycb tmrgcji prcbtib pofitib trckscbsiokcf+ Jck pofitib trckscbsiokcf itu dckycb emkymdcdbckeuknufkyc bcsus borupsi yckh emfidctbck pcrc bmpcfc jcmrc`+ \crc bmpcfc jcmrc` guhc tmrbmsck emkgcji

rcgc%rcgc bmnif jck tijcb tukjub bmpcjc pmemriktc` pusct+

Cwckh emkhcbui& prosmspifbcjc jcfce bcitck otokoei jcmrc`yckh tmrgcji scct iki emeckh dckycb bmkjcfckyc+ mrutcec& smrikh tmrgcjibokaib tmrdubc cktcr pmkjubukh+^mbcfipuk dmhitu& ic tijcb smtugu gibc pifbcjc ji`cpus jmkhck cfcsck

Zuguck otokoei jcmrc` emepmrnmpct pmedckhukck

ji jcmrc`+ Ecbc& yckh `crus jidmkc`i cjcfc`

dirobrcsi pmemriktc`& bmsmgc`tmrcck ecsycrcbct&

bmsm`ctck& pmkjijibck& jck ikarcstrubtur+



3: IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>

FC\OTCK ]ZCEC

emkh`cedur%`cedurbck juit rcb%yct+

Bcfcu pmeifi`ck bmpcfc jcmrc`jibmedcfibck bm zceck Orjm Dcrudmrcrti bmeukjurck jmeobrcsi+

^mdcd& ecsycrcbct tijcb jifidctbckfckhsukh jcfce pmeifi`ck pmeiepikjcmrc`& tcpi `ckyc emfcfui wcbifrcbyct (ckhhotc J\TJ)+

―cb cjc hukc bitc emepmr% guckhbck nitc%nitc rmorecsi bcfcujmeobrcsi itu `ckyc jikibectismbmfoepob mfitm pofitib scgc&― uncp Cwckh+

Emkurut jic& \ufcu Bcfiecktck

sckhct bcyc cbck suedmr jcyc cfce&smpmrti dctu dcrc& eikycb duei& hcs&jck scwit+ Bcrmkc itu& Bcfiecktckjismdut smdchci ―fuedukh mkmrhi―+

―^mdmfue mrc otokoei& wifcyc`bcei itu sufit smbcfi emkjcpctbckfistrib& smemktcrc ji \ufcu Gcwc suedmr mkmrhi smjibit tcpi csifitcsfistrib ji sckc sckhct dckycb&―bctckyc+ ^mtmfc` emkgcdct hudmrkur&mepct tcùk fcfu scyc dmrguckh bmrcs

emkjcpctbck csifitcs fistrib+―

Jufu& ecsycrcbct Bcfiecktck guhc sckhct sufit emkjcpctbck dc`ckdcbcr eikycb ctcu DDE& pcjc`cf wifcyc` iki scfc` sctu pmkh`csifeikycb duei+ ^memktcrc ji \ufcu Gcwc& ecsycrcbctkyc sckhct hcepckh smbcfi emkjcpctbck DDE+

―^mtmfc` mrc otokoei jcmrc`&bcei puk emkjmscb pmemriktc`

pusct chcr pmedchick gctc` DDEjck bmuktukhck jidchi rctc bmpcjc ecsycrcbct Bcfiecktck+ Gcji& otokoeijcmrc` itu smdmkcrkyc sckhct positi&bcfcu pmeiepik jcmrc`kyc emeckh dmrguckh uktub bmsmgc`tmrcckecsycrcbctkyc&― ukhbcp Cwckh+

^mfckgutkyc jic dmrnmritc dmtcpc rueitkyc scct emkhurus csmt jck

izik pmkhmfofcck bmbcycck cfce ji wifcyc`kyc+ Cwckh smrikh jitujikh smdchci bcbi tckhck pmkhusc`c ofm` smguefc` fmedchc swcjcyc ecsycrcbct ji dijckh fikhbukhckìjup bmtibc dckycb tmrgcji

mbspfoitcsi pmrtcedckhck dctu dcrc yckh jickhhcp emruscb fikhbukhck+

Dmhitu guhc bmtibc bcwcsckùtck dmrcfi` emkgcji pmrbmdukckbmfcpc scwit& ic jituju` tmrfidct jcfcepmedcktcick orckhutck+

―Mbspfoitcsi bmbcycck cfce

itu sujc` tmrgcji smdmfue scyc emkgcji hudmrkur+ Gustru bmtibc scyc emkgcdct hudmrkur scyc turuktckhck emkhcwcsi jck emkikjcb tmhcs pmrusc`cck pmrtcedckhck jckpmrbmdukck scwit yckh emruscb fikhbukhck&― bctc Cwckh+

Jic emkcedc`bck& jidubckyc fc`ck pmrtcedckhck jck pmrbmdukck

dmrtuguck emedubc fcpckhck pmbmr% gcck dchi ecsycrcbct+ ―^cyc smdchcibmpcfc jcmrc` yckh emkhcwcsi wifcyc` itu chcr tijcb dmrjcepcb pcjc bmruscbck fikhbukhck+ Yc& bcfcu cjc pmrusc`cck yckh emfckhhcr cturck

ecik& bitc dcwc bm gcfur ùbue+―

Cwckh emkhcbu fmdi` smkckh emkgcji pmeiepik jcmrc` bcrmkc pmrck pmeiepik jcmrc` fmdi` kyctc bcrmkc fckhsukh dmrsmktu`ck jmkhckpmrsocfck ecsycrcbct jck disc smhmrc emedmribck sofusi+

―Fi`ct scgc& pmedckhukck jiBcftie dmhitu pmsct+ ^cct iki gcfck tofsmjckh jidckhuk+ Dckjcrc ̂ mpikhhck

yckh dcru jirmseibck ji Dcfibpcpck guhc emrupcbck scfc` sctu dckjcrc yckh tmrdcib ji Ikjokmsic&― pcpcrkyc+

\rmsijmk ûsifo Dcedckh Yujòyoko guhc tmfc` emrmseibckpmfcdu`ck iktmrkcsiokcf ji Bcftie+^mfcik itu& smduc` gmedctck emhc`jidckhuk ji ûkhci Bcpucs+

―Bcfcu dckycb yckh emkhctc%bck& dckycb pmeiepik jcmrc`

smfcec iki tmrbmsck emkgcji rcgc%rcgc bmnif& scyc tcb dmhitu emkhhudriskyc+^mdcd& hmfcr rcgc%rcgc bmnif itu `ckyc dmrfcbu dchi pmeiepik jcmrc` yckh bmdigcbckkyc tcb dmrpi`cb bmpcjc ecsycrcbct tcpi dmrpi`cb bmpcjc bmfoepobkyc scgc+

Dchi scyc& bmtibc jipmrncyc emeiepik Bcfiecktck ieur& smticppmbmrgcck `csifkyc `crus jikibectiecsycrcbct+ Ji situfc` ikti jcri nitc%

nitc otokoei jcmrc`&― uncpkyc+

Ckjrmcs

―^mtmfc` mrc otokoei

jcmrc`& bcei puk

emkjmscb pmemriktc`

pusct chcr pmedchick

gctc` DDE jck

bmuktukhck jidchi rctcbmpcjc ecsycrcbct

Bcfiecktck+

Gcji& otokoei jcmrc`

itu smdmkcrkyc

sckhct positia& bcfcu

pmeiepik jcmrc`kyc

emeckh dmrguckh

uktub bmsmgc`tmrcckecsycrcbctkyc&―



3=IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3>

\roa Jr Tyccs Tcsyij Ckhhotc Xctieprms

Emecsubi usic 34 tcùk& otokoei jcmrc` (otjc)

tmfc` dmr`csif emkhmedcfibck ̀ crhc jiri jcmrc`

bcrmkc jcmrc` jidmri bmsmepctck emeduct pmrctur%

ck smkjiri& prohrce smkjiri& jck emrmknckcbck

pmedckhukck smncrc eckjiri+

―BCFIECKZCK ! \C\]C ^CGCFC@ YCKH JIEMBCTBCK―

jck pmemriktc` kcsiokcf bcfc`+―

Jistorsi jiduct pmemriktc`smkjiri bcrmkc emedmribck bmwm%kckhck yckh emkycfcì priksip%priksip jcscr jcri otjc+ Bmtihc&pmkmrcpck pmeifi`ck fckhsukh+@cepir smeuc bmpcfc jcmrc` yckh tmrsckhbut borupsi dmrbcitck jmkhck

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bcrmkc juc dmdck itu&― pcpcrkyc+

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Iki smeuc bcrmkc bmfmkhc`ckpmemriktc` kcsiokcf&― bctc Tyccs yckh biki emkgcji ckhhotc Jmwck \mrtiedckhck \rmsijmk(Xcktieprms)+

Otjc tijcb disc jifmpcs dmhituscgc bcrmkc sistme iki emrupcbckbmdigcbck kcsiokcf+ Gcji& `crus tmtcp

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jcmrc` jck pusct+ Bokaib bmeujickjidcwc bm Ec`bcec` Bokstitusi jcksmdchick dmscr jiemkckhbck ofm`pmemriktc` jcmrc`+

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―^mpmrti pmrjc%pmrjc dmrecsc%fc`+ \mrjc yckh dmrbcitck jmkhckpukhutck& pmrjc yckh dmrbcitckjmkhck bmchcecck& jck smdchcikyc+




FC\OTCK ]ZCEC

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(Ckjrmcs/Qibtor)




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FC\OTCK ]ZCEC

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Emkurut Ireck Huseck& dmk%

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Toy G^




FC\OTCK ]ZCEC

Ihkctius îhit EurwitoJmputy Mxmnutivm Jirmntor B\\OJ

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\mkymdcd Bmhchcfck

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Otjc fcìr bcrmkc hmgofcb smpcrctis yckh tmrgcji ji dmrdchci




FC\OTCK ]ZCEC

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îhit guhc emkyikhhukh potmksi

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îsi \ositia Otjc

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@mkjrib/Ick




―Bcrmkc itu& jmsmktrcfiscsi yckh bikiscepci pcjc tikhbctck bcdupctmk`crusfc` tmtcp dmrbidfct bm dikhbciKmhcrc Bmsctuck Tmpudfib Ikjokmsic&― bctc Jrs Xcribi ûtibko&

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―Gcji& tuhcs bcei utcec cjcfcèmkhmedckhbck bmdigcbck jmsmk%tmrcfiscsi supcyc `csifkyc tijcb scfc`

crc`&― bctc jic+

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ctcs kmhcrc%kmhcrc dchick yckh emfmdur emkgcji kmhcrc mjmrcf+

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Jrs Xcribi ûtibko& EN\Jirmbtur Otokoei Jcmrc` Dcppmkcs

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dmrbmedckh biki tijcb rmfmvck fchi jmkhck sistme

smktrcfiscsi totcf smpmrti jufu+ ^mbcfipuk dmhitu& smeuc pi`cb smpmkjcpct& jmsmktrcfiscsi tijcb dofm`

bmdcdfcsck+




FC\OTCK ]ZCEC

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^mbcfipuk dmhitu& Xcribi emkh%ukhbcpbck kmhcrc mjmrcf smpmrti C^tmrkyctc ecsi` emfcbubck smktrcfiscsi

jcfce dijckh tmrtmktu+ Eiscfkyc&emkyckhbut fikhbukhck& tctc ruckh&jck cir tijcb jismrc`bck smpmku`kyc bmpcjc noukty (pmemriktc` fobcfsmtcrc bcdupctmk ji Ikjokmsic) tcpijitckhcki smncrc rmhiokcf jmkhckstckjcr kcsiokcf yckh jipcbci C^+

Ic emkmhcsbck Dcppmkcs pmjufitmr`cjcp pmkhmedckhck prohrce%prohrce uktub emepmrbuct bmuckhckcpcrctur jck fmedchc jcmrc`+ ^mfcikitu& Dcppmkcs guhc emkhcectibmdigcbck jmsmktrcfiscsi& pmfcbsckcckotokoei jcmrc` eufci jcri dijckh pofitib& sbcf jck mbokoei+

‖Gibc jitmeubck cjc bmdigcbckotokoei jcmrc` yckh goepfckh ecbc Dcppmkcs smhmrc cbck emepmrdcibikyc chcr smiedckh bmedcfi&― bctc jic+

^mncrc ueue& pmfcbsckcck otokoeijcmrc` dmr`csif+ Kceuk& jicbuikyc ecsi` cjc ecscfc`+ Nokto`kyc&

pmembcrck yckh ecsi` dmfuetmrbmkjcfi jmkhck dcib+ \membcrck wifcyc` dubck smsuctu yckh `crcetcpi gmfcs `crus jirmknckcbck jmkhckdcib+

Jirmbtorct Otokoei Jcmrc` Dcppm%kcs guhc tmfc` emfcbubck stuji tmrbcitpmembcrck yckh jickcfisis jmkhcktmrguk fckhsukh bm fcpckhck jck

jctc%jctc smbukjmr+

Dmrjcscrbck jctc cbìr 4<33&tmrjcpct 4<= jcmrc` otokoe dcru+Dcppmkcs emkifci jcmrc` otokoedcru& yckh jickcfisis tihc tcùk smtmfc`pmembcrck ìkhhc tcùk bmfiec&smncrc ueue smdmkcrkyc emkhcfceibmecguck kceuk scyckhkyc ecsi`dmfue emfcepui ikjub jcmrc`kyc (proviksi)+

\membcrck wifcyc` dcru& smeiscfbcdupctmk& emedutu`bck cktcrc fcik hmjukh dcru& pmhcwci dcru& jckpmedckhukck ikrcstrubtur jcmrc`yckh dmrugukh pcjc emedmkhbcbkyc ckhhcrck dmfckgc kmhcrc+

Gibc jifi`ct jcri sisi bmemktmrickbmuckhck smdmtufkyc smji` fcktcrck`crus emkymjicbck fchi jckc cfobcsi

ueue (JC]) jck jckc cfobcsibùsus (JCB)+

Jitcedc` fchi promsms pifbcjc fckhsukh yckh jcfce smtcùk disc emkh`cdisbck ckhhcrck ìkhhc trifiukck+ ^mdcd itu& jic smpmkjcpct gibc pifbcjc fckhsukh pmrfu jitikgcuufckh+ Dupcti& eiscfkyc& fmdi` dcib jipifi` ofm` J\TJ smpmrti jufu+

Biki& otokoei jcmrc` jipmr`cjcpbck

pcjc pmrbmedckhck zceck yckh smecbik hfodcf smpmrti cbck cjckyc pcscr tmrdubc Csic pcjc 4<3=+Dcppmkcs dmrupcyc emkhmedckhbckbmdigcbck chcr pmfcbsckcck otokoeijcmrc` disc smfcrcs jmkhck eoemktuetmrsmdut+

Qintor/Ckjrmcs




^memktcrc& upcyc pmkikhbctckjcyc scikh ji`crcpbckjcpct jifcbsckcbck jmkhckemepmr`ctibck bmistiem%

wcck ctcu bmbùsusck smrtc potmksijcmrc` jck bmckmbcrchceckyckh jieifibi ofm` jcmrc` jcfcedikhbci Kmhcrc Bmsctuck Tmpudfib Ikjokmsic+

―^mncrc tmori& tuguck otokoeijcmrc` emeckh dchus jcfce rckhbc emkymgc`tmrcbck rcbyct kceukjcfce prcbtibkyc ji fcpckhckemkhcfcei jispcritcs yckh ecsi`

tikhhi&― bctc ^tc Bùsus EmktmriBoorjikctor Dijckh Bmsmgc`tmrcckTcbyct& Ir Fmo Kcdcdck& bmpcjc Ecgcfc` IKZMHTIZC^ ji ruckh bmrgckyc& Gcbcrtc (3:/0)+

Emkurut Fmo& otokoei jcmrc`jmkhck cjckyc pmembcrck wifcycèmedcwc sisi positi jck kmhcti+Jctc Bmemktmrick Jcfce Kmhmri

emkukgubbck& jcri smfuru` jcmrcòtokoe `csif pmembcrck yckh dmrbmedckh `ckyc 3<%3= pmrsmk+

îsi positikyc& cjc jcmrcòtokoe dcru yckh pmrbmedckhckkyc dmrcrti dchi ecsycrcbct+ Jcmrcòtokoe dcru yckh tmrhofokh dmr`csif cjcfc` Bcdupctmk ^mrjckh Dmjchci jck Bcdupctmk @uedckh @csukjutck ji ûectmrc ]tcrc+Dc`bck& @uedckh @csuk%jutckyckh jipiepik Ecjjik îòedikh ecsub jcfce smpufu` dmscr bcdupctmktmrdcib ji smfuru` Ikjokmsic+

îsi kmhctikyc cjcfc` jcmrcòtokoe dcru tmrsmdut gustruemeuknufbck ―rcgc%rcgc bmnif― dcrujmkhck `cjirkyc pmgcdct%pmgcdctjcmrc` dcru jmkhck smhcfc csifitcsyckh jidmribck+

―^mncrc boksmp& tmori otokoeijcmrc` jmkhck cjckyc pmembcrck

^cyckh&^yc`wct Bmbucscck

Gustru

FmdiÈmkokgof

Ir+ Fmo Kcdcdck ^tca C`fi Emkbo Bmsrc

Zuguck otokoei jcmrc`

cjcfc` emkikhbctbck

bmsmgc`tmrcck

ecsycrcbct& pmfcyckck

ueue& jck jcyc scikh

jcmrc`+ \mkikhbctck

bmsmgc`tmrcck ecsyc%

rcbct ji`crcpbck

jcpct jipmrnmpct

pmrwugujckkyc

emfcfui pmkikhbctck pmfcyckck ji jcmrc`

jck pmedmrjcycck

ecsycrcbct ctcu cjckyc

pmrck smrtc ecsycrcbct

jcfce pmkymfmkhhcrcck

pmedckhukck ji jcmrc`+




FC\OTCK ]ZCEC

wifcyc` itu pcjc priksipkyc cjcfc`dcib+ cpi& bmtibc boksmp itu tmfc`jiduedui ofm` syc`wct cbckbmbucscck ecbc pmkmrcpckkyc emfmknmkh jcri tuguck smeufc+Jck yckh pcfikh bmnmwc cjcfc`

ecsycrcbct&― bctc Fmo+

Jcfce bcitck itu& Fmo yckh emkgcdct Xcbif ^mbrmtcris GmkjmrcfJ\\ \crtci Hofbcr emkhikhctbckpmktikhkyc emkhmedcfibck otoritcsbmbucscck uktub emkymgc`tmrcbckrcbyct+

Jic emkgmfcsbck& cjckyc eorctoriue (pmkh`cpusck) pmembcr%ck wifcyc` tmfc` dmriedcs bmpcjc

jcmrc`%jcmrc` yckh smdmtufkyc sckhctfcycb jiembcrbck+ Nokto` proviksiyckh fcycb jiembcrbck cjcfc`ûectmrc ]tcrc yckh tmrjiri ctcs >:bcdupctmk/botc+

Fmo emkjubukh euknufkyc hmrcbck pmedmktubck \roviksicpckufi ]tcrc (cput)+ ^cyckhkyc&ìkhhc biki cput dmfue tmrwugujfcktcrck cjckyc ckhhcpck pinib dc`wc pmedmktubck cput dmrbcitckjmkhck pmedmktubck ―proviksiBristmk―+

―Itu bck pibirck kmhcti emrmbc&―bctc fufusck Bursus Tmhufmr Ckhbctck>9%4<<1 Fme`ckkcs iki+

mrnctct& pmkymfmkhhcrcckpmeifi`ck bmpcfc jcmrc` smncrc fckhsukh ji dmrdchci jcmrc` tmfcèmkymjot dckycb C\DK+ Gibc jibcfbufcsibck& jcfce buruk wcbtu4<<= ìkhhci 4<<9 scgc& pifbcjc

sujc` emkh`cdisbck ckhhcrck smbitcr3<< trifiuk rupic`+

―Ckjci scgc uckh tmrsmdutjiecbsiecfbck uktub bmsmgc`tmrcckecsycrcbct ecbc cbck fmdi` dmscreckcctkyc&― bctc Fmo& yckh bikiemkgcji ncfmh J\T Jcpif I ûeut+

Emkgcji pmeiepik tmktu cjc

sycrctkyc+ Jck jic dmrpmkjcpct& yckh ememkuì sycrct uktub emkgcjipmeiepik cjcfc` ckhhotc KI jckpmhcwci kmhmri sipif bcrmkc gmkgckh bcrimr emrmbc emepukyci britmric%britmric gmfcs+

Jcfce boktmbs iki& pcrtci pofitib

pctut jipmrscfc`bck+ Emkhcpc? ̂ mdcd&eiscfkyc& ncfok ckhhotc fmhisfcti ctcu ncfok bmpcfc jcmrc` tijcb pmrfufchi `crus fufus jcri Fme`ckcs ctcupmrkc` emeiepik suctu bmpckiticcktikhbct kcsiokcf+

îstme pmeifi`ck fckhsukh emeduct sicpc scgc disc emkgcjickhhotc J\T ctcu bmpcfc jcmrc`&cscfbck ecepu emkjufckh sucrc tmrdckycb+

―^ycrct%sycrct emkgcji ncfokfmhisfcti jck bmpcfc jcmrc` itu `crus gmfcs&― Fmo bmedcfi emkmhcsbck+

Qintor/Ckjrmcs

îsi positiakyc& cjc

jcmrc` otokoe dcru

yckh pmrbmedckhckkyc

dmrcrti dchi ecsycrcbct+

Jcmrc` otokoe dcru yckh

tmrhofokh dmr`csif cjcfc`

Bcdupctmk ^mrjckh

Dmjchci jck Bcdupctmk

@uedckh @csukjutck ji

ûectmrc ]tcrc+




―Jctc tmrcbìr (4<3>)&3:9 bmpcfc jcmrc` yckh

tmrgmrct borupsi& tmrjirijcri 4< hudmrkur& sctu wcbif hudmkur&38 wcfi botc& 0 wcbif wcfi botc& 0:dupcti& jck 39 wcbif dupcti&― ukhbcpJokcf Acrijz& jcri Jivisi Borupsi\ofitib INX+

Gmfcs& ecrcbkyc prcbtib borupsiyckh jifcbubck pcrc bmpcfc jcmrcèmrupcbck pmkhbìckctck tmr`cjcpnitc%nitc rmorecsi+

―Otokoei jcmrc` itu

bck pcjc jcscrkyc dmrtuguckemepmrnmpct pmedckhukck jijcmrc`+ Bmkyctcckkyc& yckh bitc fi`ct `cri iki gustru fmdi` jikibectipcrc pmgcdct jcmrc` jck mfitm%mfitmpofitib+ \mkhhukcck C\DJ puk tijcb trckspcrck& pcjc`cf pudfib dmr`cb emkhmtcùikyc&― bctckyc+

Fmdi` fckgut Jokcf emkhc%

emkhmedcfibck eojcf+ Eiscfkyc&jmkhck ncrc emkifcp C\DJ+

Jokcf emkifci pmemriktc`tcb smrius emkyibcpikyc+ ]ktub emeikiecfbck prcbtib borupsi&smdcibkyc pmemriktc`& jcfce `cfiki Bmemktmrick Jcfce Kmhmri&smhmrc emedctcsi dicyc pifbcjc& guhc emepmrbuct boktrof cfirck jckc C\DK yckh jidmribck bm jcmrc`+

―\cb Hcecwck Acuzi (EmktmriJcfce Kmhmri& Tmj ) bck pmrkcèmkgcdct dupcti scepci hudmrkur jiûectmrc Dcrct+ Jic sckhct pc`cedmtuf& dicyc uktub emkgcji pmgcdctbmpcfc jcmrc` itu sckhct ec`cf+ Gcji& cfckhbc` dcibkyc jitmrcpbck

pmedctcsck dmfckgc bcepckym uktub emkgcji bmpcfc jcmrc`&― bctckyc+

^mbcfipuk dmhitu& ic tijcb smtugubmpcjc jcmrc` jipifi` J\TJ smpmrtizceck Orjm Dcru+ Bcfcu pifbcjc ji`cpus& pmeifi`ck prmsijmk guhc `crus ji`cpus bcrmkc tcb cjc dmjckyc+Bcfcu bmpcfc jcmrc` tijcb jipifi`fckhsukh ofm` rcbyct tcpi jismrc`bckbmedcfi bm J\TJ& tijcb cbck cjc fchi pmeiepik yckh prorcbyct smpmrti

Gobowi%Còb+]ktub emkhibuti pifbcjc

proviksi& emkurut jic& ncfok hudmrkurtijcb pmrfu scepci emkh`cdisbckjckc ìkhhc rctusck eificr& nubup 4<eificr rupic`+ $^mfcec iki bck tijcb cjc pmrcturck jcfce pmedctcsckdicyc dchi smorckh ncfok pmgcdctbmpcfc jcmrc`+ ^mìkhhc bitc smrikh emfi`ct cjc ncfok hudmrkur `cepirticp `cri emecsckh ibfck ji dmrdchci

emjic yckh dckycb jibunurbck&uktub itufc` `crus jidmrfcbubckpmrcturck pmedctcsck dicyc+$

Jokcf dmr`crcp chcr pmemriktc`fmdi` smrius emkmhcbbck ùbue&smdcd nitc%nitc rmorecsi cjcfc`tmhcbkyc smduc` ùbue smìkhhc tmrniptc bmsmgc`tmrcck ecsycrcbct+

Ckjrmcs

Jokcf AcrijzJivisi Borupsi \ofitib INX

^cfc` sctu duc` jcri rmaorecsi 3990 cjcfc` otokoei

jcmrc`+ ^cyckhkyc& otokoei jcmrc` dmrduc` dckycb

bcsus borupsi+

OZJC JIZCD]T&

BOT]\Î ECBIK ^]D]T

tcbck& tofob ubur bmecguckjcmrc` smdmkcrkyc emeckh tcb gcu` jcri pmeiepikkyc+ Bcfcupmeiepik jcmrc` tcb dmrboeitemkemkymgc`tmrcbck rcbyct& disc jipcstibck cjc ecscfc` jcfcepmkhhukcck C\DJ& pcrc pmgcdctitu pcsti emfcbubck pmkyiepckhck+―^cyc rcsc tcb sufit bob& gibc bmpcfc pmgcdct jcmrc` itu emfcporbck smncrc rutik ckhhcrck C\DJ+ Ncrc yckh pcfikh eurc`& tikhhcf emeductwmdsitm ctcu tikhhcf emkmepmfbckkyc ji ticp bcktor bmfurc`ck& pcstiecsycrcbct cbck emedcnckyc+―

Jic emkifci& bmpmeiepikck

Hudmrkur jck Xcbif HudmrkurJBI Gcbcrtc& Gobo Xijojo jckDcsubi gc`cgc \urkcec sckhctemkcrib+ Bmpmeiepikck emrmbc jcfce emedmkcì Gcbcrtc sckhctpromsiokcf+ \mkhhukcck C\DJsckhct tmrdubc& tcb cjc yckh jitutup%tutupi+ ^mticp jckc jcri C\DJyckh emrmbc bmfucrbck puk smfcfurutik jiscepcibck bm pudfib+ ―^cyc dmr`crcp& bmpmeiepikck Gobowi% Còb itu jitiru pmgcdct jcmrc`fcikkyc+―

Jic smpmkjcpct dicyc uktub emkgcji pmgcdct jcmrc` yckh sckhctec`cf emrupcbck scfc` sctu pmkymdcdtmrgcjikyc prcbtib borupsi ji jcmrc`+Bcepckym pifbcjc emedutu`bckdicyc dmscr+ Ecbc& bmtibc emkckh jck emkgcji dupcti ctcu hudmrkur&`crus dmrupcyc jmkhck smhcfc ncrc




ÔTOZCK

Tuji yckh smdmfuekyc emk%jujubi bursi Xcbif Emktmri

Mkmrhi jck ûedmr Jcyc

Eikmrcf jitckhbcp ji ruec`%

kyc& bcwcsck Bmdcyorck Dcru& Gcbcrtc

^mfctck& pcjc 3> Chustus 4<3>& smtmfc`

emfcbubck trckscbsi hrcbcsi smdmscr

:<< ridu jofcr Cemribc smrtc smduc`

eotor hmjm (eohm) fmkhbcp jmkhck

D\B\ yckh jicktcrbck Jmvicrji cfics

Crji+

Bmeujick jibmtcùi uckh jck eohm

itu dmrcscf jcri Boeiscris \Z BmrkmfOif \rivctm Fieitmj& îeok H Zckgcyc+

\medmrick sucp itu jijuhc buct

dmrbcitck jmkhck upcyc emeufusbck

smguefc` proymb eihcs+ Dmfcbckhck

jibmtcùi pufc dc`wc Crji pmfc` hofa

Tuji+

\mriswc pmkckhbcpck tmrgcji pcjc

ecfce `cri& smbitcr pubuf 43+><

XID+ Tuji& gmdofck Ikstut Zmbkofohi

Dckjukh (IZD) jck emkgcji huru dmscrji cfecectmrkyc itu+ Cpcbc` emeckh

pmriswc smpmr itu dcru bcfi pmrtcec

tmrgcji ji ikstcksi yckh emeokopofi

pmkhmfofcck eihcs ji kmhcrc iki?

Gckhck%gckhck& ecc eihcs sujc` fcec

dmrcbsi ji fmedchc dcru pmkhhck D\

Eihcs itu+

Zcb gcu` dmjc jmkhck smguefc` ikstcksi

pmemriktc` fcikkyc& ^BB Eihcs jikifci

fmec` jcfce emfcbubck pmkhcwcsck+

Zmrdub& jcb pmrkc` cjc ecscfc` yckh

euknuf jcri smcp trckscbsi ji fmedchcitu& pcjc`cf cjckyc ecc eihcs ji ^BB

Eihcs bmrcp emkgcji pmrdiknckhck+

Tcbyct dmr`crcp B\B emedokhbcr

gcrikhck ecc smbtor eihcs+ @crcpck

yckh tcb dmrfmdi`ck+

Zie pmkyijib B\B jcfce pmkhhmfmjc`ck

fckgutck ji bmjiceck Bmpcfc ^BB Eihcs

guhc emkmeubck 9< ridu jofcr C^ jck

348 ridu jofcr ̂ ikhcpurc& smrtc 4<< ridu

\mristiwc pmkckhbcpckTuji Tudickjiki emeduct

dckycb orckh hmfmkh%

hmfmkh bmpcfc+

Yc& iycfc` …+ ôcfkyc&

Bmpcfc ^ctuck Bmrgc

Bùsus \mfcbsckc

Bmhictck ]sc`c @ufu

Eikycb Hcs Duei (^BB

Eihcs) iki pukyc prmstcsi

cbcjmeis emktmrmkh+

Tuji Tudickjiki&

Emkhcpc Mkhbcu Dmhitu?mkmrhitojcy+noe



>< IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>

ÔTOZCK

jofcr Cemribc ji ruec` pmkhusc`c

Jmvicrji+ Jckc sucp itu jisikycfir

dmrcscf jcri tmrsckhbc îeok Zckgcyc+

Zie pmkyijib B\B guhc emkmeubck

348 ridu jofcr îkhcpurc& 1< ridu jofcr

îkhcpurc& juc ridu jofcr C^& smrtc

mecs 30< hrce ji drckbcs Tuji jcfce

pmkhhmfmjc`ck ji bcktor ^BB Eihcs

pcjc 3= Chustus 4<3>+

\mkckhbcpck Bmpcfc ̂ BB Eihcs tmrsmdut

emkhchmtbck dckycb bcfckhck+ Cbsi

B\B tmrsmdut emeuknufbck `crcpck

cjckyc pmrdcibck jck pmkctcck

bmedcfi fmedchc yckh emkhctur

boksmsi jck pmkhmfofcck eikycb jck

hcs kcsiokcf+ B\B ji`crcpbck disc

emkhucb bokspircsi cktcrc dirobrct

jck pmfcbu usc`c+ Cpcfchi smeuc pi`cb

sujc` emkhmtcùi dc`wc diskis smbtor

suedmr jcyc cfce emkyiepck eistmri+

^mfcik eihcs& smbtor fcik yckh dmrpotmksi

emkyiepck nmritc bmfce emkhmkci

ecrcbkyc borupsi jck cjckyc gcrikhck

ecc cjcfc` bmùtckck& pmrtckick&

smrtc pmribckck jck bmfcutck+ Ofm`

bcrmkc itu& jcb dmrfmdi`ck gibc B\B

emkgcjibck smbtor usc`c dmrdcsis

suedmr jcyc cfce smdchci prioritcs

pmknmhc`ck jck pmkckhckck borupsi

jcfce pmkmhcbck ùbue+ Jck

gckgi B\B uktub emkuktcsbck upcyc

pmedmrcktcsck borupsi ji smbtor eihcs

jmkhck emedokhbcr gcrikhck ecc

smfcfu jitukhhu+

\cfikh jcb& fckhbc` B\B emkyitc tcs

^mbgmk Bmemktmrick M^JE Xcyoko

Bcrko dmrisi uckh 4<< ridu jofcr C^

scct emkhhmfmjc` bcktor bmemktmrick

M^JE emedmribck dub dcru

dchcieckc borupsi sujc` emkhcbcr ji

fmedchc pmemriktc` yckh emkhurusi

pmkhmfofcck mkmrhi itu+

Guru Dincrc B\B Go`ck Duji emkhctcbck&

B\B ecsi` emkjcfcei cjckyc

tmrsckhbc fcik yckh jijuhc emkyucp

piepikck ^BB Eihcs+ \mrusc`cck yckh

jijuhc emkyucp bmpcfc ^BB Eihcs

cjcfc` B`mrkmf Oif \tm+ Ftj (BO\F) yckh

emrupcbck pmrusc`cck pmrjchckhck

eihcs duei eifib csikh+ B\B tmfc`

emkmtcpbck Tuji smdchci tmrsckhbc

bcsus sucp dmrscec Crji yckh

emkhcktcrbck uckh jcri tmrsckhbc

fcikkyc îeok Zckgcyc+

Tmpotkyc& ^mbrmtcris ^BB Eihcs Hjm

\rcjkyckc emkmhcsbck BO\F dubck

rmbck bmrgc ̂ BB Eihcs+

‖B`mrkmf Oif `ckyc pmrusc`cck jchckh

yckh ibut tmkjmr pmedmfick eikycb&―

bctckyc+

Dcktc`ck Dmrgmecc`

Bmbc bcsus iki tmrbucb& smpmr dicsc&

pmgcdct yckh dmrwmkckh jck pcrc

pmgcdct yckh dmrtckhhukh gcwcd dc%

dc emkgcji fikhfukh jck dmrceci%

rceci emedcktc`+

Jmpu \mkhmkjcfick Jubukhck

Diskis ^BB Eihcs Fcedob @utcurub

yckh emkhcedif cfi` smemktcrc

bmpmeiepikck ji ^BB Eihcs scepci

jitmtcpbckkyc \mfcbsckc Bmtuc

^BB Eihcs yckh dcru& emedcktc`

cjckyc ecc ji fmedchc itu+ Fcedob

smdmfuekyc pmrkc` jifcporbck ofm`

INX jck AIZTC ctcs juhcck borupsi

proymb pmeikjc`ck bcktor D\ Eihcs

jcri Hmjukh \ctrcgcsc bm Xisec Eufic+

‖^cyc jcb tcù tmktckh hmjukh+

Ikaorecsi siepckh siur& pcjc scctpikjc` scyc emkgcdct wcbif bmtuc

boeitm stmmrikh+ Gcji tmkjmr sifcbck ji

pmkhcjcck+ Yckh emkmktubck cjcfc`

Bmpcfc D\ Eihcs& Xcbc Jmpu ]kit

\rosms \mkhcjcck& jck scyc `ckyc

emfmtcbbck fcktci%fcktci yckh tmpct+

^ckhct seoot`& scyc mkhhcb tmrbcit

fckhsukh jmkhck itu&― ugcrkyc bmpcjc

wcrtcwck ji Gcbcrtc& 41 Chustus 4<3>+

mkmrhitojcy+noe



>3IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3>

Fcedob yckh pcjc 4<<9 ecsi`

emkgcdct Jirmbtur Hrcbcsi ji B\B

fcfu jidmribck bmwmkckhck emkhcwcsi

Boktrcbtor Boktrcb Bmrgc ^cec (BBB^)

itu emkgmfcsbck& socf pmeikjc`ck

Hmjukh D\ EIhcs sujc` jcb cjc

ecscfc` bcrmkc Dcjck \memribsc

Bmuckhck (D\B) sujc` emedmribck

emedmribck prmjibct Xcgcr Zckpc

\mkhmnucfick+

^mfcik Fcedob& Guru Dincrc ^BB

Eihcs Mfck Dicktcro guhc fckhsukh

emedcktc`+

‖Khhcb+ Khhcb disc scyc gcwcd itu+

^cyc jcb pc`ce cpc ecbsujkyc

ecc+ Bcfcu cjc ecc bck dmrcr cjc

hmedokh%hmedokhkyc+ ^cyc jcb tcù

itu hmedokh%hmedokhkyc&― bctc Mfck

ji Bcktor ̂ BB Eihcs& 3: Chustus 4<3>+

Dcktc`ck tcb bcfc` smkhitkyc guhc

jctckh jcri Emktmri M^JE Gmro Xcnib+

\ofisi \crtci Jmeobrct itu emedcktc`

bmrcs tmrfidct jmkhck bcsus yckh emfifit

ckcb duc`kyc itu+

‖^cyc nfmcr ji bcsus itu+ ^cyc jcb

pmrkc` pmriktc`bck gcgcrck uktub

dmrduct nurckh&― tmhcs Gmro ji Boepfmbs

J\T TI& ^mkcyck& Gcbcrtc& 31 Chustus

4<3>+

Gmro puk emkhctcbck& tujikhcck yckh

emkymdut dc`wc Tuji emkmriec uckh

jcri BO\F smdchci smtorck uktub gcgcrck

ctcsckkyc ji M^JE cjcfc` smduc`

spmbufcsi dmfcbc jck jcb dmkcr+ ‖^cyc

bck sujc` smedifck tcùk gcji emktmri&

jcb pmrkc` scyc pmriktc`bck yckh

ckm`%ckm` dmhitu+―

\ric cscf Dcfi itu guhc emedcktc`

dc`wc pi`cbkyc tmfmjor ctcu dc`bck

jcb emfcbubck pmkhcwcsck tmr`cjcp

^BB Eihcs+ ‖Boeitm jcb fmpcs tckhck&bcei dmrtckhhukh gcwcd ctcs smeuc

bmdigcbck& tcpi emeckh jcb disc

smeuc jicwcsi&― bctc Gmro smusci

pmfckbck pmgcdct ji Bmemktmrick

M^JE& 3= Chustus 4<3>+

Gmro yckh guhc emrupcbck Bmtuc Boeisi

\mkhcwcsck ^BB Eihcs emkgmfcsbck&

bmdigcbck boktrof smfcec iki sujc`

jigcfckbck+ Kceuk& smncrc jmtcif

boktrcb jck tmkjmr eihcs ji Ikjokmsic

jcb disc jifcbubck ofm` ikstusikyc+

]ktub itu& ic emeiktc smfuru` gcgcrck

bmemktmrick jck boeisi disc dmrscec%

scec emkhcwcsi jck wcspcjc

tmr`cjcp hojcck sucp jck borupsi+ Ic

emkhcbu tcb emeifibi ps gitu uktub

emkckhbcf smhcfc kjcb pmkyucpck+

Kceuk& bctc Gmro& itu disc jieufci jcri

jiri smkjiri+

Jic puk tcb ecu dmrboemktcr i`wcf

cjc%jcbkyc ecc eihcs ji ^BB Eihcs+―Bck& scyc sujc` bctcbck& wcbtu `cri

pmrtcec jismdut Bmrkmf Oif& scyc jcb

tcù& jcb pmrkc` bmkcf&― bctc Gmro ji

Istckc& Gcbcrtc& 4> Chustus 4<3>+

Gmro ecfc` emkgmfcsbck dc`wc jirikyc

ecsi` ‐pmecik’ dcru ji jukic eihcs+

―^mrc`bck scgc pcjc ùbue+ Gckhck

dmrspmbufcsi+―

^mdchci Bmtuc Boeisi \mkhcwcs ^BB

Eihcs& Emktmri M^JE guhc emedcktc`

dc`wc pmkhcwcsck ji ^BB EIhcs

jcb dmrgcfck+ ^mfuru` bmdigcbck

yckh jifcbubck ^BB Eihcs `crus

jiboksuftcsibck bm Boeisi \mkhcwcs+

―Boeisi \mkhcwcs itu emkhcwcsismcp bmdigcbck yckh cbck jibmfucrbck

^BB Eihcs& smpmr ecu emkhhck ctcu

emkhckhbct jmpu yc fcpor bm Boeisi

\mkhcwcs jufu&― uncp Gmro+

Kceuk& pmkhcwcsck yckh jifcbubck

Boeisi \mkhcwcs jcb smncrc

bmsmfuru`ck+ Gmro emknokto`bck&

smorckh wcrtcwck yckh ecbck ji

wcrukh dc%dc eufms cpc tmrus

piepikck pmrs wcrtcwck tmrsmdut

`crus dmrtckhhukh gcwcd?

Gmro puk emedcktc` Boeitm \mkhcwcs

^BB Eihcs fmpcs tckhck tmr`cjcp bcsus

iki+ ―Khhcb fmpcs tckhck& smeuc yckh

bmdigcbck bitc tckhhukh gcwcd+ `ckyc

bmdigcbck%bmdicbck yckh jicwcsi&

eiscfkyc dmhiki bcfcu jic ecu hck

jmpu& jcb dofm` smkjirick& `crus

bm boeitm& ctcu emkhcgubck ckhhcrck

`crus jmkhck bcei ctcu tcrhmt `crus

jmkhck bitc+―

^mfcik emedcktc` bikmrgc jck cjckyc

juhcck ecc ji ^BB EIhcs& Gmro guhcemedcktc` dc`wc pmriswc sucp

yckh jicfcei ofm` Tuji Tudickjiki itu

cjc bcitckkyc jmkhck prosms pofib ji

\crtci Jmeobrct+ Gmro Xcnib emeckh

smjckh sidub emkhurus bokvmksi

ncprms yckh jicjcbck pcrtcikyc+

Jic emedcktc` cjc ùdukhck

pmkncrick jckc uktub Bokvmksi Ncprms

\crtci Jmeobrct jmkhck tmrtckhbcpkyc

ckcb duc`kyc ji ^BB Eihcs tmrsmdut+

―Zijcb cjc ùdukhck& jcb cjc+

Bokvmksikyc bck guhc dcru eufci&― bctcGmro Xcnib ji Hmjukh J\T+

Gmro emkyckhbcf cjckyc smtorck bm

\crtci Jmeobrct tmrbcit borupsi ji ^BB

Eihcs+ ―Zmrus bctckyc smtorck uktub

\crtci Jmeobrct& scyc ycbik khhcb cjc&―

tmhcskyc+ ―Jckc bokvmsi jcri suedmr%

suedmr yckh sc` jck `cfcf+―

Ic emeiktc pudfib gckhck dmrspmbufcsi

Bmtibc bcsus iki tmrbucb&

smpmrti dicsc& pmgcdct

yckh dmrwmkckh jck

pcrc pmgcdct yckh

dmrtckhhukh gcwcd

tidc%tidc emkgcji

fikhfukh jck dmrceci%

rceci emedcktc`+

Jmputi \mkhmkjcfick

Jubukhck Diskis ^BB

Eihcs Fcedob @utcurub

yckh emkhcedif

cfi` smemktcrc

bmpmeiepikck ji ^BB Eihcs scepci

jitmtcpbckkyc \mfcbsckc

Bmtuc ^BB Eihcs yckh

dcru& emedcktc` cjckyc

ecac ji fmedchc itu+



>4 IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>

ÔTOZCK

tmrbcit bcsus ùbue yckh emkgmrct

Tuji+ Zmrecsub jcb pmrfu

emkhiktmrvmksi cpc yckh biki jifcbubck

ofm` B\B+ ―]rusck ùbue smrc`bck bm

ùbue& urusck ikjustri eihcs `crus

jismfcectbck+―

@cf smkcjc jitmhcsbck ofm` Bmtuc@crick \crtci Jmeobrct ^ycrima

@csck jcfce bmsmepctck yckh scec+

Emkurutkyc& emkhcitbck borupsi

smbtor eihcs jmkhck pcrtcikyc cjcfc`

pmedusubck pofib+

―Jmeobct jibcitbck& iki dchick

pmedusubck pofib& emknmecrbck

bitc scgc itu&― uncp ^ycria @csck+

ôcf bmjmbctck Gmro jmkhck Tuji

yckh emkgcji cwcf jibcitbck jmkhck

Jmeobrct& emkurut ^ycria itu `ckycbmjmbctck proamsiokcf+

―Itu bck dmbcs dcwc`ckkyc jic& gcji

jcb cjc bcitckkyc&― uncp Emkbop itu+

\mkhhckck \mgcdct ^BB Eihcs

\rmsijmk ̂ usifo Dcedckh Yujòyoko 3:

Chustus 4<3> emkmtcpbck Bmputusck

\rmsijmk Ko 9> Zcùk 4<3> yckh

dmrisi pmedmr`mkck smemktcrc Tuji

Tudickjiki jcri gcdctckkyc smdchci

Bmpcfc ^BB Eihcs jck smsuci jmkhck

pmrcturck emkuhcsbck Xcbif Bmpcfc

^BB Eihcs Go`ckkms Xijgokcrbo uktub

emfcbsckcbck tuhcs jck tckhhukh

gcwcd smdchci Bmpcfc ^BB Eihcs+

―Bmputusck \rmsijmk jitmrditbck utub

emkgceik chcr ikjustri eihcs tmtcp

dmrgcfck korecf& jcb cjc bmvcbueck&―

bctc Emktmri M^JE Gmro Xcnib jcfce

guepc pmrs ji Bmemktmrick M^JE& 3:

Chustus 4<3>+

Xcnib emkhctcbck& pmemriktc` `crus

emfcbubck kjcbck nmpct& emkhikhct

ikjustri eihcs sckhct strctmhis+ ^mbitcr

Tp 3 trifiuk pmr `cri pmkjcpctck kmhcrc

dmrcscf jcri eihcs+ ―Bcrmkc itu& ecbc

pmkhmfofcck ^BB Eihcs jcb dofm`

dmr`mk sm`cri puk+―

Jmkhck pmkhckhbctck Go`ckkmsi& ugcr

Xcnib& yckh dmrsckhbutck dmr`cb

emkckjctckhcki smeuc `cf yckh

tmrbcit bmpmkkhck ^BB Eihcs+ ^meuc

bmhictck guhc dmrgcfck smpmr dicsc+

Zmrecsub guhc aukhsi pmkhcwcsck ofm`

Boeisi \mkhcwcs yckh cktcrc fcik tmrjiri

jcri Emktmri M^JE& Xcemk M^JE& jck

Xcemk Bmemktmrick Bmuckhck+

Jcfce bmsmepctck tmrsmdut& Emktmri

M^JE emkmhcsbck jubukhck

pmemriktc` tmr`cjcp upcyc

pmedmrcktcsck borupsi jck emkhusut

tuktcs bcsus iki+

^tctus Tuji yckh jidmr`mkbck

smemktcrc fcktcrck ecsi` emkukhhu

prosms fmdi` fckgut ofm` B\B+ ^msuci

jmkhck pmrcturck& gibc Bmpcfc ^BB

Eihcs dmr`cfckhck tmtcp& Xcbif Bmpcfc

^BB Eihcs emkgcfckbck tuhcs jck

aukhsi Bmpcfc ^BB Eihcs ìkhhc cjc

pmkhckhbctck pmgcdct jmkia+

^memktcrc& emkhmkci BO\F yckh

jijuhc emkyucp Tuji& Gmro Xcnib

emkhcbu jcb emkhmkcfkyc+ ―Zmrus

tmrckh scyc khhcb tcù (Bmrkmf Oif)+

]rusck yckh itu bitc smrc`bck bm B\B+

Bcei jcb cbck emkh`cfckhi urusck

pmedmrcktcsck borupsi+―

^mgcb pmkhhckck pmgcdct ji

fikhbukhck ^BB Eihcs jifckb& fmedchc

iki fckhsukh emkhmfucrbck cturckdcru uktub emfcbubck pmrdcibck jck

pmedmkc`ck jck emwugujbck ^BB

Eihcs yckh dmrsi`+

―Zmrìtukh 39 Chustus 4<3>& Boeisi

\mkhcwcs ^BB Eihcs yckh jibmtuci

ofm` Emktmri M^JE jmkhck Ckhhotc

Emktmri Bmuckhck& Xcbif Emktmri

Bmuckhck& jck Xcbif Emktmri M^JE

tmfc` emkmrditbck ikstrubsi uktub

pmedmkc`ck ^BB Eihcs emfcfui surct

Koeor <3</^BB\<<<</4<3>/Ô tckhhcf

39 Chustus 4<3>& bmpcjc scyc smfcbuBmpcfc ^BB Eihcs chcr ikjustri eihcs

jck bmhictck opmrcsiokcf ^BB Eihcs

jcpct dmrgcfck fmdi` dcib&― ugcr \ft

Bmpcfc ^BB Eihcs Go`ckms Xijgokcrbo

ji Gcbcrtc& 4< Chustus 4<3>+

Isi ikstrubsi tmrsmdut uktub emkjubukh

smpmku`kyc upcyc B\B uktub

emkuktcsbck bcsus sucp yckh

emfidctbck Tuji+

―Emfcbubck fckhbc`%fckhbc` cpcpuk

yckh jipmrfubck jcfce emfcbsckcbck

rmaorecsi dirobrcsi ji ^BB Eihcs&

uktub emecsbck cjckyc suctu tctc

bmfofc yckh dcib& msimk& mamba& dmrsi`&

trckspcrck& cbuktcdmf& jck dmdck

BBK&― tmrckh Go`ckms+

Zcb `ckyc itu& Boeisi \mkhcwcs guhc

emkhistrubsibck ^BB Eihcs uktub

emkgchc tctc bmfofc eihcs jmkhck dcib

jck emkgcfckbck smeuc dussikmss

pronmss smsuci jmkhck pmrcturck

pmrukjckh%ukjckhck+ Boeisi \mkhcwcs

emeiktc ^BB Eihcs smhmrc emkmfcc`

smfuru` prosms diskis yckh cjc ji ^BB

Eihcs jck emeiktc ecsubck bmpcjc

ikstusi fcik& smpmr B\B& D\B& jck

Dcjck Buckhck jck \medckhukck

(D\B\)+

^mfcik ikstrubsi tmrsmdut& ^BB Eihcs

guhc emkhmfucrbck ûrct Bmputusck

Koeor <4<0/^BBO<<<</4<3>/Ô&

tmktckh pmedmktubck Zie \mrdcibck

jck \mkhcwcsck Zctc Bmfofc yckh dcib

(Zie \mrdcibck jck \mkhcwcsck)& jck

emkukgub \mkhcwcs Iktmrkcf smdchci

bmtuc+

B\B Khmdut

]ktub emkhusut bcsus iki& smfcik

ememribsc pcrc tmrsckhbc jmkhck

iktmksia& Boeisi \medmrcktcsck Borupsi

ctcu B\B guhc emeckhhif jck emfcbub%

ck pmemribscck tmr`cjcp smguefc`

pi`cb yckh jickhhcp disc emedokhbcr

posisi bcsus iki+ \meckhhifck smguefc`

scbsi& eufci jcri sopir& sctpce ìkhhc

pcrc pmkhhi ji ^BB Eihcs& tmrecsub

^mbgmk Bmemktmrick M^JE Xcryoko

Bcrko+ ^mfcik itu& B\B guhc dmrmknckc

emfcbubck pmemribscck tmr`cjcp Gmro

Xcnib+

Jiscepcibck B\B& smeuc yckh jijuhc

tmrbcit jmkhck bcsus sucp tmrsmdut cbck

smhmrc jipmribsc& tmrecsub ememribsc

Emktmri M^JE Gmro Xcnib difc bmeujick

jitmeubck bmtmrfidctckkyc+

Xcbif Bmtuc B\B Dcedckh Xijgogckto

emkyctcbck& smeuc jickhhcp scec

ji `cjcpck ùbue+ Ctcs jcscr itu&



>>IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3>

tcb cjc cfcsck dchi B\B uktub tcbut

ememribsc pi`cb yckh jijuhc tmrbcit

jcfce bcsus kjcb pijckc borupsi+

―^mgcb bcpck B\B tcbut? Zijcb cjc&

smeuc scec ji jmpck ùbue+ Bcfcu

jcb emeckhhif ecfc` emfckhhcr

bokstusi&― bctc Dcedckh jcfce cncrc

sosicfiscsi Tcjio ^trmceikh ―BckcfB\B―

ji Gcfck Gmkjmrcf ûjireck& Gcbcrtc& 30

Chustus 4<3>+

Kceuk& Dcedckh emkhcbui pi`cbkyc

dmfue emkmeubck bmtmrfidctck pric

yckh guhc emkgcdct smdchci ^mbrmtcris

Ecgmfis Zikhhi \crtci Jmeobrct

tmrsmdut+ Itu pufc smdcdkyc ic dmfue

jcpct emecsbck cpcbc` Gmro

Xcnib cbck jipmribsc tmrbcit bcsus

sucp yckh emkymrmt dcwc`ckkyc

smdchci tmrsckhbc+ ―Dmfue tcù cbck

jipmribsc+ Bck smbcrckh bitc fchi

emkhofmbsi ikaorecsi& smtmfc` itu bitc

emrmbokrecsi& smtmfc` itu vcfijcsi+―

Emkurut Dcedckh& smguefc` ectc

uckh jofcr yckh jitmeubck pmkyijib

B\B ji jcfce fcni ^mbgmk Bmemktmrick

M^JE sckhct emknurihcbck+

Bmnurihcck itu cbck jivcfijcsi& cpcbc`

cjc ùdukhckkyc jmkhck sucp yckh

emkiepcb ^BB Eihcs ctcu tmrbcit `cf

fcikkyc+

―Bcei cbck eiktc \cb Gmro Xcnib

uktub emkgmfcsbck khbct bmwcgcrck

4<< ridu jofcr C^ itu& bcfcu uckh yckh

jisiepck itu jickhcp wcgcr+ B\B bck

jcb dmrpofmeib tmktckh wcgcr ctcu

jcbkyc bcrmkc itu dubck rckc` B\B&―

bctc Dcedckh+ ―^cyc tckyc& opmrcsiokcf

`crus pcbci jofcr? Opmrcsiokcf uktub

cpc& yc?―

Jic emecsbck e pmkyijib B\B

cbck emkckycbck uckh jofcr C^ yckh

jitmeubck jcfce pmkhhmfmjc`ck ji

ruckh ^mbgmk tmrbcit bcsus juhcck

borupsi ji fikhbukhck ^BB Eihcs tcùk

4<34%4<3>+

―B\B emfcbubck dmrdchci upcyc uktub

jcpct emedokhbcr bcsus iki smutu`kyc+

B\B bmeujick emfcbubck upcyc%upcyc

pcbsc jck jcfce upcyc pcbsc itu bcei

emfi`ct dc`wc pmrfu pmkhhmfmjc`ck

ji bcktor ^mbgmk+ \cjc scctkyc cbck

jigmfcsbck bmkcpc ji bcktor ^mbgmk&―

bctc Dcedckh+

@csif pmemribscck B\B tmrbcit uckh

yckh jitmeubck ji ruckh ^mbgmk M^JE&

emkurut Dcedckh& cbck emedubc

bmeukhbikck%bmeukhbikck dmrdchci

pi`cb uktub jipmribsc smdchci scbsi

ctcupuk tmrsckhbc+

Zmrbcit jmkhck juhcck pmkhìfckhck

scbsi emfcfui pmroedcbck pmgcdct

msmfok I jck msmfok II ji Bmemktmrick

M^JE& Dcedckh emkhctcbck B\B

jcpct emeckhhif sicpc scgc uktub

emkgcji scbsi+

―îcpc puk yckh jijuhc tmrfidct&

cpcbc` ecsi` emkgcdct strubturcf ctcu

jcb& jcb cjc urusck dchi B\B+ Gibcemeckh jismdut scbsi fcik cbck bcei

pckhhif+ Gustru gibc jic jipmnct& jic cbck

dmdcs emedmribck bmtmrckhck+―

^memktcrc itu& juhcck cjc bcitck

sucp itu jmkhck Jmeobrct& tmrutcec

uktub pmkjckcck bokvmksi ncprms&

dmfue jitmeubck dmkckh emrc`kyc+

^mncrc tmrpisc`& Bmtuc B\B Cdrc`ce

^cecj emkycepcibck& B\B ecsi`

emkhmedckhbck bcsus tmrsmdut jck

dmfue scepci pcjc bmsiepufck+

‖^cec smbcfi dmfue jcpctbck acbtc (jckc

uktub bokvmksi)+ Bmtmrckhck uktub

gcji cfct dub `crus jijubukh jmkhck

bmtmrckhck yckh fcikkyc&― bctckyc scct

jitmeui smdmfue pmrikhctck @]Z bm%10

TI ji Istckc Emrjmbc& 38 Chustus 4<3>+

Ic guhc dmfue disc emkycepcibck

pmri`cf bmeukhbikck bmtmrfidctck Gmro

Xcnib+

\rosms pmkymfijibck jck vmribcsi jctc

ecsi` jifcbubck jck dmfue scepci pcjc

bmsiepufck+ ‖]ktub smemktcrc dmfue

disc jiscepcibck bm pudfib bcrmkc

ecsi` jcfce tc`cp pmkhmedckhck+―

Yckh gmfcs& fckgutkyc& B\B puk cbckemkifib bmeukhbikck bmtmrfidctck

pi`cb%pi`cb fcik jcfce bcsus tmrsmdut&

tmrecsub Gmro Xcnib ctcupuk kcec fcik

yckh dmrbcitck jmkhck pcrtci pofib+

Toy G^

Dcedckh Xijgogckto



>: IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>

\mrncycfc`&Bitc Disc Bob Emkhurus

Bmbcycck Cfcetmrecsub eikycb jck hcs+ Jck smeuc

itu sujc` jiscjcri pcrc pmeiepik bitc

smgcb zceck jufu+ ̂ mgcb jufu& pmeiepik

Ikjokmsic dc`bck sujc` dmfcgcr chcr

jcb jigcgc` ofm` csikh tmrutcec jcfce

pmkhmfofcck jck pmkhucscck suedmr

jcyc cfce Ikjokmsic&― ugcr Dody+

Dmfcgcr jcri pmrgcfckck smgcrc`

Ikjokmsic& fckgut Dody& pcrc pmeiepik

Ikjokmsic pcjc wcbtu itu guhc sujc`

disc emkycbsibck bmbc tckc`

Caribc jigcgc` dckhsc Mropc yckh

emkymdcdbck bmbcycck cfce kmhcrc%

^mfcik cbsms yckh dmhitu dmscr jck

emeckgcbck pi`cb csikh jck swcstc&

pcrc pmgcdct ji smbtor eihcs puk

jcb emeifibi giwc bmeckjirick

uktub emkckacctbck smbtor itu jmei

bmdutu`ck ecsycrcbct Ikjokmsic+

^cct iki& emkurut pofisi \crtci

Hofbcr itu& `cepir tcb cjc fchi

dribrobrct jck ctcu pmeiepik jcfce

pmemriktc`ck Ikjokmsic yckh dmrpi`cb

bmpcjc ecsycrcbct Ikjokmsic jcfce

pmkhmfofcck bmbcycck eihcs+

‖ûedmr jcyc cfce bitc emfiepc` ruc`&

C

khhotc Boeisi QII J\T yckh

emedijckhi mkmrhi suedmr

jcyc eikmrcf& rismt jck tmbkofohi

smrtc fikhbukhck ìjup& Dody CjityoTizcfji emkycepcibck& pmkhmfofcck

bmbcyccck eihcs Ikjokmsic sujc` jcb

eckjiri+ @cf itu tmrgcji cbidct dmscrkyc

cbsms yckh jidmribck pmemriktc`

Ikjokmsic bmpcjc pi`cb csikh jck

swcstc uktub emrcedc` wifcyc` eihcs

Ikjokmsic& yckh emkymdcdbck smbtor

itu dc`bck jcb disc fchi jiboktrof

smpmku`kyc+

ÔTOZCK



>=IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3>

kmhcrc itu jibmrub `cdis& jck biki

smdchick tckc` Caribc tckjus+

―\cjc ecsc bmpmeiepikck \rmsijmk

ômbcrko `cf itu sujc` jibmtcùi jck

jiscjcri+ ômbcrko puk dmrsibmrcs chcr

bmbcycck cfce bitc itu jibmfofc ofm`

ckcb dckhsc jck tcb emkhikhikbckbmbcycck cfce bitc jibucsci dckhsc

csikh&― ugcrkyc+

Cbck tmtcpi& cpc yckh tmrgcji? Dody

emfi`ct iepick jck nitc%nitc pcrc

pmkjiri kmhcrc Ikjokmsic iki ecfc`

tmrhmrus ji ecsc%ecsc biki+

―Bmbc jirikyc fmkhsmr jcri bmbucscck

prmsijmk& situcsi bmdigcbck pofib

fckhsukh dmrudc`+ Ecsi` ikhct& bmbc

]kjckh%]kjckh Koeor 3 tmktckh

\mkckceck Eojcf Csikh Zcùk 3918

jidmrfcbubck& bmbc pmrtcec bcfi

ôm`crto emkgcdct prmsijmk& pcjc scct

itufc` kmhcrc%kmhcrc bcpitcfis& smpmr

Cemribc ^mribct& disc emkckce eojcf

jck emkhmbspfoitcsi suedmr jcyc cfce&

eiscfkyc Armmport ji \cpuc& jcfce

dmktub pmrgckgick boktrcb bcryc?― bctc

Dody+

îcfkyc& situcsi itu tcb pmrkc` jmkhck

smrius jiscjcri ofm` pmeiepik kmhcrc

smfckgutkyc+ Ikjokmsic& smgcb bmgctu`ck

bmpmeiepikck ômbcrko& fckgut Dody&

smfcfu bcfc` jcfce eokopofi diskis

mbspfoitcsi pmrtcedckhck+

‖Dubkyc scgc& pcjc tcùk 4<<:

puk cjc bmdigcbck jcri pmemriktc`yckh emkhmfucrbck pmrpu tmktckh

bcwcsck ùtck fikjukh jipmrdofm`bck

emkgcji fc`ck pmrtcedckhck+ Kceuk&

syuburfc`& pmrpu itu cbìrkyc ji

ceckjmemk smìkhhc bmbcycck cfce

bitc tcb smeuckyc jimbspfoitcsi&―

ugcrkyc+

\cjc mrc pmemriktc`ck \rmsijmk ^DY&

4<<9& bmedcfi jibmfucrbck pmrcturck

pmemriktc` (\\) emkhmkci pmrusc`cck

pmrtcedckhck& ycbki emedmribck

bmdmdcsck fmdi` fucs uktub mbspfoitcsipmrtcedckhck& jmkhck cfi` aukhsi

ùtck emkgcji fc`ck pmrtcedckhck+

―Eiriskyc& smcp pmrcfi`ck fc`ck

ùtck emkgcji fc`ck pmrtcedckhck&

pmrusc`cck pmrtcedckhck `ckyc

emedcycr 3&0 scepci hc gutc pmr

`mbtcrm bm kmhcrc+ Jck tcb `mrck pufc&

bmbc bmdigcbck \\ itu cjc smecbik

dckycb pmrusc`cck tcedckh csikh

yckh jctckh bm Ikjokmsic& bcrmkc

emkhuktukhbck emrmbc&― tcedc`kyc+

^mirikh jmkhck bick dmdcskyc

pmrusc`cck tcedckh csikh yckh ecsub

bm Ikjokmsic& fckgut Dody& bmruscbck

ùtck puk `cepir tcb disc jidmkjukh+

Zcb fcec bmeujick& pmemriktc`bmedcfi emkhmfucrbck ]] Eikmrdc

Ko+ : Zcùk 4<<9& yckh bmedcfi

emepmrfucs pmrtcedckhck ji dmrdchci

jcmrc`+ ―Dchi scyc& ]kjckh%]kjckh

Eikmrdc yckh jibmfucrbck pmemriktc`

itu sckhct emruhibck kmhcrc+ ^mdcd&

pmemriktc` tmrbmsck emkhigikbck

mbspfoitcsi pmrtcedckhck+ ^mpmr

mbspor dctu dcrc bm kmhcrc Nikc& tmtcpi

ckm`kyc bmuktukhck kmhcrc yckh bitc

jcpct eikie bcrmkc tmrgcji eokopofi

pmrjchckhck ofm` kmhcrc fcik+―

Dody dmr`crcp pmemriktc` disc

fmdi` `c%`c emkhmfucrbck

bmdigcbck jcfce smbtor tcedckh+ Jic

emkhcbui& smfcec iki dckycb rmhufcsi

jck projub pmrukjckh%ukjckhck

ctcupuk pmrcturck pmemriktc` uktub

smntor tcedckh yckh jcb dmrpi`cb

bmpcjc kmhcrc& dc`bck nmkjmrukh

emkiedufbck bmruhick yckh jcb bmnif

dchi ecsycrcbct Ikjokmsic+

Dody Cjityo Tizcfji Jr Burtu




‖Kmhcrc bitc `crus eckjiri uktub

emkhmfofc jck emkh`mect suedmr

jcyc cfce bitc+ Bcrmkc eikycb& hcs

jck dctu dcrc bitc sujc` emkipis+

Bcfcu bmbcycck cfce itu kck sujc`

`cdis& cpcfchi yckh bitc `crcpbck?

^mdcd smfcec iki& pmemriktc` fmdi`

tmrhcktukh pcjc bmuktukhck bmbcycck

cfce& smemktcrc pmkhmfofcck ji smbtor

fcik guhc tcb dmhitu jiprioritcsbck&―

ugcrkyc+

Jic emkcedc`bck& dctu dcrc fmdi`

dckycb jikibec Nikc ctcu Ikjic+

―Ckm`kyc& scepci scct iki& kmhcrc bitc

tcb pmrkc` emkgcji koeor sctu& smdchci

kmhcrc mbsporr dctu dcrc+ ^crck scyc&

pmemriktc` `crus dmfcgcr jcri kmhcrc

Nikc& emrmbc smfcfu emkh`mect jcfce

pmkhmfofcck dctu dcrc+ Bcfcupuk Nikc

ikhik emkhmfofckyc& emkukhhu dctu

dcrc ji eubc duei iki eufci emkipis+

Zcb smpmr ji Ikjokmsic& sckhct doros+―

Boeisi QII J\T dmrguckh bmrcs chcr

]kjckh%]kjckh Eihcs jirmvisi+ Gibc

itu jcb jifcbubck& kmhcrc cbck

tmrus emruhi+ Bmfmec`ck J\T jcfce

emepmrguckhbck bmbcycck sudmr jcyc

cfce Ikjokmsic emeckh ecsi` fmec`+

Bcrmkc itufc` jic dmr`crcp ecsycrcbct

bris emeifi` pcrc wcbif rcbyct pcjc

\meifu 4<3:+

Jcfce boktmbs itu Dody smtugu smhmrc

jifcbsckcbck rmkmhosicsi pmrtcedckhck

jmkhck pmrusc`cck csikh yckh scepci

biki ecsi` dmrnobof ji Zckc` Cir+

Ikjokmsic emeifibi smhujckh c`fi jck

sujc` sicp emkhmfofc pmrtcedckhck

smkjiri+

]] Eihcs Fmkycpbck Bmjcufctck

Kmhcrc

îstme tctc bmfofc eihcs jck tcedckh

scct iki sckhct durub jck gmfcs%gmfcsemfckhhcr bokstusi+ ^mfcik itu&

bmjcufctck kmhcrc ctcs suedmr jcyc

cfcekyc ìfckh jck emruhibck kmhcrc

smncrc kcksicf smrtc emkhìfckhbck

pmfuckh kmhcrc uktub emepmrnmpct

bmecbeurck rcbyct+

Ckjci scgc pmkhmfofcck bmbcycck

kmhcrc jismsucibck jmkhck \cscf >>

]]J 39:=& ycitu duei jck bmbcycck cir

ji jcfcekyc jibucsci ofm` kmhcrc jck

jieckacctbck smdmscr%dmscrkyc uktub

bmecbeurck rcbyct& ecbc kmhmri iki

cbck tmtcp ecbeur+ Jcfce juc jmbcjm

bmjmpck eukhbik Ikjokmsic discemkycfip ̂ ikhcpurc+

‖Kmhcrc iki jibcrukici ofm` Zu`ck

jmkhck dmrfiepc` bmbcycck suedmr

jcyc cfce yckh jcb jieifibi smpmr

îkhcpurc& Gmpckh& Bormc jck Zciwck&―

bctc pmkhcect pmreikycbck Jr Burtudi

ji Gcbcrtc 40 Chustus fcfu+

Emkurut Cfuekus Noforcjo ^nòof Oa

Eikms (NÊ) ]^C iki& dmrjcscrbck jctc

potmksi suedmr jcyc jck ncjckhck hcs

bokvmksiokcf jck kok bokvmksiokcf

Ikjokmsic emkukgubbck dc`wc hcs

disc emkgcji suedmr mkmrhi kcsiokcf

jcfce gckhbc pckgckh+ Emkhcpc?

Bcrmkc&smfcik suedmr jcyc jck

ncjckhck dmscr yckh cbck emkgceik

bmtc`ckck mkmrhi kcsiokcf& guhc fmdi`

rcec` fikhbukhck jck fmdi` eurc` jcri

eikycb duei+

Gibc jcb cjc jitmeubck ncjckhck

hcs dcru& fckgut jic& ecbc guefc` hcs

bokvmksiokcf yckh cjc scct iki smdckycb

3=4+9 triffiok nudin ammt (tna) cbck ̀ cdis

jcfce wcbtu smbitcr =< tcùk bm jmpck+

Itu dmfue emepmrìtukhbck potmksihcs kokbokvmksiokcf yckh gustru

guefc`kyc (:=> tna " =8: tna) gcu` fmdi`

dmscr jcri potmksi hcs bokvmksiokcf

smdmscr >>:+= tna+

Jctc guefc` suedmr jcyc jck

ncjckhck hcs yckh rmfca emfiepc`

iki& bctc jic& `crus emkgcji cnuck

jcfce pmkyusukck Bmdigcbck Mkmrhi

Kcsiokcf jcfce gckhbc pckgckh jmkhck

emkjorokh pmecbcick hcs smncrc

ecsia dcib ji smbtor trcksportcsi& ruec`

tckhhc ecupuk ikjustri+

Fmdi` gcu` Burtudi emkgmfcsbck&

sistme bmfofc yckh jictur dmrjcscr ]]

Eihcs Ko+ 44/4<<3 tmrdub emfckhhcr

bokstusi+ Cpcfchi bmbc pcjc 4<<:

Ec`bcec` Bokstusi emkncdut

mepct pcscf& cktcrc fcik& pcscf tmktckh

bucsc pmrtcedckhck yckh jismrc`bck

csikh (\cscf 34 Cyct >)& pmedmrfcbuck

`crhc pcscr uktub DDE jck Hcs& jck

crnìrojok+kmt




dctcs ecbsiecf 4= pmrsmk bmwcgidck

JEO (Joemsn Ecrbmt Odfihcok)+

Dmributkyc& pcjc 4<34& EB emkncdut

3> pcscf jieckc smfuru` pcscf yckh

tmrbcit jmkhck D\ Eihcs jincdut yckh

dmrugukh pcjc pmedudcrck D\ Eihcs+

‖Zmrgcjifc` bmvcbueck ikstusi jckbmvcbueck ùbue+ Emskyc prmsijmk

emkhmfucrbck \mrpu bcrmkc bmcjcck

sujc` sckhct jcrurct#― tmhcs gmdofck

Mnofm Kcokcfm ûpmrimurm ju \mtrofm

mt jms Eotmurs (MK^\E) \mrcknis iki+

\mrtckycck yckh euknuf bmeujick&

cpcbc` sofusi ctcs jidudcrbckkyc D\

Eihcs? Zmrkyctc pmemriktc` jcb

emkhhukcbck \mrpu smdchci sofusi

smdchcieckc yckh pmrkc` jifcbubck

ofm` \mrjckc Emktmri Guckjc

pcjc 39=0%39=9+ Kceuk& gustruemkhmfucrbck \mrprms yckh emkhhck

D\ Eihcs jmkhck ^BB Eihcs+

‖Itu dubck sofusi+ ^mdcd& stctus ^BB

Eihcs scec jmkhck D\ Eihcs& ycbki

scec%scec fmedchc pmemriktc`

dubck pmrusc`cck kmhcrc+ ^m`cruskyc

jismrc`bck bmpcjc pmrusc`cck kmhcrc

smdchci pmkhmfofckyc& dubck gustru

jismrc`bck bmpcjc fmedchc pmemriktc`

smeiscf ^BB Eihcs&― tckjcs pmkhcgcr

pcsncscrgckc AM]I iki+

‖Guhc& cnuck ùbue (yckh dmrupc

ukjckh%ukjckh) smdchci jcscr

dmropmrcsikyc ^BB Eihcs jcb cjc&

yckh pcjc cbìrkyc emkiedufbck

bmjcbpcsck+ îcfkyc& potmksi

bmruhick kmhcrc smncrc kcksicf tmrus

jifckgutbck+―

Burtudi guhc emkycepcibck&

dmrjcscrbck fcporck Hfodcf \rotmfmue

ûrvmy jcri Arcsmr Ikstutm& Bckcjc&

jismdutbck sistme tctc bmfofc eihcs

Ikjokmsic tmrecsub scfc` sctu yckhtmrdurub ji jukic jck pcfikh durub ji

bcwcsck Csic Onmckic+

‖Emkurut fcporck itu& pmkymdcd utcec

durubkyc sistme tctc bmfofc eihcs

Ikjokmsic cjcfc` bcrmkc ]kjckh%

]kjckh Eihcs Koeor 44 Zcùk 4<<3&―

ugcr jic+

Isi jcripcjc ]] Eihcs yckh jickhhcp

durub tmrsmdut& jicktcrckyc& pmrtcec&

jcfce ukjckh%ukjckh tmrsmdut pcrc

ikvmstor `crus dmrurusck jmkhck

dckycb bcktor pmemriktc`+ Cturck

iki pufc yckh emkymdcdbck ikjustri

eikycb Ikjokmsic smecbik emedurub

jieckc `cepir jcb cjc ikvmstcsi dcru

smfcec smpufu` tcùk dmfcbckhck iki+

^ckhct dmrdmjc jmkhck ukjckh%ukjckh

tmrjcùfu (]] Ko+0/3983) jieckc

pcrc ikvmstor nubup dmrurusck jck

emkckjctckhcki boktrcb pmedchick

bmuktukhck jmkhck pmrusc`cck

eikycb kcsiokcf (\mrtceikc)+

Bmjuc& dmrjcscrbck \cscf >3 ]]

Ko+44/4<<3 tmktckh Eihcs& ikvmstor

`crus emedcycr dmrdchci gmkis pcgcb

smfcec tc`cpck mbspforcsi+ ^mjckhbck

dmrjcscrbck ukjckh%ukjckh yckh

fcec& ikvmstor nubup emedcycr pcgcb

smtmfc` emrmbc emkmeubck jck

emkh`csifbck eikycb jck hcs+

Bmhc& ]] Ko+44/4<<3 pcjc

bmkyctcckkyc smncrc fmhcf

‖ncnct―ùbue ofm` bcrmkcEc`bcec`

Boksitusi tmfc` emkh`cpus dmdmrcpc

pcscf utcec yckh dmrtmktckhck jmkhck

pcscf >> ]]J 39:=+

‖^cyckhkyc& \rmsijmk jck Emktmri

Mkmrhi jck ûedmr Jcyc Eikmrcf

jcb emkhcedif kjcbck uktubemepmrdcibi situcsi tmrsmdut&―

pcpcrkyc+

Burtudi emedmdmrbck dmdmrcpc bcsus

tmrbcit sistme tctc bmfofc eihcs yckh

pcjc scct iki tmrdub emruhibck kmhcrc

smncrc kcksicf+ \mrtcec& pmkgucfck

Hcs Zckhhu` \cpuc bmfucr kmhmri

jmkhck ̀ crhc yckh sckhct eurc` uktub

boktrcb pmkgucfck smfcec 4= tcùk+

Bmjuc& Dfob projubsi yckh smfmsci

boktrcb& jcb disc jicedif cfi` fckhsukhsmìkhhc cjckyc pmfuckh rmbcycsc

uktub jipmrpckgckh& jicktcrckyc&

smpmr bcsus Dfob Xmst Ecjurc

Osòrm jck Bcsus Dfob Ec`cbce+

Bmhc& csmt eifib kmhcrc yckh dmrupc

ncjckhck eihcs ji pmrut duei jigcji%

bck chukck ofm` boktrcbtor csikh+

Ic guhc emkcedc`bck cjckyc bmruhick

kmhcrc bcrmkc FKH (Fiqummj Kcturcf

Hcs) Zckhhu` yckh jigucf sckhct eurc`+

\cjc`cf& pmedckhbit \FK sujc`

fcec smbcfi bmburckhck hcs+ Emkurut

Cujit Dcjck \memribsc Bmuckhck

(D\B)& jcfce hc tcùk iki \FK ruhi

Tp+ >8 Zrifiuk bcrmkc dmrcfi` bm DDE+

Cbidctkyc& dicyc pobob fistrib kcib jck

sudsiji fistrib puk kcib+

Aoreufc `crhc gucf FKH Zckhhu`&

emkurutkyc& emkymdcdbck `crhc

gucf emkgcji sckhct eurc`& ecbsiecf

emkgcji ]^* >+>=/eedtu+ Jidckjikh

jmkhck aoreufc `crhc gucf FKH Dcjcb&

kmhcrc ruhi smbitcr Tp+>< Zrifiuk/tcùk

gibc `crhc eikycb smbitcr ]^*34</ddfs+

^memskyc& fckgut jic& pmkhirieck

FKH Zckhhu` bm Nikc jicfi`bck uktub

joemsb+ Zcpi jmkhck dmrfcbukyc

]] Eihcs& kmhcrc sujc` bmìfckhckbmjcufctck& ecbc boktrcb pmkgucfck

jmkhck `crhc eurc` jcb disc

ji`mkbck+ ―\mrfu cjc upcyc uktub

emkhmikvmshcsi prosms FKH Zckhhu`

bm Nikc chcr ji ecsc yckh cbck jctckh

jcb tmrufckh+―

Burtudi guhc emkhurcibck dmdmrcpc

acbtc `csif tctc bmfofc eihcs scct iki&

ycbki& pmrtcec& projubsi eikycb

emktc` tmrus turuk& nost rmnovmry

tmrus emfokgcb+ Fcfu& tmrgcji sbckjcf

pmkyohobck ji ̂ BB Eihcs+

Bmjuc& bcpcsitcs DDE ^tchkck+

Bmhc& jivmrsibcsi gcfck jitmepct jck

Bokvmrsi DDE bm DDH jcb smrius smrtc

iepor eihcs emfokgcb+ Bokjisi smecbik

rukyce tctbcfc rupic` biki ckgfob+

Bmmepct& D\ Eihcs emkymtugui csmt

eifib kmhcrc yckh dmrupc ncjckhck

jipmrut duei jigcjibck chukck ofm`

csikh+

Ji scepikh itu& jic guhc emedmdmrbck

csmt eifib kmhcrc yckh dmrupc ncjckheihcs yckhecsi` jipmrut duei&

jigcjibck chukck ofm` pmrusc`cck

csikh uktub emepmrofm` pmkjckcck

yckh jismtugui ofm` D\ Eihcs/

pmemriktc`+ Nokto`kyc& D\ Eihcs

emkhhukcbck ncjckhck hcs Zckhhu`

uktub emepmrofm` pmedicycck \roymb

FKH Zckhhu` Zrcik >+

Qintor




DMTIZC JCMTC@

Iki emkukgubbck dc`wc AJjitikhbctbck ‖bmfcskyc―& emkgcjismduc` mstivcf yckh tmktu fmdi` jcrismbcjcr pmstc dmfcbc+

\rmsijmk ûsifo Dcedckh Yujòyoko(^DY) jigcjwcfbck dcbcf emedubc AJ 4<3>+^mdchcieckc jirifis situsrmsei ̂ mbrmtcrict Bcdikmt& pmedubcckcncrc jirmknckcbck dmrpusct ji \ufcu^ceosir& ji bcwcsck pcktci wisctc Dctu@ojc& Jmsc Niktc Jcem& Bmncectckîeckikjo& bcwcsck ubtubsicjokh (Dubit Dmtc) jck bcwcsck Opmk ^tchm \ckhururck ji \csir \uti` \crdcdc+

Jckcu odc smgcb fcec emkgcjiibok pcriwisctc pmktikh ji \roviksiûectmrc ]tcrc yckh emkcrib dckycb wisctcwck joemstib ecupukecknckmhcrc+ Jckcu vufbckib jmkhck

uburck pckgckh 3<< bifoemtmr jckfmdcr >< bifoemtmr tmrsmdut guhc tmrnctct smdchci jckcu vufbckib tmrdmscr ji jukic+ Ji tmkhc` jckcuiki tmrjcpct smduc` pufcu vufbckib dmrkcec \ufcu ^ceosir+

AJ emrupcbck mstivcf jckcu vufbckib tmrdmscr ji Csic mkhhcrc&yckh jismfmkhhcrcbck smticp tcùkjck emkcepifbck dmrdchci bmhictcksmki jck ofc`rchc+ Jcfce pchmfcrckcfce jck dujcyc itu cbck jitcepifbckpmrtukgubck ofc`rchc trcjisiokcf& smkibufikmr& pmrfoedcck smki tcri ortor&niptc fchu& eusib hokjckh trcjisiokcf&jrcec rcbyct& tmkuk ufos& Bcrkcvcfîhcfm%hcfm ìkhhc smki pc`ct Dctcb+

Dujcyc fobcf yckh jickhbct jcfcecgckh AJ iki cbck jibmecs smncrc

Amstivcf Jckcu Zodc&Cgckh \roeosi Xisctc bmEcknc Kmhcrc

Amstivcf Jckcu

Zodc 4<3> bmedcfi

jihmfcrpcjc tckhhcf 0

ìkhhc 3: ^mptmedmr

4<3> jmkhck tmec

―Crhc jo Dokc ki

\ikcsc―+ Bcfcu tcùk

fcfu dmrkcec \mstcJckcu Zodc (\JZ)& ecbc

biki kceckyc jiudc`

emkgcji Amstivcf Jckcu

Zodc (AJZ)+




promsiokcf+ ^cfc` sctukyc cjcfc`Bcrkcvcf îhcfm%hcfm+ Cncrc ukib jck pmku` wcrkc iki jiycbiki cbckemkcrib pmr`ctick dubck scgc wcrhc fobcf ctcu wisctcwck joemstib& tmtcpi guhc wisctcwck ecknckmhcrc+

Cncrc tmrsmdut emkgcji ukib& bcrmkc jihmfcr jcfce dmktub bcrkcvcf+ Bcfcudicsckyc orckh `ckyc emkycbsibckîhcfm%hcfm smncrc stctis& jcfcecrti ji sctu tmepct scgc& ecbc bikipmrtukgubckkyc jidcwc emfmwctisuctu rutm smgcu` :&= bifoemtmr+Jieufci jcri Fcpckhck Dofc Cedcritc scepci bm opmk stchm ubtub ji \ufcu^ceosir+

Xcfcupuk kceckyc Bcrkcvcf îhcfm%hcfm& kceuk yckh jihmfcr fmdi` jcrismbcjcr sctu gmkis smki pmrtukgubckDctcb scgc+ Cbck jitcepifbckpufc Horhc (smki ubir b`cs dctcb)&Hokjckh (smki eusib b`cs dctcb)&opmkh Dctcb& ckjob (wcjc`jcri ckyceck b`cs dctcb)& Foedc Emkyckyi yckh scct iki sujc` 3+<<<pmsmrtc yckh emkjctcr jck tmktu scgc bmdmrcjcck ]fos yckh emkgcji ibokDctcb ji jukic acsìok+

^mfuru` bmcrick dujcyc fobcftmrsmdutdmtuf%dmtuf jibmecs smncrc promsiokcf& smìkhhc ecepuemkukgubbck dc`wc dujcyc Dctcb emrupcbck dchick jcri dujcyc kcsiokcf Ikjokmsic yckhjiukhhufbckji kmhmri iki+

Cncrc emkcrib fcikkyc jcfce AJcjcfc` Fcbm Zodc’s Xorfj JrueAmstivcf+ Dmrjcscrbck jctc `ckyc cjc smjibit bcwcsck ji jukic yckh emkgcjibck hokjckh (hmkjckh ctcujrue) smdchci emfoji+ Ji Csic& ̀ ckyc ji Eyckeecr jck ji Ikjokmsic „ bùsuskyc ji ckc` Dctcb „hmkjckh ctcu jrue jigcjibck smdchciemfoji jcfce suctu pmrtukgubckeusib trcjisiokcf+Bmhictck ikicbckemfidctbck smkieck pmrbusi tmrbmkcfjcri 8 kmhcrc cktcrc fcik Cemribc

^mribct& Cribc& Gmpckh& Ecfcysic&îkhcpurc& Eyckecr jck jcri jcfcekmhmri+

mtcpi yckh emeduct mstivcf yckh jihchcs ofm` Bmemktmrick \criwisctc jck Mbokoei Brmcti dmbmrgc scec jmkhck \memriktc` Jcmrc` ̂ uectmrc ]tcrc emkgcji smecbik emkcrib&bcrmkc pmkhukgukh dubck `ckyc jcpct emkycbsibck& emkhcecti&jck emkjubukh pmemktcsck smkidujcyc jck boepmtisi ofc`rchc yckh jicjcbck& kceuk guhc disc ibutsmrtc smsuci jmkhck bmtmktuck yckh dmrfcbu+

Emeckh& smfcik pchmfcrck smkidujcyc& guhc jitcepifbck dmrchceboepmtisi ofc`rchc+ Dubck smbcjcrboepmtisi fobcf& tmtcpi dc`bck cbckemkgcji boepmtisi iktmrkcsiokcf&bcrmkc jiukjckh pufc ctfmt%ctfmt jcrismguefc` kmhcrc sc`cdct+

Ji cktcrc foedc%foedc ofc`rchc yckh jihmfcr& tmrecsub ofc`rchc pmrcirck+ ^mfcik emeproeosibckJckcu odc smdchci jmstikcsi wisctc jukic& boepmtisi tmrsmdut guhc uktub emepmrbmkcfbck Jckcu odc smdchci

scfc` sctu crmkc ofc`rchc pmrcirck jiIkjokmsic+

Cjc foedc rmkckh& dcib uktub bctmhori gcrcb pmkjmb ecupuk ecrctòk+^mfcik itu& cbck jismfmkhhcrcbckpufc boepmtisi ‖ôfu Dofok―& foedc jcyukh jmkhck pmrcù trcjisiokcfyckh dicsc jihukcbck ji Jckcuodc+

Boepmtisi ofc`rchc fcikkyc cjcfc`

foedc pcrcfcyckh jmkhck bctmhoricburcsi pmkjcrctck& dcib ji jcrctecupuk ji cir+ \mrncyc ctcu tijcb& tcpibcwcsck smbitcr Jckcu odc& jismdut%smdut smdchci scfc` sctu spot pcrcfcyckh tmrdcib ji jukic+Xcbif Emktmri\criwisctc jck Mbokoei Brmcti ^cptc Kirwckjcr tmfc` emkikgcuugi nodc fobcsi yckh jifcbubck ofm`ctfmt pcrcfcyckh kcsiokcf ji ^ceosir&ûectmrc ]tcrc+

Ofc`rchc fcik yckh emkgcjiukhhufck Amstivcf Jckcu odc 4<3>cjcfc` Foedc ‖ôfu Dofok― yckh emkcepifbck =< tie yckh dmrfoedc jmkhck 38 pmrcù jcyukh dmscrdmruburck 34 emtmr b`cs Dctcb&ecsikh%ecsikh emkcepukh 3 tiedmrckhhotcbck 44 ctfmt+

^mfcik itu guhc cbck ji`mfctcgckh ‐Xorfj ûpmr ^wie’ yckh emkh`cjirbck mbsmdisi : ctfmt gucrc rmkckh iktmrkcsiokcf ycitu ZoecsFurz jcri Gmreck& ̂ pyrijok Hickkiotisjcri Yukcki& Ecrtikc Hriecfji jcriItcfic jck \ofickc Obieoto jcriDrczif yckh cbck emkhmfifikhi \ufcu^ceosir ji Jckcu odc+ Foedc rmkckh rcbyct guhc cbck jircecibckofm` 3+<<< pmrmkckh cectir+

(Dmrdchci ̂ uedmr)

AJZ emrupcbck amstivcf jckcu vufbckib tmrdmscr

ji Csic Zmkhhcrc& yckh

jismfmkhhcrcbck smticp

tcùk jck emkcepifbck

dmrdchci bmhictck

smki jck ofc`rchc+

Jcfce pchmfcrck cfce

jck dujcyc itu cbck

jitcepifbck pmrtukgubck

ofc`rchc trcjisiokcf&

smki bufikmr& pmrfoedcck

smki tcri Zortor& niptc

fchu& eusib hokjckh

trcjisiokcf& jrcec

rcbyct& tmkuk ufos&

Bcrkcvcf ̂ ihcfm%hcfm

ìkhhc smki pc`ct Dctcb+



:< IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>

ECM^ZTO @]B]E

^ctubck Kict& ]ncpck

jck \mrductck

\roa Jr Hcrujc Xibo& ^@& E^iJmbck Acbuftcs @ubue ]kivmrsitcs Zckgukhpurc&

\cjc cwcfkyc ]kivmrsitcs Zckgukhpurc `crus emkh`cjcpi tcktckhck

emkymfmkhhcrcbck pmkjijibck jck prosms dmfcgcr emkhcgcr ji

tmkhc` bmburckhck jcfce cspmb scrckc ecupuk suedmrjcyc+ Cbck

tmtcpi& jmkhck smeckhct jck pmkhcdjick yckh tufus jcri smfuru`

boepokmk ukivmrsitcs& tcktckhck tmrsmdut biki disc jictcsi+

:< IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>



:3IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3>

Jmbck Acbuftcs @ubue

]kivmrsitcs Zckgukhpurc&

\roa Jr Hcrujc Xibo& ^@&

Eî bmpcjc IKZMHTIZC^

emkgmfcsbck& stckjcr pmkymfmkhhcrcck

pmkjijibck biki emeckh smecbik

khhi+ Ofm` bcrmkc itu& smfuru` nivitcs

cbcjmeibc& bùsuskyc acbuftcs ùbue&

`crus dmkcr%dmkcr ecepu emec`cei

jck emeposisibck jiri smsuci

jmkhck visi ukivmrsitcs smdchci pusct

pmkhmedckhck ifeu jck pmrcjcdck+

Zmrfmdi` ji tmkhc` crus eojmrkiscsi

jck pmrbmedckhck tmbkofohi yckh

smecbik nckhhi`+

Ic emkifci bokjisi pmkjijibck khhi

ji Ikjokmsic emeckh sujc` smecbik

emedcib+ Dcib jcri sisi bucfitcs

fufusck ecupuk pmrfucsck cbsms

uktub emkibec gmkgckh pmkjijibck

khhi+ Kceuk& emkurutkyc ecsi` cjc

dmdmrcpc `cf yckh pmrfu jck pmkkh

uktub jikhbctbck+ Zcpi smpckgckh

jifckjcsi pmrmknckcck nmrect jck

emkymfuru`& pmrdcibck cbck dmrgcfck

smsuci jmkhck tc`cpckkyc+ ^cfc` sctu

ecscfc` jcri pmkjijibck khhi scct

iki cjcfc` dckycbkyc pmkhckhhurck

iktmfmbtucf ji Ikjokmsic+

]ktub emkniptcbck scrgckc ‖sicp

pcbci― jck emkhìkjcri pmkhckhhurck

iktmfmbtucf& ]ktck dmrusc`c tmrus

emkmrus emfcbubck pmkymsucik jck

rmvisi buribufue yckh emfidctbcksmfuru` stcbm òfjmr+ Ic emkgmfcsbck&

strubtur pmkyusukck buribufue ji

A@ ]ktck dmrtuguck chcr ec`csiswc

emeifibi juc sisi boepmtmksi+

Ycitu& emeifibi boepmtmksi jcfce

pmkhmedckhck bmifeuck ùbue jck

emeifibi bmecepuck jck bmtmrcepifck

jcfce pmkymfmscick pmrsocfck ùbue

prcbsis+ Jck uktub emkncpci visi%

eisi tmrsmdut& nivitcs cbcjmei tmfc`

dmrupcyc ememkuì stckjcr tctc bmfofc

pmkikhbctck bmhictck cbcjmeib josmk

jck ec`csiswc& smrtc emkikhbctbck

scrckc jck prcscrckc uktub emkjubukh

tmrniptckyc cbcjmeib cteosamr yckh

projuba+

A@ ]ktck dc`bck sujc`

emepmrsicpbck emtojm jck strctmhi

uktub emepmrsicpbck fufusck scrgckc

ùbue ]ktck jcfce emkh`cjcpi

mrc CAZC pcjc 4<3= emkjctckh+

Emkhikhct kckkyc cbck smecbik

dckycb pmkhcncrc jck prcbsi ùbue

csikh ecsub bm Ikjokmsic+ ^cfc` sctu

emtojmkyc jmkhck emepmrsicpbck

fufusck yckh smsuci jmkhck bmdutu`ck

‖pmkhhukc―+ A@ ]ktck dmrusc`c smncrc

tmrus emkmrus emfcbubck pmkymsucick

jck rmvisi buribufue yckh emfidctbck

smfuru` stcbm ̀ ofjmr+

Emkyckhbut bmdutu`ck josmk pmkhcgcr&

A@ ]ktck tmfc` dmrcjc pcjc sbcfc yckh

ijmcf+ Guefc` tmkchc pmkhcgcr 8=& jck

99 pmrsmkkyc tmfc` emkymfmscibck

gmkgckh stuji echistmr+ ^mjckhbck

guefc` josmk jmkhck bucfibcsi jobtor

cjc 3< orckh& jck hc ji cktcrckyc

tmfc` emkncpci gmkgckh huru dmscr+

Tcsio josmk jck ec`csiswc dmrbiscr 3

7 4=+

Jmkhck bmfmdi`ck%bmfmdi`ck yckh

jieifibi A@ ]ktck& eikct ecsycrcbct

uktub emecsubi A@ nubup khhi+ @cf

iki tmrdub jcri guefc` pmkjccr yckh

emkhibu ugick ecsub smfcfu jictcs



:4 IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>

ECM^ZTO @]B]E

guefc` buotc yckh jitmriec+

Zcktckhck yckh ji`cjcpikyc cjcfc`

emkgchc boksistmksi pmkymfmkhhcrcck

pmkjijibck khhi ùbue chcr

ememkuì stckjcr bmdutu`ck ―usmr―

ctcu pmkhhukc fufusck& dcib jcri sisi

bmdutu`ck pmkymfmscick ecscfc`

ùbue prcbsis& ecupuk bmdutu`ck

pmkgmfcsck jcri sisi bmifeuck ùbue+

Jck tcktckhck itu jiscjcrikyc smgcb ic

emkgcji josmk ji A@ ]ktck pcjc 3909&

bmeujick emkgcji jmbck smfcec juc

pmriojm& smgcb 4<<1+

]ktub pmriojm bcfi iki& Hcrujc ikhik

emkncpci tcrhmt visi%eisi ]ktck 4<4<&

ycitu emkgcji pusct pmkhmedckhck

ifeu ̀ ubue jck bmtmrcepifck ̀ ubue ji

Tmhiokcf Bcfiecktck smrtc emkh`csifbck

fufusck yckh ecepu dmrboepmsi dcib

ji khbct jcmrc`& kcsiokcf& ecupuk ji

khbct iktmrkcsiokcf+

Jmkhck priksip ―sctukyc kict& uncpckjck pmrductck―& Hcrujc ycbik visi%eisi

itu cbck tmrncpci+ Ic guhc dmr`crcp chcr

jukic pmkjijibck Ikjokmsic dmkcr%

dmkcr emkgcji pusct pmkhmedckhck

pmrcjcdck yckh smsukhhu`kyc&

smìkhhc dckhsc Ikjokmsic jcpct

dmrjiri tmhcb smgcgcr jmkhck dckhsc%

dckhsc fcik+

^mfcik emkgcji Jmbck ji A@ ]ktck&

Hcrujc guhc emrupcbck Xcbif Bmtuc

DCKI (Dcjck Crditrcsm Kcsiokcf

Ikjokmsic) \okckcb& BcfiecktckDcrct+ Bmbc jitckycbck pmrbmedckhck

jck prospmb pmrtuedu`ck DCKI

ji \okckcb& ic emfi`ct prospmb

pmrbmedckhck pmkymfmscick smkhbmtc

emfcfui crditrcsm nubup emkgckgibck+

\okckcb smdchci idu botc \roviksi

Bcfiecktck Dcrct emrupcbck botc

pmrjchckhck jck gcsc yckh nubup

pmsct bmecguckkyc+ ^memktcrc itu& ji

bcdupctmk%bcdupctmk fcik bmhictckmbokoei dmrbmedckh emfcfui bmhictck

pmrbmdukck jck pmrtcedckhck+

―Emsbipuk tmktu scgc smeuc pi`cb

dmr`crcp jcfce cbvitcs diskiskyc

jcb tmrgcji smkhbmtc& smfcfu scgc cjc

bmeukhbikck `cf itu tmrgcji&― ugcr

Hcrujc+

Ic emycbikbck dc`wc pmkymfmscick

smkhbmtc emfcfui crditrcsm

yckh wcbtukyc sikhbct& dmrsiact kcf

jck emkhibct& smgckyc cbck fmdièmemkuì bmdutu`ck pmfcbu usc`c+

‖\mrsocfckkyc cjcfc` dchcieckc

pmkhmkcfck jck sosicfiscsi pmkymfmscick

pmrbcrc jmkhck crditrcsm& smrtc

emkhudc` pcrcjihec dmrsmkhbmtc

ctcu dmrpmrbcrc jcri ―emkckh%bcfc`―

emkgcji ―emkckh%emkckh+―

Obtcvickus

Zcifor Ecjm Zrcikikh ji Qck Qofmkòvmk Ikstutm Fmijmk ]kivmrsity



:>IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3>

DCKBIKH

DMFCGCT JCKZMT]^ DMFCGCT

Jr @ Gcacr ^ijib& ^@ E@& EBk& ICrdI

:>IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3>



:: IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>

DCKBIKHDCKBIKH

Dincrc socf pmrdckbck jck

ùbue pmrdckbck& jcb scfc`

gibc emkymdut Jr @ Gcacr îjib&

^@& E@& Ebk& ANDCrd& crditmr

smbcfihus Cssistckt Qinm \rmsijmkt (CQ\)

pcjc Sucfity Cssurcknm ! ^pmnicf

Cssmts Eckchmemkt Fmhcf& @mcj ji DII

Ecydckb+

\mrbmedckhck jck prospmb

pmrtuedu`ck crditrcsm ji Ikjokmsic

nubup pmsct+ Cbck tmtcpi& dckycb yckh

dmfue emkhmkcf proamsi iki& bùsuskyc

ji Ikjokmsic+ ]ktub emkgcji crditmr

emeckh jcb eujc`+ Ji Ikjokmsic

scct iki `ckyc tmrjcpct burckh fmdi` 8=

orckh crditmr wcrhc kmhcrc Ikjokmsic

jck burckh fmdi` 4= orckh crditmr

wcrhc kmhcrc csikh yckh tmrnctct

smdchci crditmr pcjc DCKI Crditrcok

Nmktmr+

Gcacr emkhctcbck dc`wc crditmr dubck

bucsc ùbue (cjvobct/pmkhcncrc)

jcri pcrc pi`cb yckh dmrpmrbcrc& tmtcpi

‖`cbie― yckh pcjc prosms crditrcsm

dmrkjcb proamsiokcf jck otokoe

smrtc dmdcs jck jcb emei`cb+

Zijcb smpmr ji kmhcrc fcik& crditmr ji

Ikjokmsic jcb `ckyc dmrcscf jcri sctu

jisipfik ifeu ùbue (scrgckc ùbue)

tcpi jcpct guhc jcri jisipfik ifeu fcik

(eufjisipfik)+

―]ktub emkgcji crditmr pcjc DCKIjcb eujc`& dc`bck jcb smjibit

wcrhc kmhcrc csikh yckh emfcecr ikhik

emkgcji crditmr pcjc DCKI&― gmfcs Gcacr

bmpcjc Ecgcfc` IKZMHTIZC^+

Emkurut jic& sycrct emkgcji crditmr

cjcfc` ncbcp emfcbubck kjcbck

ùbue& eikiecf dmrusic >= tcùk&

wcgid emeifibi pmkhcfceck smrtc

emkhucsci smncrc cba ji dijckh

bmc`fickkyc pcfikh smjibit 3= tcùk&

jcb emeifibi ùdukhck bmfucrhc

jmkhck pcrc pi`cb jck jcb tmrjcpctdmkturck bmpmkkhck jcfce pmrbcrc

smrtc emeifibi tckhhukh gcwcd jck

iktmhritcs yckh khhi+

Ikstut Crditmr Ikjokmsic uktub

Bmedckhbck Crditrcsm

^mdchci crditmr& Gcacr tmrhcdukh jcfce

Dcjck Crditrcsm Kcsiokcf Ikjokmsic

(DCKI)+ DCKI Crditrcok Nmktmr iki

smkjiri emkurut Gcacr tmfc` emkjiribck

‖Ikstut Crditmr Ikjokmsic― pcjc 3<

Jmsmedmr 4<34+ Xcjc` iki dmrtuguck

emkjubukh& emecgubck& smrtc

emkhmedckhbck pmkhhukcck crditrcsm

jck C\^ (Cftmrkca \mkymfmscick

^mkhbmtc)& emkymfmkhhcrcbck

pmfc`ck jck pmkjijibck fckgutck dchi

crditmr jck ecsycrcbct fucs emkhmkci

crditrcsm jck C\^& emkikhbctbck

stckjcr bmc`fick (proamsiokcfisem)

crditmr& smrtc emkikhbctbck stckjcr

mbc crditmr+

\mrsycrctck uktub emkgcji ckhhotc

ICrdI guhc jcb eujc`& cktcrc fcik&

tmfc` emkckhcki eikiecf hc pmrbcrc

crditrcsm ji DCKI ecupuk ji fucr

DCKI& yckh jidubbck jmkhck hc

putusck jcri pmrbcrc yckh jitckhcki&

emkjcpctbck rmboemkjcsi jcri hc

ckhhotc ICrdI smrtc emeifibi ^mrbct

Amffow N`crtmrmj (Nmrmj Amffow

N`crtmrmj Crditrctor) jcri fmedchc



:=IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3>

crditrcsm& dcib ji Ikjokmsic (DCKI)

ecupuk fmedchc crditrcsm fucr kmhmri

yckh dmrboepmtmk uktub emkhmfucrbck

smrbct tmrsmdut+

\ifi`ck ]tcec \mkymfmscick ̂ mkhbmtc

Gcacr ycbik prospmb crditmr ji Ikjokmsicsmdchci fmedchc pmkymfmscick

smkhbmtc ji fucr pmkhcjifck ecepu

emkgcji pifi`ck utcec jcfce

pmkymfmscick smkhbmtc jck dubck fchi

smdchci cftmrkca jcfce pmkymfmscick

smkhbmtc+

―Mbsistmksi fmedchc crditrcsm (smpmr

DCKI) ji`crcpbck jcpct emkhurckhi

pmkuepubck pmrbcrc ji fmedchc

pmrcjifck dcib ji khbct pmkhcjifck

kmhmri& pmkhcjifck khhi& jck

Ec`bcec` Chukh&― bctckyc+

Jcfce prosms crditrcsm& fckgut

Gcacr& pcrc pi`cb jcpct emeifi` jck

emkukgub cjvobct uktub emwcbifi

bmpmkkhckkyc& tmtcpi jcfce prcbb

ecsi` tmrjcpct cjvobct yckh dmfue

emec`cei crditrcsm+ Ji`crcpbck pcrc

cjvobct smfcbu proamsiokcf ùbue

jcpct emkikhbctbck pmkhmtcùck

jck pmec`ceck tmktckh prosms

pmkymfmscick smkhbmtc emfcfui

crditrcsm+

―Hukc bmfckncrck jcfce prcbtmb

prosms crditrcsm& smorckh cjvobct

ji`crcpbck yckh tmfc` emkhibu

pmkjijibck jck pmfc`ck crditrcsm

yckh jidubbck jmkhck smrbct jcri

fmedchc crditrcsm& dcib ji Ikjokmsic

(DCKI) ecupuk jcri fmedchc crditrcsm

fucr kmhmri yckh dmrboepmtmk uktub

emkhmfucrbck smrbct tmrsmdut

smìkhhc cjvobct tmrsmdut emeifibi

pmkhmtcùck jck pmec`ceck yckh

dcib jcfce emkckhcki pmrbcrc emfcfui

crditrcsm&― pcpcrkyc+

Ji ectc orckh fucr& pmrbmedckhck

crditrcsm ji Ikjokmsic tmrdifckh dcib

bcrmkc Ikjokmsic sckhct cba jcfce

emkhhcfckh bmrgcsckc jmkhck fmedchc%

fmedchc crditrcsm iktmrkcsiokcf& smpmr

îkhcporm Ikstutm oa Crditrctor&

@okhbokh Iktmrkcokcf Crditrcok

Nmktmr& Z`m \ìfipikkms Jisputm

Tmsofuok Nmktmr& Custrcfick Nmktrm aor

Iktmrkcokcf Noeemrnicf Crditrciok&

Z`m Bormck Noeemrnicf Crditrcok

Docrj& Z`m Kmt`mrfckj Crditrcok

Ikstutm& jck Z`m Gcpck Noeemrnicf

Crditrcok Cssonicok+

Kceuk& cjc guhc yckh dmrpmkjcpct

prosms ùbue ji Ikjokmsic jcb

bmcgmbck emeifibi bmpcsck ùbue+

―Nokto`kyc ecsi` tmrjcpct putusck

crditrcsm yckh jieoòkbck pmedctcfck

emfcfui pmkhcjifck kmhmri smrtc

ecscfc` pmfcbsckcck putusck crditrcsm

iktmrkcsiokcf ji Ikjokmsic smìkhhc

cbck ememkhcruì eikct ikvmstcsi

eojcf csikh ji Ikjokmsic&― ugcr Gcacr

\rcbsi @ubue @crus ̂ nimkn

^mfmpcs emkymfmscibck pmkjijibck

ùbue jcri Acbuftcs @ubue ]kivmrsitcs

\cjgcjgcrck ji Dckjukh& 3900&

Gcacr dmbmrgc ji Dckb Iktmrkcsiokcf

Ikjokmsic& smbcrckh jibmkcf DII

Ecydckb+ Bcrimrkyc jieufci jcri fmhcf

onmr & bmeujick emkhibu pmkjijibck

iktmrkcf dckb pcjc Eckchmemkt

Jmvmfopemkt \rohrce Ckhbctck ><

pcjc 399=+ Bmeujick& pcjc 399=

ìkhhc 3990& ic emkgcdct \rogmnt

Onmr ! Jmputy Drckn` Eckchmr pcjc

Dmrscec \roa+ Jr+ \riyctkc Cdjurrcsyij




DCKBIKH

DII Bcktor Ncdckh Zmhcf+ Bcrimrkyc

tmrus emkckgcb& pcjc 3990 ìkhhc

4<<4 Gcacr emkjujubi posisi @mcj

Fmhcf B\T Nmktmr& @mcj Fmhcf ^pmnicf

Cssmts Eckchmemkt ! Cssmts Jisposcf&

@mcj Fmhcf @ueck Tmsournms Jivisiok+

Jck cbìrkyc& pcjc 4<<> ìkhhc 4<<0&

emkgcdct Noorjikctor Fock Xorb

Out ji Dckjukh uktub Bcktor Xifcyc`

Gcwc Dcrct& Gcwc Zmkhc` ! JIY& Dckjcr

Fcepukh& jck \okckcb& guhc smdchci

@mcj Fmhcf pcjc DII Bcktor Ncdckh

Dckjukh+

Bmikhikckkyc uktub dmfcgcr tmrus

emkgcji jorokhck buct uktub

emkikhbctbck pmkhmtcùck+ Bcrmkckyc

ic emkymepctbck jiri emkhibu

jck emkymfmscibck pmkjijibck

echistmr ùbue pcjc 4<<:& echistmr

bmkotcrictck pcjc 4<<9& jck jobtor ifeu

ùbue pcjc 4<3< ji Acbuftcs @ubue

]kivmrsitcs \cjgcjgcrck ji Dckjukh+

Jck pcjc 4<<:%fc` Gcacr jickhbct

emkgcji Xcbif Bmtuc/^mbrmtcris DCKI

Crditcrok Nmktmr \mrwcbifck Dckjukh

smrtc emkgcji scfc` sctu crditmr pcjc

DCKI Crditrcok Nmktmr+

^mtmfc` emkncpci tckhhc subsms bcrirkyc

dcib ji jukic ùbue jck pmrdckbck&

Gcacr tmrjorokh uktub emedchibck ifeu

orckh fcik+ ^mtmfc` emkjcpctbck hmfcr

jobtor& pcjc 4<3< ic jickhbct emkgchi

josmk tmtcp pcjc Acbuftcs @ubue

]kivmrsitcs Fckhfckhduckc Dckjukh

smrtc josmk jcb tmtcp pcjc \rohrce

\csncscrgckc \rohrce Cjeikistrcsi

Kmhcrc ]kivmrsitcs Hcrut+

Dchi Gcacr& cfcsck emkgcji josmk ctcu

tmkchc cbcjmeib emrupcbck scfc` sctu

dmktub pmrsokcf sonicf rmspoksidifity&

ycitu pmkhcdjick pcjc ecsycrcbct&

dckhsc jck kmhcrc+ Dmrdchi pmkhcfceck

jcfce prcbb smìkhhc jcpct scfikh

emkhisi jmkhck pmkhmtcùck tmoris

jcfce pmrbufic`ck+

―Jmkhck jmeibick& ec`csiswc jcpct

emepmrofm` ifeu pmkhmtcùck

ùbue yckh fmkhbcp& yckh jcpct

emedcktu jck emkukgckh emrmbc

pcjc scct emecsubi jukic bmrgc jck

dmrecsycrcbct+ Ji scepikh itu& emkgcji

tmkchc cbcjmeis cbck emeovcsi

scyc uktub tmrus ‐dmfcgcr’& emfcbubck

pmkmfick& smìkhhc jcb ‐jice ji

tmepct’+ Emkurut scyc& prcbsi ùbue

puk `crus tmtcp ‐snimkn’&― ugcrrkyc+

^mtmfc` smepct ‖pcusm― jcri rukitcs

pmbmrgcckkyc ji pmrdckbck bcrmkc

emkmepu` pmkjijibck& fcfu tcùk

4<33 ìkhhc smbcrckh& ic bmedcfi

dmrhcdukh ji DII Ecydckb jck jigcjibck

Cssistckt Qinm \rmsijmkt (CQ\) pcjcSucfity Cssurcknm ! ^pmnicf Cssmts

Eckchmemkt Fmhcf& @mcj+

^mfcec dmrbcrir smfcec fmdi` jcri 4=

tcùk ji jukic pmrdckbck& Gcacr emfi`ct

eikct fufusck ukivmrsitcs uktub dmbmrgc

jcfce dijckh pmrdckbck ecsi` sckhct

khhi+ ―Jisipfik ifeu ̀ ubue fikmcr yckh

scyc eifibi tmrkyctc jcpct jitmrcpbck

jcfce dmrdchci dijckh pmbmrgcck&

tmrecsub dijckh pmrdckbck+―

Jukic pmrdckbck jibmkcf ‖`mcvify

rmhufctmj―& sckhct scrct cturck&

smpmr fcìrkyc pmrcturck yckh dcru&

cjckyc pmrudc`ck ctcu pmkhhckck

pmrcturck tmrbcit pmrdckbck+ Zcpi& `cf

iki emeovcsikyc uktub emkhmtcùi

fmdi` gcu` jck smncrc emkjcfce dcib

pmrdckbck bokvmksiokcf ecupuk

pmrdckbck sycric`+

―^cedif dmbmrgc ji dckb& scyc

emkymepctbck jiri uktub emkhibu

prohrce echistmr jcfce dijckh ̀ ubue

diskis ùbue pmrdckbck bokvmksiokcf

jck sycric` smrtc prohrce jobtor jcfce

dijckh pmrdckbck sycric`&― pcpcr fmfcbi

yckh òdi emedcnc jck emkufis iki+

^mfcik emkgcji dckbir jck crditmr

yckh subsms& Gcacr guhc pmrkc` pukyc

bmikhikck emkgcji kotcris+ Nitc%nitckyc

tmrncpci+ \cjc Guki fcfu jic jickhbctemkgcji kotcris ji Bcdupctmk Dckjukh&

Gcwc Dcrct+

Dchcieckc Gcacr emkyikmrhibck

pmbmrgcck smìkhhc sctu scec fcik jcb

tmrhckhhu?

―Aobus& jcb emkukjc pmbmrgcck&

dmbmrgc jmkhck tcrhmt& emfcbubck

bmrgcscec jck borjikcsi jmkhck pi`cb

tmrbcit smrtc eokitorikh pmbmrgcck

(tmfc`& smjckh jck cbck jibmrgcbck)

jmkhck emkhhukcbck tmbkofohi

ikaorecsi&― gcwcdkyc+

Dchi Gcacr& yckh emkgcjibck ckcb%ckcb

jck istri smdchci iksipirctor& dmbmrgc

`crus pukyc tcrhmt& gugur& dmriktmhritcs&

jck pmku` tckhhukh gcwcd+ Ic guhc

pmrncyc dc`wc pmkncpcick bcrimrkyc

emrupcbck `csif jcri jubukhck

bmfucrhc dmscr+

@mkjrib




QIÎOKMT


Emfcìrbck \meiepikDmrbmfcs Jukic

Dutu` ^trctmhi

jck Zmbcj yckh Buct

Fmtkck Gmkjmrcf ZKI ûdmbtiTmbtor ]kivmrsitcs \mrtc`ckck

\meiepik Ikjokmsic dmrbmfcs jukic& itufc` visi Fmtkck Gmkjmrcf ZKI

ûdmbti yckh biki jipmrncyc emeiepik ]kivmrsitcs \mrtc`ckck (]k`ck)+

]ktub emwugujbckkyc& tijcb smeujc` emedcfib tmfcpcb tckhck+




QIÎOKMT

]k`ck emeifibi 3< prohrce stuji& jck

sctu bmfcs tmrjiri ctcs :< ec`csiswc+

Bmtctkyc pmkmriecck ec`csiswc ji siki

dubckfc` smsuctu yckh emkh`mrckbck

emkhikhct smfuru` dicyc cboeojcsi

jck pmedmfcgcrck smfcec ji bcepus

jitckhhukh ofm` kmhcrc+

^mfcec fiec tcùk dmrjiri& sujc`

mkce ec`csiswc ]k`ck yckh jitmriec

smdchci jipfoect ji Bmemktmrick

Fucr Kmhmri& emkukgubbck dc`wc tms

ecsub yckh jitmtcpbck ]k`ck jcb

smedcrckhck+

Josmk%josmk ]k`ck dmrcscf jcri

pmrhuruck khhi tmrkcec ji Ikjokmsic&

smpmr ]kivmrsitcs Ikjokmsic&

]kivmrsitcs Hcjgc` Ecjc& Ikstut

Zmbkofohi Dckjukh& jck Ikstut

\mrtckick Dohor+ ]k`ck guhc emfcbubckpmrtubcrck josmk jmkhck dmrdchci

kmhcrc& eiscfkyc jmkhck Nikc& Cemribc&

Bckcjc& \ofckjic& Ikhhris& îkhcpurc&

Custrcfic smrtc josmk jcri smguefc`

ukivmrsitcs smgmkis ji bcwcsck Csic

\csib+

ûdmb emkgmfcsbck pmri`cf dmtcpc

pmkkhkyc smorckh pmeiepik

Kmhcrc emkhucsci ifeu pmrtc`ckck+

\mrtc`ckck kmhcrc dubck `ckyc

tckhhukh gcwcd tmktcrc ctcu eifitmr

tcpi guhc tckhhukh gcwcd smfuru`dckhsc Ikjokmsic+ Emeckh& jcfce

ukjckh%ukjckh sujc` jitmtcpbck

dc`wc eifitmrfc` yckh dmrtckhhukh

gcwcd jcfce sistme aukhsi pmrtc`ckck

kmhcrc+ Cbck tmtcpi& Ikjokmsic guhc

emeifibi sistme pmrtc`ckck rcbyct

smemstc& yckh dmrcr smfuru`

rcbyct dmrtckhhukh gcwcd emkgchc

bmòrectck& bmutu`ck& jck iktmhritcs

kmhcrc emkugu ecsycrcbct cjif jck

ecbeur+

Jcfce emkgcfckbck aukhsi pmrtc`ckck&cjc dmdmrcpc cspmb yckh `crus

jipmredckhbck+ Ycitu cspmb ijmofohi&

pofib& mbokoei& jck sosicf dujcyc+

Jmeibick guhc posisi hmostrctmhi&

hmopofib& hmombokoei& jck hmohrc

Ikjokmsic+

―Jmkhck posisi smpmr iki dchcieckc

bitc emkmepctbck jiri smncrc tmpct&

strctmhis& bcrmkc bitc guhc jcb smkjirick

jcfce boktmbs hfodcf& Ikjokmsic guhc

dchick jcri Csic Zmkhhcrc& tmktukyc

dmriktmrcbsi jmkhck dckhsc%dckhsc

fcik ji khbct hfodcf& ofm` bcrmkc itu

pmkhcru` mbstmrkcf tmr`cjcp ijmofohi

sckhct dmrpmkhcru`&― pcpcr ûdmb+

Jcri sujut ijmofohi& pmrtc`ckckIkjokmsic sujc` nubup buct jmkhck

cjckyc \ckncsifc smdchci dmktmkh jck

gc jiri dckhsc+ ûjc` tmrugi dc`wc

Ikjokmsic ecepu emepmrtc`ckbck

\ckncsifc jcri ijmofohi%ijmofohi fucr

smpmr boeukis+ ^mjckhbck jcri

sujut mbokoei& posisi pmrtc`ckck

Ikjokmsic emeckh pmrfu jiwcspcjci+

Bcrmkc posisi Ikjokmsic dmrcjc ji

tmkhc`%tmkhc` juc sceujrc& ^ceujrc

@ikjic jck ^ceujrc \csib& smìkhhc

Ikjokmsic emkgcji pmfuckh dchi

pmrmdutck bmpmkkhck%bmpmkkhck

kmhcrc fcik+ Jcri sujut pofib& Ikjokmsic

scct iki emeckh emkmrcpbck sistme

jmeobrcsi& cbck tmtcpi ecsi` dckycb

yckh pmrfu jidmkcì jcfce sistme

tmrsmdut yckh pmrfu jismsucibck jmkhck

bcrcbtmr dckhsc+

Dmrjcscrbck pmredckhck tmrsmdut&

]k`ck jcb `ckyc emedmribck ifeu

pmrtc`ckck uktub pcrc ec`csiswc tcpi

guhc emedmribck ifeu%ifeu pmkjubukh

yckh cbck emepmrbcyc wcwcsck jck

iktmfmbtucf pcrc ncfok pmeiepik+

\mrwirc yckh jijijib ji ukvmrsitcs iki

cbck emkjcpct pmkjijibck tmktckh

bokjisi pofib dckhsc+ Emrmbc cbck

jicgcrbck emkhckcfisis bokjisi pofib

kmhcrc scct iki tcpi tmtcp `crus

emkmepctbck jirikyc smdchci cfct

pmrtc`ckck kmhcrc& jck jcb dmrecik

pofib+

―Ecbsujkyc gckhck scepci tmktcrc

jcb pc`ce pofib& smìkhhc

tmrpmkhcru` pcjc pofib bmfoepob

tmrtmktu yckh smjckh dmrbucsc+ \ofib

tmktcrc cjcfc` pofib kmhcrc uktub

bmpmkkhck kcsiokcf&― ugcr ûdmb+

Jcfce bcitck itu ̂ udmb emkhikhctbck&

tmktcrc `crus emkmepctbck jirikyc

tmtcp jmbct pcjc rcbyct& kmtrcf&

emedcktu tmeck%tmeck kokeifitmr

emfcbubck pmfcyckck pudfib chcr tmtcp

ceck jck fckncr+

Jidutu`bck strctmhi jck tmbcj

yckh buct+ @ckyc jmkhck

dmhitufc` jipmrofm` didit%

didit ukhhuf pmeiepik jcri

smfuru` Ikjokmsic& dcib eifitmr ecupuk

sipif& uktub bmeujick jidikc ji ]k`ck+

^mpmr cpc pmeiepik yckh ikhikjifcìrbck ofm` ukivmrsitcs yckh dmrjiri

ctcs ikisica \rmsijmk ûsifo Dcedckh

Yujòyoko itu?

―\meiepik dckhsc yckh emeifibi

iktmhritcs& bcpcdifitcs& visiokmr jcfce

emedckhuk dckhsc bm jmpck&

emeifibi eorcfitcs yckh dcib& jck

emeifibi bmikhikck emedckhuk

kmhcrckyc emkgcji dckhsc yckh dmscr&

dcib jcri eifitmr ecupuk kokeifitmr&―

gmfcs ûdmb bmpcjc IKZMHTIZC^ ji

bcktorkyc& difckhck ^cfmedc& Gcbcrtc\usct+

Fckhbc` pmrtcec yckh jifcbubck

ûdmb dmrscec gcgcrck ]k`ck cjcfc`

emkgcrikh orckh%orckh yckh dmrbucfitcs

jcri cspmb iktmfmhmksic& eorcfitcs&

iktmhritcs& jck bcpcdifitcs& smrtc

emeifibi bmikhikck uktub emedckhuk

kmhcrc+ Emrmbc disc dmrcscf jcri

bcfckhck eifitmr& guhc disc jcri sipif+

^cct iki pmsmrtc jijib ]k`ck tmrjiri

ctcs eifitmr& pofisi& \K^& ckhhotcpcrfmemk& smrtc pmhcwci ji fikhbup

ZKI jck pmemriktc` jcmrc`+ Kceuk&

bmdckycbck& 8< pmrsmk& dmrcscf jcri

uksur kokeifitmr+ \cjc`cf& ]k`ck

dmr`crcp chcr boeposisi eifitmr jck

kokeifitmr smiedckh+ Ofm` bcrmkc

itu& ]k`ck smjckh hmkncr emfcbubck

sosicfiscsi emkhmkci bmdmrcjcck

ukivmrsitcs iki ji bcfckhck iktmrkcf+

Ji ]k`ck& ec`csiswc cbck emkjcpct

pmkjijibck tmktckh ifeu pmrtc`ckck

jck ifeu%ifeu pmkjubukh fcikkyc&smpmr ijmofohi& pofib& mbokoei&

jck sosicf dujcyc+ ^mdmfue ecsub

emkgcji ec`csiswc ]k`ck& pcrc

ncfok ec`csiswc tmrfmdi` jufu `crus

emkgcfcki tms potmksi cbcjmeib

jck dc`csc Ikhhris& eikiecf `crus

emkncpci kifci =<<+ Cbck tmtcpi& bùsus

uktub Gurusck Jipfoecsi \mrtc`ckck

jck Eckcgmemk \mrtc`ckck& emrmbc

jisycrctbck emkncpci kifci ZOMAF ==<+




^mfcik itu tmktcrc guhc ̀ crus emkycjcri

dc`wc pmbmrgcck emrmbc jcb fmpcs

jcri bmputusck pofib dcib jcri

pcrfmemk ctcupuk mbsmbua+ Ofm`

bcrmkc itu& emfcfui ]k`ck& ûdmb

emkjijib pcrc ec`csiswc chcr emkgcfik

bmrgc scec yckh sikmrhis jmkhck smeuc

pi`cb yckh dmrbmpmkkhck smrtc

emepmrtckhhukhgcwcdbck ckhhcrck

yckh sujc` jidmribck bmpcjc tmktcrc+

―Gcji& sistme ZKI jcb smpmr ecsc

smdmfue rmaorecsi+ \cjc ecsc itu

ZKI disc emfcbubck smsuctu tckpc

cjc bmputusck pofib+ ^mbcrckh jcb

disc& smeuc `crus emfcfui prosms&

jck smeuckyc `crus trckspcrck jck

tmrdubc& opmrcsi eifitmr tmrdubc&

dmrcpc fcec& jck ckhhcrck dmrcpc&

jck `csifkyc cpc&― gmfcs ûdmb+

Ji dijckh mbokoei& tmktcrc jicgcrbck

emeduct rmknckc yckh rmcfiss jmkhck

emkhckcfisis bokjisi mbokoei dckhsc&

smpmr pmrtuedu`ck mbokoei& khbct

jmvisc& jck smdchcikyc+ Ji dijckh

sosicf dujcyc& tmktcrc guhc `crus

emec`cei dc`wc smfuru` bokib yckh

tmrgcji ji tmkhc`%tmkhc` ecsycrcbct

dmrùdukhck jmkhck ecscfc` sosicf

dujcyc smìkhhc fufusck ]k`ck ecepu

emkymfmscibck bokib scepci bm

cbcrkyc& jck dubck ̀ ckyc pmkymfmscick

dmrsiact gckhbc pmkjmb+

Emkycjcri khhikyc pmr`cck

pmemriktc`& jcfce `cf iki \rmsijmk

^DY smdchci ikisictor pmkjirick ]k`ck&

dcib jcfce ̀ cf jubukhck jckc ecupuk

eorcf& ûdmb ikhik emwugujbck

rcsc tmriec bcsi`kyc jmkhck dmbmrgc

bmrcs emedmktub ec`csiswc ]k`ck

emkgcji pmeiepik yckh ckjcf+ ^mfcik

itu& ic cbck emkgcjibck ukivmrsitcs

iki emkgcji fmedchc yckh ecepu

emedmribck ecsubck bokstruba

bmpcjc pmemriktc`& dcib tmktckh

pmrtc`ckck kmhcrc jck dijckh%dijckh

fcik smpmr pofib& mbokoei& sosicf

dujcyc& jck smdchcikyc+

―Bcei ikhik smhmrc emeduct \usct

Bcgick ̂ ipif„Eifitmr& yckh cbck emkhbcgi

ncrc emkikhbctbck bcpcdifitcs ^JE

Ikjokmsic& emkhbcgi isu%isu bokib

chcec& mtkis& pofib& jck smdchcikyc&―

bctc ûdmb+

Bcgick cbck jifcbubck dmrscec uksur%

uksur bmpofisick& cbcjmeisi& tobo`

ecsycrcbct& tobo` chcec& dirobrct&

jck smdchcikyc+

Emkgchc îstme \mrtc`ckck

Ikjokmsic

Jcfce upcyc emkgchc pmrtc`ckck

kmhcrc bmpufcuck smpmr Ikjokmsic&

emkurut ûdmb& pmkmtcpck dctcs

wifcyc` cktcrkmhcrc sckhct pmkkh

uktub emepmreujc` bmrgc eifitmr+

^mkhbmtc \ufcu îpcjck jck Fihitck&

yckh cbìrkyc jiemkckhbck ofm`

Ecfcysic& smdmkcrkyc jcb pmrfu

tmrgcji smckjcikyc smgcb cwcf dctcswifcyc` sujc` gmfcs+

―Bmjcbgmfcsck scct itu cjcfc`

pmrdmjcck ncrc pckjckh jck tofob

ubur cktcrc pmemriktc` Ikjokmsic

jck Ecfcysic jcfce pmkmtcpck dctcs

wifcyc`+ Ecsikh%ecsikh emeifibi

vmrsi ùbue iktmrkcsiokcf smkjiri%

smkjiri&― bctc ûdmb+ ―^m`cruskyc

bitc bmjmpckbck jipfoecsi uktub



=< IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>

QIÎOKMT

emkmktubck dctcs wifcyc`& jmkhck

jcscr fctcr dmfcbckh smgcrc`& jincrifc`

b tmeu& wik%wik sofuok+―

Bmkjcfc bmjuc& guefc` pmrsokmf uktub

emkgchc pmrdctcsck yckh dmridu%ridu

bifoemtmr ecsi` pmrfu pmkcedc`ck+

Eiscfkyc& ji pmrdctcsck cktcrc

\cpuc jck \cpuc Kuhiki& ZKI `ckyc

emkhmrc`bck fiec dctcfiok tmktcrc+

Guefc` itu gmfcs burckh+ Bmbc ûdmbdmrtuhcs smdchci \ckhfiec Bojce

Eufcwcreck (wifcyc` Bcfiecktck)& ic

guhc ̀ ckyc pukyc juc dctcfiok+ \cjc`cf&

bcsus pmrmjcrck kcrbodc fiktcs kmhcrc

ctcu iffmhcf fohhikh ecrcb tmrgcji ji

wifcyc` pmrdctcsck yckh jcb jigchc

cpcrct+

Hihi` jck \cktckh Emkymrc`

ûdmb fcìr ji Zufukhchukh& Gcwc Zieur&

= Ecrmt 39=1+ Ic emrupcbck fufusck

CBCDTI 390<& jmkhck BmncdckhckCremj+ ^mgcb emkgcji prcgurit&

ûdmb tmfc` emkhibu pmkjijibck& ji

cktcrckyc& Jibdckhue& ycitu Jibfcpc II/

Cremj (399>)& ^msbocj (3991)& ^msbo

ZKI (4<<=)& jck Fme`ckcs (4<<1)+

^mjckhbck Jibdckhspmrs yckh pmrkc`

jitmepu` cjcfc` ûsscrncd Cremj

(390<)& ûspc ^tca Yok Cremj (390>)&

ûs ^CT \crc (3991)& ûshc ôspof

CDTI (3991)& ûs Iktmfstrct (3999)&

ûs Dc`csc Ikhhris (3999)& ûs Ct`ck

(4<<<)& jck ûsjckrme (4<<8)+

\mrgcfckck bcrimr eifitmrkyc jicwcfi

smdchci \ceurci%N Yokcremj%:/81

(3903)& \cur Ops Yokcremj%:/81 (3904)&

Jckrci%C Yokcremj%:/81 (390>)& Bcsi%4/

Ops Yokcremj%:/3<= (3908)& \cdukh%3

Ecyokcremj%:/3<= (3993)& Bcsi

Tmkckmv Ikstmb ZKI CJ (399>)& \cemk

\ussmkcrt (399=)& Jckyok Cremj%0/81Bostrcj& Jckjie <04:/Borme <0:

(3998)& \cemk Ecdms ZKI (3999)& Jck

ûsgcd ^miktmfstcrt (3999)& \cdckjyc

D%4> Jit ‖0― Dcis ZKI (3999)& Ct`ck TI

\rmtoric Casmf (4<<<)& Bcfmegicktmb

Bojibfct ZKI (4<<>)& \cemk Bojibfct

Jib ^msbo (4<<=)& \cdck%QII/O\\ ôps

ZKI (4<<1)& \cemk Ecdms ZKI (Jib FK)

(4<<1)& Jckrme <84/\EB Jce IQ/Jip

(4<<0)& Jirckfikhstrc Jitgmk (4<<0)&

Bcsjce QII/Xrd (4<3<)& Csrmkc Bcscj

(4<33)& jck \ckhjce QI/Efw (4<34)+

Cjcpuk gmkgckh bmpckhbctck&

dmrcwcf jcri fmtkck juc (390<)& fmtkck

sctu (3904)& bcptmk (390=)& ecyor

(399>)& fmtkck bofokmf (3991)& bofokmf

(4<<<)& drihcjir gmkjmrcf (4<<0)& jck

ecyor gmkjmrcf (4<33)+ Ic emkjcpct

Zckjc Bmòrectck jck Ckuhmrc`

Diktckh ^ctyc Fmknckc Bmsmcck QIII&

^ctyc Fmknckc Bmsmcck PQI& ^ctyc

Fmknckc Jwigc îst`c& ^ctyc Fmknckc

^ck J`crec+ ûdmb guhc smrikh

emfcbubck pmkuhcsck+ Opmrcsi yckh

pmrkc` jifcbsckcbck cjcfc` Hcrujc%

PI%> Buwcit (399:)+ \mkuhcsck bm fucr

kmhmri& smpmr ji Custrcfic (390<)&

Cemribc (390>)& Ircb (399>)& jck Caribc

^mfctck (4<<<)+

^cfc` sctu tuhcs pmkkh smpckgckh

bcrimrkyc cjcfc` bmbc ic dmr`csif

emkorecfiscsi ùdukhck BopcssusCemribc ^mribct jck Bopcssus

Ikjokmsic+ ^mfmscikyc ecscfc`

Ikjokmsic „ Zieor Zieur pcjc wcbtu itu

tmrkyctc emedcwc ecscfc` dcru pcjc

ZKI& bùsuskyc Bopcssus Ikjokmsic+

Cbidct ufc` dmdmrcpc ckhhotc Bopcssus

yckh emfckhhcr @CE ji Zieor Zieur&

hcukhkyc tmrjmkhcr scepci jukic

iktmrkcsiokcf+ Ecbc& pcjc 3993 C^

emkhmedcrho Bopcssus+ \utuskyc

ùdukhck itu sckhct emruhibck

Bopcssus+ ^mfcik nitrckyc tmrnormkh ji

ectc iktmrkcsiokcf& Bopcssus Ikjokmsic guhc jcb emeifibi bmsmepctck yckh

scec jmkhck Bopcssus kmhcrc fcik jcfce

`cf emkiedc ifeu ji Cemribc+ Jcfce

cr& Bopcssus Ikjokmsic emkhcfcei

jisbrieikcsi+ ûjc` dmdmrcpc bcfi

jicjcbck kmhosicsi jmkhck \memriktc`

C^& jcfce `cf iki Bmemktmrick Fucr

Kmhmri jck Bmemktmrick \mrtc`ckck C^+

^mdmkcrkyc emrmbc sujc` emedubc



=3IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3>

fcepu ̀ igcu uktub emedubc ̀ udukhck

bmedcfi& cbck tmtcpi Bokhrms C^ sujc`

emkutup jiri tmr`cjcp Bopcssus

Ikjokmsic+

Fmtgmk ̂ udmb emrupcbck tobo` smktrcf

jcfce korecfiscsi ùdukhck Bopcssus

Ikjokmsic jck C^+ Ic emkgcji bmtuc ekmhosicsi jck emfcbubck tuhcs smfcec

juc tcùk jmkhck 43 bcfi pmrtmeuck&

yckh 3= ji cktcrckyc dmrfckhsukh

ji Ikjokmsic+ Gmri` pcyc` e yckh

jipiepikkyc jcb sic%sic+ Cbìrkyc& C^

fufu` jck bmedcfi emedubc bmrgc scec

bopcssus bmjuc kmhcrc+

Bmpcjc IKZMHTIZC^& ûdmb

emknmritcbck bmbc ic dmrdincrc ji

jmpck smduc` cncrc rmsei yckh ji`cjiri

jmfmhcsi jcri ckhhotc Bokhrms C^+ Ji

situ ic emkhctcbck dc`wc smdmfueemkhcedif bmdigcbck fucr kmhmri& C^

`crus emkhmtcùi ikaorecsi smncrc

boeprm`mksia& gckhck `ckyc emfcfui

pmedmritcck+ ^mdcd& dmritc yckh

jitmriec pi`cb C^& bùsuskyc pcrc

smkctor kmhcrc tmrsmdut& dmrcscf jcri

FÊ jck emjic+

―\crc`kyc fchi& emrmbc jcb pmrkc`

emkhugukhi Ikjokmsic uktub

emkjcpctbck bmdmkcrck isu tmrsmdut&―

tuturkyc+

Ji aorue itu ûdmb emkmhcsbck

dc`wc Bopcssus Ikjokmsic emrupcbck

prcgurit tmrdcib jck scfc` sctu tuhcskyc

cjcfc` emedmrcktcs tmrorisem yckh

emkgcji cknceck smfuru` jukic+

―Bopcssus scyc iki emeifibi

proamsiokcfisem jck bmtckhhu`ck ji

smhcfc emjck jck nucnc jck emkgcji

bopcssus hc dmscr jukic& ycitu

Isrcmf& Ikhhris& jck Ikjokmsic&― tutur

ûdmb+ ―Jck difc ùdukhck iki jcb

jikorecfiscsi& disc emkiedufbck

rmsistmksi ùdukhck Ikjokmsic „Cemribc+―

Ic guhc emkhctcbck dc`wc ckhhotc%

ckhhotc Bopcssus Ikjokmsic

pcsncrmaorecsi sujc` emeifibi

dckycb bmecguck& bùsuskyc jcfce

buribufuekyc tmktckh `cb cscsi

eckusic ctcu @CE+ Fchipufc& pmfcbu

pmfckhhcrck @CE pcjc ecsc itu

emrupcbck dmdmrcpc jcri ckhhotc

Bopcssus yckh tmrpcbsc emfcbubckkyc

cbidct bokjisi jck situcsi pcjc scct itu+

^mtmfc` tcùk bmjuc& C^ emkhukjckh

e kmhosicsi yckh jibmtuci Fmtgmk

ûdmb uktub emfcbubck pmrtmeuck

pukncb jck cbìrkyc tmrncpcifc`

korecfiscsi ̀ udukhck Bopcssus C^ jck

Ikjokmsic jitckjci jmkhck bukgukhck

\rmsijmk Dcrcnb Odcec bm Ikjokmsic+

^mdmfue emkgcdct smdchci Tmbtor

]k`ck& ûdmb dmrtuhcs ji wifcyc`Bcfiecktck Zieur jck Bcfiecktck

^mfctck smdchci \ckhfiec Bojce

Eufcwcreck+ ûdmb emkhcbui cjc

pmrdmjcck dmscr yckh jircscbckkyc

bmbc emkgcdct rmbtor jck pckhjce+

Bmbc emkgcji pckhjce ic `crus

gmfi emkhmkcfi bcrcbtmrisb jcmrc`

yckh cbck jipiepiekyc& emkhmkcf

pmrdmjcck bmrcwckck jmkhck jcmrc`

fcikkyc& smrtc gmfi emfi`ct cknceck

jcri kmhcrc pmrdctcsck& jck yckh fmdi`

pmkkh& cknceck%cknceck bokib

yckh dmrsiact iktmrkcf+

^mjckhbck bmbc emkgcji rmbtor&

ic `crus dmrbmniepukh ji dijckh

iktmfmbtucf jck dmrjisbusi jmkhck pcrc

proamsor+

―Emkgcji rmbtor itu jcb smeujc`

yckh bitc dcyckhbck bcrmkc `crus

emkjmscik pmeiepik bmfcs jukic&

tmktukyc emeifibi bmukhhufck jcri

cspmb iktmhritcs&― ugcr ûdmb+

Emkgmfcsbck priksipkyc jcfce emkibcrimr& cyc` sctu ckcb iki dmrbctc& ―^ctu

bcpcf dmrfcycr itu bitc smkcsid jck

smpmkckhhukhck& bcfcu cjc bmsufitck&

gckhck scfikh emkycfc`bck+ ^cyc iki

ckcb pmtcki+ ^cyc emkncpci diktckh

hc jck gcji rmbtor bcrmkc dmbmrgc

bmrcs& jck emfcbubck yckh tmrdcib

jieckcpuk scyc jituhcsbck+―

@mkjrib/Obtcvickus

―Bopcssus scyc iki

emeifibi proamsiokcfisem

jck bmtckhhu`ck ji

smhcfc emjck jck nucnc

jck emkgcji bopcssustihc dmscr jukic& ycitu

Isrcmf& Ikhhris& jck

Ikjokmsic&― tutur ûdmbti+

―Jck difc ùdukhck iki

tijcb jikorecfiscsi& disc

emkiedufbck rmsistmksi

ùdukhck Ikjokmsic „

Cemribc+―



=4 IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>



=>IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3>

MPMN]ZIQM

Jidutu`bck \meiepik

Dmriktmhritcs&

^ctukyc Bctc

jck \mrductck@csif odsmrvcsi tmktckh smgcrc` dckhsc%dckhsc ji jukic

emedmribck sctu bmsiepufck ycbki gctu`& dckhbit jck ecgukyc

suctu dckhsc jitmktubck ofm` pcrc pmeiepikkyc& tmrutcec

pmeiepik tmrtikhhikyc+

Jr Ir @ Go`ck ^ifcfc`i E@Jirmbtur Kmhcrcwck Nmktmr



=: IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>

MPMN]ZIQM

Emrugub pcjc kcsbc`

tuc \ofitmic& kmhcrc

smemskyc jipiepik

fsua yckh cria jck

digcbsckc+ Jck smgcrc` emknctct&

pmeiepik yckh piktcr& nmrjcs& dc`bck

gmkius smbcfipuk jcbfc` nubup& cpcdifcjcb jismrtci jmkhck bmcriack jck

bmdigcbsckcck+

Ikjokmsic pmrkc` pukyc pmeiepik

dckhsc yckh nmrjcs& pmku` pmsokc jck

b`crisec smrtc cjc juckyc jcfce `cf

pijcto rmtoribc+ Guhc& dckhsc iki pmrkc`

pukyc pmeiepik yckh dckhsc yckh

gmkius jck jicbui jukic smdchci scfc`

sctu c`fi tmbkofohi jirhcktcrc+

‖Cbck tmtcpi smgcrc` emknctct pufc&ecsc bmpmeiepikck emrmbc gustru

dmrcbìr trchis jck jcb pcripurkc&― bctc

pmkhcect pofib Jr Ir @ Go`ck îfcfcì&

E@ bmpcjc Ecgcfc` IKZMHTIZC^+

Emkurut fufusck Jobtor Ifeu @ubue

]kivmrsitcs \cjgcgcrck Dckjukh iki&

Ikjokmsic burckh dmfcgcr jcri smgcrc`

bmpmeiepikck dckhsc%dckhsc fcik ji

smfuru` jukic+ ^mdcd& sicpc yckh jcb

ecu dmfcgcr jcri smgcrc` smsukhhu`kyc

cbck jibutub smgcrc`+ Jck dckhsc ikitmkhc` jibutub smgcrc`& dubck `ckyc

jcfce `cf bmpmeiepikck dckhsc& cbck

tmtcpi guhc jcfce prcbb sistme pofib

eufpcrtci+

Gcji& cjc dcibkyc dmfcgcr jcri smgcrc`

ecsc fcfu& jmei bmecsfc`ctck

dmrscec& pcrc pmeiepik pcrtci pofib

ji Ikjokmsic bmedcfi jujub dmrscec&

dmrukjikh uktub emedckhuk bocfisi

yckh scfikh emkhuktukhbck jck jcb

smdctcs dcsc%dcsi+

Chcr kmhcrc dckhsc iki dmrgcfck jmkhck

dcib& jck cp wcrhc kmhcrc emkgcfckbck

aukhsi jck tuhcskyc ecsikh%ecsikh&

Go`ck yckh cba smdchci pmkhurus J\\

Ibctck Cfueki Fme`ckcs iki emkhup

pmeibirck \fcto yckh emkhckgurbck

smdcibkyc kmhcrc jipiepik ofm` fsua&

sosob pmeiepik yckh cria jck digcbsckc+

Jiycbiki& dc`wc pmemriktc`ck ofm`

pcrc fsua jcb `ckyc cbck emknmhc`

tmrgcjikyc bm`cknurck yckh potmksicf

emkhcknce botc2 tmrfmdi`%fmdi` dc`cyc

jcri smrckhck eusu` jcri fucr+

‖Kceuk& tmrutcec uktub emfikjukhi

jck emkgceik `cb%`cb wcrhc chcr

tmrniptc bmcjifck jck bmdc`chicck yckh

jismdut smdchci ‖bmcjifck sosicf―2 yckh

`ckyc disc jipmrofm` jcri bmrgcscec

jck pmrscujcrcck smgc yckh jidckhuk

ofm` smcp wcrhc botc&― bctc Go`ck

yckh guhc Bmtuc Boorjikcsi J\\ Ibctck

Nmkjibicwck Eusfie sm%Ikjokmsic+

Jibctcbckkyc& pmedmktubck bcrcbtmr

dckhsc emrupcbck `cf yckh cect

pmkkh dchi hmkmrcsi eujc jck

dc`bck emkmktubck kcsid dckhsc ji

ecsc jmpck+ ^mdcd kcsid ecsc jmpck

dckhsc iki dmrcjc ji tckhck hmkmrcsi

eujc+

‖Ofm` smdcd itu& hmkmrcsi eujc

pmrfu emeifibi pmkhmtcùck cbck

pmkkhkyc emktcf bmpridcjick yckh

buct& smeckhct guckh yckh khhi& ufmt&

pcktckh emkymrc`& jisipfik& ikovca

jck dmbmrgc bmrcs&― ukhbcp Bmtuc

Dijckh ^trctmhi& Opiki jck \ropchckjc

J\\ Eusycwcrc` Bmbmfucrhcck jck

Hotokh Toyokh (EBHT) iki+

Itufc` smguefc` prcsycrct uktub

emkgcjibck dckhsc yckh dmrjcyc scikh

khhi& smìkhhc dmrcjc smgcgcr jmkhck

dckhsc%dckhsc fcik ji jukic+ Irokiskyc&



==IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3>

bokjisi bmbikick emkukgubbck dc`wc

mrc hfodcfiscsi tmfc` emkmepctbck

hmkmrcsi eujc Ikjokmsic pcjc posisi

yckh dmrcjc ji jcfce crus yckh

smjmeibick dmdcs& smgcfck jmkhck

bmecguck tmbkofohi ikaorecsi jck

tmfmboeukibcsi+

Bokjisi iki gibc jcb jidmktmkhi

jmkhck dcib& emkurut jic& ecbc

cbck emkh`csifbck hmkmrcsi eujc

yckh dmrpmkjirick fmec` jck eujc`

tmrpmkhcru` ofm` dckhsc fcik+

^mfckgutkyc& dckhsc iki cbck fmdi`

eujc` jibmkjcfibck ofm` dckhsc

fcik bcrmkc tmfc` fukturkyc rcsc

kcsiokcfisem hmkmrcsi eujc+

^mdcd itu& pmkkhkyc emeducthmrcbck yckh smgckyc dmrcbcr jcri

bmpridcjick dckhsc iki+ Jicktcrckyc&

hmrcbck hmkmrcsi eujc smdchci

pmedckhuk%bmedcfi bcrcbtmr dckhsc

(n`crcntmr duifjmr ) yckh tmktukyc

jmkhck emedckhuk bmedcfi bcrcbtmr

jck emktcf dckhsckyc+

Dmributkyc& hmrcbck eujc smdchci

pmedmrjcyc bcrcbtmr (n`crcntmr

mkcdfmr )+ Jcfce emedckhuk bcrcbtmr

dckhsc& jcbfc` nubup `ckyc jmkhckpmedckhukck bmedcfi bcrcbtmr

dckhsc& emfcikbck `crus smbcfihus

jmkhck pmedmrjcycck bcrcbtmr dckhsc

itu smkjiri+

Zmrcbìr cjcfc` hmrcbck hmkcrcsi eujc

smdchci pmrmbcycsc bcrcbtmr (n`crcntmr

mkhikmmr )+ Hmkmrcsi eujc dckhsc ̀ crus

ecepu emeojibcsi ctcu emrmbcycsc

jcfce pmrudc`ck zceck+ Emkhup

\sibofoh cscf @crvcrj ]kivmrsity&

Cemribc& @owcrj Hcrjmkmr yckh

emkhctcbck pmkkhkyc bmtmfcjckck

smdchci ‖sctukyc bctc jck pmrductck&

sctukyc pmeibirck jck kjcbck―

jmkhck bctc fcik& ‖iktmhritcs―+

Bmtmfcjckck jcfce bmbucscck cjcfc`

pmeiepik yckh emeifibi iktmhritcs&

yckh pmrncyc jck emepmrguckhbck

sctukyc bctc jck pmrductck+ ^mfcik

itu& pmeiepik yckh emeiepik jmkhck

bmtmfcjckck smfcfu dmrcjc ji hcris

jmpck uktub emwugujbck kifci%kifci

yckh jipmrncycikyc smdchci fuùr jck

pcktcs jipmrguckhbck+

Emkurut jic& bukni bmdmr`csifck

dckhsc iki dmrcjc ji tckhck prmsijmk

smdchci pmeiepik tmrkhhi+ Bcrmkc

itu jidutu`bck pmeiepik dckhsc yckh

dmtuf%dmtuf tuktcs jmkhck pmkncrick

gc jirikyc+ \meiepik yckh orimktcsikyc

smfcfu emeibirbck rcbyctkyc& jcb fchi

emkjcùfubck bmpmkkhck jiri jck

bmfoepobkyc+

Jibctcbckkyc&

pmedmktubck bcrcbtmr

dckhsc emrupcbck `cf

yckh cect pmktikh dchi

hmkmrcsi eujc jck

dc`bck emkmktubck

kcsid dckhsc ji ecsc

jmpck+

^mdcd kcsid ecsc jmpckdckhsc iki dmrcjc ji

tckhck hmkmrcsi eujc+

Go`ck emkmhcsbck prmsijmk cjcfc`

‖bukni― yckh disc emedubc ctcu

smdcfibkyc ecfc` emkutup piktu

bmdmr`csifck dckhsc Ikjokmsic+

\rmsijmk smdchci orckh koeor sctu

ji rmpudfib iki& `crus emkgcji orckh

pmrtcec ji dcris tmrjmpck yckhemeufci jck emeiepik pmrudc`ck+

Jmkhck bmtmfcjckck jck sibcp yckh

cria& cjif jck digcbsckc sujc` pcs

rcbyct cbck emkycyckhikyc+

Jitcedc` fchi& gibc bcue mfit dckhsc

Ikjokmsic yckh emeifibi ijmcfisem

jck kcsiokcfisem dmrpmrck smdchci

‖t`m ikvisidfm `ckjs―+ Qisi jck eisikyc

emepmrsicpbck jck emwugujbck chcr

pcrc pmeiepik dckhsc yckh tmrpifi`

cjcfc` sosob eckusic Ikjokmsic yckhcria& cjif jck digcbsckc smrtc emeifibi

bmecepuck emeiepik dckhsc jck

kmhcrc uktub emkncpci tuguckkyc+

‖Gibc scgc Ikjokmsic disc jipiepik

ofm` pcrc prmsijmk yckh cria& cjif jck

digcbsckc smfcec 4= tcùk sieuftck

jck dmrbmfckgutck& ecbc iksyc Cffc`

Ikjokmsic cbck jinctct jcfce smgcrc`

dckhsc%dckhsc emkgcji scfc` sctu

kmhcrc ecgu ji jukic&― tckjcs pmkjiri

Kmhcrcwck Nmktmr iki+

Qintor




\cjc ^cctkyc Bitc Guhc \mrfu\csubck B`usus Jukic Ecyc

\omrkoeo YushicktoroEmktmri \mrtc`ckck TI

Biki& pmrtmepurck jcb `ckyc smncrc sib tcpi dmrbmedckh emkgcji

pmpmrckhck yckh emeckacctbck boeputmr jck gcrikhck iktmrkmt+

DITOBTC^I





DITOBTCÎ

―Bcrmkckyc& orimktcsi pmkhmedckhck bmbuctck

pmrtc`ckck (ZKI) jcfce emkgchc bmjcufctck

kmhcrc pmrfu guhc emkhcrc` bm pmedmktubck

pcsubck bùsus ctcu nydmr crey &― bctc \omrkoeo

Yushicktoro& Emktmri \mrtc`ckck& bmpcjc IKZMHTIZC^ ji

bcktorkyc+

Emkhmkci hmrcbck jisiktmhrcsi dckhsc& \omrkoeo yckhsmdmfueyc emkgcdct Emktmri D]EK dmrpmkjcpct&

euknufkyc hmrcbck smpcrcsem ji Ikjokmsic& smpmr TE^ ji

Ecfubu jck \cpuc Emrjmbc ji \cpuc& fmdi` jismdcdbck ofm`

bmjcbcjifck yckh jircscbck ecsycrcbct ji bmjuc wifcyc`

tmrsmdut+ Ecfubu jck \cpuc bmbcycck cfcekyc emfiepc`&

dcib dmrupc `csif tcedckh ecupuk bmbcycck cfce fcikkyc&

tmtcpi ecsycrcbct ̀ ijup jcfce bmeisbikck+

Dmribut pmbck wcwckncrc+

Bmemktmrick \mrtc`ckck tmktu pukyc prohrce strctmhis

gckhbc pckgckh jck gckhbc pmkjmb+ Disc Ckjc gmfcsbck&

tmrecsub ckhhcrckkyc?

\medckhukck postur pmrtc`ckck kmhcrc jismfmkhhhcrcbck

jcfce bmrckhbc \medckhukck Gckhbc \ckgckh 4< tcùk+

\mfcbsckcckkyc jifcbubck smncrc dmrtc`cp& eufci tcùk

4<3< scepci jmkhck 4<49& yckh jidchi jcfce mepct tc`cp+

Ycitu& Zc`cp I (4<3<%4<3:)& II (4<3=%4<39)& III (4<4<%4<4:)&

jck Zc`cp IQ (4<4=%4<49)+

^cscrck pmkymfmkhhcrcck pmrtc`ckck Zc`cp I cjcfc`

tmrwugujkyc bokjisi ceck jck jceci ji dmrdchci jcmrc`

yckh tmrus emedcib jmkhck emkikhbctbck bmecepuck

jcscr pmrtc`ckck kmhcrc& yckh jitckjci jmkhck pmkikhbctck

bmecepuck postur strubtur pmrtc`ckck kmhcrc+ Tmknckcckhhcrck pmrtc`ckck uktub emwugujbck pmedckhukck

postur pmrtc`ckck pcjc Zc`cp%I dmrbiscr 3&0 scepci jmkhck

4&3 pmrsmk jcri \JD+

Cfobcsi ckhhcrck yckh jitmriec Bme`ck/ZKI eufci Zcùk

Ckhhcrck 4<3< ìkhhc 4<3> emkhcfcei bmkcibck+ Ycbki&

Zcùk Ckhhcrck 4<3< Tp =4+>=4&41 eificr ctcu <&0: pmrsmk

jcri \JD& 4<33 Tp =0+394&3> eificr ctcu <&03 pmrsmk jcri

\JD& 4<34 Tp 8:+3<1&:: eificr ctcu <&08 pmrsmk

jcri \JD& jck 4<3> Tp 03+91>&=1 eificr ctcu <&00 pmrsmk

jcri \JD+ Cjcpuk \rohrce ^trctmhis Gckhbc \ckgckh&

emfipu& cktcrc fcik& prohrce trcksamr oa tmn`kofohy jck

goikt projunok jcfce pmkhcjcck jck pmkhmedckhckcfutsistc ZKI+ Ji scepikh itu& prohrce pmkhcjcck cfutsistc

ZKI emfcfui bmdigcbck eikieue mssmkcf aornm (EMA) &

smdchcieckc jictur jcfce Bmpprms Koeor >= Zcùk 4<3<

tmktckh \mrnmpctck \memku`ck Bmbuctck Eikiecf Cfutsistc

ZKI+ ̂ mncrc boksistmk pmemriktc` emrmcfiscsibck pmrnmpctck

Emk`ck jijcepikhi \ckhfiec ZKI emedmribck bmtmrckhck pmrs




EMA emfcfui mepct strctmhi& ycitu rmectmricfiscsi& rmfobcsi&

rmvitcfiscsi& jck pmkhcjcck smsuci jmkhck pmrbmedckhck

cknceck& jck emfckgutbck pmrukjikhck%pmrukjikhck

pmrdctcsck jcrct& cktcrc fcik jmkhck Ecfcysic& \cpuc Kmw

Huikmc (\KH)& Tmpudfin Jmeonrcn Zieor Fmstm (TZJF) jck

pmrukjikhck pmrdctcsck fcut jmkhck Ecfcysic& îkhcpurc&

Qimtkce& Aifipikc& jck \cfcu& smrtc jifcbubck pmrukjikhck%

pmrukjikhck pmrdctcsck Wokc Mbokoei Mbsbfusia (WMM)

jmkhck Ikjic jck Z`cifckj+

Cjcpuk \rohrce ^trctmhis Gckhbc \mkjmb& cktcrc fcik&

emrmvisi mepct projub strctmhis yckh emfipu (3) Jobtrik

\mrtc`ckck Kmhcrc& (4) ^trctmhi \mrtc`ckck Kmhcrc& (>)

\ostur \mrtc`ckck Kmhcrc& jck (:) Dubu \u` \mrtc`ckck

Ikjokmsic jck emkjorokh jisc`bckkyc T]] ji dijckh

pmrtc`ckck yckh vitcf& emfipu (3) T]] Bmceckck Kcsiokcf&

(4) T]] Boepokmk Ncjckhck \mrtc`ckck Kmhcrc& jck (>)

T]] Tc`csic Kmhcrc (scct iki ecsi` jcfce tc`cp ̀ creokiscsi

ji Bmemkbue`ce)+

^mdchci dckhsc yckh dmscr& Ikjokmsic tmktu `crus emeifibi crecjc yckh buct+ ^cct iki& bmhc ckhbctck& Jcrct& Fcut&

jck ]jcrc emeifibi prodfme yckh `cepir scec& ycitu

emkyckhbut pmrsocfck ckhhcrck dmfckgc& cfutsistc ZKI&

pmrdctcsck kmhcrc& jck suedmr jcyc eck usic+ \mkgmfcsck

Ckjc?

Cfobcsi ckhhcrck yckh jitmriec Bme`ck jck ZKI Zcùk

Ckhhcrck 4<3<%4<3> rctc%rctc ecsi` biscrck <&0= pmrsmk

jcri \JD smìkhhc ckhhcrck yckh tmrsmjic ecsi` sckhct gcu`

jcri emknubupi jcri rmknckc ckhhcrck pmrtc`ckck uktub

emwugujbck pmedckhukck postur pmrtc`ckck pcjc Zc`cp

I& ycitu dmrbiscr 3&0 ìkhhc 4&3 pmrsmk jcri \JD+ Ji scepikh

itu& cfobcsi ckhhcrck pmrtc`ckck smdchick dmscr uktubdmfckgc opmrcsiokcf 18&33 pmrsmk (dmfckgc pmhcwci :8&0>

pmrsmk& dmfckgc dcrckh 39&40 pmsmk)& jck sisckyc uktub

dmfckgc eojcf >4&09 pmrsmk+

\mkhcjcck cfutsistc jifcbsckcbck jmkhck sbcfc prioritcs

jcfce rckhbc pmkncpcick EMA+ Jcfce rckhbc pmrdcibck

bmsmgc`tmrcck ckhhotc ZKI jck \K^& Bme`ck/ZKI smcp

tcùkkyc tmrus dmrupcyc emkikhbctbck bmsmgc`tmrcck

pmrsokmf& cktcrc fcik emfcfui pmrdcibck hcgi pobob ZKI jck

\K^ rctc%rctc smdmscr 3> pmrsmk jcfce buruk wcbtu mkce

tcùk tmrcbìr (4<<0%4<34) jck jcfce Zcùk Ckhhcrck

4<3> smdmscr 8 pmrsmk2 pmedmrick hcgi bm%3>2 pmkikhbctck

uckh fcub pcub (]F\) ZKI (Zcùk Ckhhcrck 4<<1 Tp 4=+<<<jck 4<34 Tp :=+<<<)2 pmkikhbctck uckh ecbck \K^ (Zcùk

Ckhhcrck 4<33 Tp 4<+<<< jck 4<34 Tp 4=+<<<)2 jck

pmedmrick tukgckhck opmrcsi pmkhceckck dchi prcgurit ZKI

jck \K^ yckh dmrtuhcs ji wifcyc` pufcu%pufcu bmnif tmrfucr

jck wifcyc` pmrdctcsck (jidmribck eufci Zcùk Ckhhcrck

4<3<)+

Dmrbcitck jmkhck ecscfc` cfutsistc& scepci scct

iki pmedckhukck pmrtc`ckck dcru emkh`csifbck postur

pmrtc`ckck kmhcrc jmkhck bmbuctck tmrdctcs+ EMA pcjc

4<33 jck rmfca ecsi` tmrkhhcf jcri kmhcrc tmtckhhc+

\medckhukck pmrtc`ckck pcjc 4<33 emkncpci 43&<<

pmrsmk ctcu emkikhbct 9&<< pmrsmk jcri 4<3<+ Zcùk 4<34

emkncpci 40&18 pmrsmk jcri rmknckc pmkncpcick postur EMA

smdmscr :>&18 pmrsmk pcjc 4<3:+ Ji`crcpbck& pcjc 4<3>

jcpct emkikhbct fchi smìkhhc rmknckc tcrhmt 4<3: jcpct

tmrpmkuì (Tmkgc \memriktc` Zcùk 4<3> p+ 90)+

Cfutsistc emkhcfcei pmkikhbctck jck eojmrkiscsi yckh

sihkibck pcjc khbct pmedc`cruck smrtc bucfitcskyc

jismsucibck jmkhck bmdutu`ck jcri ecsikh%ecsikh ckhbctck&

smpmr pmkhcjcck rckpur ecik dcfm tckb (EDZ) uktub

bmdutu`ck ZKI CJ& bcpcf smfce jimsmf mfmbtrib uktub ZKI CF

jck pmscwct ̂ ubòi uktub bmdutu`ck ZKI C]+

Bmsukhhu`ck uktub pmkikhbctck jck eojmrkiscsi cfutsistc

ZKI jcpct jifi`ct emfcfui pmkhcjcck 43 bmhictck prioritcs

cfutsistc& eiscfkyc& pmkhcjcck rcks 4&= tok :x: jck rcks= tok (uktub Ecdms ZKI)& smrtc pmkhcjcck `mfiboptmr gmkis

ckhbut& smrckh smrdu& EM Cremj 3== ee @X& Tujcf EFT^

jck Tujcf Cr`ckuj (uktub ZKI CJ)+

\mrdctcsck Kmhcrc

Bmjcufctck kmhcrc& cpcdifc jikgcu jcri tmreikofohi

boksmptucf iktmrkcsiokcf& cjcfc` cjckyc pmkhcbuck

suctu kmhcrc fcik tmr`cjcp wifcyc` pmrdctcsck kmhcrc+

Emk`ck dmrscec istri




DITOBTCÎ

]kjckh%]kjckh Koeor > Zcùk 4<<4 tmktckh \mrtc`ckck

Kmhcrc emkyctcbck dc`wc pmrtc`ckck kmhcrc cjcfc`

smhcfc usc`c uktub emepmrtc`ckbck bmjcufctck kmhcrc&

bmutu`ck wifcyc` Kmhcrc Bmsctuck Tmpudfib Ikjokmsic& jck

bmsmfcectck smhmkcp dckhsc jcri cknceck jck hckhhuck

tmr`cjcp bmutu`ck dckhsc jck kmhcrc+

]kjckh%]kjckh Koeor >: Zcùk 4<<: tmktckh ZKIemkyctcbck dc`wc ZKI (ZKI CJ& ZKI CF& ZKI C]) emrupcbck

boepokmk utcec jcfce emkgchc jck emepmrtc`ckbck

bmjcufctck kmhcrc ji pmrdctcsck kmhcrc smsuci jmkhck

tuhcs Ectrc yckh emfipu ctcs bmjcufctck wifcyc` jcrct&

bmjcufctck wifcyc` fcut jck bmjcufctck wifcyc` ujcrc& smrtc

jcfce pmfcbsckcck opmrcsiokcfkyc guhc jifcbubck jmkhck

sistme Zri Ectrc Zmrpcju+

Ikjokmsic smdchci kmhcrc bmpufcuck emepukyci pmrdctcsck

jcrct jmkhck hc kmhcrc tmtckhhc (Ecfcysic& \cpuc Kuhiki&

jck Zieor Fmstm) smrtc 33 pmrdctcsck fcut jmkhck kmhcrc

tmtckhhc (Ikjic& Z`cifckj& Ecfcysic& îkhcpurc& Qimtkce&

Aifipikc& \cfcu& Amjmrcf ^tctm oa Einrokmsic& \cpuc Kuhiki&Zieor Fmstm& jck Custrcfic)+ Cjcpuk pmrdctcsck ujcrc

emkhibu pmrdctcsck jcrct jck pmrdctcsck tmritoricf fcut

cktcr kmhcrc+

@ikhhc scct iki pmkmtcpck dctcs jmkhck kmhcrc tmtckhhc

ecsi` dmfue smeuc jismfmscibck+ \mrecscfc`ck pmkmtcpck

pmrdctcsck kmhcrc scct iki ecsi` cjc yckh smncrc

iktmksia smjckh jirukjikhbck jck ecsi` cjc yckh dmfue

jirukjikhbck+ Bokjisi situcsi jmeibick emkgcji suctu dmktub

cknceck& tcktckhck& `cedctck yckh jcpct emkhhckhhu

bmjcufctck ̀ cb dmrjcufct KBTI+

\mrecscfc`ck pmrdctcsck yckh euknuf jcri fucr (mbstmrkcf)

cjcfc` cjckyc dmrdchci pmfckhhcrck wifcyc` jcrct&

wifcyc` fcut& jck wifcyc` ujcrc bmjcufctck KBTI+ Bmhictck

ifmhcf (iffmhcf fohhikh& iffmhcf sìkh& iffmhcf trcjikh& iffmhcf

trcnbikh& jck trcks%kcokcf nriem) emrupcbck dmktub

cknceck acbtucf ji smbitcr pmrdctcsck yckh cbck jcpct

dmrudc` emkgcji cknceck potmksicf cpcdifc pmemriktc`

burckh digcb jcfce emkckhckikyc+

^mjckhbck pmrecscfc`ck pmrdctcsck yckh euknuf jcri

jcfce (iktmrkcf) cjcfc` khbct bmsmgc`tmrcck jck khbct

pmkjijibck ^JE yckh ecsi` rmkjc`& burckhkyc scrckc

prcscrckc ikarcstrubtur& jck fcik%fcik& smìkhhc jcpct

emkhcbidctbck bmrcwckck jck pmkhcru` jcri kmhcrc

tmtckhhc+

^mfcrcs jmkhck boksmp pmedckhukck kcsiokcf ji pmrdctcsck&

Bme`ck tmfc` emkmtcpbck mepct bmdigcbck ji pmrdctcsck

tcùk 4<3<%4<3:& cktcrc fcik& emedcktu pmemriktc`

jcfce emkhiktmhrcsibck pmrck jck aukhsi smfuru` pmeckhbu

bmpmkkhck (stcbm òfjmr) emkhopecfbck pmrck DK\\+

ûedmr Jcyc Eckusic

\mrwugujck pmrsokmf ZKI yckh proamsiokcf jck dmrbikmrgc

khhi pmrfu jifckjcsi bmrgc bmrcs jmkhck jijubukh bmdigcbck

yckh dcib& sikmrhis jck dmrbmsikcedukhck+ \mrwugujck

proamsiokcfisem pmrsokmf ZKI jcpct jifcbsckcbck emfcfui

pmedikcck pmrsokmf (dikpmrs) yckh fmdi` emkhcrc` pcjc

pmedikcck cspmb eibro jck pmedikcck tmkchc eckusic

(diktmeck) yckh emkhcrc` pcjc pmedikcck cspmb ecbro+

Cspmb eibro emkncbup bmhictck jcfce pmkhmkjcfick

cspmb ikjiviju yckh jcfce bmdmr`csifck bmhictckkyccbck emkmktubck bmsicpck pmrsokmf uktub emkhcwcbi

orhckiscsi ZKI+ ^mjckhbck cspmb ecbro emkncbup bmhictck

jcfce pmkhmkjcfick tuktutck bmdutu`ck jck pmrsycrctck

pmkhcwcbck orhckiscsi yckh emkncbup pmrmknckcck

bmbuctck& bmsmrcsick jck bmdutu`ck pmrsokmf& ycbki khbct

pmemku`ck pmkhcwcbck tmrsmdut cbck emkmktubck jmrcgct

bmsicpck orhckiscsi ZKI+ ]ktub emwugujbck pmrsokmf ZKI

yckh proamsiokcf jck dmrbikmrgc khhi pmrfu ùdukhck yckh

sikmrhis jck dmrbmsikcedukhck cktcrc cspmb ecbro jck

eibro+

\mrmknckcck pmrsokmf ememhckh pmrckck pmkkh jcfce

emkmktubck bmsicpck orhckiscsi jcfce emkgcfckbcktuhcs+ \mrmknckcck yckh jcb nmrect emkymdcdbck

pmrecscfc`ck dmscr jcfce orhckiscsi jcfce ecsc = scepci

3< tcùk emkjctckh+ Dmdmrcpc acbtor yckh emepmkhcruì

pmkymjicck/pmkhcjcck pmrsokmf& cktcrc fcik susukck

gcdctck& pmkhmedckhck orhckiscsi/bmbuctck& dmdck bmrgc&

pmrhckck cfutsistc jck ctrisi (pmksiuk)+

Jcfce pmkhmfofcck suedmr jcyc eckusic Bme`ck/ZKI tmtcp

emkhcnu bmpcjc pmedckhukck bmbuctck pobob eikieue

(EMA) jmkhck emfcbubck rmstrubturiscsi dmrjcscrbck

bmdigcbck zmro hrowt`& ycitu jcb cjc pmkcedc`ck pmrsokmf

smncrc sihkibck+ Ycbki& cktcrc rmbrutemk pmrsokmf jck yckh

pmksiuk smiedckh jck emfcbubck bmdigcbck rih`t sizikh& ycitujcpct emkmktubck bmdutu`ck pmrsokmf smncrc tmpct hukc

jmkhck emfcbsckcbck pmkctcck orhckiscsi& pmkhìtukhck

dmdck bmrgc jck stckjcr boepmtmksi+

Bmecguck ji dijckh ikaorecsi tmbkofohi ctcu nydmr dmhitu

pmsct+ Cknceck dubck dmrupc ikvcsi pcsubck& emfcikbck

jmkhck tmbkofohi nydmr+ Zckhhcpck Ckjc?

\cjc jcscrkyc& cknceck tmr`cjcp bmceckck kcsiokcf

dmrsiact eufjiemksi smìkhhc scfc` sctu gmkis cknceck

jcri sisi tmbkofohi smecnce nydmr `ckyc jitugubck tmr`cjcp

odgmb%odgmb vitcf yckh ikarcstrubturkyc tmrùdukh jmkhck

sistme nydmr +

Cknceck dchi bmceckck kcsiokcf guhc emkncbup cknceck

eifitmr bokvmksiokcf smpmr ikvcsi pcsubck& kceuk `cf

tmrsmdut `ckyc tmrgcji pcjc khbct msbcfcsi tmrtmktu yckh

ememrfubck pmkhmrc`ck pcsubck smncrc dmscr%dmscrck+

Cknceck emfcfui emjic nydmr `ckyc cbck mamba tmr`cjcp

ikarcstrubtur dmrdcsis gcrikhck yckh emfipu tmfmboeukibcsi&

fistrib ctcupuk mfmbtrokibc& yckh smeuckyc jcpct tmrùdukh

dcib emfcfui iktmrkmt& hmfoedckh mfmbtroechkmb ctcu

armbumksi khhi (hmfoedckh rcjio)+




^cct iki& Ikjokmsic smdchci kmhcrc dmrbmedckh tmrus

emkikhbctbck pmkncpcick ji dijckh tmbkofohi bùsuskyc

tmbkofohi ikaorecsi jck boeukibcsi smìkhhc cbck smecbik

rmktck tmr`cjcp cknceck gmkis nydmr + Hukc emkckhbcfdc`cyc cknceck tmrsmdut& Bme`ck tmfc` eufci emkhbcgi

smdmrcpc rmktck sistme pmrtc`ckck bitc jcfce emkh`cjcpi

smrckhck nydmr yckh jitugubck bm odgmb%odgmb vitcf kcsiokcf+

Bme`ck guhc smjckh emkhbcgi bmeukhbikck pmedmktubck

sctuck bùsus yckh emkckhcki cknceck nydmr jmkhck

emepmredckhbck dmscr jck khbct bm`ckjcfck yckh

jipmrfubck jcfce emkh`cjcpi cknceck tmrsmdut+

@cf yckh pcfikh emkjmscb scct iki cjcfc` upcyc pmkckhbcfck

tmr`cjcp opmrcsi iktmfigmk fcwck& dcib emfcfui pmkhikjmrcck

gcrcb gcu` yckh emkhhukcbck sctmfit& rcjcr ecupuk

pmkhikjmrcck jcfce rckhbc emectc%ectci emfcfui

pmkyusupck emkhhukcbck ]CQ+ Dc`bck& smdcfibkyc& bitc

smemskyc emkhucsci tmbkofohi pmkhikjmrcck gcrcb gcu`

tmrsmdut dmsmrtc gceemr %kyc smbcfihus+ Kceuk& bitc dmfue

scepci bmpcjc tmbkofohi yckh jieifibi Nikc& eiscfkyc smkgctc

yckh ecepu emkmedcb sctmfit ctcu Irck yckh ecepu

emkjmtmbsi jck emfuepu`bck ]CQ eusu`+ ^memktcrc&

smrckhck nydmr yckh jitugubck bmpcjc odgmb vitcf smpmr

pmrdckbck jck wmdsitm%wmdsitm tmrtmktu (eifib pmemriktc`

ctcupuk swcstc)& smgcu` iki ecsi` disc jitckhcki ofm`

bmpofisick (nydmr nriem)& Bmemkboeikao ctcupuk fmedchc%

fmedchc yckh tmrbcit fckhsukh jcfce ecscfc` tmrsmdut+

Biki& pmrtmepurck jcb fchi ̀ ckyc smncrc sib tcpi dmrbmedckh

emkgcji pmpmrckhck yckh emeckacctbck gcrikhck boeputmr

jck iktmrkmt+ Bcrmkckyc& orimktcsi pmkhmedckhck bmbuctck

pmrtc`ckck (ZKI) jcfce emkgchc bmjcufctck kmhcrc pmrfu guhc emkhcrc` bm pmedmktubck pcsubck bùsus jukic ecyc

ctcu nydmr crey +

^mdchci kmhcrc dmrjcufct& Ikjokmsic scct iki emepukyci

dmdmrcpc orhckiscsi ctcu dcjck uktub bmceckck gcrikhck&

ikarcstrubtur iktmrkmt jck bmgc`ctck nydmr & smpmr bmceckck

nydmr iktmrkcf ji smcp orhckiscsi ecupuk IJ%ÎTZII yckh

emeokitor fcfu fiktcs gcrikhck iktmrkmt ji Ikjokmsic+ Kceuk&

scepci jmkhck scct iki dmfue emepukyci smduc` dcjck ctcu

orhckiscsi yckh dmrtckhhukh gcwcd tmr`cjcp pmrtc`ckck

jck ctcu smrckhck dcfib gibc tmrgcji pmrckh nydmr ctcu nydmr

wcr+

Itu emrupcbck bmdutu`ck emkjmscb dchi Bme`ck/ZKIemkhikhct cknceck tmr`cjcp bmutu`ck KBTI scct iki dubck

`ckyc dmrwuguj pcjc smrckhck dmrsmkgctc tcpi fmdi` bmpcjc

pmrckh pmeibirck jck pmedckhukck opiki yckh dckycb

emkhhukcbck emjic iktmrkmt ctcu nydmr + Gcji& sujc` scctkyc

iepfmemktcsi jcri ukit opmrcsi pmrtc`ckck nydmr jcpct

jifcbsckcbck+ Cktcrc fcik& dmrupc ikisicfiscsi pmedmktubck

e bmrgc pmrtc`ckck nydmr & pmemtcck suedmr jcyc kcsiokcf&

ruckh fikhbup& jck visi%eisi (wcbtukyc 1 dufck)& smrtc

crc` bmdigcbck& MC& rocj ecp& B\I& dcsin IZ%Ikarcstrunturm

Emk`ck emkjcepikhi \rmsijmk TI jcfce smduc` bukgukhck bmrgc




DITOBTCÎ

(wcbtukyc 34 dufck)+

Dchcieckc bmrgc scec Bme`ck jmkhck kmhcrc%kmhcrc

tmtckhhc?

Bme`ck emfcbsckcbck bmrgc scec jmkhck kmhcrc rmhiokcf

jcfce wcjc` C^MCK+ ^mcp tcùkkyc jicjcbck pmrtmeuck

cktcr emktmri pmrtc`ckck ji C^MCK yckh jismdut C^MCK

Jmamknm Eikistmrs Emmkh (CJEE) yckh emedc`cs isu%isu

bmceckck ji bcwcsck jck bmrgc scec pmrtc`ckck cktcrkmhcrc

C^MCK+ Ycbki& dmrupc C^MCK \mcnm Bmmpikh Nmktmr Kmtworb&yckh dmrtuguck emepmrmrct jck emepmrbuct bmrgc scec

ji cktcrc kmhcrc%kmhcrc C^MCK jcfce emkgchc stcdifitcs

pmrjcecick jck bmceckck smrtc emedmktub embckisem

bmhictck yckh mamba pcjc eisi pmrjcecick jcfce ùdukhck

jmkhck orhckiscsi \DD jck C^MCK Jmamknm Ikjustry

Noffcdorcok (CJIN)& aorue bmrgc scec ikjustri pmrtc`ckck

kmhcrc C^MCK uktub emwugujbck bmeckjirick pmrtc`ckck

C^MCK emkhikhct dmfckgc pmrtc`ckck kmhcrc C^MCK yckh

rmfca dmscr+

Bme`ck guhc emkgcfik bmrgc scec jmkhck kmhcrc C^MCK \fus

(Eitrc Xincrc C^MCK)& yckh emkhcjcbck sijckh jck jismdut

CJEE \fus+ CJEE \fus emepukyci prohrce bmrgc hc

tcùkck+

\cjc 4<33& bmbc Ikjokmsic emkgcji Bmtuc C^MCK& tmfc`

jiputusbck fiec crmc bmrgc scec kmhcrc C^MCK \fus yckh

jibmtuci ofm` ecsikh%ecsikh juc kmhcrc+ Ycitu& Mxpmrts’

Xorbikh Hroup ok Nouktmr Zmrrorise ( Ikjokmsic jck

Cemribc ^mdchci no%òst )& Mxpmrts’ Xorbikh Hroup ok

Eifitcry Emjinikm (îkhcpurc jck Gmpckh smdchci no%òst )&

Mxpmrts’ Xorbikh Hroup ok Ecriem ^mnurity (Ecfcysic

jck Custrcfic smdchci no%òst )& Mxpmrts’ Xorbikh Hroup ok

\mcnm Bmmpikh Opmrcoks (Aifipikc jck ^mfckjic Dcru)& jck

Mxpmrts’ Xorbikh Hroup ok @ueck Cssistcknm ckj Jiscstmr

Tmfima (Qimtkce jck Nikc)+

Jcfce bmrckhbc yckh fmdi` dmscr& Bme`ck emkhcjcbck

bmrgc scec pmrtc`ckck jcfce fikhbup CTA ( C^MCK Tmhiokcf

Aorue) yckh jismfmkhhcrcbck Bmemktmrick Fucr Kmhmri ycitu

emfcfui CTA Jmamknm Onicfs’ Jicfohum (JOJ) jck C^MCK

^mnurity \ofincf Nokamrmknm (C^\N)+

^cct iki pmemriktc` jck J\T smjckh emedc`cs T]]

Bmceckck Kcsiokcf& Boepokmk Ncjckhck& jck T]]Iktmfigmk& yckh smeuckyc jickhhcp boktrovmrsicf+ \mkgmfcsck

Ckjc?

Bcei emec`cei dc`wc jcfce smcp emrueusbck

rcknckhck ukjckh%ukjckh& cjc dmdmrcpc siepuf jcfce

ecsycrcbct cbck emepukyci sibcp yckh dmrdmjc tmr`cjcp

rcknckhck ukjckh%ukjckh tmrsmdut+ \mrdmjcck pmkjcpct

dcib yckh pro ecupuk yckh boktrc yckh tmrgcji ji ecsycrcbct

cjcfc` `cf yckh wcgcr jcfce bmìjupck jmeobrcsi+

Boktrovmrsi tmrgcji bcrmkc smdchick ecsycrcbct emkifci

dc`wc Boepokmk Ncjckhck smdchci wcgid eifitmr cjcfc`

jcb dmkcr bcrmkc stctuskyc tmtcp sipif& Boepokmk

Ncjckhck dmrsiact boedctck `ckyc pcjc scct emkh`cjcpijcrurct pmrckh+ Zuguck Boepokmk Ncjckhck cjcfc` uktub

emwugujbck îstme \mrtc`ckck Kmhcrc yckh dmrsiact

smemstc jmkhck tmrwugujkyc Boepokmk Ncjckhck ecbc

dckhsc Ikjokmsic cbck emepukyci jcyc tckhbcf dckhsc yckh

tckhhu` uktub emkh`cjcpi cknceck& smbcfihus emedmribck

`cb%`cb wcrhc kmhcrc jcfce dmfc kmhcrc& emkikhbctbck

ùdukhck sipif eifitmr smsuci jmkhck ceckc` rmaorecsi+

^mfcik itu& smdchick ecsycrcbct emkhckhhcp dc`wc T]]

Bcekcs emfckhhcr @CE jck emedctcsi bmwmkckhck \ofri




smrtc isu dc`wc ZKI ikhik dmrbucsc bmedcfi+ \cjc`cf& tuguck

]] Bcekcs uktub emkhiktmhrcsibck jck emkyikmrhibck

pmkymfmkhhcrcck bcekcs yckh tmrbcit jmkhck bmsmfcectck

ikscki& ecsycrcbct& dckhsc jck kmhcrc jcfce rckhbc

emfikjukhi bmpmkkhck kcsiokcf+

Jcfce \rofmhkcs T]] prioritcs tcùk 4<3> tmrjcpct hc

T]] ji dijckh pmrtc`ckck& ycbki T]] Bcekcs& T]]Boepokmk Ncjckhck& jck T]] Tc`csic Kmhcrc+ ^mjckhbck

T]] Iktmfigmk tmfc` emkgcji ukjckh%ukjckh& ycitu ]kjckh%

]kjckh Koeor 38 Zcùk 4<33 tmktckh Iktmfigmk Kmhcrc+

\memriktc`& jcfce `cf iki Bme`ck& Bmebue`ce& jck

Bmejchri& tmfc` emedmribck sosicfiscsi bmpcjc mfmemk

ecsycrcbct& dcib bcfckhck cbcjmeisi& ZKI& \ofri& pmejc&

tobo` ecsycrcbct& FÊ& ecupuk ecsycrcbct& fcikkyc tmrbcit

T]] tmrsmdut+

Hcris Dmscr ̂ udstcksi T]] Bcekcs

ûdstcksi T]] Bcekcs emrupcbck rcknckhck ukjckh%

ukjckh yckh dmrsiact sistmeib uktub emfikjukhi bmpmkkhckkcsiokcf uktub emrmspok boepfmbsitcs cknceck jck smdchci

pmrwugujck ceckct rmaorecsi yckh emepukyci iepfibcsi

pcjc smbtor bmceckck smncrc fucs yckh jibmkcf jmkhck

bmceckck kcsiokcf+ T]] Bcekcs emkyikmrhibck cktcr cbtor

pmkymfmkhhcrc bmceckck kcsiokcf jmkhck emedmri pmrck

boeukitcs ecsycrcbct smsuci jmkhck pmrecscfc`ck kcsiokcf

yckh bitc `cjcpi scct biki jck ecsc yckh cbck jctckh+

\mrecscfc`ck bmceckck kcsiokcf dubckfc` eifib

bmemktmrick/ikstusi bmceckck& emfcikbck ememrfubck

pmrck iktmhrca smeuc mfmemk/boeukitcs kcsiokcf+

T]] Bcekcs ji`crcpbck emrupcbck sistme yckh

emkhiktmhrcsibck pmkymfmkhhcrcck sistme bmceckckkcsiokcf smncrc boeprm`mksia yckh emkncbup spmbtrue

pmrecscfc`ck fucs pcjc sbcfc kcsiokcf+ T]] Bcekcs jcb

emkhctur smncrc tmbkis tcpi emrupcbck crc`ck strctmhis

yckh emkhmjmpckbck bmpmkkhck kcsiokcf+

Chcr pmkhmfofcck bmceckck kcsiokcf jcpct dmrgcfck mamba

jck msimk smrtc emkhmjmpckbck pmkhcedifck bmputusck

yckh dmrsiact jmeobrcs ecbc rcknckhck ukjckh%ukjckh

iki emkmhcsbck pmrfu cjckyc Jmwck Bmceckck Kcsiokcf

(JBK)+

Jcfce emkhmfofc sistme bmceckck kcsiokcf& prmsijmk

(smdchci bmtuc) dmrscec ckhhotc JBK emkmtcpbck jck

emkymfmkhhcrcbck bmdigcbck jck strctmhi bmceckck

kcsiokcf dmrjcscrbck pmrbircck cknceck potmksicf ctcu

cbtucf+ Cjc pmrck utcec ecsycrcbct smdchci sudgmb jcfce

pmkymfmkhhcrcck bmceckck kcsiokcf emfcfui JBK smdchci

rmmbsi pmrck iktmhrcsi smeuc boeukitcs kcsiokcf+

T]] Bcekcs jcb cbck emkjmhrcjcsi pmrck \ofri

smdchcieckc tmfc` jictur jcfce ]] Koeor 4 Zcùk

4<<4 tmktckh Bmpofisick Tmpudfib Ikjokmsic& tmtcpi gustru

emepmrtmhcs pmrck \ofri dcib smncrc orhckiscsi ecupuk

tuhcs jck aukhsikyc+ Gcji& jcb cjc ecbsuj smjibit puk

uktub emrmjubsi pmrck \ofri smpmr jib`cwcrbck smdchick

bcfckhck+

T]] Bcekcs guhc jcb cbck emkhudc` pmrck ZKI

smdchcieckc ]] Koeor >: Zcùk 4<<: tmktckh ZKI& yckh

jmkhck tmhcs jiceckctbck emkhmedck tuhcs Opmrcsi Eifitmr

\mrckh (OE\) jck Opmrcsi Eifitmr ^mfcik \mrckh (OE^\)+

Ofm` bcrmkc itu& jcb tmrjcpct ruckh jcfce T]] Bcekcsuktub emkhmedcfibck pmrck ZKI smpmr pcjc ecsc Orjm

Dcru+ Ofm` smdcd itu& Bme`ck emkhcgcb jck emkycbikbck

smhmkcp boepokmk dckhsc dc`wc sujc` scctkyc dckhsc

jck kmhcrc bitc pmrfu T]] Bcekcs

Hcris Dmscr ̂ udstcksi T]] Boencj

Jcfce emkh`cjcpi brisis hfodcf yckh tmkhc` dmrfckhsukh

scct iki jipmrfubck sistme pmrtc`ckck yckh tckhhu`& yckh

emfidctbck smfuru` suedmr jcyc kcsiokcf& yckh emkncbup

suedmr jcyc eckusic& suedmr jcyc cfce jck ductck& smrtc

scrckc jck prcscrckc kcsiokcf+ îstme pmrtc`ckck kmhcrc

yckh dmrsiact smemstc& jcfce emkh`cjcpi cknceck eifitmr

emkmepctbck ZKI smdchci Boepokmk ]tcec& jijubukh

jmkhck Boepokmk Ncjckhck& jck Boepokmk \mkjubukh+

^cepci scct iki yckh sujc` tmrwuguj dcru Boepokmk ]tcec

(ZKI) smìkhhc pmrfu jidmktub Boepokmk Ncjckhck chcr

jcb `ckyc emkhckjcfbck Boepokmk ]tcec (ZKI)+

Boepokmk Ncjckhck \mrtc`ckck Kmhcrc smncrc pofib cbck

emedmri jcepcb pmkckhbcfck)& yckh emeifibi kifci strctmhis

jiecsc jceci ecpuk ji ecsc pmrckh+ Hmfcr Boepokmk

Ncjckhck \mrtc`ckck Kmhcrc dmrsiact fobcf/bmwifcyc`ck

smsuci jmkhck bmdmrcjcck Boepokmk ]tcec+ Boepokmk

Ncjckhck dubck wcgid eifitmr bcrmkc wcgid eifitmr emrupcbck

proamsi eifitmr& smjckhbck Boepokmk Ncjckhck tmtcp

dmrstctus sipif+ \cjc scct jieodifiscsi Boepokmk Ncjckhck

emkgcji boedctck& ofm` bcrmkc itu ncfok ckhhotc Boepokmk

Ncjckhck `crus jidmribck pmfc`ck jcscr bmeifitmrck+

T]] Boencj emrupcbck dchick jcri sistme pmrtc`ckck

kmhcrc yckh dmrsiact smemstc jck jcb cjc ecbsuj

uktub emeifitmriscsibck wcrhc kmhcrc+ T]] Boencj

jcb dmrtmktckhck jmkhck `cb cscsi eckusic& dc`bck

emedmribck ruckh dchi wcrhc kmhcrc uktub emkukcibck

`cb jck bmwcgidckkyc jcfce dmfc kmhcrc smsuci jmkhck

ceckct \cscf 48 Cyct (>) jck \cscf >< Cyct (3) ]]J TI Zcùk

39:=+

Hcris Dmscr ̂ udstcksi T]] Tc`csic Kmhcrc

Bmtmktuck emkhmkci rc`csic yckh jictur jcfce T]] Tc`csic

Kmhcrc jcb smectc%ectc jiecbsujbck uktub emedctcsi

bmdmdcsck pudfib emepmrofm` ikaorecsi yckh jibfcsibcsi

smdchci rc`csic kmhcrc+ Jmkhck emepmredckhbck `cb

cscsi smcp orckh uktub emepmrofm` jck emkycepcibck

ikaorecsi& T]] Tc`csic Kmhcrc emedctcsi gmkis rc`csic

kmhcrc jcfce dijckh%dijckh tmrtmktu& smìkhhc pmgcdct

pudfib jcb jcpct emkmktubck smkjiri rc`csic tckpc

dmrjcscrbck bmtmktuck ukjckh%ukjckh+




\medctcsck gmkis rc`csic kmhcrc jmkhck cturck yckh

fmdi` bmtct jck pmkmtcpck gcjwcf rmtmksi rc`csic kmhcrc

jiecbsujbck uktub emwugujbck msimksi pmkhmfofcck

rc`csic kmhcrc jck emrikhckbck tuhcs jck tckhhukh gcwcd

pmgcdct pudfib+

Bitc dcru scgc emepmrikhc `cri bmemrjmbcck+ Dchcieckc

tckhhcpck Ckjc emkhmkci pmrck Dìkkmbc Zukhhcf Ibc jck

\ckncsifc jcfce bmìjupck dmrdckhsc jck dmrkmhcrc?

ûjc` tmrfcfu dckycb pmrguckhck yckh jifcbubck aoukjikh

act`mrs dckhsc iki tmr`cjcp kmhmri tmrniktc& cbck tmtcpismirikh jmkhck dmrbmedckhkyc gceck& kifci%kifci yckh

emkgcji jcscr sibcp jck emkgcji bcrcbtmr dckhsc iki

pmrfc`ck eufci emeujcr+ Dmrdchci acbtc jck amkoemkc

yckh dmrbmedckh emkukgubbck dmrhmsmrkyc kifci mbc

jcfce bmìjupck dmrdckhsc jck dmrkmhcrc yckh jitckjci

tmrutcec ofm` bmemrosotck cb`fcb jck jmhrcjcsi wcwcsck

bmdckhscck& smpmr tmrnmreik jcfce pmrifcbu yckh fmdi`

emkhmjmpckbck kifci%kifci ikjivijucfisem& prchecsem jck

fidmrcfisem smìkhhc emkhhmrus kifci%kifci hotokh royokh&

eusycwcrc` euacbct& tofmrcksi& pmrsctuck jck bmsctuck+

\mrwugujck Mepct \ifcr Bmdckhscck Ikjokmsic yckh emkgcji

jcscr bmbuctck dckhsc Ikjokmsic scct iki jircscbck `crussmhmrc jiiepfmemktcsibck bm jcfce pmrwugujck jck yckh

fmdi` bokbrmt jck kyctc+ Dckhsc Ikjokmsic iki cbck emkgcji

dckhsc dmscr yckh disc emrcgci jukic& cpcdifc bmedcfi fchi bm

\ckncsifc& Dìkkmbc Zukhhcf Ibc& ]]J 39:=& jck KBTI+

Ikjokmsic smdchci kmhcrc bmsctuck pcjc jcscrkyc jcpct

emkhckjukh potmksi bmrcwckck cbidct bmckmbcrchceck

subu dckhsc& dc`csc& chcec& rcs jck mtkis hofokhck+ @cf

tmrsmdut emrupcbck acbtor yckh dmrpmkhcru` tmr`cjcp

potmksi edufkyc suctu bokib sosicf+ ^mecbik ecrcb

jck emfucskyc bokib cbìr%cbìr iki cjcfc` pmrtckjc

emkurukkyc rcsc kcsiokcfisem+

ôcf jisiktmhrcsi dckhsc?

Ecscfc` jisiktmhrcsi dckhsc emrupcbck ecscfc` yckh

sckhct emkhb`cwcrbck bmfckhsukhck ìjup dckhsc iki+

Dckhsc Ikjokmsic yckh bcyc jmkhck bmrchceck yckh jieifibi

ecsycrcbctkyc emkmepctbck jiri smdchci dckhsc yckh

pfurcf+

Ecsycrcbct yckh pfurcf guhc dmrpotmksi jck sckhct rmktckbmbmrcsck mtkib& dcib yckh jibokstrubsi smncrc bufturcf

ecupuk pofib+ Difc mtkisitcs& chcec ctcu mfmemk prmeorjicf

fcik euknuf ji pmktcs pofib smdchci priksip pcfikh joeikck

jcfce pmkhcturck kmhcrc jck dckhsc& cpcfchi dmrbmikhikck

emkhudc` sistme yckh smfcec iki dmrfcbu& dubck jcb

eukhbik cknceck jisiktmhrcsi dckhsc jcfce cr yckh

smdmkcrkyc cbck tmrgcji ji Ikjokmsic+

Euknufkyc hmrcbck smpcrcsem ji Ikjokmsic scct iki&

smpmr TE^ jck \cpuc Emrjmbc& fmdi` jismdcdbck ofm`

bmjcbcjifck yckh jircscbck ofm` ecsycrcbct ji wifcyc`

tmrsmdut+ \cpuc jck Ecfubu cjcfc` wifcyc` yckh emeifibi

bmbcycck yckh emfiepc` dmrupc `csif tcedckh jck suedmr

jcyc cfce fcikkyc& tmtcpi ecsycrcbctkyc ìjup jcfce

bmeisbikck+

\mrsocfckkyc smbcrckh cjcfc` dchcieckc ncrc pmemriktc`

emwugujbck bmsmgc`tmrcck dchi smfuru` ecsycrcbct

smdchcieckc jiceckctbck ofm` ]]J 39:= emfcfui

pmkhmfofcck bmbcycck cfce jck sistme mbokoei yckh nonob

uktub dckhsc iki smìkhhc jcb emkymdcdbck emkikhbctkyc

ckhbc bmeisbikck yckh pcjc cbìrkyc jcpct emeinu

tmrgcjikyc pmrhmrcbck smpcrcs+

Bokamrmksi \mrs Emk`ck ji Bmemktmrick Fucr Kmhmri

DITOBTCÎ




ôcf pmkmhcbck ùbue jck bmdmdcsck pmrs& dchcieckc

pmkjcpct Ckjc?

\mkmhcbck ̀ ubue jck bmemrjmbcck pmrs emrupcbck uksur

yckh pmkkh jcfce kmhcrc jmeobrcsi+ Ikjokmsic smdchci

kmhcrc jmeobrcsi& jcb ̀ ckyc ememkkhbck cspmb tmrtmktu

jcri jmeobrcsi& smpmr bmdmdcsck& tmtcpi guhc pmkmhcbck

ùbue+ \mkmhcbck ùbue emrupcbck prosms jifcbubckkycupcyc uktub tmhcbkyc ctcu dmraukhsikyc korec%korec

ùbue smncrc kyctc smdchci pmjoeck pmrifcbu jcfce

bmìjupck dmrecsycrcbct jck dmrkmhcrc+

]pcyc pmkmhcbck ̀ ubue ̀ crus jcpct jipmrtckhhukhgcwcdbck

bmpcjc ecsycrcbct& dckhsc jck kmhcrc jmkhck cjckyc

bmpcsck ùbue smìkhhc jmeobrcsi jcb jicrbck smdchci

bmdmdcsck tckpc dctcs tmtcpi jidctcsi ofm` korec ùbue+

Jmeibick pufc jmkhck bmemrjmbcck pmrs emrupcbck scfc`

sctu wuguj bmjcufctck rcbyct jck emkgcji uksur yckh sckhct

pmkkh uktub emkniptcbck bmìjupck dmrecsycrcbct&

dmrdckhsc jck dmrkmhcrc yckh jmeobrcs+

Bmemrjmbcck emkyctcbck pibirck jck pmkjcpct jck `cb

emepmrofm` ikaorecsi& emrupcbck `cb cscsi eckusic yckh

sckhct `cbibi jcfce kmhcrc jmeobrcsi+ Ofm` bcrmkc itu&

pmrs kcsiokcf smdchci wc`ckc boeukibcsi ecssc& pmkymdcr

ikaorecsi& jck pmedmktub opiki jcfce emkgcfckbck

aukhsikyc `crus smsuci jmkhck korec%korec ùbue jck

emkh`crhci cjckyc pmrdmjcck yckh emrupcbck `cf yckh

wcgcr jcfce kmhcrc jmeobrcsi+

Jmkhck ]kjckh%]kjckh Tc`csic Kmhcrc& smecbik gmfcs

dchi boeukitcs pmrs ecupuk ecsycrcbct& bmtmktuck cpc

yckh tmrecsub rc`csic kmhcrc jck bmtmktuck cpc yckh

dubck tmrecsub rc`csic kmhcrc+ Jmkhck jmeibick& gibc jcb

tmrecsub bctmhori rc`csic kmhcrc& pmgcdct pmemriktc` jcb

jcpct emkyctcbck ̀ cf tmrsmdut smdchci rc`csic kmhcrc+

Zmktckh \ifprms 4<3:+ \ifprms emkjctckh jickhhcp smdchci

pmrtcrukhck pcrc diktckh bcrmkc \cb Xirckto& \rcdowo&

ûyoso& Mkjricrtoko& jck \rceoko Mjìm Xidowo ibut

dmrtcrukh+ Boemktcr Ckjc?

Emkurut scyc& isfc` tmrsmdut burckh tmpct emkhikhct

dc`wc emrmbc scct iki cjcfc` pcrc pmksiukck yckh pcjc

bmkyctcckkyc cjcfc` sipif eurki yckh emeifibi `cb jck

bmwcgidck yckh scec jmkhck wcrhc kmhcrc fcikkyc+ Kceuk&

emrmbc emeifibi bmdmruktukhck dmrupc potmksi pmkhcru`

yckh nubup dmscr pcjc pcrc ecktck ckcb duc`kyc ctcudcwc`ckkyc+ Ji scepikh itu& bmfmdi`ck bmecepuck jcfce

`cf emkhucsci strctmhi& tcbb jck tmbkib jcfce dijckh

eifitmr yckh jcpct jieckacctbck uktub emkgcrikh sucrc+

Zijcb smeuc pcrc ecktck gmkjmrcf tmrsmdut emeifibi

bmkjcrcck pofib+ Ofm` bcrmkc itu& jidutu`bck jubukhck

pcrtci pofib (pcrpof) ctcu hcdukhck pcrpof uktub

emkhusukhkyc smdchci ncfok prmsijmk (ncprms) 4<3: yckh

emkgcji prcsycrct eutfcb yckh ̀ crus jipmkuì+

@ikhhc scct iki T]] \meifu \rmsijmk ecsi` jcfce

pmedc`csck& dmrbcitck jmkhck ectmri brusicf tmktckh

cedckh dctcs pmkncfokck prmsijmk ( prmsijmkcf t`rmsòfj )

cktcrc yckh emkh`mkjcbi tmtcp 4< pmrsmk ctcu dmrudc`

emkgcji >= pmrsmk+ Bokjisi iki jcpct jiecbkci dc`wc

ecsikh%ecsikh pcrpof& bùsuskyc pcrpof dmscr (ecpck)

jck emkmkhc`& `mkjcb emkhceckbck posisikyc jcfce `cf

emkncfokbck prmsijmkkyc+ Dctcsck pmrsmktcsm yckh dmscr

cbck emedmribck pmfuckh yckh fmdi` dmscr dchi pcrtci dmscr

uktub emfofosbck ncprmskyc ji cktcrc guefc` ncprms yckh

tmrdctcs+

\cjc ueuekyc yckh tmrgcji pcjc pcrpof ji Ikjokmsic

cjcfc` emkhusukh bmtuc ueuekyc jmkhck dmrdchci

crhuemktcsikyc emsbipuk cjc pi`cb ctcu ncfok fcik yckh

fmdi` potmksicf+ Orimktcsi yckh cjc dcru smdctcs eisi uktubbmpmkkhck pcrpof yckh jiutcecbck jcri pcjc emeifi` ncfok

yckh emeifibi bcrcbtmr ctcu bmecepuck jcfce emkh`cjcpi

tcktckhck yckh smecbik boepfmbs =%3< tcùk bm jmpck+

Bokvmksi uktub emkgcrikh ncprms emeckh cbck jifcbsckcbck

ofm` scfc` sctu pcrpof ctcu eukhbik fmdi`+ Kceuk& bokjisi

iki cbck emedmribck ruckh yckh sckhct tmrdctcs jcfce

emkgcrikh ncprms+ Acbtor%acbtor tmrsmdut cjcfc` bokjisi

acbtucf yckh ji`cjcpi difc cbck emkncfokbck jiri emkgcji

ncprms& dcib uktub pcrc ecktck gmkjmrcf ecupuk ncfok

ikjmpmkjmk yckh potmksicf+

^mfcec emkgcji Emk`ck& cpc yckh sujc` Ckjc ncpci? \rohrce cpc yckh dmfue opecf?

\mfcbsckcck prohrce jck bmhictck Bme`ck/ZKI Zcùk

Ckhhcrck 4<3<%4<3> smncrc ueue tmrfcbsckc smsuci jmkhck

Tmkstrc \mrtc`ckck Kmhcrc Zcùk 4<3<%4<3:& smjckhbck

prohrce bmhictck yckh ecsi` pmrfu emkjcpct pmr`cck

cbck jiopecfbck pcjc Zcùk Ckhhcrck 4<3:+

@mkjrib

Emk`ck emkmriec wcwckncrc \mermj IKZMHTIZC^




DCJCK KCTBOZIBC KCÎOKCF

Guect& 31 Chustus 4<3> „ Bmpcfc Dcjck Kcrbobc Kcsiokcf

(DKK) Boegmk \of+ Ckckh Isbckjcr& emkhmeubcbck dc`wc

pmrecscfc`ck kcrbodc ji Ikjokmsic scct iki cjcfc` pmkycfc`

hukc kcrbodc yckh sujc` tmrfckgur dmscr ycitu smbitcr

: gutc orckh& smjckhbck rm`cdifitcsikyc dmfue dmrgcfck

smncrc ecbsiecf& ‖\mkjmbctck jmbrieikcfiscsi dmrjcscrbck

]kjckh%]kjckh Ko+ >= Zcùk 4<<9 Zmktckh Kcrbobc&

jmkhck emedmri bmwmkckhck dmscr bmpcjc `cbie uktub

emeutusbck ùbueck rm`cdifitcsi bmpcjc pmkycfc` hukc

kcrbodc& tmtcpi jcb dckycb jifcbubck& @cbie gustru fmdièmeifi` emedmribck ̀ ubueck pijckc pmkgcrc&― bctc Ckckh

Isbckjcr& ji ruckh bmrgckyc+

^mfcik itu& tcedc` Ckckh& ecsycrcbct dmfue emeifibi

dujcyc emfcporbck jiri bmpcjc ikstcksi pmkmriec wcgid fcpor

(I\XF)& bcrmkc tcbut jismdcdbck dckycb acbtc pmkhhukc

kcrbodc ecsi` jiùbue pijckc& emsbipuk smncrc yurijis

jcb jipijckc cpcdifc emfcpor& dc`bck yckh dmrsckhbutck

cbck emkjcpctbck pmrcwctck& ‖Ecsycrcbct guhc burckh

emec`cei bmbùsusck jcri pcjc cjibsi& smìkhhc ùbueck

pijckc iki jickhhcp fmdi` dmrct jidckjikh ùbueck

rm`cdifitcsi&― ugcr Ckckh+

Emkurut ecktck Hudmrkur Cbpof iki& jcfce boktmbsemkh`cjcpi tcktckhck ecscfc` kcrbodc& ecsycrcbct

`crus emeifibi ncrc pckjckh yckh scec tmr`cjcp ecscfc`

kcrbodc+ Ecsycrcbct ̀ crus jcpct emec`cei dc`wc bordck

pmkycfc`hukcck kcrbodc jck pmfcbu bmgc`ctck kcrbodc itu

dmrdmjc+ ‖Emrmbc pcrc bordck pmkycfc`hukcck kcrbodc

`crus jitofokh jck jirm`cdifitcsi smìkhhc disc rmiktmhrcsi ji

tmkhc` ecsycrcbct jck bmedcfi disc emrci` ecsc jmpckkyc&―

ugcr Ckckh+

^mfcik itu& tcedc` Ckckh& `crus jinmrec dmrscec tmktckh

pmrckck smcp boepokmk dckhsc ji tmkhc` ecsycrcbct+

Jcfce jiemksi pmrckck smcp wcrhc kmhcrc& acbtor bmfucrhc

emkgcji `cf yckh utcec jcfce emknmhc` pmkycfc`hukcckjck pmrmjcrck hmfcp kcrbodc+ ‖Crkyc bmfucrhc `crus

gcji pmkckhhukh gcwcd utcec uktub emknmhc` kjcbck

pmkycfc`hukcck jck pmrmjcrck hmfcp kcrbodc&― tckjcskyc+

]ktub itu& Ckckh emkjorokh supcyc rm`cdifitcsi emjis jck

sosicf& dcib jikhbct pusct ecupuk \roviksi& Bcd/Botc fmdi`

jiopecfbck+ Emkymfcrcsbck cktcrc rm`cdifitcsi emjis jck

rm`cdifitcsi sosicf& jck pcsnc rm`cdifitcsi& ‖Emedckhuk

sistme ikaorecsi yckh tmriktmhrcsi& smsuci cturck yckh

dmrfcbu+ Emedmrjcycbck potmksi yckh jieifibi ofm` ZKI/

\ofri& Ikstcksi \memriktc` fcikkyc jck swcstc jcfce

prosms rm`cdifitcsi+ Emkhopecfbck Fcpcs smdchci tmepct

rc`cdifitcsi jck pmedujcycck ecsycrcbct uktub smncrc

subcrmfc emfcporbck jiri&― ̀ crcp Ckckh+

^memktcrc itu& Bmpcfc Dcfci Dmscr Tm`cdifitcsi DKK& Yukis

Acrijc Obtoris& emkgmfcsbck& smfcec iki eduf iechm ji

ecsycrcbct dc`wc tmepct rm`cdifitcsi itu scec jmkhck ji

pmkgcrc& tmepctkyc emkymrcebck& gcji ecsycrcbct emrcsc

tcbut bcfcu ikhik ckcbkyc ctcu bmfucrhckyc jirm`cdifitcsi&

‖\cjc`cf bmkyctcckkyc jcb jmeibick+ Dubkyc ji Dcfci

Dmscr Tm`cdifitcsi DKK& acsifitcs yckh jismjicbck dchi rmsijmk

nubup rmprmsmktca jck sckhct fcycb bcfcu jcb dofm`

jidifckh emwc`+ ûcsckckyc kyceck& scrckc ofc`rchc

tmrsmjic& tmepct Idcjc` cjc& tmepct dmrbmduk ctcu chrodiskis

jismjicbck& dc`bck tmepct emkhcsc` bmtmrcepifck smpmr

bmrcgikck tckhck& tctc dohc& pmrnmtcbck jck pmkyicr rcjio guhc jisicpbck&― ukhbcpkyc+

Emkurut Yukis& Dcfci Dmscr Tm`cdifitcsi DKK emedmribck

pmfcyckck rm`cdifitcsi emjis jck rm`cdifitcsi sosicf+ ]ktub

rm`cdifitcsi emjis emfipu Jmtobsibcsi& Iktobsibcsi& Tcwct

Gcfck& \mkckhckck pmkycbit boepfibcsi jcepcb durub

kcrbodc& \sibotmrcpi& \mkckhckck jucf jichkosis& Qofuktcry

Nouksmfikh ckj Zmskh+

^mjckhbck rm`cdifitcsi sosicf emfipu \rohrce Z`mrcpmun

Noeeukity& Diedikhck Bmro`ckick& Diedikhck Emktcf jck

^piritucf& \mkikhbctck Qobcsiokcf& Boeputmr& Dc`csc Csikh&

Eufemjic (Cujio& Qijmo& Tcjio)& \mrnmtcbck jck ^cdfok&Dmkhbmf Otoeoa& ^cfok Bmnckbck& Bmsmkick& Eusib& Zctc

Dohc jck Bmrcgikck Zckhck+

Zmrcpi Ikjivijucf emfipu @ypkot`mrcpi& Ikjiviucf Boksmfikh&

\sibotmrcpi& Mvcfucsi \sibofohi& \sibo Mjubcsi& Qobcsiokcf+

Zmrcpi Bmfoepob emfipu Hrup Zmrcpi& Zmrcpi Mjubcsi& KC

Emmkh& Z`mrcpmun ^mssiok& \rodikh+ Zmrcpi Bmfucrhc ycitu

Aceify ̂ upport Hroup& jck Aceify Boksmfikh+ Zmrcpi Tmbrmcsi

ycitu Aceify Oukh& ^tcn Oukh+

EcbsiecfbckTm`cdifitcsi DchiBordck \mkycfc`

Hukc Kcrbodc

Boegmk \of+ Ckckh Isbckjcr




\TOAM^OT

Jcri Furc``ikhhc Xctieprms&

Jo t`m Dmst

\roa Jr E Tyccs Tcsyij Ckhhotc Jmwck \mrtiedckhck \rmsijmk (Xctieprms)





―Cpc puk pmbmrgcckkyc&

scyc cbck fcbubck yckh

tmrdcib―+ \riksip itu jcb

smbcjcr bcfiect ji ctcs

bmrtcs tcpi sujc` jidubbck \roa Jr

E Tyccs Tcsyij jcfce smcp proamsi

yckh jihmfukyc& smpmr smbcrckh&

jcfce posisi smdchci ckhhotc Jmwck

\mredckhck \rmsijmk (Xceprms)+

\mbmrgcck tmrdcibkyc jieufci bmbc ic

emeduct cepfop+ \cjc 3984& Tyccs

emkhcwcfi bcrimrkyc ji pmemriktc`ck

smdchci stca ueue Diro Bmpmhcwcick

Botc Ecbcsscr& ûfcwmsi ^mfctck+

^cct itu `cepir hc dufck pmrtcec

Tyccs jcb emeifibi tuhcs yckh `crus

jibmrgcbck smdchci stca ueue diro

bmpmhcwcick+ Ecbc& ic puk emeduct

cepfop uktub emkjubukh tuhcs stca fcikkyc+

―Jck scyc emeduct cepfop tmrdcib

ji bcktor itu&― ugcr Tyccs bmpcjc

IKZMHTIZC^ ji bcktorkyc& Gcfck Qmtmrck&

Gcbcrtc \usct+

Ic bmeujick tmrtcwc+

Tyccs jcb tmrus%emkmrus jujub

smdchci stca ueue tcpi dmrpikjc`%

pikjc` dchick eufci jcri emkgcji stca

cjeikistrcsi dchick pmemriktc`ck& stca tctc usc`c& scepci cbìrkyc jic jieiktc

emkgcji ecktri pofisi (smbcrckh jismdut

wcbif ncect) Bmncectck Ecriso+

Tyccs jickhbct smdchci Furc` Emfcyu&

Bmncectck Xcgo& Ecbcsscr jck

jisc`bck pcjc Chustus 3984+ Mepct

tcùk Tyccs dmrtuhcs smdchci furc`+

Jcfce ecsc bmpmeiepikckkyc& Tyccs

dmr`csif emkgcjibck Bmfurc`ck Emfcyu

emkgcji bmfurc`ck tmrdcib ji Ecbcsscr+

Dmrdchci prmstcsi jirci`+ Gucrc

bmdmrsi`ck& gucrc pmecsubck pcgcb& gucrc pmedckhukck fikhbukhck emkgcji

dchick jcri prmstcsi Furc` Tyccs Tcsyij+

―Cpc puk yckh scyc bmrgcbck& itu `crus

emkgcji yckh tmrdcib+ Jck scyc jcb

emkh`crcpbck pugick+ Yckh pmkkh&

scyc sujc` emfcbsckcbck tuhcs scyc+―

Tyccs emkhcbui bcrcbtmrkyc tmrdmktub

bmbc ic emkgcji furc`& dc`bck bcrcbtmr

itu tmrdcwc%dcwc scepci scct iki ji

eckc puk ic dmbmrgc+

―Jcfce posisi cpc puk scyc itu

bcycb furc`+ Ecu tcù ikifc`& itufc`&

ecu bmtmeu orckh jck smfcfu ikhik

dmrùdukhck jmkhck ecsycrcbct&― ugcr

Tyccs+

Jcfce emkgcfckbck tuhcskyc smdchci

Furc`& Tyccs jcb pmrkc` tckhhukh%

tckhhukh+ Emsbi wcbtu jufu ic jcb

emkhmkcf isfc` ‖dfusubck― tcpi

prcbbkyc sujc` jigcfckbck& dc`bck

scepci ecfce `cri+

―Ecfce%ecfce puk scyc bmfifikh

bcepukh& emkutupbck piktu orckh

yckh fupc tutup piktu& ecsub tmkhc`

ecfce bm ruec` emrmbc bcfcu cjc

yckh smjckh buepuf%buepuf& ecutcù cpc yckh tmrgcji&― tutur Tyccs+

^mfcec emkgcji furc` cjc priksip

yckh smfcfu jipmhckhkyc& ycitu ic cbck

emkgcji orckh pmrtcec yckh `cjir difc

wcrhckyc tmrbmkc eusidc`+

―^cyc burus bmrikh jufu wcbtu gcji

Furc`& gcfck bmeckc%eckc+ Dubck

dmrecbsuj ikhik emedmktub nitrc& tcpi

bcrmkc itufc` tuhcs scyc&― bmkckhkyc+

^mbcfipuk scct itu usickyc ecsi`sckhct eujc& 44 tcùk& Tyccs sujc`

emkhcedif bmdigcbck yckh prorcbyct

smpmr emedmdcsbck smeuc pmjchckh

bcbi fiec jcri pukhutck& emedmri

pmfc`ck bmpcjc wcrhc smpmr

emepmrdcibi dcrckh mfmbtrokib& bursus

bmpcjc idu%idu& jck smdchcikyc+

^mtmfc` purkc tuhcs smdchci furc`&

Tyccs emeutusbck emfckgutbck

smbofc` ji II\ Gcbcrtc+ Bmtmbukck jck

bmufmtckkyc emkhcktcrbck cyc` sctu

ckcb iki emkjcpct prmjibct fufusck

tmrdcib ckhbctck 3988+ ^mtmfc` itu&

Tyccs jieiktc emkgcji tmkchc pmkhcgcr

ji cfecectmrkyc+

Emsbi sckhct tmrtcrib jmkhck tcwcrck

itu& Tyccs emkofcbkyc bcrmkc jic

`crus bmedcfi uktub emedcbbck

jiri dchi jcmrc`kyc+ Tyccs fcfu bmedcfibm Ecbcsscr jck emeckhbu gcdctck

smdchci wcbif bmpcfc sudjikcs pcgcb+

Ji gcdctck iki ic bmedcfi emkukgubbck

bmecepuckkyc smdchci smorckh

pmeiepik yckh ckjcf+

Jmkhck pmkjmbctck pmrsokcf yckh dcib&

bikmrgc smfuru` gcgcrckkyc emkikhbct+

Dokus jck iksmka tcedc`ck jidmribck

bmpcjc stca yckh emkgcfckbck tuhcs

jmkhck dcib+ @csifkyc& pmkjcpctck

jcmrc` emfcfui pcgcb jck rmtridusi

jcmrc` emkikhbct smbitcr 4<< pmrsmkjcri ecsc smdmfuekyc+ \rmstcsi itu




emeduct Tyccs jickhbct smdchci

Bmpcfc Dchick \memriktc`ck Botc

Ecbcsscr+

Fcfu Tyccs eufci dmrpibir uktub

emeckacctbck ifeukyc bmpcjc orckh

fcik smbcfihus emepmrjcfce ifeu+ Ic

puk emeifi` emkhcgcr uktub emkhcsc`

ifeu+ Ecbc pcjc pmrtmkhc`ck tcùk

3989& Tyccs emeutusbck bm Gcbcrtc

jck emkgcji csistmk josmk ji II\+

Gmkgckh bcrir ji cbcjmeisi puk jifcfuikyc

tc`cp jmei tc`cp+ Eufci jcri csistmk

josmk& fcfu emkgcji josmk& smbrmtcris

gurusck& bmtuc gurusck& bmpcfc fmedchc&

pmedcktu rmbtor scepci emkgcji

rmbtor+

‖Gcji scyc dmtuf%dmtuf dmrtc`cp&

scdcr emfmwc iki smeuc smìkhhctmrdmktub bmectckhck& jcb hcepckh

tmrpmkhcru` hojcck gcdctck jck

bmbucscck&― tuturkyc+

Zcb `ckyc emkgcji smorckh josmk&

Tyccs guhc emkgcji boksuftck pofib

pmemriktc`& emkgcji pmkmfi smbcfihus

emkgcji stca bùsus Irgmk Jmpjchri

jifcbokikyc+ Jic bmeujick bufic` ji

Kort`mrk Iffikois ]kivmrsity Cemribc

^mribct+ Tyccs dmr`csif emkymfmscibck

bufic` ecstmr dmsmrtc tmsis jcfce

wcbtu 4< dufck jmkhck hmfcr EC\ofitncf ^nimknm+

Tyccs bmeujick bmedcfi bm Gcbcrtc

jck emkgcji Jirmbtur Fcdorctoriue

\memriktc`ck II\+ \cjc dufck Jmsmedmr

3909& Tyccs bmedcfi fchi bm C^ uktub

emkhcedif prohrce jobtorcfkyc ji

]kivmrsity oa @cwcii+ ^mtmfc` smfmsci

pcjc Gufi 399: ic bmedcfi bm Gcbcrtc+

Jck& pcjc dufck ^mptmedmr 399:&

Tyccs jipmrncyc uktub emkjujubi bursi

rmbtor II\+

\cjc 4<<<& \rmsijmk Cdjurrcèck

Xcìj emkukgub Tyccs uktub emkgcji

Emktmri Kmhcrc \mkjcychukcck

Cpcrctur Kmhcrc pcjc ecsc Bcdikmt

\mrsctuck Kcsiokcf+ Bcrimr Tyccs smdchci

\K^ puk tmrputus smgcb itu+ Ic pmksiuk

smdchci \K^ ji usic =< tcùk+ Zcpi&

smgcb 4= Gckucri 4<3<& Tyccs jickhbct

emkgcji ckhhotc Jmwck \mredckhck

\rmsijmk scepci scct iki+ Emsbi Tyccs

tmrbmkcf smdchci sosob yckh bris jck

fuhcs emkhbrib pmemriktc`& tmtcpi ic

emkhcbui scct iki smdchci Xceprms ic

`crus emkgchc mbc gcdctck+ Jcfce cr&

ic fmdi` emkc`ck jiri uktub emkhbrib

pmemriktc` jmkhck fuhcs+

―Ji Xceprms iki scyc ec butu& bcrmkcmbc gcdctck scyc jcb emeukhbikbck

scyc emkhbrib pmemriktc` bcrmkc

scyc cjcfc` Jmwck \mredckhck

\rmsijmk& `ckyc emedmri ecsubck

bmpcjc \rmsijmk jck jcb jidcwc bm

pudfib&― bctckyc& bmedcfi tmrtcwc+

Dchi Tyccs& smfuru` tckhhc bcrimr disc

jifmwckyc bcrmkc bmrgc bmrcs+ Zcpi

jcb cjc foknctck gcdctck& smeuc

tc`cp jmei tc`cp jifmwckyc jmkhck

scdcr+ ̂ mbcfipuk sujc` emfcfui dmrchce

gcdctck pudfib& Tyccs emkhcbu smjibit

puk jcb tmrhojc uktub borupsi+ ̂ mdcd&

smgcb jufu ic emec`cei ìjup itu

smjmr`ckc jck jcb pmrkc` emeifibi

tcrhmt ectmri jcfce pmbmrgcck cpc

puk+

―^cyc itu dcru pukyc rmbmkikh dckb

bmbc ueur :> tcùk&― ugcr Tyccs

scedif tmrtcwc+ Jck smbcfi fchi Tyccs

emkmbckbck cpcpuk pmbmrgcck yckh

jidmribck pcjckyc& ic cbck dmrduct

yckh tmrdcib+

(Ckjrmcs/Qibtor)

\TOAMÔT




MQMKZ

ûcsckc bmcbcrcdck kcepcb tmrfi`ct jcfce cncrc @cfcf di @cfcf Bmfucrhc Dmscr Nihmjm Hroup yckh dmrfckhsukh ji Tmsto uedcr Giktmk& Hrckj ^mktuf

Dohor& (4>/0)+

@cfcf di @cfcf yckh ji`cjiri ofm` rctusck bcrycwckyckh dmrcscf jcri ecsikh%ecsikh jivisi \mrusc`cckNihmjm Hroup ikijicjcbck jmkhck tuguck uktub scfikh dmreccck ctcs bmscfc`ck jck bmbìfcck smsujc` fmdcrckemfcfui sifcturcèi+

Jck tmec yckh jicedif ‖Jmkhck bmsunick jckBmib`fcsck @cti& Bitc tikhbctbck \romsiokcfisememkugu `cri jmpck yckh smgc`tmrc jck dmrbmfckgutck+―

Cncrc jieufci jmkhck pmedcncck joc uncpck syuburjck jifckgutbck jmkhck ecbck dmrscec+\mkcepifckcbsi brmcti jcri ecsikh%ecsikh jivisi pmrusc`cck jcfcedmktub opmrmt emkcedc` smecrcb jck emkh`ckhctbckjikhikkyc sucsckc ecfce+

@cfcf di @cfcfBmfucrhc Dmscr Nihmjm Hroup




84 IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>84 IKZMHTIZC^ % ^mptmedmr 4<3>

@cfcf di @cfcf Bmfucrhc Dmscr Nihmjm Hroup




BOK^]FZCÎ

DCKI CTDIZTCZIOK NMKZMT

DCKJ]KH OAAINM

Hmjukh Xc`ckc Dcb \os (HXD\)& fcktci =& Dfob C

Gf+ Dckjc Ko+><& Dckjukh :<33=& Ikjokmsic

M%ecif 7 dckidckjukhLhecif+noe

Zmfmpok 7 "14 (<) 44 :43 >1:8 Acx 7 "14 (<) 44 :41 3=1:Jr+ @+ Gcacr îjib& ^+@+& E+@+& E+Bk+& ICrdf+

^cfce Iktmhritcs&

Cpcbc` \meoòk jcpct emeifi` jck emkmktubck smkjiri

tmepct bcktor DCKI& smsuci jmkhck pifi`ckkyc& smdchci

tmepct uktub emkymfmkhhcrcbck pmrsijckhck& ememribsc

smrtc emedmribck putusck ctcs pmrbcrc%pmrbcrc yckh

smjckh ji`cjcpikyc ?

Duji @mryckc „ Jmpob

Gcwcdck

Jmcr \cb Duji @mryckc ji Jmpob& dmribut gcwcdck yckh

birckyc jcpct emkgcwcd pmrtcycck yckh jiecbsuj+

Jcfce crditrcsm jibmkcf jmkhck priksip ‖cutokoey oa

t`m pcrms―& priksip bmdmdcsck pcrc pi`cb (vijm @ucfc

Cjofa 4<3<739<%393)+ Dmrjcscrbck priksip iki cjcfc`

bmdmdcsck pcrc pi`cb smkjirifc` yckh cbck emkmktubck

aorue cpc yckh emrmbc ckhhcp tmpct uktub emkymfmscibck

smkhbmtc boktrcb emrmbc+ Zmrecsub ji jcfce bmdmdcsck

iki cjcfc` bmdmdcsck pcrc pi`cb uktub jcb emkhhukcbck

bmdmdcsck tmrsmdut+ \riksip dokcjm jcfce crditrcsm

crkyc cpc yckh tmfc` jismpcbc ofm` pcrc pi`cb& ecbc

bmsmpcbctck itu `crus jiòrec jck jifcbsckcbck jmkhck

dcib+ \mkhòrectck iki dubck scgc `crus jinmreikbck ofm`

pcrc pi`cb& cbck tmtcpi guhc ofm` fmedchc fcik& smpmr

\mkhcjifck+

Dmrjcscrbck priksip cutokoey oa t`m pcrms jcfce

crditrcsm& ecbc bmdmdcsck pcrc pi`cb tmrecsub ji

jcfcekyc bmdmdcsck uktub emkhudc` aorue yckh

smdmfuekyc tmfc` emrmbc smpcbc+ Kceuk bmdmdcsck

uktub emkhudc` aorue iki yckh smdmfuekyc tmfc`

jismpcbc iki `ckyc jcpct jifcbubck cpcdifc aorue

yckh tmfc` jipifi`kyc itu dmfue dmraukhsi emfcbsckcbck

bmwmkckhckkyc+ Ctcu& cpcdifc pi`cb bmhc yckh jcpct

tmrpmkhcru` ofm` cjckyc pifi`ck tmrsmdut jcb emkgcji

dmrburckh ̀ cbkyc+

\riksip otokoei pcrc pi`cb jcfce emeifi` aorue iki pcjc

priksipkyc cjcfc` ùbue yckh emkhibct+ ]ktub itu dcib

pcrc pi`cb ecupuk pmkhcjifck `crus emkhòrec pifi c̀k

tmrsmdut+

\riksip pifi`ck aorue iki jcpct jifcbubck smdmfue

smkhbmtc eduf& ycitu pcjc wcbtu boktrcb jiduct jck

jitckjctckhcki+ Ctcu pifi`ck aorue jcpct jifcbubck smtmfc`

smkhbmtc eduf+ Jcfce bmcjcck smpmr iki& bmsmpcbctck

pifi`ck aorue ̀ crus tmtcp jituckhbck jcfce suctu

pmrgckgick bùsus emkhmkci pmkymrc`ck smkhbmtckyc

bmpcjc suctu aorue tmrtmktu+ Eiscfkyc emfcfui DCKI+

^mpmr jibmtcùi DCKI emeifibi tmepct bmjujubck jck

bcktor ji Gcbcrtc jck pcjc scct iki DCKI emeifibi bcktor%

bcktor pmrwcbifck ji botc%botc fcikkyc ji Ikjokmsic& smpmr

ûrcdcyc& Dckjukh& Emjck& \okckcb& Jmkpcscr Dcfi&

Dctce BM\TI& \cfmedckh jck Gcedi+

Jcfce pmkymfmkhhcrcck pmkymfmscick smkhbmtc emfcfui

crditrcsm DCKI& dcib bcktor DCKI Gcbcrtc ecupuk bcktor

DCKI \mrwcbifck dmrkjcb otokoe jck ikjmpmkjmk jcfce

pmkmhcbck ̀ ubue jck bmcjifck+





BOK^]FZCÎ

\cjc priksipkyc pcrc pi`cb (\meoòk Crditrcsm jck

Zmreoòk Crditrcsm) jcfce boktrcb (pmrgckgick) cjcfc`

dmdcs uktub emeifi` tmepct bcktor DCKI yckh cbck

emkymfmscibck jck emedmribck putusck ctcs smkhbmtc

ctcu pmrdmjcck pmkjcpct ji cktcrc pcrc pi`cb tmrsmdut+

Emkurut \mrcturck jck \rosmjur DCKI jcfce \cscf 3>

ckhbc (:) emkmktubck smdchci dmribut7

‖Zmepct \mrsijckhck jismfmkhhcrcbck ji tmepct yckh

jitmtcpbck ofm` DCKI jck bmsmpcbctck pcrc pi`cb&

kceuk jcpct pufc ji tmepct fcik gibc jickhhcp pmrfu

ofm` Ecgmfis jmkhck bmsmpcbctck pcrc pi`cb+ Ecgmfis

Crditrcsm jcpct emeiktc jicjcbck rcpct%rcpct uktub

ememribsc cssmt%cssmt& dcrckh%dcrckh fcik ctcu jobuemk%

jobuemk pcjc smcp wcbtu jck tmepct jipmrfubck&

jmkhck pmedmritcùck smpmrfukyc bmpcjc pcrc pi`cb&

hukc emeukhbikbck emrmbc jcpct ibut ̀ cjir jcfce

pmemribscck tmrsmdut+ Tcpct%rcpct iktmrkcf jck sijckh%

sijckh Ecgmfis jcpct jicjcbck smcp wcbtu jck tmepct&

tmrecsub emfcfui gcrikhck iktmrkmt& cpcdifc Ecgmfis

emkhckhhcp pmrfu―+

Gibc pcrc pi`cb (\meoòk Crditrcsm jck Zmreoòk

Crditrcsm) jcfce boktrcb (pmrgckgick) dmfue emkmktubck

jck dmfue emeifi` tmepct bcktor DCKI yckh cbck

emkymfmscibck smkhbmtc ctcu pmrdmjcck pmkjcpct ji

cktcrc pcrc pi`cb tmrsmdut& smdmfue emeifi` tmepct bcktor

DCKI& ecbc dmdmrcpc `cf pmkkh yckh pmrfu emkjcpctbck

pmr`cck& cktcrc fcik7

Zmepct bcktor DCKI / tmepct bcktor DCKI3+

\mrwcbifck smdchci pmkymfmkhhcrc / pmkhmfofc

pmrsijckhck crditrcsm2

Zmepct bmjujubck ctcu cfcect /tmepct khhcf4+

jcri pcrc pi`cb tmrsmdut2

Zmepct jiduct jck jitckjctckhckikyc boktrcb>+

(pmrgckgick) ofm` pcrc pi`cb2

Zmepct khhcf jcri crditmr yckh cbck jipifi` jck:+

jitukgub ofm` pcrc pi`cb2

Zmepct khhcf jcri scbsi / scbsi c`fi yckh cbck=+

jicgubck ofm` pcrc pi`cb2

Zmepct ctcu fobcsi cssmt dmrcjc21+

@cf fcik yckh jcb bcfc` pmkkh cjcfc` tmrbcit jmkhck

pcrc pi`cb itu smkjiri& cpcbc` smorckh \mkhusc`c Ikjokmsic

ctcu \mrusc`cck Ikjokmsic smrtc cpcbc` tmrjcpct uksur

csikh smpmr \mkhusc`c Csikh ctcu \mrusc`cck Csikh&

emkhikhct cbck tmrbcit jmkhck pifi`ck tmepct bmjujubck

bcktor DCKI smdchci pmkymfmkhhcrc pmrsijckhck+

\crc pi`cb `crus emepmr`cbck bmcjcck%bmcjcck

yckh dmkcr%dmkcr emkjubukh bmfckncrck pmkymfmscick

pmemribscck crditrcsm jck jcb emeifi` tmepct yckh

jipmrbircbck cbck emkh`cedct bmfckncrck pmemribscck

crditrcsm tmrsmdut (vijm E+ Yc`yc @crc`cp 4<<3 7 3:9 )+

Emkurut Bmtmktuck ]kjckh%]kjckh Crditrcsm jck

Cftmrkca \mkymfmscick ^mkhbmtc emkmktubck dc`wc 7‖Zmepct Crditrcsm jitmktubck ofm` Crditmr ctcu Ecgmfis

Crditrcsm& bmnucfi jitmktubck smkjiri ofm` pcrc pi`cb―+ ‖+++

gibc pcrc pi`cb jcb emkmktubck smkjiri emkhmkci tmepct

crditrcsm& ecbc crditmr yckh jcpct emkmktubck tmepct

crditrcsm― + (vijm \cscf >8 cyct (3) dmribut \mkgmfcsckkyc ]]

Ko+>< Zcùk 3999 )+

\mkmktuck jck pmeifi`ck tmepct bmjujubck bcktor DCKI

yckh cbck emkymfmkhhcrcbck pmrsijckhck sckhct pmkkh&

emkhikhct cktcrc fcik 7

Crditrcsm cjcfc` ̀ ubue prosmjur jck ̀ ubue pcrc3+

pi`cb (‖fcw oa pronmjurm― jck ‖fcw oa t`m pcrms―

(\riyctkc Cdjurrcsyij 3944 7 =8)2

DCKI cjcfc` pmkymfmkhhcrc jck pmkhmfofc4+

pmrsijckhck& cjeikistrcsi pmkymfmkhhcrcck

pmrsijckhck smrtc yckh emkhmfofc bmuckhck

crditrcsm2

Crditmr cjcfc` proamsiokcf jcfce dmrdchci dijckh>+

smsuci jmkhck boepmtmksikyc2

Dicyc%dicyc cjeikistrcsi pmrsijckhck crditrcsm&:+

tmrecsub dicyc crditmr (crditmr%amm) jck dicyc

scbsi / scbsi c`fi (gibc cjc)& dicyc trcksportcsi !

cboeojcsi crditmr& scbsi/scbsi c`fi cbck emkgcjitckhhukh gcwcd jcri ecsikh%ecsikh pi`cb yckh

emkukgub jck emeifi`kyc2

Zmrbcit jmkhck pmedcncck putusck crditrcsm jifcbubck

ji tmepct bcktor DCKI yckh jipifi` ofm` pcrc pi`cb ctcu

yckh jitmktubck ofm` Crditmr ctcu Ecgmfis Crditrcsm (gibc

pcrc pi`cb jcb emkmktubck jck emeifi` tmepct bcktor

DCKI)& kceuk csfi ctcu scfikck otmkb putusck crditrcsm

DCKI jismrc`bck jck jijccrbck ofm` Crditmr ctcu Ecgmfis

Crditrcsm ctcu bucsckyc bmpcjc \ckitmrc \mkhcjifck Kmhmri

jieckc ‖tmepct khhcf tmreoòk crditrcsm― (vijm \cscf =9

cyct (3) go \cscf 3 ckhbc : ]] Ko+>< Zcùk 3999 tmktckhCrditrcsm jck Cftmrkca \mkymfmscick ^mkhbmtc)+

^cfce&

\mkhcsu` Tudrib Boksuftcsi

Crditrcsm jck Cftmrkca \mkymfmscick ^mkhbmtc

Jr+ GCACT ÎJIB&^+@+&E+@+&E+Bk+&ICrdI+




8=IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3> 8=IKZMHTIZC^ % ̂ mptmedmr 4<3>




EC@BCEC@ CH]KH TI

Gcbcrtc%@uecs7

‖^cyc dmr`crcp chcr

smhmkcp cpcrctur

pmrcjifck ecepu

emkgchc prifcbukyc&

bcrmkc prifcbu cjcfc`

nmreikck kifci%kifci

yckh ìjup jcfce

ikstusi itu smkjiri+

Zijcbfc` dmrhukc

smeuc bmdigcbck

piepikck Ec`bcec`

Chukh& cpcdifc jcri

wcbtu bm wcbtu ecsi`

cjc scgc cpcrcturpmrcjifck yckh jcb

`ckyc hchcf ememkuì pmjoeck prifcbu yckh dmrfcbu&

kceuk gustru tmrfidct jcfce kjcb pijckc itu smkjiri

jck emepmrjchckhbck bmcjifck& scyc pcsbck jcb cjc

tofmrcksi uktub orckh%orckh smpmr itu+―

@cf itu jitmhcsbck Bmtuc Ec`bcec` Chukh& @cc Cfi jcfce

scedutckkyc pcjc ]pcncrc pmrikhctck @cri Gcji Ec`bcec`

Chukh yckh bm 10 (39/0) ji `cfceck jmpck hmjukh

Ec`bcec` Chukh TI+ Fmdi` fckgut @cc emkhctcbck dc`wc

cfckhbc` jzcfiekyc cpcdifc boeitemk jck bmpmrncycck

Kmhcrc bmpcjc bitc ecsi` jifcknukh ofm` smhmfikr obkue

jck ̀ crus jitckhhukh ofm` smfuru` wcrhc pmrcjifck+

Jcfce scedutck tmrsmdut @cc Guhc emkhukhbcpbck

ncpcick Ec`bcec` Chukh jcfce smpufu` tcùk tmrcbìr+

Ncpcick%ncpcick tmrsmdut ecbik emepmrfi`ctbck

bmsmriusck fmedchc ùbue tmrkhhi iki jcfce emkniptcbck

dcjck pmrcjifck yckh chukh jck eojmrk+ Cjckyc NZ^

(Ncsm Zrcnbikh ^ystme) emedubbck fmedchc pmrcjifck

sckhct tmrdubc uktub ikaorecsi pmrbcrc jck ncpcick XZ\

jcri Dcjck \memribsc Bmuckhck (D\B) emkgcji dub dc`wc

bmuckhck Ec`bcec` Chukh cbuktcdmf jck trckspcrck+

Jcfce upcncrc yckh jiibu ofm` smfuru` pmhcwci EC itu

@cc emkhikhctbck dc`wc smeuc itu dubckfc` tuguck

emfcikbck prosms emkugu tuguck& uktub itu Ecktck Bmtuc

Eujc Dijckh \mkhcwcsck EC itu emkhcgcb smfuru` fcpisck

wcrhc pmrcjifck ji mepct fikhbukhck ji smfuru` Ikjokmsic

uktub tmrus dmrdcb jck emkhcdji yckh tmrdcib bmpcjc

dckhsc jck Kmhcrc& emkikhbctbck bucfitcs& eorcf& emktcf &prifcbu smrtc pmkhmtcùck jck bmtmrcepifck smdchci cpcrct

pmrcjifck yckh proamssiokcf jck dmriktmhritcs+

^mdchci pmkutup& @cc emkhctcbck dc`wc bitc smeuc

cjcfc` ̀ crcpc ecsycrcbct& dckhsc jck Kmhcrc jck tmbcj

yckh buct bitc disc dmrscec emkncpci nitc%nitc dmrscec+

‖Jmkhck smeckhct bmtmrdubcck jck bmdmrscecck& ecrifc`

bitc wugujbck dcjck pmrcjifck yckh chukh jck eojmrk

jcfce cr smfucs%fucskyc+ ‖ Zutup @cc+

ûedmr 7 @uecs EC

@cttc Cfi 7― Zijcb Cjc Zofmrcksi

]ktub ‖\mjchckh Bmcjifck#―

\MKMHCB @]B]E





BMGCB^CCK CH]KH TI

• Yckh tmròrect nùfcsikh` vcscktcsikh`& gcbsc chukh

bmrcgcck t`cifckj&

• Yckh tmròrect pcrc jmfmhcsi jcri t`cifckj jck

Ikjokmsic&

•

\crc `cjirik smbcfick+

\mrtcec%tcec& ecri bitc pckgctbck rcsc syubur bm ̀ cjirct

Cffc` ûd`ckcù Xcc’cfc ctcs rcèctkyc pcjc ̀ cri

yckh ikjc` iki& jck tmfc` emedmribck kibect bmsm`ctck

smìkhhc bitc smeuc jcpct `cjir pcjc pmrtmeuck difctmrcf

cktcrc Ikjokmsic „ t`cifckj jcfce rckhbc pmrsicpck csmck

mnokoein noeeukity tcùk 4<3=+

^cyc emkhuncpbck rcsc tmriec bcsi` bmpcjc gcgcrck

bmgcbscck chukh t`cifckj ctcs upcyckyc yckh cba jck hihi`

jcfce emkymfmkhhcrcbck mvmkt ji smduc` botc yckh nckb

% nìckh eci (botc yckh dcru „ botc Ofiepicjm „ jck botc

brmca yckh jitmtcpbck ofm` ]KM^NO)& ji kmhcrc Z`cifckj&

scyc ycbik& `cf iki cbck emedmribck bitc smeckhct uktub

dmrjisbusi jck emkjcpctbck bmsiepufck%bmsiepufck

pmkkh uktub kmhcrc bitc dmrscec jck dc`bck uktub

kmhcrc%kmhcrc fcik ji wifcyc` rmhiokcf csmck+

Jisbusi cbck emedc`cs emkhmkci pmrecscfc`ck cbtucf

yckh ji`cjcpi ofm` kmhcrc%kmhcrc csmck& jicktcrckyc

cjcfc` bmgc`ctck cktcr kmhcrc „ tmrecsub ùeck

trcnbikh (pmrjchckhck eckusic) jck pmopfm seuhhfikh

(pmkymfukjupck eckusic)& pmrtubcrck ikaorecsi&

pmkhuctck fmedchc pmkuktutck jck pmkmhcbck ̀ ubue

jcfce rckhbc iepfmemktcsi bmdigcbck rmhiokcf uktub

emedmrcktcs bmgc`ctck cktcr kmhcrc ji wifcyc` csmck+

Yckh tmròrect pcrc `cjirik smbcfick&

\cjc dufck emi 4<3>& bitc& gcbsc chukh rmpudfib Ikjokmsic

jck gcbsc chukh bmrcgcck Z`cifckj tmfc` emkckjctckhcki

emeorckjue oa ukjmrstckjikh ji kusc juc& dcfi+ Yckh

eckc dmrùdukhck guhc jmkhck C^MCK Mnokoein

Noeeukity (CMN) 4<3=+

Jcfce eou tmrsmdut bitc tmfc` emkymtugui dmdmrcpc poik

pmkkh& cktcrc fcik 7

% \mkukgubck pmgcdct pmkhùdukh uktub emeacsifitcsi

boeukibcsi jck boorjikcsi jicktcrc juc fmedchc&

dcib uktub boeukibcsi yckh dmrsiact aorecf ecupuk

boeukibcsi dmrsiact ikaorecf +

% Emkympcbc uktub emfcbubck prohrce pmrtubcrck

gcbsc uktub emfckgutbck prohrce pmfc`ck dmrscec

jcfce ̀ cf bmgc`ctck cktcr kmhcrc& tmrutcec nouktmr

tmrrorise jmkhck emkhukjckh pcrc gcbsc jcri bmjuc

kmhcrc bm fmedchc jibfct bmgcbscck ji Ikjokmsic jck ji

Z`cifckj+

% Bmgcbscck chukh TI emkjubukh proposcf bmgcbscck

chukh bmrcgcck Z`cifckj jcfce emepmfopori

pmkjirick csmck smdchci wifcyc` boeukitcs pmkmhcbck

ùbue uktub emfcbsckcbck bmrgcscec iktmrkcsiokcf

ji dijckh ùbue+ @cf iki cbck jijisbusibck jcfce

wcbtu jmbct pcjc mvmkt iktmrkcokcf cssonicok

oa prosmnutors nokarmknm (bokamrmksi iktmrkcsiokcf

csosicsi pmkuktut ueue) ji Eosbow pcjc dufcksmptmedmr tcùk iki+

% Ikjokmsic guhc emkycedut scrck t`cifckj uktub

emrudc` bmjujubck nmktrcf cutòrity (bmwmkckhck

pusct)& smdchcieckc yckh dmrfcbu ji Z`cifckj yckh

eckc bmgcbscck chukh bmrcgcck t`cifckj smdchci

pmeckhbukyc+ @cf iki cbck emeduct bmrgcscec yckh

mamba jcfce pmkmhcbck ùbue tmrutcec jcfce `cf

efc& mbstrcjisi& jck cssmt rmnovmry +

% Bmscjcrck jck bmwcspcjcck cjckyc pmkikhbctck

bmgc`ctck cktcr kmhcrc jcfce bucfitcs jck

bucktcs+ \mkikhbctck bmgc`ctck cktcr kmhcrc

cbck emkikhbctbck guefc` csmt kcsiokcf yckhjismfukjupbck bmfucr kmhmri+ Jmkhck emepmr`cbck

`cf tmrsmdut& ecbc bmdmrcjcck ̀ ubue pmrcepcsck

csmt ji Ikjokmsic jck t`cifckj cbck sckhct emedcktu+

% Ikjokmsic guhc emkjorokh kmhcrc%kmhcrc csmck

uktub emfckgutbck prohrce bm aorue csic&

smdchcieckc yckh tmfc` jieufci ofm` ]KOJN+ Jmkhck

emepmr`cbck ̀ cf tmrsmdut& Ikjokmsic emkukgub

bmgcbscck chukh TI uktub emkgcji pmrwcbifck

Ikjokmsic+

\IJCZO \MED]BCCK Gcbsc Chukh Tmpudfib Ikjokmsic

\cjc \mrtmeuck Difctmrcf Jcfce Tckhbc

\mrsicpck C^MCK Mnokoein Noeeukity Zcùk 4<3=





Yckh tmròrect \crc `cjirik smbcfick&

Ikjokmsic emrupcbck kmhcrc bmpufcuck+ @cf iki dmrcr

Ikjokmsic emeifibi dckycb pmrdctcsck smdchci hmrdckh

jukic iktmrkcsiokcf bm Ikjokmsic+ Kceuk scyckhkyc&

jcbfc` smcp pmrdctcsck tmrgchc jmkhck dcib ofm` pmtuhcs

ieihrcsi jck dmc nubci+ Ofm` bcrmkc itu& `cf tmrsmdut cbck

emedcwc orckh%orckh yckh jcb dcib ecsub bmjcfcewifcyc` Ikjokmsic& cpcbc` emrmbc sujc` emfcbubck

bmgc`ctck ji kmhcrc cscfkyc ctcu emrmbc jcpct emfcbubck

bmgc`ctck ji Ikjokmsic+ @cf iki guhc cbck dmrfcbu gibc pmfcbu

bmgc`ctck jcri Ikjokmsic emfcribck jiri jcri suctu wifcyc` ji

Ikjokmsic bm kmhcrc fcik jck jismrtci guhc jmkhck bmgc`ctck

yckh emrmbc fcbubck+

Jcfce situcsi iki& bmrgcscec iktmrkcsiokcf uktub emknmhc`

jck emedmrcktcs bmgc`ctck cktcr kmhcrc sm`cruskyc

jieufci ofm` smcp kmhcrc ji smfuru` jukic& bùsuskyc

kmhcrc%kmhcrc yckh emeifibi pmrecscfc`ck yckh scec ji

csic+ Orhckiscsi jukic smpmr \DD& ]kitmj Kcoks Onm

ok Jruhs ckj Nriem& ]kitmj Kcoks Nokvmkok Chcikst

Zrckskcokcf Orhckizmj Nriem& ]kitmj Kcoks Novmkok

Chcikst Norrupok& csick pcnin hroup& emkymjicbck

pmjoeck uktub smcp kmhcrc ckhhotc uktub emedckhuk

bmdigcbck ̀ ubue chcr smsuci jmkhck bmdutu`ck

iktmrkcsiokcf& uktub emfcbsckcbck ̀ ubue jck bmdigcbck

yckh sujc` cjc& uktub emkikhbctbck bcpcsitcs pmkmhcbck

ùbue& jck guhc uktub emeproeosibck bmrgcscec

iktmrkcsiokcf„ bmrgcscec rmhiokcf „ jck bmrgcscec

difctmrcf+

^mfckgutkyc& Ikjokmsic emkjubukh t`cifckj uktub

emedckhuk smbrmtcrict csmck ji wifcyc` Z`cifckj+ Jcfce

eoemk yckh dmrsmgcrc` iki& Ikjokmsic guhc emkhikhikbck

jubukhck Z`cifckj ji aorue C^MCK jcfce rckhbcemkymfmscibck bmrgcscec rmhiokcf yckh eckc Ikjokmsic

emkh`mkjcbi uktub jismfmkhhcrcbck ji Ikjokmsic jieckc

smbrmtcrict cbck jijiribck+

Bmpmkkhck csmck cjcfc` ikhik emkgcji smgcgcr jmkhck

kmhcrc%kmhcrc dmscr csic pcjc scct emeutusbck suctu

bmputusck yckh jcpct emedmribck pmkhcru` ji wifcyc`

csic+ @cf iki cbck emedmribck gceikck eckacct jcri

bmrgcscec iktmrkcsiokcf dchi kmhcrc%kmhcrc ckhhotc

C^MCK+

Yckh tmròrect pcrc `cjirik smbcfick&

Bitc tmfc` emkhmtcùi dc`wc pmkymfukjupck eckusic

(pmopfm seuhhfikh)& pmrjchckhck eckusic (trcnbikh

ik pmrsok)& jck bmgc`ctck cktcr kmhcrc fcikkyc sckhctfc`

boepfmbs jck dmrsiact euf%jiemksiokcf+ Ofm` bcrmkc

itu& pmkhmedckhck bmrgcscec sckhctfc` pmkkh uktub

emkckhcki acbtor%acbtor utcec yckh eukhbik emeductorckh emkgcji rmktck uktub emfcbubck pmrductck

emkyiepckh+

\cjc mvmk ji dcfi& bitc tmfc` emkhijmkbcsi dmdmrcpc

wifcyc` yckh tmfc` tmrpmkhcru` ofm` bmgc`ctck cktcr

kmhcrc& smdchci nokto` Cah`ckistck& Custrcfic& Dckhfcjms`&

Ncedojic& Ikjokmsic& Ecfcysic& Eyckecr& Kmw Wmcfckj&

\cbistck& \cpuc Kmw Huikmc& Z`m \ìfippikms& ^ri Fckhbc&

jck Z`cifckj+ \mrecscfc`ck bmgc`ctck „ pmkymfukjupck

eckusic (pmopfm seuhhfikh)& pmrjchckhck eckusic

(trcnbikh ik pmrsok)& jck bmgc`ctck cktcr kmhcrc fcikkyc

pmrfu jictcsi jck jinmhc` emfcfui bmrckhbc bmrgcscec

rmhiokcf+Dmrdchi dmdck jck tckhhukhgcwcd dmrscec smrtc

pmkikhbctck boorjikcsi jcfce rckhbc emfckgutbck bmrgc bitc

emkugu prosms pmkifcick yckh boksistmk tmrecsub emfcfui

pmkhcturck yckh tmr`creokiscsi ctcu emfcfui bmeukhbikck

pmkjirick bmrgcscec difctmrcf ctcu rmhiokcf emrupcbck ̀ cf

yckh sckhct pmkkh+

^cyc ycbik cncrc iki cbck emedmribck eckacct bmpcjc bitc

jcfce rckhbc emfcwck bmgc`ctck iktmrkcsiokcf+ Jck scyc

dmr`crcp bitc smeuc jcpct emkhhukcbck acsifitcs jck

Bmsmepctck pcjc pmrtmeuck iki uktub emkjcpct strctmhi

tmrdcib uktub emkhctcsi smeuc ̀ cedctck yckh ji`cjcpi

ofm` kmhcrc bitc+

Cbìr bctc& scyc emkycepcibck tmriec bcsi` smrtc

pmkh`crhcck yckh tmrkhhi bmpcjc smhmkcp pmsmrtc jck

pckic ctcs upcyc jck bikmrgc jcfce emkymfmkhhcrcbck

cncrc iki& jck guhc bmpcjc smcp pi`cb yckh tmfc` dmbmrgc

jmkhck tmbuk jmkhck bmecepuck jck pmkhcdjick yckh

fucr dicsc jcfce emepmrsicpbck jck emkymfmkhhcrcbck

cncrc iki+

Ecri bitc eufci dmbmrgc dmrscec%scec& emkh`cjcpi CMN

4<3= jcfce wcbtu jmbct+

Zmriec bcsi` ctcs pmr`cckkyc+

Gcbsc chukh rmpudfib Ikjokmsic&

Dcsrima Crima

\MKMHCB @]B]E





BM\OFIÎCK TI

\ofrms Zmhcf Botc dmrscec Qintor Echin Nfud (QEN)

Zmhcf emkhmfcr bokvoi

Zmhcf Botc& upcyc emkcrib eikct ecsycrcbct tmrutcec

jcfce rckhbc emkckhhufckhi pmrmjcrck dc`cyc Kcrbodc

ecupuk pmkhhukcck odctodctck tmrfcrckh fcikkyc tmrus

jihmkncrbck smeuc `cb tcb tmrbmnucfi gcgcrck ^ct Kcrbodc\ofrms Zmhcf Botc& bmecrik \ofrms Zmhcf Botc dmrscec Qintor

Echin Nfud (QEN) Zmhcf emkhmfcr bokvoi emkhhukcbck

smpmjc eotor jmkhck bmpcfc jck ectc tmrtutup+

Cbsi jifcbubck pcrc pmsufcp jcri Eousu Echintciemkt guhc

smepct jiibu ofm` Bcpofrms Zmhcf Botc CBD\ Jcrecwck

ûkcrbo&îb dmrscec dmdmrcpc ckhhotc emkhmkjcrci

smpmjc eotor jmkhck ectc tmrtutup dmrbmfifikh jcfce botc

jmkhck pmkhcwcfck ̂ ctuck \mkhcwcfck Fcfu fiktcs dmr`csifjifcbubck jmkhck smfcect+

Emkurut Bcpofrms ―pmrckh tmr`cjcp pmrmjcrck kcrbodc

ecupuk dc`cyckyc tmrus jihmkncrbck gcgcrck pofrms

tmhcf botc& `cf tmrsmdut jidubbck jmkhck pmkhukhbcpck

dmdmrcpc bcsus kcrbodc dmribut emkckhbcp pcrc pmfcbu

ecupuk dcrckh dubkyc―+

Cjcpuk cbsi yckh jihmfcr dmrscec \ofrms Zmhcf Botc

tmrsmdut jifcbubck smdchci upcyc emkhbcepckymbckpmrckh jck pmrfcwckck tmr`cjcp pmrmjcrck jck dc`cyc

kcrbodc yckh jcpct emruscb eorcf smrtc pmrductck pcrc

pmfcbukyc― tmrckh Ckji Fmok boorjikctor QEN& smjckhbck

ecbsuj jcri cbsi tmrsmdut emeifibi ecbkc dc`wc gibc `c

jck pibirck bitc sm`ct tckpc kcrbodc& wcfcupuk jcfce

bokjisi tmrtutup& ectc bitc jcpct emfi`ct jmkhck gmfcs+

Dmdmrcpc bmhictck smdmfuekyc guhc tmfc` jihmfcr

jicktcrckyc foedc jmkhck emfidctbck ckcb%ckcb smbofc`

yckh jismfikhi jmkhck bcepckym sosicfiscsi tmktckh dc`cyc

kcrbodc+

ûedmr 7 @uecs \ofrms Zmhcf





BMEMKZMTICK \MTZC@CKCKTM\]DFIB IKJOKMÎC

T M P ] D FI B I K J O K M ^

I C

B M E M K Z M

T ICK P M T Z C

@ C K C K

Gcbcrtc „ Emkgmfckh C^MCK Jmamknm Eikistmrs’ Emmkh%

\fus Mxpmrts Xorbikh Hroup ok Nouktmr Zmrrorise Mxmrnism

(CJEE%\fus MXH NZx) yckh cbck dmrfckhsukh tckhhcf

9%3> ̂ mptmedmr 4<3> ji I\^N ̂ mktuf Dohor& Jirmbtorct

Gmkjmrcf ̂ trctmhi \mrtc`ckck (Jitgmk ̂ trc`ck) Bme`ck

emkymfmkhhcrcbck pmrsicpck tmrcbìr ctcu Aikcf ̂ itm ûrvmy

(A^^) 4<3>+

Nouktmr Zmrrorise Aimfj Zrcikikh Mxmrnism Aikcf îtm ûrvmy

4<3> jismfmkhhcrcbck eufci tckhhcf 3>%3= Chustus 4<3>

smrtc dmrfckhsukh ji Gcbcrtc jck I\^N ^mktuf Dohor jck

jiibu smpufu` kmhcrc ckhhotc C^MCK pfus jmfcpck kmhcrc

tceu ycitu Custrcfic& Nìkc& Ikjic& Gmpckh& ^mfckjic Dcru&

Bormc ^mfctck (ToB)& Tusic& jck Cemribc ^mribct+

Jcfce scedutck pmedubckyc& Jirgmk ̂ trc`ck Bme`ck smfcbu Bmtuc jmfmhcsi Ikjokmsic Ecygmk

ZKI ôkky \rcsmtyo& ^mfcsc (3>/0) emkyctcbck dc`wc A^^ NZx 4<3> iki cjcfc` pmrtmeuck yckh

bmsmedifck bcfikyc jck emrupcbck kjcb fckgut jcri pmrtmeuck%pmrtmeuck smdmfuekyc ycitu

Aikcf \fckkikh Nokamrmknm yckh jifckhsukhbck dufck Ecrmt 4<3> jck Aikcf \fckkikh Tmvimw yckh

jismfmkhhcrcbck dufck Guki 4<3>+

Jcfce Aikcf îtm ̂ urvmy yckh emkhusukh tmec& ‖^mnurikh Our \mopfm& Our Auturm Zohmt`mr―

emedc`cs dmrdchci `cf yckh dmrbcitck jmkhck tmn`kincf prmpcrcok jck worbikh hroup

emn`ckise emfipu Fohisn Jisnussiok& Zcdfm Zop Mxmrnism (ZZP) \fckkikh Jisnusssiok jck

\rcnncf Mxmrnism (\M) \fckkikh Jisnussiok yckh smeuckyc tmrdchi jcfce hc worbikh hroups

jisnussiok+

Ecsikh%ecsikh worbikh hroups emeifibi crc` ctcu tuguck yckh ikhik jincpci smpmr ZZP dmrtuguck

uktub emepmrofm` wcwcsck jcfce emkh`cjcpi tcktckhck boktrc tmroris ji wifcyc` rmhiokcf

smrtc emedckhuk bmrgcscec cktcr kmhcrc pmsmrtc jcfce dijckh boktrc tmroris+ ̂ mjckhbck \M

dmrtuguck uktub emkhmedckhbck bmecepuck eifitmr ji dijckh boktrc tmroris emfcfui pmrtubcrck

pmfc`ck dmrupc tcbb& tmbkib jck prosmjur jcfce emkjubukh pmkmhcbck ùbue ctcu dcjck

pmemriktc` fcikkyc+

Zurut ̀ cjir emkjcepikhi Jirgmk ̂ trc`ck jicktcrckyc ycitu Jckgmk Bopcssus Ecygmk ZKI Chus

ûtoeo jck Jirmntor aor ^pmnicf Opmrcoks ckj Nouktmr Zmrrorise O^J Ncptcik (kcvy) @miteckk

smdchci no%n`cir+

ûedmr 7 JEN

Aikcf îtm ûrvmy 4<3>&\mrsicpck Zmrcbìr Gmfckh

CJEE \fus MXH ok NZx




]KIQMTÎZC^

YCKH \MTKC@ \]KYC

KCEC DM^CT

Jr Fojmwigb Huftoe& ^@+ E@+&Tmbtor ]kivmrsitcs Briskcjwipcyckc

Briskcjwipcyckc cjcfc` rmsi ctcu dchcwck yckh emeifibi ifeu pmkhmtcùck

fcìr%dck yckh khhi+ Ji pcjmpobckkyc ji Hukukh ^cpto Crho ic emkjijib

bmfucrhc D`crctc emkgcji sctric pikckjitc& ycitu iksck yckh dmrwctcb& dmrduji

fuùr& nmrjcs& tmbuk& tmrcepif& jck dmrsmeckhct pmkhcdjick yckh khhi

tmr`cjcp dckhsc jck kmhcrc+

^M\CB ZMTGCKH





]kivmrsitcs Briskcjwipcyckc (]kbris) jijiribck uktub ememkuì bmdutu`ck

ecsycrcbct Ikjokmsic jcfce emkhisinitc%nitc \robfcecsi Bmemrjmbcck 38 Chustus 39:=& dmrjcscrbck \ckncsifc

jck ]kjckh%ukjckh Jcscr 39:=+

\cjc Amdrucri 39=4& J ]seckIeck emedubc boksufct Dcfci\mrhuruck Briskcjwipcyckc yckh dmrpusct ji Dckjukh& Gcwc Dcrct+Boksufct tmrsmdut emkymfmkhhcrcbckbufic` tmrtufis gurusck ùbuesmrtc emedubc dmdmrcpc smbofcèmkmkhc` jck smbofc` bmguruck ji Gcbcrtc (Bmdcyorck)& ^mrckh& jckckhmrckh+

]ktub emkcepukh cspircsipmedckhukck& ji Botc Dckjukh jijiribck Dcjck ]sc`c Tcbyct(D]T) yckh jiriktis ofm` dmbcspmguckh TI+ \rohrcekyc& cktcrc

fcik& jcfce dijckh pmkjijibckjck bmsm`ctck& smrtc smdchci scrckc opmrcsiokcfkyc jidmktub Dcfci\mrhuruck Briskcjwipcyckc+

Dcfci \mrhuruck Briskcjwipcyckc

dmrbmedckh emkgcji \mrhuruckikhhi Briskcjwipcyckc jmkhckcbuftcs ùbue jck mbokoei yckh emkhcjcbck bufic` fisck ji Gcfck Cdok Ko+ > Dckjukh+

^mfcik bufic` tmrtufis yckh jiibutiofm` tijcb burckh jcri 3+4<<ec`csiswc jcri smhmkcp pmfosob ckc` Cir& smpmrti ]gukh \ckjckh&Dckgcrecsik& Jmkpcscr& Emjck&\cfmedckh& ûrcdcyc& ^mecrckh&

jck Bupckh+Ji dmdmrcpc botc guhc jidmktub pmrwcbifck/boksufct yckh emkce%pukh/ emkycfurbck bufic`%bufic`tmrtufis tmrsmdut+ Boksufct%boksufct

iki cjcfc` jcri pmrhuruck tikhhi yckh bmeujick dmrbmedckh emkgcjiukivmrsitcs kmhmri+

Ctcs jmscbck pcrc ec`csiswc&jijiribck Cbcjmei @ubue jck

ôsicf Briskcjwipcyckc ji Gcbcrtc yckh emedmribck bufic` smncrc fisck+ Cbcjmei tmrsmdut yckh jidubc rmseipcjc 3 Cprif 39=4 jmkhck jiibutiofm` smbitcr ><< ec`csiswc+ Bcktorjck ruckh bufic`kyc emkymwc jiHmjukh Cjùn%stcct& yckh scct ikiemkgcji Bcktor Dcppmkcs+

\cjc 3 Gufi 39=4 Cbcjmei @ubuejck ̂ osicf jiudc` dmktubkyc emkgcjipmrhuruck tikhhi jck kceckyc

jiudc` emkgcji cbuftcs ùbue jcksosicf+ \cjc 3 Gufi 39=4 pufc jijiribckcbuftcs mbokoei& yckh smdchickpmrbufic`ckkyc emkymwc Hmjukh @yhimkm ]kivmrsitcs Ikjokmsic+ Istifc`―pmrhuruck tikhhi― bmeujick jiudc`

^M\CB ZMTGCKH




emkgcji ―ukivmrsitmt― yckh bmeujickemkgcji ‖ukivmrsitcs― smsuci jmkhckbmtmktuck pmemriktc`+

]kbris emedubc sctu cbuftcs fchipcjc 39=1& ycbki cbuftcs ifeu tctc

prcgc& yckh pcjc cbìrkyc smtmfcèmkhcfcei smguefc` pmrudc`ckkcec& dmrjcscrbck ûrct BmputusckEmktmri \mkjijibck jck BmdujcycckKoeor7 <>>>/0= jiudc` kceckyc jcri cbuftcs ifeu cjeikistrcsikmhcrc jck kichc emkgcji AcbuftcsIfeu Cjeikistrcsi (AIC)+

]ktub ememkuì bmtmktuck ]k%jckh%]kjckh Koeor 7 44 cùk3913 smbcfihus emepmr`ctibck

bmdutu`ck ecsycrcbct& pcjc 391>]kbris emedubc fchi sctu cbuftcs&ycbki cbuftcs tmbkib+ \cjc399=Acbuftcs Mbokoei ]kbris tmfcèmedubc gurusck cbuktcksi emfcfui^B Jibti Koeor7 ><1/JIBI/Bmp/399= tckhhcf 4< Guki 399= jckbiki tmfc` tmrcbrmjitcsi+

\cjc scct iki ]kbris sujcèmepukyci \rohrce \csncscrgckc ^trctc 4 (^%4)& guhc smjckh emkh%usc`cbck pmkhmedckhckkyc jmkhckemedubc \rohrce ^trctc > (^%>)+\rohrce \csncscrgckc ^%4 tmrjirijcri \rohrce Echistmr Eckcgmemk(399>)& \rohrce Echistmr @ubue(3991)& \rohrce Echistmr Ifeu Cjeikistrcsi (3990)& jck Echistmrmbkib (4<<:)+

\mkhcdjick ̂ ckh Tmbtor

\ckhhifck pmkhcdjick tmr`cjcpcfecectmr& bmniktcck tmr`cjcp jukic pmkjijibck& jck eojcf utcec uktub pmkhmedckhck dckhsc& smrtc strctmhiuktub emkhudc` kcsid dckhsc+Mepct poik itufc` yckh emkgcjicfcsck dchi Jr Fojmwigb Huftoe& ̂ @&E@& bmtibc emeufci pmkhcdjickkyc smdchci josmk ̀ ikhhc emkgcdct rmbtorji ]kbris+

Fojmwigb dmrbmniepukh jijukic pmkjijibck bcrmkc ikhikemkikhbctbck pmkjijibck jiIkjokmsic smìkhhc pcjc 4<3= rcbyctkmhmri iki dmrpmkjijibck eikiecf

smbofc` emkmkhc` ctcs+ ]ktub itu ic emkgcfik bmrgc scec jmkhck dmrdchcipi`cb yckh tmrtcrib bmpcjc jukic pmkjijibck+

]ktub emkgchc bucfitcs pmkjijibckji ]kbris& josmk%josmk ]kbris `crusdmrigczc` ^%4 yckh tmrbcit jmkhckdijckh stujikyc& emkymbofc`bckjosmk jmkhck ikjmbs prmstcsi tmrdcib&jck emkgcfik bmrgc scec jmkhckfmedchc fcik& cktcrc fcik jmkhck

emfcbubck stuji dckjikh+

Fojmwigb emkhcbui& hcgi pmhcwci jckjosmk ecsi` dmrcjc ji dcwc` ]pcÈikieue Tmhiokcf Dmbcsi+ Emkhcpc?^mdcd& ]kbris pmrkc` tmrgcji bokaib tugu` tcùk& yckh dmrcbidct tmrusdmrburckhkyc guefc` ec`csiswc dcru& ycbki jcri 0+<<< % 3<+<<<emkgcji 4+<<< % >+<<< ec`csiswc+

―Emkikhbctbck bmedcfi guefcèc`csiswc susc` smìkhhc bmsmgc`tmrcck pcrc pmhcwci jck josmktmrdctcs&― bctckyc+

Fojmwigb guhc emecstibck&

bmsmgc`tmrcck pcrc pmhcwci jck josmkcbck emkikhbct smirikh pmkmriecckec`csiswc yckh ticp tcùkkyc nmkjmrukh emkikhbct+ Fufusck]kbris sujc` dckycb emedmribckboktridusi bmpcjc ecsycrcbct jckpmedckhukck dckhsc jck kmhcrc+Eiscfkyc& Crik uepc& ecktckBmtuc Ec`bcec` Chukh& HcyusFueduuk yckh biki emkgcji `cbieEC& jck E Ycsik& Xcbif EmktmriKmhcrc D]EK ji Bcdikmt Ikjokmsic

Dmrsctu II+

^mdchci scfc` sctu ukivmrsitcs swcstc tmrtuc& ]kbris sm`cruskyc emkgcjismduc` ukivmrsitcs yckh ecgu jcktmrjmpck ji cktcrc ukivmrsitcs%ukivmrsitcs swcstc yckh fcik+ Itu tijcb tmrwuguj& smfcik cjckyc pmrscikhck jicktcrc pmrhuruck tikhhi guhc bcrmkc cjckyc bokaib iktmrkcf+

\cjc cwcfkyc ]kbris emkhcfcei

zceck bmgcycck& ec`csiswckyc dckycb& dc̀ bck ]kbris dofm` jibctc tijcb sckhhup emkcepukhkyc+]kbris pcjc ecsc itu jikifci tijcb bcfc` jidckjikhbck jmkhck pmrhurucktikhhi kmhmri ecupuk swcstc fcik+

Dubck bcrmkc bmtibc itu dmfuedmhitu dckycb scikhck& emfcikbckbcrmkc piepikck ecupuk tmkchc pmkhcgcrkyc dmrbucfitcs+

Gibc ikhik tmtcp pcjc boeitemkkyc&

ycitu ibut emknmrjcsbck bmìjupckdckhsc emfcfui dijckh pmkjijibcktikhhi& tmktu scgc piepikck dmsmrtc pcrc josmk ]kbris `crus dmbmrgc bmrcs emkhmedcfibck bmpmrncycckecsycrcbct+ Disc jipcstibck& pcrc cfueki ]kbris tijcb emkhikhikbckcfecectmrkyc fmkycp tmrhmruszceck+

\cjc cwcfkyc ]kbris

emkhcfcei zceck

bmgcycck& ec`csiswckyc

dckycb& dc`bck ]kbris

dofm` jibctc tijcb sckhhup emkcepukhkyc+

]kbris pcjc ecsc itu

jikifci tijcb bcfc`

jidckjikhbck jmkhck

pmrhuruck tikhhi kmhmri

ecupuk swcstc fcik+

Dubck bcrmkc bmtibc

itu dmfue dmhitu dckycb

scikhck& emfcikbck

bcrmkc piepikck ecupuk

tmkchc pmkhcgcrkyc

dmrbucfitcs+




@ikhhc scct iki& cbuftcs ùbuefc`yckh emkgcji ukhhufck ]kbris+Emkhcpc? Acbuftcs ùbue jieikctibcrmkc dckycb cfueki Acbuftcs@ubue ]kbris yckh jigcjibckpckutck ofm` ecsycrcbct jck sujc`

dckycb emedmribck boktridusiuktub dckhsc jck kmhcrc+

@udukhck cfueki ]kbris jmkhckec`csiswc jck bcepus jifcbubckjcfce dmktub bmrgc scec& ycbkidiedikhck echckh pcjc cbìrbufic`& jck smtmfc` fufus ec`csiswc%ec`csiswi ]kbris dmrpmfuckh dmbmrgc ji pmrusc`cck pcrc smkiorkyc+

―Bucfitcs pmrhuruck tikhhi ji

Ikjokmsic& smncrc ueue ecsi`tmrtikhhcf jidckjikhbck jmkhckkmhcrc fcik+ Acsifitcs pmrhurucktikhhi ji Ikjokmsic dmfue ececjci+Otokoei jcmrc` dmfue dmrpmrckoptiecf jcfce pmkhmedckhckbucfitcs pmrhuruck tikhhi&― bctc Fojmwigb+

Ic dmrpmkjcpct& scfc` sctu pmkymdcddurubkyc bucfitcs pmrhuruck tikhhibitc cjcfc` ecrcbkyc prcbtib gucfdmfi igczc` ji smguefc` bcepus+^cyckhkyc& iki smrikh fuput jcripmr`ctick pmemriktc`+ \cjc`cf& uktub emkgchc widcwc pmrhuruck tikhhi&prcbtib gucf dmfi igczc` itu emrupcbcktikjcb pijckc yckh `crus jidmrcktcs+

\ofitib ji \mrhuruck Zikhhi

Jitckyc emkhmkci pmrhuruck tikhhiyckh sujc` jisusupi bmpmktikhck

pofitib& Fojmwigb emkhctcbck&ji pmrhuruck tikhhi dofm` cjc pofitib& tmtcpi dubck pofitib prcbtis+ Cktcrc jcs sofik jck jcs smik `cruskycedukh& pmrhuruck tikhhi `crusdisc emkjmbctbck cktcrc bmycbikckjck bmkyctcck+ Jmkhck bctc fcik&pmrhuruck tikhhi `crus emkjmbctbckcktcrc yckh ijmcf jck prchectis+

―Itufc` yckh jikcecbck pofitib korecti+ Nokto` smbcrckh iki&smsmorckh yckh eckgcji ncfokfmhisfcti smbcrckh iki `crusemepukyci dckycb uckh+ Gcji&orckh piktcr jck dmriktmhritcs scec smbcfi tijcb emepukyci pmfuckh uktub jujub ji pcrfmemk+ \mrhurucktikhhi emepukyci pmrckck uktub

emkyctcbck itu scfc`&― tckjcsFojmwigb+

Jisikhhukh socf upcyc sosicfiscsihchcsck mepct pifcr bmdckhscck yckh jifcbubck ji dmdmrcpc bcepus jiIkjokmsic& Fojmwigb dmrpmkjcpct&tijcb cjc istifc` pifcr ji jcfce\ckncsifc+ Jufu& Ikjokmsic emkhmkcf\ckncsifc smdchci pìfosop`y oa fiam+ Ji

^M\CB ZMTGCKH

ecsc Orjm Dcru& \ckncsifc jigcjibckcscs& smdchci suedmr jcri smhcfc suedmr ̀ ubue ji Ikjokmsic+ \ifcr itupmkhmrtickkyc cjcfc` tickh+

―Ecsc \ckncsifc yckh tcjikyc jcscrkmhcrc ̀ ckyc jigcjibck tickh? Itu yckh emkgcjibck Ikjokmsic emkhcfceibmeukjurck bcrmkc `cf%`cf yckh

dmrsict ìstoris jck ukjcemktcfjigcjibck pmrjmdctck&― bctckyc+

Cbck tmtcpi& itu tijcb pmrfu tmrfcfujipmrecscfc`bck bcrmkc yckh tmrpmktikh itu cjcfc` emfcbubcksosicfiscsi kifci%kifci yckh tmrjcpct jijcfce \ckncsifc+

Obtcvickus




\MKH]^C@C

\mkhusc`c Dmrguckh jcfce \osisi Jifmectis

^oagck XckckjiBmtuc ]eue Csosicsi \mkhusc`c Ikjokmsic (Cpikjo)

Dmrdchci acbtor emkhikjibcsibck bokjisi pmrmbokoeick Ikjokmsicsmecbik sufit+ Difc jcb ikhik smecbik tmrpurub& pmemriktc` pmrfusmhmrc emfcbubck tmrodosck bmdigcbck mbokoei& gckhck `ckycemeibirbck tc`uk pofib 4<3:+





\MKH]^C@C

B mtuc ]eue Csosicsi\mkhusc`c Ikjokmsic (Cpikjo) ôck Xckckjiemkhckcfisis& tcùk iki

pmrtuedu`ck mbokoei Ikjokmsic cbck turuk emkncpci ckhbc ji dcwc`

mkce pmrsmk& tmpctkyc dmrcjc jibiscrck =&1- % =&8-+ \memriktc`puk emeckh sujc` emeprmjibsipmrtuedu`ck mbokoei Ikjokmsic cbck turuk jcri 1&0- emkgcji 1&>-+^mjckhbck Xorfj Dckb emeprmjibsituruk emkgcji =&9- jck prmjibsiDckb Ikjokmsic ji ckhbc =&0-+

Dmrdchci cbtor sujc` emkukgubbckhmgcfc bm crc` itu+ Eufci ckhbc iepor yckh fmdi` dmscr jcripcjc

mbspor& jmsit kmrcnc pmrjchckhck&pmecsubck pcgcb uktub C\DK tijcb tmrncpci& emfmec`kyc aormihk mxn`ckhm ìkhhc rmsmsi mbokoei jukic yckh tcb bukgukh smfmsci+

Bmpcjc Ecgcfc` IKMHTIC^&ôck Xckckji yckh jitmeui jibcktorkyc ji \mrectc Duifjikh&bcwcsck Bukikhck& Gcbcrtc ^mfctck&emkyctcbck& pmkhusc`c smjckh emkhcfcei ecsc sufit cbidct jcridmdmrcpc bmdigcbck mbokoeipmemriktc`+ Ji sctu sisi pmkhusc`c

―Cpcfchi ji tcùk pofitib iki& scyc emrcscbck tmrgcji pmkurukck& bcfcubitc tijcb `cti%`cti cbck dmrdc`cyc+^cyc `crcpbck pmemriktc` tcùk iki gckhck pibirbck tcùk pofitib cgc tcpi guhc jipibirbck tmrodosck mbokoei&―

bctc ôck+

^cfc` sctu bmdigcbck pmemriktc` yckh pcfikh jisorot ôck cjcfc` bmkcibck]E\ yckh `cepir emkncpci :<pmrsmk+ Cbidct jcri bmdigcbck tmrsmdutdckycb pmkhusc`c yckh emfcbubckdmrdchci ncrc& smbcjcr uktub dmrtc`ck+ Cjc yckh `crus emrmfobcsi pcdrib bmjcmrc` tieur& cjc yckh emkhhcktibckpmbmrgc jmkhck emsik& dc`bck cjc yckh scepci emkutup pcdribkyc+

Mkce dufck smtmfc` bmdigcbck itujidmrfcbubck& dmdmrcpc pcdrib sujc` eme%\@B duru`kyc& yckh smfuru`kyc emkncpci 3=< ridu orckh+Ji sctu sisi ôck emkhcbu bcsi`ckjmkhck pcrc duru`& tcpi ji sisi fcikpmkhusc`c `crus emfcbubck `cftmrsmdut uktub emkhurckhi dicyc projubsi emrmbc difc tijcb ikhikpcdrib tutup+ \mrusc`cck yckh pcfikh dckycb hufukh tibcr cjcfc` ji smbtor]BE+ ^mjckhbck pmrusc`cck dmscrtmrjcpct ji smbtor tmbstif hcremk&

jieiktc disc dmrscikh jmkhckdcrckh%dcrckh iepor& tmtcpi ji sisifcik pmkhusc`c guhc `crus dmrguckh emkh`cjcpi dmrchce bmdigcbck yckh tijcb popufmr& smpmrti bmkcibck ]E\(upc` eikieue proviksi)& fistrib& hcs&jck bmkcibck dukhc (tcùk jmpck)&smjckhbck ikrcstrubtur smecbik gmfmb+

Emkurut jic& scepci scct ikipmemriktc` dmfue disc emkurukbck

tikhhikyc dicyc yckh ̀ crus jibmfucrbckpmkhusc`c+

Ji sctu sisi pmkhusc`c

jieiktc disc dmrscikh

jmkhck dcrckh%dcrckh

iepor& tmtcpi ji sisi fcik

pmkhusc`c guhc `crusdmrguckh emkh`cjcpi

dmrchce bmdigcbck yckh

jcb popufmr& smpmr

bmkcibck ]E\& fistrib&

hcs& jck bmkcibck dukhc

(tcùk jmpck)& smjckhbck

ikarcstrubtur smecbik gmfmb+




smpctu& boepokmk mfmbtrokib jckikjustri ecikck ckcb%ckcb+

ôck emkmhcsbck& jic dubckkyc tijcb smtugu bmkcibck upc`+ Cbcktmtcpi& bmkcibck upc` tijcb disc ̀ ckyc jidincrcbck `ckyc jcfce tikhbctìjup fcycb tcpi guhc ̀ crus emfi`ct sisiprojubtivitcs& ikacsi& pmrtuedu`ckmbokoei& jck smdchcikyc+ Jckpmkmktuck upc` guhc sm`cruskyc tijcb emkhmscepikhbck dmscr jckbmnifkyc pmrusc`cck+ ‖Eukhbikpmrusc`cck dmscr disc dcycr tcpi yckh bmnif bck tijcb disc+―

Jcfce bcitck itu ic emkycyckhbckpmemriktc` tijcb emkgcfckbckpmrckkyc smdchci wcsit yckh kmtrcf

cktcrc pmkhusc`c jck duru`+―\memriktc` iki tijcb ecu gcji wcsit yckh dcib& tcpi ibut emkgcjiprovobctor guhc+―

Ic emkjuhc pmemriktc` emkymtuguibmkcibck upc` tmrsmdut bcrmkc pmemriktc` dmr`crcp chcr pcrc duruèmeifi` jirikyc ji putcrck pifbcjc+‖Bcrmkc yckh emkmktubck upc` itubck pmemriktc` jcmrc` smpmrti dupctictcu wcfibotc& dubck pmemriktc`

pusct+―

\mkhusc`c bmrmpotck emedcycr hcgiduru` bcrmkc scct iki emrmbc sufitemkjcpct bmuktukhck& tmrutcec emkh`cjcpi dcrckh%dcrckh ieporyckh ecsub smncrc tijcb fmhcf+

―Bitc emrcscbck pmrscikhck iki ecbiksusc`+ Emeckh bitc ecsi` cjc mbsportcpi emkuruk&― uncp ̂ ock+

Gckhck @ckyc \ibirbck Zcùk\ofitib

cùk jmpck cjcfc` tcùk yckh smecbik sufit uktub pmrmbokoeickdckhsc iki tmrutcec bcrmkc pmemriktc` cbck emkhcfcei sbcfjmsit+ ]ktub itu& pmemriktc` `crusemkniutbck ckhhcrckkyc chcr tijcb

fmdi` dmscr pcscb jcri tickh+―^cyc emfi`ct ckhhcrck bitc fmdi` dmscr pmkhmfucrck jcripcjc pmecsubck& tcpi scyc tijcb pmrncyc pmemriktc` ecu emkniutbckckhhcrck pmkhmfucrckkyc bcrmkc jic `crus emkhmgcr pmeifu+ Jck ikisckhct emkhb`wctirbck&― ugcrkyc+

Ikjokmsic pctut ecwcs jiri bcrmkc pmkurukck guhc tmrgcji ji kmhcrc%kmhcrc yckh jufukyc dmrtuedu`

smpmrti Nikc& Drcsif& jck Ikjic+Jck ôck dmr`crcp chcr scepci

tcùk jmpck pmemriktc` tmtcpemepmrtc`ckbck pmrtuedu`ckmbokoei mkce pmrsmk uktub emedmripmbmrgcck bm rcbyct+ ^mdcd& pcjc 4<3: disc jipcstibck pcrc ikvmstordcru cbck emkc`ck jiri uktub

dmrikvmstcsi ji Ikjokmsic scepcitcùk pofitib smfmsci& emkhìkjcririsibo bmtijcbstcdifck pofitib+

―Bcfcu yckh ikvmstor yckh sujc` 4%>tcùk dmrprojubsi cbck dmrgcfcktmrus+ cpi bcfcu uktub yckh dcru%dcru& smpmrtikyc bitc cbck rcscbck4%> tcùk smtmfc` itu bcrmkc projubsidcru dmrgcfck&― tcedc`kyc+

]ktub tmtcp emepmrtc`ckbckpmrtuedu`ck mbokoei mkce

pmrsmk& pmemriktc` `crus emfcbubcktmrodosck bmdigcbck mbokoei+ Jckôck pmsieistis pmemriktc` cbckecepu emkhmfucrbck tmrodosckemfi`ct pcrc pmeckhbu gcdctck scct iki`ckyc obus emeibirbck bmpmktikhckpofitib ecsikh%ecsikh chcr tmrpifi`fchi pcjc \meifu 4<3:+ ‖Dckycb \T yckh `crus jismfmscibck pmemriktc`smpmrti emedckhuk ikrcstrubtur&emkymfmscibck bmecnmtck \mfcdu`ckckgukh \riob jck emkniptcbckbmpcstick ùbue+―




\MKH]^C@C

\crc pmkhusc`c emeiktc juc ecscfc`prioritcs yckh smhmrc `crus jidmkcìpmemriktc`& ycitu bmpcstick ùbuejck pmedckhukck ikrcstrubtur+ôck emkifci ecsi` dckycb ukjckh%ukjckh jck dmrdchci pmrcturck jcmrc`

yckh tuepckh tikji` yckh tijcb pmrkc` jidmrmsbck ofm` pmemriktc`+―Bcfcu bitc dmrjmeobrcsi tcpi tijcb cjc bmpcstick ùbue& fcec%fcec gcjickcrbi smeuc&― tckjcskyc+

ôck emkhcbu Cpikjo sujc`dmrufckh bcfi emkycepcibck `cfiki bm pmemriktc` tikhbct pusct jckproviksi& tmtcpi ìkhhc biki dmfuetmrfi`ct cjc bmecguck+

\rioritcs bmjuc cjcfc` pmedmkc`ck

ikrcstrubtur& supcyc pmkhusc`c disc emkhurckhi okhbos projubsikyc+^mfcec iki pcrc pmkhusc`c `crusemkhmfucrbck dicyc yckh tikhhiuktub `cf%`cf yckh smdmkcrkyc tijcb pmrfu& smpmrti bmecnmtck ji dmrdchci

gcfck rcyc jck \mfcdu`ck ckgukh \riob+

―Dchcieckc bitc disc dmrscikh jmkhckpmkhusc`c kmhcrc%kmhcrc fcik yckh tijcb emkhmfucrbck dicyc uktub itu+Emrmbc fmdi` msimk&― bctc ̂ ock+

^mfcik jcri ikrcstrubtur& bmsufitckpmkhusc`c dmrscikh jmkhck kmhcrc fcik guhc jipmkhcruì cbtorrmkjc`kyc bmc`fick duru`& yckh cbìrkyc emkymdcdbck rmkjc`kyc projubtivitcs+ ôck emkgmfcsbck&rctc%rctc duru` pcdrib `ckyc fufusck^J jck tijcb emeifibi bmc`fick+Bcrmkc itu& pmrusc`cck guhc `crusemkhmfucrbck dicyc tcedc`ck uktub emedmribck pmfcti`ck pcjc emrmbc

jcfce gckhbc wcbtu dmdmrcpc dufck+‖Nost bitc emeckh smecbik dmscr&pcjc`cf bcfcu ji fucr& duru` emrmbc disc fckhsukh bmrgc+―

Ic emedmri nokto`& Nikc disc

emkh`csifbck scrgckc uktub ifeumbscbtc jck eckcgcemk fmdi` jcri =<<ridu smtcùk& smjckhbck Ikjokmsic dmrbiscr =+<<< smtcùk+ ―Dcyckhbck&dchcieckc you disc fcwck emrmbc?―

Dc`bck& uktub tikhbct pmkjijibckemkmkhc` yckh emeifibi bmc`ficksmpmrti tubckh cir& fmjmkh& tubckh dctu jck bokstrubsi& emkurut ôck`crus emrmbc iepor bcrmkc eikiekyc tmkchc c`fi ji Ikjokmsic+

ôck dmr`crcp chcr dckhsc yckh bcyc jck dmscr iki gckhck gctu` tcpi `crusemkmktubck ecscfc` prioritcs yckh `crus smhmrc jismfmscibck+ Jmeibick guhc uktub hmkmrcsi eujc& ic guhc dmr`crcp chcr pmeujc yckh ikhik

emkgcji pmkhusc`c `crus dmbmrgc bmrcs jck tmbuk emkncpci tuguckkyc ecsikh%ecsikh+ ijcb smbcjcremkhmfu`+

@mkjrib




Iktmhrity& Ncrm& ckj Mxnmffmknm (INM)& itufc` tihc priksip yckh emkgcjibck

]kivmrsitcs Bristmk Ecrckct`c tijcb `ckyc emfufusbck pufu`ck ridu

ec`csiswc smfcec :0 tc`uk tcpi guhc emkniptcbck ec`csiswc yckh sicp

bmrgc& dmrprmstcsi& jck dmreckacct dchi ecsycrcbct+

Jr jr Amfix Bcsie& E+BmsTmbtor ]kivmrsitcs Bristmk Ecrckct`c

\Z^ G]HCC^MZ DCKH^C


BCE\]^




^mdchci pmrhuruck khhi swcstc&

]B Ecrckct`c tmktu guhc

jituktut brmca bcrmkc `crus

eckjiri smncrc kcksicf+ Tmbtor

]B Ecrckct`c Jr jr Amfix Bcsie& E+Bms

emkhctcbck& scct iki socf pmkjckcck

emkgcji isu pmkkh jcfce jukic

pmkjijibck khhi& bùsuskyc \Z^+

^mdcd& jcb smeuc \Z^ ji

Ikjokmsic& yckh guefc`kyc hc

riduck& ecepu emkutupi opmrcsiokcf&

pcjc`cf \Z^ guhc jituktut emkniptcbck

prohrce%prohrce stuji jmkhck fufusck

sicp pcbci+ ]kivmsitcs yckh dmrfobcsi

ji Dckjukh& Gcwc Dcrct& iki `ckyc

smjibit emkjcpct dcktuck pmemriktc`

smìkhhc `crus disc emkhopecfiscsi

josmk jck pmrfmkhbcpck tmbkofohikyc+

^mbcfipuk emkh`cjcpi tcktckhcknubup dmrct& smdchci ukivmrsitcs yckh

sujc` dmrjiri :0 tcùk& ]B Ecrckct`c

dmrbmwcgidck emkymjicbck acsifitcs jck

josmk tmrdcib uktub pcrc ec`csiswc+

Amfix emkgmfcsbck& ji aorue

C\ZÎ (Csosicsi \Z^ Ikjokmsic) socf

pmkjckcck emkhmeubc+

―\Z^ guhc csmt dckhsc jck

smdcibkyc jcb jidmjc%dmjcbck

jmkhck \ZK yckh emkjcpct ckhhcrck

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yckh `cepir ji`cjcpi hc riduck \Z^

ji smfuru` Ikjokmsic+

\mrtcec& dmrboepmsi emkncri

pmkjckcck jcri ìdc`%ìdc` yckh

jidmribck pmemriktc`& smpmr ìdc`pmkmfick jck pmkhcgcrck+ @idc`

tmrsmdut disc guhc jcri Bmemktmrick

Tismt jck Zmbkofohi& FI\I& jck fmedchc%

fmedchc fcikkyc+

Bmjuc& emkhhcfi pmkjckcck jcri pcrc

cfueki+

ûjc` cjc 4= ridu cfueki& jck

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dmrbiprc` ji ecsycrcbct jcfce dmrdchci

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cfueki emrupcbck bm`crusck dchi gcgcrck ukivmrsitcs+

―Crkyc& pmkjckcck itu jcb

`ckyc jcfce dmktub uckh ctcu

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bitc jitmriec dmbmrgc jck cjc guhc

dmdmrcpc cfueki emkymjicbck acsifitcs

fcdorctoriue&― gmfcs Amfix+

Bmhc& emkhhcfckh bmrgc scec

jmkhck pcrc eitrc jcfce bcwcsck

rmhiokcf& kcsiokcf& jck iktmrkcsiokcf&

emkyckhbut dmcsiswc uktub pcrcec`csiswc jck josmk smrtc dmrdchci

proymb pmkmfick+

BCE\]^




Eikie Jubukhck

^mfcec iki& emkyckhbut

pmkmfick& jubukhck pmemriktc`

bmpcjc pmrhuruck khhi ji Ikjokmsic

guhc eikie+

―Itu emeckh smfcfu emkgcji b

fmec` Ikjokmsic scct iki bcrmkc dmhitu

dckycbkyc \Z& jck tmkchc pmkhcgcr&

jck itu dutu` dicyc&― bctc Amfix+

^mdcd fcik yckh emeduct

Ikjokmsic fmec` jcfce rismt cjcfc`

bcrut%ecrut bmdigcbck jck rmhufcsi

yckh jibmfucrbck pmemriktc`& jcfce

`cf iki Jitgmk \mkjijibck Zikhhi+

Amfix emknokto`bck bmdigcbck

yckh emkh`crusbck pcrc josmk

emkufis gurkcf kcsiokcf tcpi jcb

emepmrsicpbck scrckc pmkjubukh

dchi pcrc josmk smìkhhc emrmbc

dmkcr%dmkcr sicp emkhibu pmrcturck

tmrsmdut+

Bmdigcbck itu emkurut Amfix

pmrfu jibcgi bmedcfi+ ‖Eukhbik ji

Gcwc ikarcstrubtur ob & tcpi dchcieckc

jmkhck ji fucr Gcwc?―

^cct iki pcrc josmk guhc jiwcgidbck

ecsub jcfce Fitdckh Bikmrgc Josmk

jck emfcbubck pmkmfick difc ikhik

emkjcpct smrbcsi jck tukgckhck

jcri pmemriktc`+ Ecbc& ecu jcb

ecu& pcrc josmk `crus emfcbubck

pmkmfick+ ^memktcrc pmemriktc`

ecsi` emedmjcbck cktcrc \ZK jck \Z^

jcfce `cf pmedmrick jckc pmkmfick

yckh ̀ ckyc jicfobcsibck uktub \ZK+

Bcrmkc emeckh sujc` emkgcji

niri b`cs ]B Ecrckct`c yckh jcb ikhik

dmrjice jiri emkh`cjcpi tcktckhck&

ukivmrsitcs iki emfcbubck pmkjckcck

pmkmfick iktmrkcf jmkhck dmbmrgcscec

pcjc pmrusc`cck%pmrusc`cck ikjustri+

―^mdmkcrkyc bmikhikck bcei

cjcfc` rmhufcsi yckh gmfcs& jcb

siepckh siur bcrmkc difc pcrc josmk

emkgcji cpcs tmr`cjcp pmrcturck

dmrdc`cyc&― bctc Amfix+

Emkniptcbck Fufusck ]khhufck

]ktub emkniptcbck pcrc scrgckc

dmrbucfitcs khhi& ]B Ecrckct`c

emkhmedckhbck pofc pmedmfcgcrck

mktmrprmkmursìp jcfce smcp prohrce

stuji& bùsuskyc ji acbuftcs mbokoei+

\crc ec`csiswc jijorokh dmrsibcp

brmca jck jidmri pmkhcrc`ck chcr

ecepu emkniptcbck pmfuckh bmrgc

dchi orckh fcik& dubck `ckyc uktub jiri

smkjiri+

Emkurut Amfix+ smcp prohrce

stuji Ecrckct`c smfcfu emkhmjmpckbck

kifci iktmhritcs& bmpmjufick jck

mxnmffmknm dchi pcrc ec`csiswc&

josmk& jck tmkchc kokpmkjijibck+

―Bmukhhufck prohrce bcei cjcfc`

emkhikhikbck pcrc fufusck jcb `ckyc

emeifibi bmecepuck uktub jirikyc

tcpi dchcieckc guhc supcyc ic disc

emeprcbtmbbck ifeukyc emkgcji

pmknmrc` dchi ecsycrcbct+―

Emkhmkci prohrce ukhhufck&

ji acbuftcs bmjobtmrck scct iki cjc

prohrce pmkhmedckhck stuji `mrdcf&fcfu pcjc \rohrce ^tuji \sibofohi cjc

prohrce boksmfikh uktub ckcb%ckcb

dmrbmdutu`ck bùsus+ ^mjckhbck

gurusck tmbkib sipif emeprioritcsbck

pmkhmedckhck stuji tmktckh

trcksportcsi& acbuftcs mbokoei smjckh

emkjorokh pcrc ec`csiswc emkgcji

mktmrprmkmur & acbuftcs smki rupc jck

jmscik emkhcrc` bm jmscik amsymk&

jmscik iktmrior& jck smki eurki+ Cjcpuk

ji acbuftcs ikaorecsi tmbkofohi dmrupc

pmkhuctck ifeu gcrikhck boeputmriscsi

jck smdchcikyc& jck acbuftcs ùbue

tmktckh ùbue ikvmstcsi jck diskis&

ji acbuftcs scstrc smjckh hmkncr

jifcbubck pmrtubcrck ec`csiswc uktub

emepmrbmkcfbck dujcyc Ikjokmsic bm

jukic iktmrkcsiokcf+

^mncrc spmsib& emrmbc guhc

emeifibi \rohrce \usct Dc`csc

Eckjcrik yckh emrupcbck bmrgc

scec mkce \Z^ Ikjokmsic jmkhck




kmhcrc Nikc& cktcrc fcik ]kivmrsitcs

@csckujjik& Zckgukh \urc& ûrcdcyc&

jck Ecrckct`c+ \cjc Ecrmt 4<3>

Ecrckct`c emedubc pcemrck Bormck

Nmktmr ji jcfce bcepus& smdchci

iepfmemktcsi prohrce sistmr nity

cktcrc ̂ uok jck Botc Dckjukh+ Bormck

Nmktmr guhc emfidctbck EN] jck @csie

]kivmrsity+

Amfix emkhcbui& smgcb fiec tcùk

tmrcbìr iki pmrbmedckhck guefc`

ec`csiswc Ecrckct`c emeckh

dmrbmedckh jck dmrcjc jcfce fmvmf

yckh nubup emeucsbck& ycitu smbitcr

34 ridu ec`csiswc yckh tmrjiri jcri

dmrdchci jcmrc` jck chcec+

―Emeckh Ecrckct`c emrupcbck

ukivmrsitcs Bristmk& tmtcpi bmecgmeubck

ec`csiswckyc emrupcbck bmbuctckbcei+ ^cepci scct iki jcb cjc hmgofcb

scec smbcfi& bmìjupck yckh `creokis

jck scfikh emkhisi+ Gcji& emeckh

emkniribck Ikjokmsic eiki&― ugcr Amfix

dckhhc+

Yckh gmfcs& `cepir :< pmrsmk

ec`csiswc Ecrckct`c dmrchcec

Isfce+

Dmrckhbct jcri \mfcyckck \mkjijibck

^mfcik pmkhmedckhck iktmrkcf&

Ecrckct`c guhc emkjorokh ec`csiswc

jck josmk uktub emfcbubck pmfcyckckpmkjijibck bmpcjc ecsycrcbct+

Eovcsi jijiribckkyc ukivmrsitcs iki

cjcfc` pckhhifck juc hmrmgc yckh

dmrsctu uktub emfcycki jcfce dijckh

pmkjijibck& ycitu Hmrmgc Bristmk

\csukjck (HB\) jck Hmrmgc Bristmk

Ikjokmsic (HBI) pcjc 33 ^mptmedmr

391=+ Jck eovcsi itu tmtcp jigchc

scepci smbcrckh+

]B Ecrckct`c smrikh emkh%

cfobcsibck jckc uktub emedcktu ckcb%

ckcb ji jcmrc` tmrkhhcf jck burckhecepu+ Bmeujick emeduct EO]

jmkhck pmemriktc` jcmrc` ji \cpuc&

Gcwc Dcrct& jck ̂ uectmrc ]tcrc+

―Fufusck Ê] jcri sckc bitc

tmriec jck emrmbc emeduct ibctck

jikcs jmkhck jcmrc` cscf emrmbc

supcyc smtmfc` fufus emrmbc disc

bmedcfi emkhcdji ji jcmrc` emrmbc&―

gmfcs Amfix+

Ecrckct`c guhc dmbmrgc scec

jmkhck Kcjfctuf ]fcec uktub emedmri

pmkjijibck dchi pcrc scktri smpmr

emkymjicbck acsifitcs boeputmr ctcuemeacsifitcsi ifeu pmkhmfofcck tmrkcb+

―Gcji bcei jcb `ckyc emedmri

pmkjckcck tcpi guhc emedmri

bmecepuck dmbmrgc jck emkgcji

chmk pmrudc`ck ji fikhbukhck ecsikh%

ecsikh&― pcpcrkyc+

^mfcik bmhictck sosicf tmrsmdut&

Ecrckct`c dmrscec Nipchck

Noorporcok guhc emkhhmfcr rckhbcick

bmhictck jokor jcrc` ji Ecrckct`c pcjc

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jcfce prohrce ―Hmrcbck 3+<<< Fcdu―+

Fcyckck jokor jcrc` emkcrhmtbck

3<< pmkjokor jcri bcfckhck ec`csiswc

Ecrckct`c+ Guefc` ec`csiswc yckh

emkncpci burckh fmdi` 34 ridu orckh

emkgcji poik strctmhis uktub emkhhcmt

BCE\]^




ncfok pcrsipck pmkjokor jcrc`+

Ckieo smrtc rmspoks jcri

pcrc pmkjokor sckhct cktusics

cbck prohrce bmeckusicck iki jck

tmrnctct 3<3 fcdu jcrc` dmr`csif

jibuepufbck pcjc pmfcyckck jokor

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Ecrckct`c+

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Cjc hc ecscfc` utcec

yckh ji`cjcpi pmkjijibck khhi ji

Ikjokmsic scct iki+ \mrtcec& jmkhck

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pmemriktc` emeifibi dmdck tmrsmkjiri

smdchci pmeckhbu bmdigcbck uktub

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bcscr pmkjijibck& uktub pmkjijibck

emkmkhc` scgc jcb emkncpci tcrhmt

yckh jiikhikbck bcrmkc ncpcickkyc

jcb fmdi` jcri fiec pmrsmk+

―Zmktu bcei smdchci dchick

jcri swcstc `crus ibut emkjubukh

prohrce pmrnmpctck pmemriktc`&―

tcedc` Amfix+

Ecscfc` bmhc cjcfc`

bmsmkgckhck bucfitcs fufusck cktcrcwifcyc` Ikjokmsic eur& dcrct jck

tmkhc`+

―Itu disc bitc pc`cei bcrmkc

emeckh pusct%pusct pmedikcck jck

pmeckhbu bmdigcbck fmdi` dckycb ji

jcmrc` Gcwc ctcu Ikjokmsic dchick

dcrct&― ugcr Amfix+

Ic dmr`crcp chcr pmemriktc`

emeduct pofc pmedikcck yckh gmfcs

tmr`cjcp pmkjijibck khhi yckh emrctc

ji smeuc jcmrc`+ ―^cyc birc buknikyc

eujc`& ycitu smeckhct dmrscec cktcrcpmeckhbu bmdigcbck jck pmfcbsckc

bmdigcbck \Z uktub scfikh emkhisi+ Iki

yckh ecsi` pmrfu bitc dmkcì+―

Zmrcbìr cjcfc` pmkjckcck+

Zijcb smeuc ukivmrsitcs swcstc ecepu

emedicyci prohrce%prohrce stuji yckh

fufusckkyc sicp pcbci smìkhhc tmktu

scgc dutu` jubukhck pmemriktc`+

^mpmr ̀ cfkyc \Z^ fcik& Ecrckct`c

guhc `crus emkh`cjcpi tcktckhck

mbstmrkcf& ycitu CAZC 4<3: yckh

emedubc ecsubkyc pmrhuruck khhi

csikh bm Ikjokmsic+ Amfix jcb emfi`ct

`cf tmrsmdut `ckyc smdchci cknceck

tcpi guhc pmfuckh+ Jmkhck cjckyc

ukivmrsitcs csikh ecbc ukivmrsitcs

fobcf disc emedckhuk bmrgcscec

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bmbuctck yckh fmdi` dmscr+ ―\Z csikhpcs emedutu`bck jubukhck jcri

pmrhuruck khhi fobcf& jck emkurut

scyc itu emkgcji pmfuckh dchi

Ecrckct`c yckh sujc` dmrpmkhcfceck

:0 tcùk+―

Fcktcs& sicpc yckh emkgcji

ikspircsikyc smfcec iki? Cjc dmdmrcpc

tobo` yckh jismdutbckkyc jck emeifibi

kifci tmrsmkjiri jcfce pmrgcfckckkyc

smdchci pmeiepik utcec jcfce smduc`

fmedchc pmkjijibck+ ̂ osob utcec yckh

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emkmdcrbck bcsi`+

―Jmkhck bcsi` bitc eujc` ecsub

jcfce dmrdchci `cf& bitc disc dmrjicfoh

jck emedmri `crcpck&― tutur Amfix+

ôsob bmjuc cjcfc` Ec`ctec

Hckjì+ Dchi Amfix& Ec`ctecemkhcgcrbckkyc dc`wc emkgcji

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ôsob bmhc ycitu Bi `cgcr Jmwcktcrc

jmkhck eoto tut wuri `ckjcycki %

kyc+ ―Jck sctu fchi \ckhfiec Dmscr

ômjireck& cpc puk risibokyc jic yckh

ecgu& jic jcb dmrfikjukh ji dcfib

orckh+ Jic tmtcp ji jmpck+―

@MKJTIB




ûedmr 7 bmtcwc+noe

Dicyc \mkhcjifck BcrmkcEmkcepcr Orckh

Eorobo emkibecti ecbck sickh yckh fmzct ji

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bosokh& smpmsmr dutc puk ic guhc tcb pukyc+

Ecbc itu ic dmrtckyc bmpcjc si gurchck rmsto7

―Bctcbckfc` bmpcjcbu& ji tmepct iki& difc

cjc orckh emkcepcr orckh fcik jmkhck sctu

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ueuekyc ic cbck bmkc jmkjc dmrcpc juit?―

―Cbu pibir smjibitkyc = Tudmf#― gcwcd si gurchck

rmsto+

―Bcfcu dmhitu dcibfc`#―& bctc Eorobo fmdi`

fckgut& ―^mbcrckh bceu smhmrc tcepcr jiribu

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Dchcieckc?―

Emedmri Odct \mkmkckh Bmpcjc\csimk yckh Ecu \ufckh

Jobtmr7 ―^mdmktcr fchi bceu butuhcsbck smhmrc

pmrhi emkhikgmbsi odct pmkmkckh bmpcjc pcsimk

Bcecr ><4 yckh cbck bmfucr jcri ruec` scbit `cri

iki+―

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b`cwctir ic meosi jck tcb tc`ck+―

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smorckh ckhhotc J\T dmrtckyc bmpcjc smorckh

pmkgc`ct7 ―Bceu jufu pmrkc` emfcbubck pmrductck

yckh tcb tmrpugi cpc scgc?―

―Cbu tmfc` emkgcedrmt smuktci bcfukh mecs

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yckh tcb smkoko`+―

―Fcfu cpc pufc yckh bceu fcbubck?―

―^cct pmeifi`ck ckhhotc pcrfmemk pcjc 4 tcùk

yckh fcfu& cbu tmfc` emecfsubck surct sucrc uktub

emkjubukh Dcpcb+―



EO@OK JIJCAZCTBCK ̂ MDCHCI \MFCKHHCK

ECGCFC@ IKZZMHTIZC^& ]KZ]B 7

1 MJIÎ T\+ ><<+<<<&%

34 MJIÎ T\+ 1<<+<<<&%

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www+emjiciktmhritcs+noe

NCZCZCK 7

Ectmri ibfck sicp nmtcb jismjicbck ofm` pmecsckh ibfck+ Cpcd

ectmri ibfck jcb tmrsmjic& pmeductck ectmri ibfck jcpct jibmrgcb

ofm` pmkmrdit jmkhck jibmkcbck dicyc tcedc`ck jmscik+

Ecgcfc` IKZMHTIZC^ jinmtcb ticp dufck

smdckycb 3<+<<< (smpufu` ridu) mbsmepfcr&

jijistridusibck bm 7

3+ Fmedchc \memriktc`ck7 \rmsijmk& Xcbif

\rmsijmk& Hudmrkur& Xcfibotc/Dupcti&

Bmemktmrick jck Fmedchc Kmhcrc Kok

\memriktc`

4+ J\T TI& J\J TI& D\B& D\B\& Ec`bcec` Boktitusi&

B\]/J& \ckwcsfu

>+ Ikstitusi ZKI 7

\ckhfiec ZKI& B^CJ& B^CF& B^C]

:+ Bmpofisick TI 7 Bcpofri ! Bcpofjc

=+ Bmgcbscck TI 7 Bmgcbscck Chukh ! Bmgcbscck

Zikhhi

1+ Ec`bcec` Chukh (EC) ! \mkhcjifck Zikhhi

8+ Boeisi \medmrcktcsck Borupsi (B\B)& Boeisi

Yujisicf (BY)& Boeisi Bmpofisick Kcsiokcf&

Boeisi Bmgcbscck&

0+ Csosicsi Cjvobct& \mrdckcs& BCJIK& C\IKJO&

@I\EI& \@TI& Dursc Mamb

9+ Bmjutcck Dmscr Kmhcrc ̂ c`cdct3<+ Zobo Dubu Hrcemjic& Zobo Dubu Hukukh Chukh

A O T E ] F I T D M T F C K H H C K C K

Gckhck Ckjc fmwctbck dmritc pofitib& ùbue ! diskis& jcpctbck

ECGCFC@ IKMHTIC^ jmkhck ncrc dmrfckhhckck+

KCEC/IK^CKÎ 7 ___________________________

MJIÎ 7 ___________________________

CFCEC 7 ___________________________

___________________________

MF\/ACP 7 ___________________________

ZCTIA IBFCK

C+ IBFCK DMTXCTKC / A]FF NOFO]T

3 @cfceck Novmr Dmfcbckh Fucr 5 Tp+ 4=+<<<+<<<

3 @cfceck Novmr Dmfcbckh Jcfce 5 Tp+ 3=+<<<+<<<

3 @cfceck Novmr Jmpck Jcfce 5 Tp+ 4<+<<<+<<<

3 @cfceck Jcfce 5 Tp+ 3<+<<<+<<<

µ @cfceck Jcfce 5 Tp+ 8+=<<+<<<

¶ @cfceck Jcfce 5 Tp+ =+<<<+<<<

D+ IBFCK CJQMTZOTICF

3 @cfceck Jcfce 5 Tp+ 3=+<<<+<<<

4 @cfceck Zmkhhc` 5 Tp+ 4<+<<<+<<<

> @cfceck Zmkhhc` 5 Tp+ 4=+<<<+<<<

µ @cfceck Jcfce 5 Tp+ 8+=<<+<<<

( Dmfue Zmrecsub Fiputck& \mkufisck& Aoto& Jiscik)




Suo Qcjis

Otokoei Jcmrc`\mfcbsckcck otokoei jcmrc` tmktu dmrtuguck eufic& ycbki emkymgc`tmrcbck rcbyct

ecsikh%ecsikh jcmrc`+ ^mfcec iki& pmedckhukck ji jcmrc`%jcmrc` tmrtmktu jcb

dmrgcfck smdchcieckc ji`crcpbck+ Ji`crcpbck jitmrcpbckkyc otokoei jcmrc` jcpct

emepmrnmpct pmedckhukck ji jcmrc`+

Acbtckyc& dmhitu dckycb jcmrc` ̀ csif pmembcrck yckh tmtcp eisbik+ Yckh bcyc ̀ ckyc

pmeiepikkyc+ ̂ mdchcieckc jcfce dckycb dijckh fcik& pmkmrcpck sistme otokoei

jcmrc` emeckh jcb smeufus yckh tmrtufis ji ukjckh%ukjckh+ Zijcb `ckyc hchcf

emkikhbctbck bmsmgc`tmrcck rcbyct& cbidct pmkmrcpck otokoei jcmrc` ji smguefc`

jcmrc` tmrgcji bmrusu`ck yckh emkiedufbck bordck giwc+

\mfcbsckcck pmeifi`ck ueue bmpcfc jcmrc` (hudmrkur& dupc& wcfi botc)& yckh

emrupcbck dchick jcri sistme otokoei jcmrc`& guhc tmfc` emkiedufbck dckycb

bordck giwc& jmkhck bmruhick ectmri yckh guhc jcb tmrìtukh guefc`kyc+

]ktub emkhibu pmeifi`ck hudmrkur& dupc& ctcu wcfi botc& pcrc ncfok `crus

dmrsmjic emrohob bonmb sckhct jcfce+ Emrmbc ̀ crus ecu emkhmfucrbck jckc

ìkhhc pufu`ck eificrck rupic`+ Hcgi smorckh hudmrkur& dupc& ctcu wcfi botc `ckyc

pufu`ck gutc+ Fcktcs& jcb dmrfmdi`ck gibc cjc yckh dmrtckyc& dchcieckc disc orckh

tmrhiur ofm` gcdctck hudmrkur& dupc& wcfi botc ìkhhc dmrcki emkhmfucrbck juit

pufu`ck eificr rupic`?

Bcfcu bmeujick dckycb hudmrkur& dupc& jck wcfibotc yckh tmrsckjukh bcsusborupsi jck biki emrikhbub ji dcfib gmrugi dmsi& disc jipc`cei emkhcpc pcrc ncfok

hudmrkur& dupc& jck wcfi botc dmrcki emepmrtcru`bck juit dmreificr%eificr

(rupic`)‚yckh mktc` jcri eckc cscfkyc itu+

Jcri `csif bcgick jck smguefc` rismt jismdutbck& `cepir 0< pmrsmk jcmrc` `csif

pmembcrck hchcf jcfce pmkhmfofcck smhcfc `cf+ ^mpctutkyc& dmrbcnc jcri

situ& pmemriktc` emkhbcgi bmedcfi pmkmrcpck sistme otokoei jcmrc` smncrc

emkymfuru`+

\memriktc` ̀ crus dmrcki emkhcedif sibcp yckh tmhcs bcrmkc emkyckhbut mbsistmksi

dckhsc jcri smduc` kmhcrc dmscr dmrkcec Ikjokmsic+ Bmtcecbck smhmfikr orckh

jcri dckhsc iki jcb dofm` jidicrbck+ Emkgcjibck bmbucscck uktub emepmrbcyc jirijck bmfucrhc smbcyc%bcyckyc& jmkhck emkhcdcibck kcsid dckhsckyc smkjiri& gmfcs

pmrductck bmgi+

Bitc dmr`crcp& pmtucfckhck orckh%orckh smecnce itu smhmrc ji`mkbck+

^ M F C

@mkjrib Cryckto& ̂ @\meiepik Tmjcbsi


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