eia_indonesien_ammonium.pdf

Head Office: Gedung Sentral Senayan Lt. 4, Jl. Asia Afrika VIII No. 8 Jakarta Selatan

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CONSEPT For Presentation Purposes

submitted to EIA Commission of East Kalimantan Province

Environmental Impact Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

ii

FOREWORD

PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia (KNI) will construct and operate Ammonium Nitrate

Factory located in Industrial Estate of PT. Kaltim Industrial Estate (KIE), Bontang

City, East Kalimantan Province. The factory core production is designed to

produce Ammonium Nitrate in the capacity of 300,000 tones / year AN, that will be

used as commercial explosive raw materials, 90% of which will be marketed in

country. The main raw materials to produce Ammonium nitrate are Ammonia and

Nitric acid. Ammonia will be supplied by PT Pupuk Kaltim, while Nitric acid will be

supplied directly by its producer. The permit construction of Ammonium Nitrate

Factory was issued by the Capital Investment Coordination Body Number

473/III/PMA/2007 dated on 11 April 2007.

Based on the Government Regulation Number 27 Year 1999 Article 4 section (1)

and (2) regarding Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), the petrochemical

industry located in the area that has been equipped by EIA document (in this case

is the “SEL” document of Industrial Estate of PT Pupuk Kaltim) is not compulsory

to carry out the EIA, however, such industry is compulsory to manage

environmental impact and to conserve environmental function and these have to

be declared in Environmental Management Plan (RKL) and Environmental

Monitoring Plan (RPL) documents. The environmental parameters that have to be

managed and monitored are determined based on the significant impact

recommended by Environmental Impact Analysis.

The Environmental Impact Analysis Document of Ammonium Nitrate Factory is

composed by PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia in collaboration with Environmental

Research Centre, Research Institute of Diponegoro University.

I express my sincere gratitude to any other parties who have landed their hands in

arranging this document.

Jakarta, September 2007

PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia, Ir. Antung Pandoyo Managing Director


Chapter I: Introduction I - 1

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND

PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia (KNI) is one of private national company in the field

of explosive raw material, plans to construct and operate Ammonium nitrate

Factory located in the industrial estate of PT. Kaltim Industrial Estate (KIE),

Bontang City, East Kalimantan Province.

The Ammonium nitrate Factory of PT KNI is designed to produce Ammonium

nitrate as a core production in the capacity of 300,000 tones / year AN, which will

be used as commercial explosive raw materials. Ninety percents of the

production will be marketed in country especially to fulfil the needs of blasting

materials used in mining.

The main raw materials in Ammonium nitrate productions are Ammonia and Nitric

acid. Ammonia will be supplied by PT Pupuk Kaltim, while Nitric acid will be

supplied directly by its producer. The permit construction of Ammonium nitrate

Factory was issued by the Capital Investment Coordination Body Number

473/III/PMA/2007 dated on 11 April 2007.

PT KNI as the proponent will arrange Environmental Impact Analysis, in which

environmental management and monitoring recommendations will be

incorporated in the documents of Environmental Management Plans (RKL) and

Environmental Monitoring Plans (RPL). The RKL and RPL documents will be

presented to EIA Commission of East Kalimantan Province to gain living

environmental feasibility brief decision from the Governor of East Kalimantan

Province as the holder competency stated on the Decree of the Ministry of

Environment Number 40 Year 2000, Article 1 section (5).

PT KNI as the national private company located in the industrial estate of PT KIE,

in its activity plans, will apply environmental concept of company policy in order to

comply with the environmental regulations as well as to anticipate any possible

emerging impacts, i.e. by carrying out environmental impact assessment, the

negative impacts that are possibly occurred can be reduced.



1.2. THE AIMS AND THE ADVANTAGES

The arrangement of Environmental Impact Analysis which its recommendations

will be incorporated in the documents of RKL-RPL is aimed:

1. To identify the environmental changes from its initial condition and impact

occurred due to construction and operation activities of Ammonium Nitrate

Factory,

2. To cope and to manage the negative impacts inside and in the surrounding

ambient environment of Ammonium Nitrate Factory,

3. To enhance positive impacts inside and in the surrounding ambient

environment of Ammonium Nitrate Factory,

4. To fulfil the initiator obligatory and responsibility in the field of environmental

management in supporting government economic programme and national

industrial development.

The advantages of Environmental Impact Analysis are:

1. For the Proponent a) To understand and to develop the applied environmental management

resulted from the studies in order to warrant preservation function,

b) To extend Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI technical times,

c) As an environmental management proof tool in the occurring complains

related to activities’ impact of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI.

2. For the Government a) To know the environmental changes occurred in the project site of

Ammonium Nitrate Factory of PT KNI activities and its surrounding,

especially the negative impact caused by the activities,

b) As a consideration in regional and national development decision as well as

policy, especially the environmental management and monitoring in the

surrounding Ammonium Nitrate Factory of PT. KNI.

3. For the community a) To understand the environmental changes that will occur in their area,

especially for those living in impacted area caused by the activities of

Ammonium Nitrate Factory of PT KNI.



b) As a substance of community’s consideration in order to participate in

environmental management and monitoring activities.

1.3. REGULATIONS

1.3.1. BASIC REGULATIONS OF CONDUCTING EIA

Ammonium Nitrate Factory of PT KNI construction plan can cause significant to

the environment. Referring to Article 15 Section (1) and Article 18 Section (1) of

the Statute Number 23 Year 1997 on Environmental Management stated that in

order to get activity permission, every activity plan potentially causing significant

impact to the environment is compulsory to carry out Environmental Impact

Assessment.

Based on Article 2 of Government Regulation Number 27 Year 1999 on

Environmental Impact Assessment, the Environmental Impact Assessment

arranged by the proponent is a part of feasibility studies, which results will be

used as a substance in regional development plan.

The construction of Ammonium Nitrate Factory that is compulsory to be

completed with Environmental Impact Assessment is referring to the criteria

stated on the Appendix (Point 3, Section G of Industry Section) of the Decree of

the State Minister on Environment of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11

Year 2006 on the Types of Effort Plan and/or Activity subjected to be completed

with Environmental Impact Assessment. Stated on the decree that for all

petrochemical upper industry is compulsory to carry out Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA).

Particular scientific reason that petrochemical upper industry is necessity to

conduct the EIA is due to the activity is common in emerging impact. This

because the activity is:

1) Using quite large area,

2) Requiring a large amount of water,

3) Requiring a large amount of energy,

4) Requiring a large number of workers,

5) Potential in generating wastes: gases (SO2 and NOx), dust (SiO2), waste

waters (TSS, BOD, COD, NH4Cl) as well as toxic and hazardous catalyst

wastes.



This environmental impact study arrangement is expected to give advantages to

the surrounding communities, proponent, government and the environment.

Basic considerations used in this EIA Study are:

First, the various aspects of the activity plan and the various environmental

factors thus there must be a guide for activities’ component as well as

environmental components that have to be assessed.

Second, the limiting factors of resources such as time, budget, personnel and

method hence there must be affirmation on how to match the aims and the

expected results in the limited resources without decreasing the quality of the

study.

Third, efficiency factor related to data and information collected for arranging

document purposes so that data and information collection has to be limited on

factors directly related to the study needs.

The parties involved in arranging this Environmental Impact Assessment

document i.e. proponent (PT KNI), industrial estate management (PT KIE),

specific harbour and industrial complex management (PT PKT), responsibility

institutions (Regional Environmental Impact Management Board of East

Kalimantan Province, and Environment Office of Bontang City), communities

living in the surrounding factory site (Guntung and Loktuan villages) and the

document arranger (PPLH UNDIP).

In arranging the document, started from the beginning, experts and affected

communities have been involved; community including NGOs consultation in

Guntung and Loktuan Villages has also been conducted.

The EIA results are beneficial for both decision makers and planners to

determine environmental management/monitoring alternatives. The document

clearly and distinctly reflects environmental concept as indicated through:

1. The accommodation of involved parties’ (stakeholders) aspirations related to

factors which are considered important to be assessed,

2. The existence of analysis and evaluation of alternative activity plans that are

technically, economically, and ecologically reasonable to prevent the

emerging larger negative impacts,



3. Awareness on environmental characteristics potentially changed from their

initial condition, such as the classification of environmental component that

its functions will be prevented, maintained, and preserved; as well as

environmental components that will be fundamentally changed.

4. Understanding on interrelatedness and interdependency in the ecosystem of

Bontang City coastal area.

Following is the document arrangement flow diagram:

Data and information collection on activity plan and the initial condition of the environment

Projection on the change of the initial condition of the environment caused by activity plan

Recommendation for the decision maker, planner and environmental manager:

1) Activity Alternatives 2) Environmental Management Plan 3) Environmental Monitoring Plan

1.3.2. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDIES

1) Environmental Evaluation Study (SEL) of Industrial Complex of PT. Pupuk

Kaltim approved by EIA Commission of Industrial Department through the

Approval Letter Number of 189/SJ/III/1992 dated on 28 March 1992. The

study has been arranged based on the Stipulate Number 4 Year 1982 on

Basic Environmental Management and Government Regulation Number 29

Year 1986 on the EIA.

2) Following the SEL of Industrial Complex of PT. Pupuk Kaltim was the

arrangement of Environmental Management Plan and Environmental

Monitoring Plan documents (RKL – RPL) of Industrial Estate of PT Kaltim

Industrial Estate, approved by the Ministry of Industrial Affair through the

Approval Letter Number of 926/M/10/1993 dated on 20 October 1993.



3) In accordance with the issuing Government Regulation Number 51 Year

1993 on the EIA which has annulled Government Regulation Number 29

Year 1986, the RKL-RPL of Industrial Estate of PT. KIE is used as the bases

in arranging environmental impact assessment documents of the existing

factories’ operation activities as well as the factories that will be located in

the industrial estate of PT. KIE.

4) In accordance with the reformation requirements, environmental regulations

have been renewed by the issuing Stipulate Number 23 Year 1997 on

Environmental Management and the issuing Government Regulation

Number 27 Year 1999 on Environmental Impact Assessment.

5) No clauses, in Stipulate Number 23 Year 1997 on Environmental

Management and Government Regulation Number 27 Year 1999 on EIA,

mention any statements about the annulations of the environmental

documents which the studies have been carried out based on former

regulations (Stipulate Number 4 Year 1982 on Basic Environmental

Management and Government Regulation Number 29 Year 1986 on the EIA

junction Government Regulation Number 51 Year 1993 on EIA), and

therefore the SEL document of Industrial Complex of PT Pupuk Kaltim as

well as RKL-RPL documents of Industrial Estate of PT KIE approved by

Industrial Affair Department’s EIA Commission are still valid.

6) In accordance with reformation requirements, Environmental Regulations

have been synchronized with the Stipulation Number 22 Year 1999 on

Regional Government junction Stipulation Number 32 Year 2004 on Regional

Government. Stated in its clause that a part of the environmental matters is

decentralized to the regional government. Referring to Article 1 section (5) of

Decree of the State Minister of Environment Number 40 Year 2000 on a

Guide of EIA Commission Organization, the environmental documents of

petrochemical upper industry are evaluated in Provincial EIA Commission.

Therefore, the environmental documents of Industrial Estate of PT KIE are

evaluated by EIA Commission of East Kalimantan Province.



7) Referring to Article 4 Section (2) of Government Regulation Number 27 Year

1999 on EIA, the petrochemical industry located in the industrial estate that

has been already equipped by EIA document (in this case the SEL document

of Industrial Complex of PT Pupuk Kaltim) is not subjected to carry out the

EIA, however, it is still compulsory to carry out environmental impact

management and environmental function preservation suitable with industrial

estate RKL-RPL (in this case RKL-RPL which is arranged based on Stipulate

Number 4 Year 1982 on Basic Environmental Management, Government

Regulation Number 29 Year 1986 on EIA and Government Regulation

Number 51 Year 1993 on EIA)

8) Based on Article 15 section (1) and Article 18 Section (1) of Stipulate

Number 27 Year 1999 on EIA, and Appendix 1 (Point 3 Petrochemical upper

industry, Section G of Industry Section) of the Decree of the State Minister

on Environment of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 Year 2006, the

factory activities located in Industrial estate of PT KIE and Industrial Complex

of PT Pupuk Kaltim are categorized as can emerge magnitude and

significant impact. Therefore, the factory activities have to be completed with

environmental management and monitoring in the form of RKL and RPL

documents (not UKL and UPL documents).

9) PT. KNI as the proponent of Ammonium Nitrate Factory construction will

carry out environmental study in which the environmental management and

monitoring recommendation will be incorporated in the documents of

Environmental Management Plan (RKL) and Environmental Monitoring Plan

(RPL) of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI located in the industrial estate of

PT KIE, Bontang City, East Kalimantan Province.

1.3.3. STATUTES AND REGULATIONS RELATED TO ACTIVITY PLAN

Statutes and regulations related to effort plan and/or activities including their

reasoning short explanation are presented on Table 1.1.


Bab I : Pendahuluan I - 8

Table 1.1. Statutes and Regulations Related to the Activity Plan

NO. NUMBER, YEAR ON REASONING OF USE

A. STATUTES

1. Number 5 Year 1960 Basic Regulation of Agrarian Principles Related to land exemption process and law affirmation of land ownership and land use.

2. Number 5 Year 1984 Industrial Affairs Production process activities of Ammonium nitrate factory are industrial sector activities.

3. Number 5 Year 1990 Natural Resources Conservation and Their Ecosystems

Production process and production shipping in the harbour are potential to disturb natural resources and their ecosystems

4. Number 14 Year 1992 Transportation and Street Carriage Parts of materials and equipments’ transportation activities use street transportation mode.

5. Number 21 Year 1992 Shipping Materials, equipments, aiding materials, and the production transportation activities use seawater transportation mode.

6. Number 5 Year 1994 Validation of UNO Convention on Bio Diversity Production process and shipping activity are potential to disturb biodiversity. 7. Number 6 Year 1996 Indonesian Seawaters Part of the activities uses seawater space.

8. Number 23 Year 1997 Environmental Management All activities can emerge magnitude and significant impacts and therefore in order to get activity permit the activities are subjected to carry out the EIA.

9. Number 7 Year 2004 Water Resources Management Production process needs masses of waters taken from surface water and /or ground water.

10. Number 25 Year 2007 Foreign Investment Infestation status of PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia is foreign investment

11. Number 26 Year 2007 Spatial Use Related to the suitability of activity plan location with spatial use.



Table 1.1. Statutes and Regulations Related to the Activity Plan (Continuation)


B. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS

1. Number 27 Year 1980 Digging material management Soil used for factory land preparation is classified as digging material C category.

2. Number 41 Year 1993 Street carriage Part of transportation activities uses street transportation mode.

3. Number 43 Year 1993 Street transportation infrastructure Part of transportation activities uses street transportation mode.

4. Number 7 Year 1999 Biota Species conservation Activities’ plan is potential to disturb endangered biota species. 5. Number 18 Year 1999 Pollution Control and / or Seawater

Destruction Activities plan is potential to cause pollution impact and or seawater destruction.

6. Number 27 Year 1999 Environmental Impact Assessment All the activities can emerge magnitude and significant impact; therefore it is subjected to carry out the EIA.

7. Number 41 Year 1999 Air Pollution Control Digging activity and production process are potential to decrease air quality.

8. Number 82 Year 1999 Shipping Part of the transportation activities uses seawater transportation mode.

9. Number 69 Year 2001 Harbour Affairs Equipment, material, aiding material, and product transportation activities use seawater transportation mode, meanwhile the pier site is located in specific Harbour of PT. Pupuk Kaltim.

10. Number 75 Year 2001 jo Number 32 Year 1969

The conduction of Stipulate Number 11 Year 1967 on Basic Criteria of Mining

Soil digging activity used for factory land preparation is categorized as mining sector activity.

11. Number 82 Year 2001 Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control.

The activities’ impact is potential to decrease water quality.

12. Number 16 Year 2004 Land use Land used for the activity is potential to change original land use.





C. DECREE OF PRESIDENT OF INDONESIA

1. Number 32 Year 1990 Management of conservation area Factory location in industrial estate of PT. KIE is bordered with Kutai National Park. Seashore reclamation activity as factory land preparation is potential to change shore border.

2. Number 46 Year 1986 Validation of International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 and Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973

Equipment, material, aiding material, and product transportation activities use seawater transportation mode, meanwhile the pier site is located in specific Harbour of PT. Pupuk Kaltim.

3. Number 41 Year 1996 Industrial Estate The factory is located in industrial Estate of PT KIE



D. REGULATIONS OF THE STATE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT

1. Number 08 Year 2006 Guide for Environmental Impact Assessment Needed as basic format for document arrangement of environmental assessment, RKL, and RPL.

2. Number 11 Year 2006 Types of Effort Plan and/or Activity subjected to be completed with Environmental Impact Assessment.

Needed as assessment screening base.

E. DECREE OF THE STATE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT

1. Kep-43/MENLH/10/1996 Environmental damage criteria for effort and/or Quarry Activity of C Category Digging Material.

Soil used for factory land preparation is classified as digging material C category.

2. Kep-48/MENLH/11/1996 Noise Standard Factory operation activities are potential to cause noise.

3. Kep-49/MENLH/11/1996 Vibration Standard Factory operation activities are potential to cause vibration. 4. Kep-45/MENLH/10/ 1997 Air Pollution Standard Index Factory operation activities are potential to cause impact on air quality.

5. Kep-13/MENLH/3/1998 Emission Standard of Immobile Source Factory operation activities are potential to cause impact on air quality.

6. Number 40 Year 2000 Guide for EIA Evaluator Commission Order Needed to screen document evaluation competency. 7. Number 112 Year 2003 Domestic wastewaters Standard. Factory operation activities are potential to generate domestic wastes.

8. Number 45 Year 2005 Guide for Monitoring of Conducting RKL and RPL

All activities can emerge magnitude and significant impact and need environment management and monitoring; therefore it needs guide for monitoring of conducting RKL and RPL.



Statutes and Regulations Related to the Activity Plan (Continuation)


F. DECREE OF MINISTER OF TRANPORTATION

1. Number 14 year 2002 Activities and Efforts of Material Loading and Unloading to/from Ship.

Transportation activities of equipment, material, aid substances, and products, use sea transportation mode.

2. Number 55 Year 2000 Specific Harbour Management Transportation activities of equipment, material, aid substances, and products, use sea transportation mode in specific harbour of PT.PKT.

3. Number KP 265 Year 2002 Operation Permit of PT. Pupuk Kaltim to Operate Pier VII of Specific Harbour of Fertilizer Industry.

Transportation activities of equipment, material, aid substances, and products, use sea transportation mode in specific harbour of PT.PKT (especially in Pier VII Tursina).

G. DECREE OF MINISTER OF HEALTH

1. Number 907 Year 2002 Drinking Water Quality Criteria Clean and healthy drinking water availability is community’s need living in the surrounding activity plan location.

H. DECREE OF HEAD OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BOARD

1. Number 056 Year 1994 Guide for Significant Impact Scale All activities can emerge magnitude and significant impact; therefore it needs criteria of significant impact scale.

2. Number 299 Year 1995 Technical Guide for Social Aspect Assessment in EIA Arrangement.

The activity is potential to cause impact on social component; therefore it needs technical guide for social aspect assessment.

3. Number 124 Year 1997 Guide for Community Health Aspect Assessment in EIA Arrangement.

The activity is potential to cause impact on health; therefore it needs technical guide for community health aspect assessment.

4. Number 08 Year 2000 Guide for Community Participation and Open Information in EIA Process

The activity is potential to cause magnitude and significant impact on physic-chemistry, biology and social environment; therefore it needs guide for community participation and open information in relation to community empowering.





I. REGIONAL REGULATIONS OF EAST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE

1. Number 339 Year 1988 Environmental Standard in East Kalimantan Province

Activity Plan is potential to generate waste causing pollution in the environment; therefore it needs environmental standard as a reference.

2. Number 197 Year 1994 Determination of Samarinda Health Laboratory Office (“Balai Lab Kesehatan Samarinda”) and Samarinda Industrial Research and Development Office (“Balai Litbang Industri Samarinda”) as Laboratories for environmental quality analysis in East Kalimantan Province.

Samples are analyzed in “Baristan Indag” laboratory (used to be “Balai Litbang Industri”) Samarinda.

3. Number 26 Year 2002 Wastewater Standard for Industrial Activity and Other Efforts in East Kalimantan Province

The activities are potential to generate wastewaters; therefore it needs basic regulation of East Kalimantan wastewater standard as a reference.

4. Number 40 Year 2002 Guide for Community Complaining and Environmental Cases’ Handling in East Kalimantan Province

The activities are potential to emerge magnitude and significant impact to social component of the environment; therefore it needs guide regulation for community complaining related to environmental pollution.





J. REGIONAL REGULATIONS OF BONTANG CITY

1. Number 15 Year 2001 Changed status from village “Desa” to Village “Kelurahan”, and forming, annulling, village assemblage

Guntung and Loktuan Villages (“Kelurahan”) where the project site is located, the villages’ status used to be “desa”.

2. Number 20 Year 2002 Basic guidelines of Bontang City Regional Development Year 2001-2005

It is expected that the activity can support Basic guidelines of Bontang City Regional Development.

3. Number 21 Year 2002 Bontang City Regional Development Programme Year 2001-2005

It is expected that the activity can support Bontang City Regional Development Programme.

4. Number 22 Year 2002 Strategic Regional Planning of Bontang City Year 2001-2005

It is expected that the activity can support strategic regional planning of Bontang City.

5. Number 3 Year 2003 Spatial planning of Bontang City Area It is expected that the activity is suitable with Bontang City spatial planning.

6. Number 6 Year 2003 Conserved Forest Management of Bontang City

It is expected that the activity can support conserved forest management of Bontang City.

7. Number 7 Year 2003 Mangrove Forest Management of Bontang City

It is expected that the activity can support mangrove forest management of Bontang City.



Figure 1.1. Map of Bontang City


Chapter II : Method of Study II - 1

CHAPTER II METHOD OF STUDY

2.1. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSES

Data collection and analyses of environmental component diversity are carried

out for:

a. Assessing, observing, and determining initial condition of the environment

which is predicted will be affected by magnitude and significant impact of

activity plan;

b. Assessing and observing activity plan component which is predicted will be

impacted by its surrounding environment;

c. Predicting environmental quality which is affected by activity plan based on

data calculation of environmental initial condition parameter.

Data are collected from activity plan site including several locations in the

surrounding site that are predicted to be impacted. Through these collecting data,

environmental initial condition that is predicted will be impacted, can be observed;

therefore impact magnitude in the study area can be calculated.

Primary data collection conducted in the beginning of study, is used for the

environmental initial condition arrangement, and served as basic data for impact

prediction and evaluation purposes. Primary data are collected in situ.

Determination of sampling sites is based on project site location and impact

dispersion, along with study area border and laboratory analyses purposes for

air, water, soil and noise. Land morphology and erosion indication data are

collected through visual inventory.



2.1.1. GEO-PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY COMPONENT

Several environmental component and parameter of geo-physics-chemistry

components are presented on Table 2.1.

Table 2.1. Several Geo-physics-chemistry Components Being Studied

No. Environmental Component Parameter Type of Data

1. Climate 1. Rain fall 2. Air temperature 3. Humidity 4. Wind (direction and velocity)

Secondary

2. Air quality

1. SO2 2. NO2 3. Total dust particle (TSP) 4. CO 5. Hydrocarbon

Primary and secondary

3. Noise Noise level Primary and secondary

Physiographic 1. Slope 2. Height differences 3. Land use


1. Stone type 2. Position and dispersion 3. Stone physical characteristics

Secondary

1. Fault 2. Joint 3. Fold

Secondary

4.

Geology structure

Sliding Secondary

5. Water quality

1. Temperature 2. TSS 3. DO 4. BOD 5. Free Chlorine 6. Bounded Chlorine 7. Grease 8. Heavy metal


6. Oceanography 1. Tidal rise and fall 2. Stream (direction and velocity) 3. Waves 4. Depth


7. Space and Land Spatial planning Secondary



2.1.1.1. Climate

Observed climate data including rain fall, temperature and air humidity, are

gained from the closest meteorology station or from PT Pupuk Kaltim

Observatory Station in the form of secondary data. Such data are taken from

the period of minimum 10-year-rain fall.

Climate component data then are selected and grouped statistically and

presented in tabulation or graphic figure, in order climate pattern in the study

area easier to determine. Data are calculated as maximum and minimum

averages.

a) Climate Type

Local climate type is determined based on climate classification of Schmidt

and Fergusson by comparing the mean of dry months to the mean of wet

months known as Q (Quotient) value:

Q = K x 100% B

Explanation: K = mean of dry months, i.e. rainfall < 60 mm. B = mean of wet months, i.e. rainfall > 100 mm.

b) Air Temperature

Air temperature data are collected from the closest meteorology station,

and also measured directly in several locations.

c) Rain Fall Rain fall indicates the amount of rain in certain area which is measured in

millimeter unit. Rain fall data are collected from the closest meteorology

station.

d) Humidity Humidity data are collected as secondary data. Direct measurement is

also conducted by using circular pycrometer along with dry and wet ball

thermometers. Air humidity is defined as relative humidity, derives from

Clausius-Clapeyron equation.



Table 2.2. Scale Criteria of Climate Quality

Value and range *) Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 Number of dry months 1 1-2 2-4 4-6 >6 Number of wet months >6 4-6 2-4 1-2 0 Rainfall type A A-B B-C C-D D Air temperature (0C) >35 / <5 30-35 / 5-10 27-30/ 10-15 15-20 20 – 27 Rainfall (mm/year) >3000 2000 – 3000 1000 – 2000 500 – 1000 <500 Humidity (%) <40 / >100 41-45/ 85-99 46-50/80-84 51-55/75-79 56 – 74

Source: Chafid Fandeli, 1995 *) Value criteria: 1=very bad; 2=bad; 3=satisfactory; 4=good; 5=very good

2.1.1.2. Air Quality

Air pollution is defined as the occurring contaminants in certain concentration

and specific time in open space; thus it can disturb or potential to harm human

health/life, organism, and plants, including abiotic material and can affect

human convenient. Pollution materials are emitted from their sources to the

air, and distributed in the atmosphere through dispersion, diffusion, chemical

transformation and complex dilution processes. Pollution materials, as they

are influenced by atmospheric movement and dynamics, can be transported

from their original sites to other areas along with wind direction and velocity.

Observing ambient air quality parameters are referred to Decree of Governor

of East Kalimantan on Ambient Air Standard in East Kalimantan Province.

Parameters analyzed include Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2),

Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon/methane (CH4) and Total Dust Particle

(TSP). Air samples are taken by Multiple Impingers. Dust particles (TSP) are

collected by Dust Sampler or Hi-Volt.

Ambient air quality measured in several locations is presented on Table 2.3.

Sampling locations are determined based on impact sources, wind direction

and velocity, as well as community settlement.



Table 2.3. Sampling Location of Air Quality

Sampling Location Position Location

code Land using longitude Latitude

Reason of Choosing Location

U-1 Loktuan Settlement 553337 19242 Represent Settlement U-2 Camp Tursina Settlement 553240 19398 Represent Settlement U-3 Industrial Estate 553817 19410 Represent Industrial estate U-4 Project Site 553960 19461 Represent Project site

Air quality data are analyzed by comparing their laboratory results to

ambient air standard recommended by East Kalimantan Governor as

mentioned in its decree. Data collection, sample analyses, and air quality

standard are presented on Table 2.4.

Table 2.4. Collecting Method and Sample Analyses of Air Quality

No. Environmental Parameter Standard Used Equipment Sampling

time Sample analyses

method References

1. SO2 365 μgr/Nm3 Gas Sampler 24 hours Pararosanilin 2. NO2 150 μgr/Nm3 Gas Sampler 24 hours Saltzman 3. CO 15.000 μgr/m3 NDIR Analyzer a moment NDIR 4. Dust particle 230 μgr/m3 High volume sampler 24 hours Gravimetric 5. Hydrocarbon HC Analyzer 24 hours

Decree of East Kalimantan Governor

2.1.1.3. Noise

Noise is unwanted sound coming from an activity or effort in certain level and

time which can disturb human health and the environment. Noise can disturb

conversation, convenience, and hearing ability. Noise besides can risk human

health and the environment, it can also risk other organisms including

livestock, wild animals, and natural system.

All human gadgets are potential to cause noise. To human, noise can cause

acoustic trauma, permanent increasing hearing level as well as short memory

disturbance, emotion, conversation, and sleeping annoyance. Noise level that

physically and psychologically hazards, is in the intensity of > 100 dBA.

Noise main source in Ammonium nitrate factory, is coming from heavy duty

equipment operation that can impact project site environment and its

surroundings. Noise is directly measured in the location using Sound Level

Meter. Determination of measuring location is based on impact sources, wind

direction and velocity, as well as community settlement.



Table 2.5. Sampling Location of Noise


Code Land Using Longitude Altitude Reason of Choosing Location

B-1 Project site 553960 19461 Represent project site B-2 Loktuan settlement 553337 19242 Represent settlement B-3 Camp Tursina settlement 553240 19398 Represent settlement B-4 Industrial estate 553817 19410 Represent industrial estate B-5 Quarry site 552793 19504 Represent Quarry

Noise level is calculated through noise level equivalency model that is the

mean of pressure level in particular time period. Mathematic model is

presented in the following equation:

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛= ∑

=

n

i

L

iek

i

fL1

1010.log10 dBA

Explanation: Lek = Equivalent noise level (dBA) fi = Faction of noise level occurring in particular time interval Li = Median of noise levels in particular time interval (dBA)

Day and night settlement noise level is calculated through noise level

equivalency model. Noise is measured in the period of 24 hours, i.e. night

interval (22.00 – 06.00) and day interval (06.00 – 22.00). Mathematic model is

presented in the following equation:

( ) ⎥⎦⎤

⎢⎣⎡ += ∑ ∑= =

+16

1

8

1

10)10)((

10)(

1010241log10

i j

jLiL

ek

ekek

L dBA

Explanation: Lsm = Day and night noise level (dBA) Lek = Equivalent noise level (dBA)

Mapping of noise level in this environmental impact study is done by two

measuring methods, i.e. noise level measurement for environmental

evaluation purposes is done by calculating LSM value, and mean of noise level

measurement for factory area purposes is done by calculating Lek value.

Noise level measurement for environmental purposes is prepared simply,

using sound level meter, and then referred to KEP-48/MENLH/11/1996. Sound

pressure level dB(A) is measured in 5 minutes for each measurement, and

reading time in 5 seconds.



Measuring time is done in the period of 24 hours (LSM). Day time is measured

in 16 hours (LS) from 06.00 to 22.00 in peak activities, while night activities is

measured in 8 hours (LM) from 22.00 to 06.00. Each measurement is

representing particular period times as follows:

• L1 represents times of 06.00 – 09.00 WIB • L2 represents times of 09.00 – 14.00 WIB • L3 represents times of 14.00 – 17.00 WIB • L4 represents times of 17.00 – 22.00 WIB • L5 represents times of 22.00 – 24.00 WIB • L6 represents times of 24.00 – 03.00 WIB • L7 represents times of 03.00 – 06.00 WIB

Results of noise level measurements are compared to environmental noise

standard stated in decree of Kep-48/MENLH/11/1996. According to the

decree, settlement area noise level standard is 55 dB, while industrial area is

70 dB.

2.1.1.4. Physiography and Geology

Physiography is defined as a knowledge that study on genesis and evolution

of land form including not only earth surface and geology but also climate,

meteorology and oceanography, as well as general natural phenomena

(Natural Resources Survey, Bakosurtanal, 1999).

Physiography study in EIA is aimed to observe land condition regionally and

then directing to the study area to observe its terrain.

Land is earth surface area, and characterized as relatively stable. This area is

a part or a complement of biosphere, in which includes starting from

atmosphere, geomorphology, soil and geology, hydrology, flora and fauna

population, and human activity results from the ancient up to now, until to the

border of where such complement has significant influences on recently and

future land use (FAO, 1976).

Terrain is earth surface area which is related to physical characteristics of

complex surface and near surface, and is important to human (Zuidam, 1979).

Physiography data are using secondary information referred to van Bemmelen

(1948).



Geology is a study of planet of the earth especially on its material

components, process and process results, history, and living forms starting

from the beginning of the earth formation (Bates and Jackson, 1987).

• Materials composing the earth body are: mineral, rocks, soil,

• Natural process occurred in the earth,

Exogenic: rock decay, erosion, sedimentation and mass movement,

Endogenic: diastrophism, epeirogenesis, orogenesis, volcanism.

• Process result: terrain form, soil, secondary mineral, geology structure,

sliding, flooding, tsunami, earth quake.

Environmental geology is knowledge and geology principle applications in

environmental problems caused by anthropogenic activities and in physical

environment exploited by human (Bates and Jackson, 1987).

Condition/characteristic of environmental geology source can be a support or

can be a hindrance/limitation to the activities.

Physiography and geology primary data are collected through survey and

mapping methods, while samples collection for laboratory analyses purposes

is taken based on environmental geology unit representative. Secondary data

are taken from former studies’ results. Samples’ numbers and sampling

location determination are presented on Table 2.6.

Table 2.6. Soil Sample Numbers and Sampling Location


Code Land using Longitude Latitude

Reason of Choosing Location

T-1 Project Site 553960 19461 Represent project site location T-2 Quarry 552793 19504 Represent quarry location T-3 Quarry 553240 19398 Represent quarry location

Observed parameter data are analyzed using description and matching

methods.

1) Description method

Description method is using aggressive description analyses aimed to

definitely figure out the environmental geology characteristic in order to

evaluate geology parameter correctly.



1) Matching method

Matching method is the evaluation of environmental geology parameters

by comparing them to the related reference suitable with the activity of

ammonium nitrate factory construction.

Table 2.7. Environmental Quality Scale of Terrain Form

CRITERIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

TERRAIN FORM SLOPE (%)

HEIGHT DIFFERENCES

(m) CLASSIFICATION VALUE

Flat-almost flat form topography 0 – 4 < 5 Very good 5

Wavy topography with slightly slope 4 – 6 5 – 50 Good 4

Wavy topography with steeply slope 6 – 8 12 – 75 Moderate 3

Hilly topography with moderate slope 8 – 10 50 – 200 Bad 2

Depth/strength eroded mountain topography with steeply-very steeply slope

> 10 > 200 Very bad 1

Source: Van Zuidam and Cancellado (1979), modified from “Bina Marga” (1992)

Table 2.8. Environmental Quality Scale for Soil

Environmental Quality (Stability) USCS Equality AASHTO Classification

Classification Value

GW.GP:SW.SP.GM.SM:SP A-1-a; A-1-b: A-3 Very good 5

GM.SM:GCSC:GM.GC.SM.SC A-2-4: A-2-5: A-2-6: A-2-7 Good 4

ML.OL:OH.MH.ML.OL A-4: A-5 Moderate 3

CL:OH.MH:CH.CL A-6: A-7; A-7-6 Bad 2

Pt A-8 Very bad 1 Source: modified from Hardiyatmo (2002).

Table 2.9.

Permeability Classification (ground water)

k (cm / sec) Criteria Classification Value

>0,1 Very rapid Very good 5

0,01 – 0,1 Rapid Good 4

0,0001 – 0,01 Moderate Moderate 3

0,00001 – 0,0001 Slow Bad 2

0,00000001 – 0,00001 Very slow Very bad 1



Table 2.10. Environmental Quality Scale for Rock

Criteria Environmental Quality Type Physical Characteristics Classification Value

Alluvial Very good 5

Massive andesite Good 4

Tuff sand rock Calcarenite Reef Limestone Breccias

Moderate 3

Napalm Bad 2

Alteration massive Andesite igneous rock Marsh/ silt sedimentation

Analyzing on : - Hardness - Mineral composition - Texture - Structure

Very bad 1

Table 2.11.

Geology Data Collection and Analyses Methods

No. Parameter Data Collection Method

Data Analyses Method Explanation References

1 Land Form

Direct measurement using geology compass and earth form mapping analyses

Description and matching

Known based on percentage slope variable and height difference

- Zuidam and Zuidam-Cancelado classification (1979)

- Bina Marga (1992)

2 Soil Observation and hand drilling, using mineral soil driller and marsh driller.

Description and classification

Measured parameter figures soil characters in supporting load/mass based on granule size measurement, melting limits and plasticity index

USCS classification (United Soil Classification System dan AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and transportation Officials Classification) (Hardiyatmo, 2002)

Rock unit Survey and mapping Description and matching

Measured parameters used in terrain stability analyses

- Geology map - Petrology by Russel

B.Travis 1995

4 Geology structure

Survey and mapping Secondary data

Description and matching

Measured parameters used in terrain stability analyses

- Geology map - The Techniques of

Modern Structural Geology J.g Ramsay & MJ Huber, 1987



Following Table is presented the geology parameters used as references to

evaluate environmental quality scales for Ammonium nitrate factory activity

plan.

Table 2.12. Environmental Quality Scale for Joint

Environmental Quality CRITERIA Classification Value Free Very good 5

Vertically joint (900) – 450 slope Good 4

Plannar joint 450 against slope Moderate 3

Small joint Bad 2

Joint parallel to slope Very bad 1

Table 2.13. Environmental Quality Scale of Terrain Stability (Sliding/Subsidence)

Environmental Quality Criteria Classification Value Very stable without any harms of soil mass and rock movement Very good 5

Soil mass movement with a little affection to the road Good 4

Soil mass and rock movements with moderate risk to the road Moderate 3

Soil mass and rock movements with high risk to the road Bad 2

Very affection causing road fracture due to mass movement Very bad 1

Source: Terzaghi and Peck, 1967, with modification

2.1.1.5. Water Quality

Water quality standard is referred to Decree of East Kalimantan Governor on

Water Standard in East Kalimantan, Government Regulation Number 82 Year

2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control in the section

of Class II Water Quality Criteria for River and Swamp. Spring water quality is

referred to Decree of Minister of Health Number Kep.416/MENKES/Per/1990

on clean water quality for spring water. Water samples are taken by water

sampler, and analyzed in laboratory. Data from laboratory results are analyzed

by comparing them to environmental water quality standard. Water sampling

method and analyze are presented on Table 2.14.



Table 2.14. Analyses Method of Fresh Water Samples

No. Parameter Unit Standard Water Sample Analyses Method Equipment Physical 1 Colour PtCo - Colorimetric Spectrophotometer 2 Smell - - Organoleptic - 3 Turbidity NTU 30 Turbidimetric Turbid meter 4 TSS mg/l 80 Gravimetric Scale 5 Temperature 0C 20 Expansion Thermometer Chemistry 1 pH - 5,0 – 9,0 Potentiometric ph meter 2 Salinity 0/00 10 alami Salinometer 3 DO mg/l 4 Titrimetric, potentiometric Burette, DO meter 4 BOD mg/l 45 Titrimetric, potentiometric Burette, DO meter 5 COD mg/l 80 Titrimetric, potentiometric Burette, DO meter 6 NH3N mg/l 0,3 Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometer 7 NO2N mg/l Nihil Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometer 8 CN mg/l 0,2 Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometer 9 H2S mg/l 0,003 Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometer 10 Hg mg/l 0,005 Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometry AAS

11 Cr+6 mg/l 0,05 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

AAS

12 As mg/l 0,01 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

AAS

13 Cd mg/l 0,01 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

AAS

14 Cu mg/l 0,05 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

AAS

15 Pb mg/l 0,075 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

AAS

16 Zn mg/l 0,1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

AAS

17 Nitrogen mg/l 0,1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

AAS

18 Minyak mg/l 5 Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometer 19 Penol mg/l 0,002 Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometer

Source: Standard Methods for The Examination of Water and Wastes Water, APHA, 20th Edition, 2000. PP. No. 82 Year 2001; Kep.Men.LH No.02/MENKLH//1998

Seawater and fresh water sampling locations are next to chilling water intake

and outlet, seawater in the surrounding jetty and pier, brackish water fish

pond, and community’s well (if any). Seawater parameters are presented on

Table 2.15.



Table 2.15. Analyses Method of Seawater Sample

Parameter Unit Method Equipment

Temperature 0C Expansion Thermometer pH Potentiometry pHmeter Salinity o/oo Titrimetry Burette DO mg/l Titrimetry Burette BOD5 mg/l Titrimetry Burette Sulfide (H2S) mg/l Titrimetry Burette Free chorine mg/l Titrimetry Burette Bounded chlorine mg/l Titrimetry Burette Free Ammoniac (NH3-N) mg/l Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometer Phenol substance mg/l Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometer Surfactant/Detergent mg/l Colorimetric Colorimeter Grease and oil mg/l Spectrophotometer Spectrophotometer Mercury (Hg) µg/l Atomization AAS Cadmium (Cd) mg/l Atomization AAS Chromium Hexavalent (Cr) mg/l Atomization AAS Lead (Pb) mg/l Atomization AAS Zinc (Zn) mg/l Atomization AAS Copper (Cu) mg/l Atomization AAS Nickel (Ni) mg/l Atomization AAS Arsenic (As) mg/l Atomization AAS

Standard referred to KepMen LH No 51 Year 2004 Special for Harbour sweater standard.

Spring water quality impacted by project activity, is also measured, followed by

water quality classification and criteria based on Decree of Minister of Health

Number Kep-416/MENKES/Per/1990 on Clean Water Requirement.

Table 2.16. Sampling Location of Seawater


Code Allocation Longitude Latitude

Reason location determination

A-1 Seawater body In let 554070 19168 Seawater quality A-2 PDAM 552411 20103 Drinking water quality A-3 Seawater body Pier Tursina 554097 19321 Seawater quality A-4 Seawater body Out Let 554093 19519 Seawater quality A-5 Domestic Drainage 553960 19745 Brackish water quality

A-6 Project site water 553988 19487 Water quality around project site/greenbelt



Table 2.16. Classification and Criteria of Spring waters

Value and Range *) No. Parameter Unit 1 2 3 4 5 A. PHYSIC

1 Colour PtCo > 50 37,6-50 25,1-37,5 12,6-25 0-12,5 2 Turbidity NTU >25 18,76-25 12,51-18,75 6,26-12,5 0-6,25 3 Total suspended

solig mg/l 1500 1126-1500 751-1125 376-750 0-375

B. CHEMISTRY a. An-organic Chemical 1 Iron (Fe) mg/l > 1 0,76-1 0,51-0,75 0,26-0,5 0-0,25 2 Cadmium (Cd) 251mg/l > 0,005 0,00376-0,005 0,00251-0,00375 0,00126-0,0025 0-0,00125

3 Total hardness (CaCO3)

mg/l > 500 376-500 251-375 126-250 0-125

4 Chloride(Cl) mg/l > 600 451-600 301-450 151-300 0-150

5 Chromium Valence 6 (Cr+6)

mg/l > 0,05 0,0376-0,05 0,0251-0,0375 0,0126-0,025 0-0,0125

6 Manganese (Mn)

mg/l > 0,5 0,376-0,5 0,251-0,375 0,126-0,25 0-0,125

7 Nitrate as N (NO3)

mg/l > 10 7,6-10 5,1-7,5 2,6-5 0-2,5

8 Nitrite as N (NO2)

mg/l > 1 0,76-1 0,51-0,75 0,26-0,5 0-025

9 pH mg/l < 3,5; >11,5

3,5-4,5; 10,5-11,5 4,5-5; 9,5-10,5 5,5-6,5; 8,5-9,5 6,5-8,5

10 Zinc (Zn) mg/l > 15 11,26-15 7,6-11,25 3,76-7,50 0-3,75 11 Sulfate mg/l > 400 301-400 201-300 101-200 0-100 12 Lead (Pb) mg/l > 0,05 0,0376-0,05 0,0251-0,0375 0,0126-0,025 0-0,0125 b. Organic

Chemical

1 Phenol total mg/l > 0,02 0,016-0,02 0,011-0,015 0,006-0,01 0-0,005

2 Organic substance

mg/l > 10 7,6-10 5,1-7,5 2,6-5 0-2,5

C. Microbiology 1 Feces Coli form Numbers/

100 ml > 10 7,6-10 5,1-7,5 2,6-5 0-2,5

2 Coli form total Numbers/100 ml > 50 37,6-50 25,1-37,5 12,6-25 0-12,5

Clarification : Value with criterion 1 =very bad; 2=bad; 3=moderate; 4=good; 5=very good *) Kep.416/MENKES/PER/1990 on Drinking Water Requirement


Chapter II: Method of Study II - 15

2.1.1.6. Oceanography

Primary and secondary data are collected in oceanography assessment. Following

are secondary data related to oceanography survey:

1. Wind data collected from BMG and PT.Pupuk Kaltim

2. National Sea Environment Map from Bakosurtanal

3. Data and maps from other related institutions.

Primary data measured directly in the field, include temperature, DO, pH, salinity,

turbidity, clearness, and stream; while tidal rise and fall, wave, wind, and

bathymetry use secondary data.

Wind secondary data are gained from PT Pupuk Kaltim, grouped that are based on

wind direction and wind velocity scale, followed by processing data in the form of

wind rose diagram, and presented monthly, seasonally, and yearly. Seasonal wind

is grouped based on Indonesian monsoon.

Table 2.18. Environmental Quality Scale for Abrasion/Erosion Parameter

Explanation Score Clarification Shore abrasion/erosion occurring >9 months in 1 year 1 Very bad Shore abrasion/erosion occurring >6-9 months in 1 year 2 Bad Shore abrasion/erosion occurring >3-6 months in 1 year 3 Moderate Shore abrasion/erosion occurring >1-3 months in 1 year 4 Good No shore abrasion/erosion occurring or occurring <I month in 1 year

5 Very good

Table 2.19. Environmental Quality Scale for Accretion/Sedimentation

Explanation Score Clarification Occurring shore accretion, or occurring blockage in the estuary >9 months in 1 year

1 Very bad

Occurring shore accretion, or occurring blockage in the estuary >6-9 months in 1 year

2 Bad


3 Moderate


4 Good

No accretion, or occurring shore accretion/blockage in the estuary <1 month in 1 year

5 Very good



Table 2.20. Environmental Quality Scale for Sediment Transportation/Stream Parameter

Explanation Score Clarification Occurring obstacle sediment transportation/shore stream >9 months in 1 year

1 Very bad

Occurring obstacle sediment transportation/shore stream >6-9 months in 1 year

2 Bad


3 Moderate


4 Good

No obstacle or occurring obstacle sediment transportation/shore stream <1 month in 1 year

5 Very good

Table 2.21.

Environmental Quality Scale for flooding Time Parameter

Explanation Score Clarification Occurring shore flooding >9 hours per day 1 Very bad Occurring shore flooding >6-9 hours per day 2 Bad Occurring shore flooding >3-6 hours per day 3 Moderate Occurring shore flooding >0-3 hours per day 4 Good No flooding 5 Very good

Table 2.22.

Environmental Quality Scale for Flooding Area Parameter

Explanation Score Clarification Increasing flooding area >50% 1 Very bad Increasing flooding area >0-50% 2 Bad Constant flooding area 3 Moderate Decreasing flooding area >0-50% 4 Good Decreasing flooding area >50% 5 Very good

Table 2.23. Environmental Quality Scale for Tidal Rise and Fall Reach Parameter

Explanation Score Clarification Decreasing tidal reach to brackish water fish pond >50% 1 Very bad Decreasing tidal reach to brackish water fish pond >0-50% 2 Bad Constant tidal reach to brackish water fish pond 3 Moderate Increasing tidal reach to brackish water fish pond >0-50% 4 Good Increasing tidal reach to brackish water fish pond >50% 5 Very good



Table 2.24. Environmental Quality Scale for Changing in Shore Border Parameter

Explanation Score Clarification Increasing shoreline stick out into the sea >10% 1 Very bad Increasing shoreline stick out into to the sea 0-10% 2 Bad Constant shoreline 3 Moderate Increasing shoreline but no in parallel/lower then the shore 4 Good Increasing shore line and parallel with the shore 5 Very good

2.1.1.7. Space and Land

Two approaches used in this spatial planning assessment, i.e.:

1) Secondary data assessment

The main activity in secondary data assessment is maps collection, which are

consisting of spatial planning in the study area. In this method, the existing

spatial planning and its policy development in the study area are assessed.

2) Field observation

In this observation, spatial planning pattern collected from secondary data is

assessed.

Map of earth form in the scale of 1:25.000 (obtained from secondary data) is

analyzed and checked in the field using cartography method.

3) Secondary data assessment

The main activity in secondary data assessment is maps collection, which are

consisting of spatial planning in the study area. In this method, the existing

spatial planning and its policy development in the study area are assessed.

4) Field observation

In this observation, spatial planning pattern collected from secondary data is

assessed.



Table 2.25. Environmental Quality Scale for Land Use Planning

No. Environmental Quality Scale

Percentage of Non Productive Land

Percentage of Developed Land

1 Very bad > 20% > 90% 2 Bad 15% - 20% 70% - 90% 3 Moderate 10% - 15% 50% -70% 4 Good 5% - 10% 30% - 50% 5 Very good < 5% < 30%

2.1.2. BIOLOGY

2.1.2.1. Flora

a. Data Collection Method Flora data are collected through the observation in quarry location and project

site reclamation area. Observation result is ecosystem type or main vegetation

that represents such ecosystem type.

b. Data Analyses Method In each observed flora location, significant value is obtained from totalling

relative frequency, relative dominancy, and relative density. Following is the

calculation of relative frequency, relative dominancy, and relative density.

Frequency =edbeingsamplplottotalofAmount

speciesrepresentofplotTotal

Density = areaSampling

individualTotal

Dominancy = plotsamplingofwidthTotal

speciesoneofamountindividualfromeringcanopyTotal cov

Relative frequency = speciesallofFrequencyspeciesoneofFrequency

x 100%

Relative density = speciesallofDensityspeciesoneofDensity

x 100%

Relative dominancy = speciesallofancyDospeciesoneofancyDo

minmin

x 100%

Significant Value (NP) = Relative Frequency + Relative Density + Relative Dominancy



Rare and law protected flora (endangered flora) is analyzed by observing it in

the study area and followed by checking it with flora inventory protected by

Indonesian Law.

Flora diversity is valued by terrestrial flora environmental quality scale

presented on Table 2.25.

Table 2.25. Environmental Quality Scale of Terrestrial Flora

Value or Range of Value Environmental Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 Median of covering/grass flora density (indiv/m2) [ 20 21-50 51-100 101-200 > 200

Median of plant Flora density (indiv/100m2) [ 5

5-10

11-15 16-20 > 20

Diversity index (H’/station) H’[1.5 1.5< H’ <3.0 3.0<H’<4.0 4.0<H’<4.6 H’>4.6

Species Dominancy Index (d/sttn) 0.81-1.0 0.61-0.80 0.41-0.60 0.21-0.40 <0.01-0.20

Occurring of Economical Flora (species/sttn) 1-2 3-5 6-10 11-15 >15

Range of value clarification: 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good Source: Soerjani, 1989 in Probosunu, 2000 with modification.

2.1.2.2. Terrestrial Fauna Terrestrial fauna in the project site is determined through the following approaches

which are applied suitable with the field condition. Fauna diversity is valued by

terrestrial fauna environmental quality scale presented on Table 2.26.

Table 2.26. Environmental Quality Scale of Terrestrial Fauna (Vertebrate)

Value or Range of Value Environmental Parameter 1 2 3 4 5

Occurring of wild Vertebrate (species)

0 1 2 3 4

Median of Wild Vertebrate Density (indiv/species/area)

0

1 - <2

2 - <3

3 - <4

≥4

Occurring of Economical Vertebrate (species)

1 2 3 4 >4

Wild or Economical Vertebrate Distribution (indiv/area)

Not occurred

Very rare, very uneven

Rare, uneven Sufficient, evenly enough

Plenty and even

Source: Various References with Modification (Afiati, 2005) Range of value clarification: 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good



a) Species Inventory Method Direct method

• observation

• taking pictures, making sketches

Indirect method

• using animal track/nests/feather/faeces

• hearing sound

b) Population Determination Direct census

• Calculating total density in animal base, and in animal drinking site (avifauna)

• Taking pictures and calculating from photos

• Chasing and calculating groups accurately

Indirect census

• Capture-recapture Methods

• Predicting from track, faeces, woof leftovers

• Calculating nest and or egg/offspring numbers

• Hearing, looking direction, determining sound (direct or recorded)

• Identifying fallen feather

• Questionnaire and interviewing local community, breeder

c) Data analyses method Species abundance descriptive analyses

2.1.2.3. Water biota Water biota sample collection includes bacteria, plankton, macro benthos, and

nekton (fish). The samples usually cannot be analyzed directly; therefore samples

must be preserved to prevent specimen destruction. Sample preservation (except

bacteria) is commonly using ethanol 95% which is poured into sample liquid until

ethanol concentration ± 70%; the concentration is enough for preservation and

permanent colouring. Plankton sample is preserved by using lugol, MAF (methanol-

acetic acid-formalin), or 6-3-1 preservative (6 part water: 3 part ethanol 95%; 1 part

formalin). However, lugol or formalin which is naturally acid, can solve

Coccolithopora shell occurring abundantly in the estuary and seawaters. Adjusting

lugol to base/neutral, will not effective enough in preserving other Flagellate

species. Formalin can also cause fracture, causing difficulty in identifying or

determining individual species numbers consisted in the sample.



2.1.2.4. Water bacteria

Bottle of micro organism sample always must be sterile and caped until the bottle

used. Bacteria sample that cannot be analyzed <1 hour, should be preserved

initially by decreasing temperature to <100 C (better to decrease temperature to

<40C) for less then 6 hours. In laboratory the sample should be refrigerated, and

analyzed within <2 hours.

To neutralize water sample consisting chlorine residue, chloramines, or halogen,

reductor such as 1M Na-thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) has to be added, except the bottle

has already consisted of broth to directly promote sample growth. The

recommended amount of Na-thiosulphate is 0.1 ml for bottle volumed 100 ml, 0.25

ml for bottle 250 ml and 0.5 ml for bottle 500 ml (Afiati, 2003).

Water bacteria sampled is differenced, based on sampling locations, i.e. surface

and bottom of the waters.

Microorganism sampled manually in water surface

Sampling bottle is filled in about ± ¾ of its volume, or left column ±2.5 cm for

aeration during shaking before subsequently analyzed. In the course of sampling in

seawaters, river, spring waters, lake or reservoir, hold the capped bottle from its

bottom, sink the bottle with its neck down, open the cap in the water but do not

rinse with this water, turn the bottle until its mouth directs to the stream. If there is

no stream, the bottle must be held horizontally away from the hand, and filled up to

¾ of volume and capped in the water. If using the boat during sampling, sample

has to be taken from the side of the boat far away from boat machine. If it is not

possible, bottle can be weighed with ballast.

Microorganism sampled in the bottom of the waters Sample is taken by using water sampler (van Dorn, Kemmerer or Nansen reversing

bottle) from the suitable location at surface bottom. Sterile bottle in the capacity of

150-250 ml, then, is sunk into water sampler or obtained the water from the water

sampler, and capped tightly. Without any adding preservative, bottle is labelled and

put in ice box during in the field (Sterritt & Lester, 1988).



Sample incubation Total Bacterial Count: one ml water sample is pipetted in to Plate Count Agar (PCA)

medium in sterile Petri. In the prediction of excessive bacteria population, dilution

(1: 100, 1:1000, etc) using sterile water should be prepared. Inoculums should be

moved in sterile condition. Shake Petri dish slowly in the direction of number 8 at

least 25 times and put horizontally. Petri then, is incubated in 35 ±2°C for 44 ± 4

hours. Media humidity should be kept by putting water dish in the bottom of

incubator, or Petri is wrapped with plastic, in order weight not to be lost by >15%.

Initial observation can begin after 24 hours. Total bacterial count is explained in

colony/ml water sample.

Incubation in Lactose Broth (LB) medium is done for presumptive test of coli form

consisted in bacterial water sample. Each sample is growth 3 times by decreasing

its concentration in 24 to 48 hours and temperature of 35°C. To the positive and

uncertain tubes, coli form group confirmation are tested in the temperature of 35°C

and faecal coli in the temperature of 44.50C, 24 hours each in Brilliant Green

Lactose Bile Broth (BGLB) media, and followed by Endo Agar.

Analyses of water bacteria data To know general bacteria species, including coli form, faecal coli, and total bacteria

numbers as bacteria contributor in biodegradation, water bacteria analyses is

carried out. Total bacteria are tested duple in Plate Count Agar media. To dish

consisting of 30-300 colonies, its results are averaged, and total bacteria numbers

are counted as follows (Afiati, 2003):

B

xAxn

XTB

n

ii 11

∑==

TB : Total bacteria Xi : Colony numbers that have not be found A : Inoculums numbers planted in each dilution (ml) B : Dilution level when the colony is found n : Sample numbers

Positive reaction tubes from each incubation temperature in BGLB media are

counted suitable with its dilution level. The data then are compared to Most

Probable Number (MPN) Table and multiplied by 1/median dilution.



Temperature of incubation (°C) 102 103 104

35 2 1 0 44.5 1 0 0

Result explanation: Total coli form 35°C: 2 1 0 → Table: for example a → total coli form numbers= ax103/100ml Faecal coli form 44.5°C:1 0 0 → Table: for example b → faecal coli numbers= bx103/100ml.

Analyses results are applied to environmental quality scale for bacteria:

Table 2.27. Environmental Quality Scale for Water Bacteria

Range Value or MPN Environmental

Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 Total bacteria, cell/100/ml > 108 106 – ≤107 104 –≤ 105 102 – ≤103 ≤102

Total coli form, cell/100ml ≥ 10.000 5.000 - ≤ 9.999 1.000 - ≤ 4.999 100 - ≤ 999 <10 - ≤ 99 Faecal-coli, cell/100ml ≥ 1.000 100 - ≤1.000 10 - ≤100 3 - ≤10 ≥ 2 Qualitative Escherichia coli ++++ +++ ++ + - / tc Pathogen bacteria ++++ +++ ++ + - / tc

Source: Standard of Water Quality Class B (PP no. 20/1990); RI Government Regulation No. 82/2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control; MPN: Most Probable Number; t.c: not mentioned in the standard; (+): detected; (-): not detected Range of value clarification: 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good 2.1.2.5. Plankton

Plankton sample in this study is taken passively by filtering surface water with

plankton net No. 25 (ASTM) until particular volume, usually 100 litres, or water from

particular depth taken by water sampler. Filtered result is poured into 20 ml volume

bottle filled with MAF preservative or alcohol 70% and ½ drop Rose Bengal

solution. Bottle is labelled and put in ice box. Plankton sample then is analyzed

using microscope. Analyze: put 1 ml sample in Sedgwick-Rafter counting chamber,

count 3 times using microscope, and average the result. Species abundance is

calculated referred to method of Wetzel & Likens (1979):

pPx

Wx

VaVox

lTKi

1=

Ki : Species abundance (individual/l) T : Total box numbers in counting chamber of Sedgwick-Rafter (1000) l : Total box in one observation area of microscope Vo : Volume of concentrated water sample (ml) Va : Volume of water in counting chamber of Sedgwick-Rafter (1ml) W : Volume of water filtered (100 litter) P : Plankton numbers to i that are counted (individual) p : Numbers of box counted



Plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) is identified using identification guide, for

example Bold & Wynne (1978), APHA (1992), Humm & Wicks (1980) and internet

information. Plankton species distribution as a specific waters’ indicator is tabulated

to determine its diversity index (H’), and species uniformity index (J) using

Shannon-Weaver index (Poole, 1974), as follows:

Species Diversity Index

H’ : Species diversity index ni : Species individual numbers to i N : Numbers of total individual S : Numbers of species found

Species Uniformity Index

HmaksH

SHJ '

ln'==

J : Scecies Uniformity Index H’ : Shannon diversity index value H max : Maximum diversity (ln S) S : Numbers of species found

After all samples have been counted, the results are analyzed referred to

environmental quality scale for plankton.

Table 2.28. Environmental Quality Scale of Plankton

Value or Range of Value Environmental Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 Median of Plankton Density (individual/m2)

[10

10 - <102

102 - <103

103 - <104

≥104

Numbers of Plankton (S / station)

S < 5

5 - <20

20 - <55

55 - <100

>100

Plankton Diversity Index(H’/station) [1.5 1.5< H’ <3.0 3.0<H’<4.0 4.0<H’<4.6 H’>4.6

Species Distribution Index (J) J < 0.55 0.55 < J < 0.72 0.72< J<0.82 0.82<J<0.93 J>0.93

Species Dominancy Index (d/stsn) 0.81-1.0 0.61-0.80 0.41-0.60 0.21-0.40 <0.01-0.20

Phytoplankton Indicator (species/station)

>25 21 – 25 16 - 20 11 - 15 < 10

Source: European Environment Agency, 2002, with modification; Afiati, 2002 Range of value clarification: 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good

∑=

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

s

1n

Nnln

Nn- ' iiH



2.1.2.6. Macrozoobenthos Several equipments used in benthos sample collection are dredger (Ekman

dredge), van Veen grab, or pralon. Such equipments are usually used in benthos

sample collection that is living in the surface and bottom waters until particular

waters depth. Therefore, benthos data are standing stock data.

Sediment sample is taken from the bottom of waters using van Veen grab sampler.

The wet sediment is sieved by 5 mesh (2.54 mm) sever; it is recommended to sieve

in the boat side waters and boat deck should be kept clean. The leftover sediment

which is remained in the sever, is collected, sprayed with aquadest to keep

organism in good condition (not destroyed), poured into labelled wide mouth plastic

bottle which volumes of 200ml, preserved with 70% alcohol minimum 2.5 X sample

volume, and coloured by Rose Bengal (0.1gr/100ml).

In laboratory, macrozoobenthos plankton sample is poured into white layered tray

in order easier to observe. Individual macrozoobenthos found in the sample is

separated from manure or sediment possibly covering, cleaned, and put in the

bottle filled with alcohol 70% or MAF (methanol-Acetic acid-Formalin). Identification

is using binocular microscope, while bigger individual is put in Bogorov plate, and

identified using low magnification binocular microscope.

Afterward, the specimen is identified using suitable guide book, and its abundance,

diversity and uniformity indices are determined using the equation similar to that of

using in determination of phytoplankton and zooplankton community structure

indices.

Table 2.29. Environmental Quality Scale of Macrobenthos

Value or Range of Value Environmental Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 Median of Macro benthos density (N,individual/m2) N<10

10<N<20

20<N<30

30<N<40

N≥40 Numbers of Macrobenthos (S/station)

S < 5 5 <S <10 10<S <20 20<S <40 S≥40

Macro benthos Diversity Index (H’) H’<1.5 1.5< H’ <3.0 3.0<H’<4.0 4.0<H’<4.6 H’>4.6

Maximum Diversity, H H<10 10<H<20 20<H<30 30 <H<40 H≥40 Species Distribution Index (J) J<0.55 0.55<J<0.72 0.72< J<0.82 0.82<J<0.93 J>0.93 Species Dominancy Index (d/stsn) 0.81-1.0 0.61-0.80 0.41-0.60 0.21-0.40 <0.01-0.20 Economical Macro benthos Species (station) 1 3 5 7 10

Source: European Environment Agency, 2002, with modification; Afiati, 2002 Range of value clarification: 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good



2.1.2.7. Nekton Nekton samples are usually taken from local fisher man who is landing his fishes

caught from surrounding project site waters, or samples are taken from the closest

Fish Auction Site. If there is one fisher man boat, the sample then are taken from

this boat. If there are > 1 boats, samples are taken from them. Samples are

preserved with formalin 4% or ice, and their species are identified, followed by

comparing them to environmental quality scale for nekton.

Table 2.30. Environmental Quality Scale for Nekton

Value or Range of Value Environmental Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 Median of nekton density (individual/station)

[10

10 - <20

20 - <30

30 - <40

≥40

Nekton diversity index (H’) [1.5 1.5< H’ <3.0 3.0<H’<4.0 4.0<H’<4.6 H’>4.6 Species dominancy index (d/stsn) 0.81-1.0 0.61-0.80 0.41-0.60 0.21-0.40 <0.01-0.20

Species Distribution Index (J) J<0.55 0.55<J<0.72 0.72< J<0.82 0.82<J<0.93 J>0.93 Wild economical Nekton species

1 3 5 7 10

Source: Various References with Modification (Afiati, 2005) Range of value clarification: 1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good

Table 2.31

Terrestrial Biology Location


Code Allocation Longitude

Reason of location determination

H-1 PT. KNI site project 553960 19461 Represent KIE industrial estate H-2 The closest shore of KIE 554070 19168 Represent project site

H-3 Pier of East Tursina – Warehouse Area 553817 19410 Represent project site

H-4 Tursina Hill Settlement 553240 19398 Represent mangrove area H-5 Land Quarry in KIE area 552793 19504 Represent mangrove area H-6 Green Belt 553988 19487 Represent mangrove area



Table 2.32 Water Biology Sampling Location


Code Allocation Longitude Latitude

Reason of location determination

Ha-1 Seawater In let 554070 19168 Seawater quality (*) Ha-2 Seawater of Pier Tursina 554097 19321 Seawater quality (*) Ha-3 Seawater Out Let 554093 19519 Seawater quality Ha-4 Domestic drainage 553960 19745 Seawater quality (*) Ha-5 Project site water 553988 19487 Brackish water fish pond quality (*)

Note: (*) Include water micro bacteria.

2.1.3. SOCIAL-ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL-CULTURE EIA study on social aspect of activity plan is referring to Decree of Head of

Environmental Impact Management Board Number 299 Year 1996 on Technical

guide of social aspect assessment in EIA arrangement. Social-economic-culture

component data required in the study include primary and secondary data.

Secondary data are collected from related institution.

Study analyses unit is village as the smallest administrative area, while sampling

method is using purposive proportional sampling technique to determine area

possibly impacted as well as to determine numbers of respondent as analyses

element affected by impact risk, i.e. head of household (KRT/KK).

The determination criteria of sampling location and respondent are:

a. Project Site Village administration location which KK bases.

b. Respondent criteria

1. Communities (KK) who have already gained EIA socialization.

2. Natural resources potency and potential environment that will be impacted by

the project.

3. Community response sensitivity on construction plan.

4. Road accessibility that will be passed by the activity directing to and from the

project location.

5. Location of community’s activity that will be impacted, such as boat wharf,

upper waters’ settlement, brackish water fish ponds etc.

6. Public utility that will be impacted by the project.



Quantitative and qualitative primary and secondary data collecting activity was done

by survey method. Primary data survey is data collecting method done through

observation, in-depth interview, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), recording and direct

visualization of environmental initial condition in project site in order to gain factual

data and condition in the field. Primary data survey instruments include observation,

interview along with questionnaire, in-depth interview with key person, Focus Group

Discussion (FGD), visualization, and cassette recording.

a) Observation

Observation was done to know existing condition of study area, included physical

condition, city’s structure and infrastructure, land use planning, and occurring

problems. From visual observation, study location characteristics can be

identified, thus area characteristics can be also directly identified.

b) Interview with questionnaire

Questionnaire target is respondent determined by purposive proportional

sampling method with the following criteria: samples are communities predicted to

be impacted by the project, lay man, private sector, vendor, as well as formal and

informal leaders. Of the population, 50 households predicted will be impacted by

directly magnitude and significant impact. Key persons are also interviewed by in-

depth interview and focus group discussion to obtain deeply sensitive and

complex problems. Respondent distribution is presented on Table 3.33.

c) In-depth interview

The technique is used to assess critical information and concept intensely. The

target is key person both formal leader as well as informal leader. Interview

instrument is using non structure open questionnaire.

d) Focus Group Discussion

Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is used as a control of primary data collection

using structure questionnaire. According to Richard A. Kruiger (1985); FGD

should be participated by minimum 7 persons and maximum 20 persons, among

participants are not knowing each other, wanting to discuss and outpouring of

opinion, having knowledge and experience on the problem discussed, having a

relation with topic discussed, not knowing that their opinion will be used for

decision maker, using questionnaire focused on particular topic. To avoid

dichotomy perception, ideally, number of participants should be odd; and



considering time, topic, as well as participant ability and experience, minimum

participants are 7 up to 15 persons (Edi Santosa (1997).

Method applied in this study, is using combination model. Secondary data are

obtained from district and village officers. Primary data are gained through

interviewing the communities who own land in the villages surrounding the project

site.

Table 2.33 Respondent Distribution Based on Occupation and Social Status

Livelihood/Occupation Social Status No. Village Employ

ment Labo

ur Fisherm

an Vendor Service PNS/TNI Leader

Respondent Numbers (Person)

1. Guntung 5 3 10 3 3 3 3 30 2. Loktuan 5 2 5 2 2 2 2 20

Total 10 5 15 5 5 5 5 50

2.1.3.1. Demography

a. Data collection method Demographic data include primary and secondary data. Data are collected

through statistical data approach and direct interview to the community.

Secondary data are obtained from statistical data; and primary data are

obtained through directly interviewing the local community in the surrounding

activity plan. Demography parameters include width of area, population density,

matters pertaining to man power, and community’s livelihood.

b. Data analyses method Quantitative demography data are analyzed statistically, while qualitative data

are analyzed as a content analysis.



Table 2.34. Demographic Environmental Quality Scale

Quality Criteria/Scale Environmental Parameter 1

Very bad 2

Bad 3

Moderate 4

Good 5

Very good Population density 100 persons/km2

Population density 51-100 persons/km2

Population density 100 persons/km2



Population growth >3,5% /year

Population growth 3,01-3,5% /year

Population growth 2,51-3% /year

Population growth 2-2,5% /year

Population growth <2% /year Demography

Manpower: employed population <25%

Manpower: employed population25-30%



Manpower: employed population >40%

Number of household members

> 10 persons 9 – 10 person 7 – 8 person 5 – 6 person < 5 person

Un-employed level Manpower: un-employed population <30%

Manpower: un-employed population 30-40%



Manpower: un-employed population >30%

Livelihood Primary or related to natural resources 100%

Primary <100% secondary or small scale industry >10%

Primary <75% secondary and tertiary >25%

Primary <50% secondary and tertiary >50%

Primary, secondary and tertiary are in even

Community’s earning < Rp.100.000,00

Rp.101.000,00 to Rp.1.500.000,00

Rp.1.501.000,00 to

Rp.2.000.000,00

Rp.2.001.000,00 to

Rp.2.500.000,00

> Rp.2.501.000,00

Education level

Percentage of >10-year-old population graduated from elementary school <10%

Percentage of >10-year-old population graduated from elementary school 10-20%



Percentage of >10-year-old population graduated from elementary school >40%

2.1.3.2. Social- Economy

a. Data collection method Social-economic data collection includes primary and secondary data.

Secondary data include monograph data and statistics data obtained from

related institutions. Primary data are gained through directly interviewing the

communities living in the surrounding activity plan.

Social –economic aspect parameter studied includes:

1) Household economics i.e.:

a. Household earning level

b. Household budget

2) Brackish water fish pond condition:

a. Brackish water fish pond owner status

b. Brackish water fish pond production



3) Farming condition:

a. Land usage

b. Farming production

b. Data analyses method Social-economic data are analyzed by deductive method and numeric

multiplication method. Deductive method is used to analyze community attitude

tendency after the project exist.

1) What the community will do after the project exist, plan of the new efforts in

the new location.

2) Attitude in earning budgeting etc.

Numeric multiplication method is used as macro analyses for plan activity

impact on city and provincial level.

Table 2.35. Social Economic Environmental Quality Scale

Quality Criteria/Scale Environmental Parameter 1

Very bad 2

bad 3

moderate 4

good 5

Very good

Local job opportunity

Local manpower absorbed < 50 persons

Local manpower absorbed 51-100 persons



Local manpower absorbed > 200 persons

Community earning per month

< Rp.180.000,00 Rp.180.000,00-Rp 360.000,00

Rp.360.000,00-Rp.540.000,00

Rp.540.000,00-Rp.720.000,00 >p.720.000,00

Livelihood

Major community are un-employed and hard to participate in developing building

Major community are un-employed, but willing to participate in developing building

Evenly numbers of un-employed and employed

Numbers of employed > unemployed

All communities are permanent employed



2.1.3.3. Social-culture a. Data collection method

Social-culture data are collected through primary and secondary data.

Secondary data are referring to existing social-culture research results and

reference books related to the study. Primary data are obtained from field study.

Study method is the combination of qualitative research method and

quantitative research method. Qualitatively, data are gained through field

observation and in-depth interview using interview guide to several key persons

that are also chosen to participate in Focus Group Discussion (FGD).

Quantitatively, data are obtained through distributing questionnaire to the

chosen respondents. Social-culture parameters analyzed are as follows:

1) Local communities’ behaviour relating to culture; culture value and norms.

2) Social process in the communities relating to associative process

(partnership), dissociate process (social conflict), and social cohesion.

3) Communities’ social structure in economics, education, religion, religion

education, social and family.

4) Social stratum based on education, economics, job and power.

5) Communities’ attitude and perception towards activity plan.



Table 2.36.

Social-Culture Environmental Quality Scale Quality Criteria/scale Environmental

Parameter 1 Very bad

2 bad

3 moderate

4 good

5 Very good

Culture Community does not care with local culture, there is no culture activity

Not all community supports the local culture. Culture activity is depended on situation and condition.

Community still supports local culture. Culture activity is carried out communally in particular time considering efficiency.

All community supports local natural culture. Culture activity is carried out in coordination.

All community supports and conducts local culture naturally.

Social process Local community condition is risky in occurring both internal and external conflicts.

Local community condition is slightly risky in occurring both internal and external conflicts.

Conflict in the community emerges temporarily and can be solved through deliberation.

Conflict in the community emerges rarely, condition tends to be conducive.

No conflict occurred in the community, condition is very conducive

Community attitude and perception toward project plan

Community is against anything related to the project.

Community tends to refuse and think negatively on the project activity.

Community does not really refuse or does not really accept the project.

Local community does not refuse anything that the project plans.

Community is willing and its attitude is in agreement with project plan.

Social stratum There is no social stratum in the community, and characterized homogeny.

Community social stratum is not too various.

There are several social strata in the community even though not in a good quality.

Community social strata are various and the qualities are good.

Community social strata are various and the qualities are very good.

Social structure/ institution

No institution functions in the community and difficult to be functioned.

Institution is existed however it tends to be passive and difficult to develop.

Community institution functions normally and can still develop.

Community institution functions well and there are no crucial problem.

Community institution can function very well and can be used as a model.



Table 2.37. Social-economic and Social-culture Parameters, Collecting Method

and Data Analyses

No Component/Parameter Data sampling location and

Source

Data Collection

Method Analyses Method

1. 2. 3.

4.

5.

I. Demography: Population density level Dependency level Population structure based on age, gender, livelihood, education and religion. Population growth (infant birth and mortality levels, & migration pattern) Manpower (manpower participation level, unemployed level).

Statistics Office District Office Village Office etc

Copy, interview

Demography analyses: Density Ratio Dependency Ratio TPAK growth

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

6.

7.

II. Social-economic : Job opportunity level Livelihood Household economic (earning, budgeting & infestation) Road structure and infrastructure Natural resources economic (owner pattern and natural resources mastery, natural resources usage, land usage pattern, land and other natural resources values, public resources) Local economics (lob and effort opportunity, public facility and social facility, area accessibility) Informal/effort sector

Community settlement in the surrounding project suitable with study area border.

Copy, interview, observation, and interview along with structured questionnaire.

Employment Method Muagrave Production Analyses

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7.

III. Social-culture: Culture, behaviour pattern Social relationship pattern Community perception and attitude on the project. Culture (culture, value and norms). Social process (associative, dissociate, aculturisation, assimilation & integrity) Education and religion facility. Culture inheritage (archaeological site, culture preserve).

Project site, and community settlement in the surrounding project suitable with study area border.

Observation, interview along with structured questionnaire, FGD, Secondary data

Environmental sociology analyses: Social resources Social media Social defence Social supporting power



2.1.4. COMMUNITY HEALTH

Community health data collection and analyses method is referring to Decree of

Head of Environmental Impact Management Board No.Kep-124/12/1997 on Guide of

Community Health Aspect Assessment.

a. Data collection method Qualitative and quantitative data collections are obtained through interview along

with structured questionnaire, in-depth interview, and observation in community

settlement. Respondents are chosen from community population predicted that

will be impacted. Considering community impacted is homogeny, the respondent

size is determined by using the following equation:

nn = 1 + 0,10 n1

n 1 =

Nn

n

2

2

1 + N = size of reference population

n2 = 25

4 qxpx n2 = sample size at first stage

p = Percentage of subject prediction that will be assessed, q = 100 – p.

Respondents, distribution as well as their settlement are similar to those of

social-economic-culture component. Data collected include: disease pattern,

health facility and type, disease incidence and prevalence, health service,

medication habits, disease vector, nutrient status, water usage habits,

environmental sanitation, as well as environmental condition. Considering

respondents and sampling site are similar to social-economic-culture aspect

assessment, community health questionnaire instrument are gathering together

with social-economic-culture questionnaire.

b. Data analyses method Data are analyzed using environmental impact health assessment, and

epidemiology through: (1) simple statistics, (2) evaluative description, and (3)

official guide suitable with the study.



Table 2.38. Community Health Parameter, Data Collection and Analyses Method

Parameter Data Collection Method Data Analyses Method Data Sampling Location Clarification

Health facility and type

Secondary data obtained from related institution

Methods of environmental impact health assessment and epidemiology

Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office

Disease incidence and prevalence

Secondary data obtained from related institution; primary data obtained from field observation


Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office; Community settlement

Health service inclusion

Secondary data obtained from related institution; primary data obtained from observation, interview, in-depth interview.


Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office; Community settlement

Disease pattern Secondary data obtained from related institution; primary data obtained from field observation


Local government clinic, Provincial, regencial and District Health Office; Community settlement similar to that of in the sampling site of social-economic-culture component.

Community health level




Nutrient status Secondary data obtained from related institution; primary data obtained from observation, interview, in-depth interview.



Water usage habit




Data are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively



Environmental sanitation condition




Environmental sanitation facility




Disease vector






Table 2.39. Environmental Community Health Quality Scale Quality Criteria/Scale Environmental

Parameter 1 Very bad

2 Bad

3 Moderate

4 Good

5 Very good

Health service inclusion

Not medicated Witch doctor Village Integrated Health Service Post (Posyandu)

Local Government Clinic

Hospital

Disease pattern Sequence 1-5 are infectious diseases

Sequence 1-3 infectious diseases Sequence 4-5 not infectious diseases

Sequence 1-2 infectious diseases Sequence 3-5 not infectious diseases

Sequence 1 infectious diseases Sequence 2-5 not infectious diseases

Sequence 1-3 not infectious diseases

Community health level

Population density 100 persons/km2, Population growth .3.5%/year)

Population density 51-100 persons/km2, Population growth 3.01-3.5%/year)

Population density 100 persons/km2, Population growth 2.51-3%/year)

Population density 100 persons/km2, Population growth 2-2.5%/year)

Population density 100 persons/km2, Population growth <2%/year)

Nutrient status Very bad Bad Moderate Good Very good Water usage habit

Drinking water is taken from the river

and not boiled before drink

Drinking water is taken from the river and boiled

before drink

Drinking water is merely taken from

well and boiled before drink

Drinking water is taken from well or public drinking water facility (PDAM)

and boiled before drink

Drinking water is merely taken from public

drinking water facility (PDAM)

and boiled before drink

Environmental sanitation facility and condition

No environmental sanitation facility, environmental sanitation in the surrounding is very bad

Environmental sanitation usage 25%, environmental sanitation in the surrounding is very bad

Environmental sanitation usage 50%, environmental sanitation in the surrounding is very bad

Environmental sanitation usage 75%, environmental sanitation in the surrounding is good

Environmental sanitation usage >75%, environmental sanitation in the surrounding is good

Disease vector Cockroach, mosquitoes and rodent are abundance

Cockroach, mosquitoes and rodent

Cockroach, mosquitoes and rodent are found moderately

Cockroach, mosquitoes and rodent are rarely found

Cockroach, mosquitoes and rodent are very

rare



2.2. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT PREDICTION METHOD

According to Soemarwoto (1989), prediction can be done through:

a) Prediction of environmental condition at the time twith project = Qdp

b) Prediction of environmental condition at the time W without project = Qtp

Therefore, impact can be predicted as Qdp minus Qtp

The prediction of impact existences is an effort to find the answer on the question of

how much the magnitude of environmental parameter value will be changed due to the

existence of activity plan. Prediction can be done on each environmental parameter.

Impact prediction is done to each environmental parameter. Impact prediction method

adapted, can be grouped into two methods, i.e. formal method, and informal method.

Prediction model adapted, will consist uncertainty aspects, hence in every impact

prediction activity, probability analyses is also involved. Methods include:

1. Mathematical calculation model,

2. Experiment,

3. Visual simulation,

4. Analogy,

5. Professional judgment.

2.2.1. MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION METHOD Mathematical calculation method is the relationship between cause and effect that

represents activity plan impact on environmental parameter, and formulated

quantitatively in the form of quantitative ratio and mathematical model.

2.2.1.1. Air Quality Emission size resulted from mobile sources can be calculated based on emission

factor from WHO Offset Publication No.62, 1982. Air quality parameters of diesel

fuel pollutant emission are shown on Table 2.40.

Table 2.40. Pollutant Emission per m3 fuel

No Pollutant Emission factor (kg/unit time)

1. SO2 7.9544 2. NO2 9.2103 3. CO 36.4226 4. Particulate/Dust 2.0095

Emission size = (emission factor) x (Amount of fuel)



2.2.1.2. Noise Prediction of noise distribution in the surrounding environment caused by activity

plan is using the formula:

L2 = L1 – 10 log R2/R1 –Ae, dBA (mobile noise)

L2 = L1 – 20 log R2/R1 –Ae, dBA (static noise)

L2 = Noise level in the distance of R2 from project site, noise source, dBA L1 = Noise level in the distance of R1, dBA R1,R2 = Distance from noise source, m Ae = Noise attenuation caused by air humidity, dBA

2.2.1.3. Water Quality Mixing zone formula is used to predict decreasing water quality due to wastewater:

Cc = (QaCa + QbCb) / (Qa + Qb)

Cc : concentration of water body quality parameter after mixed with wastewater Qa : wastewater debit Ca : concentration of wastewater parameter Qb : water body debit before mixed with wastewater Cb : concentration of water body quality before mixed with wastewater

2.2.1.3. Morbidity

Following is the example of impact prediction calculation of morbidity component

using formal method:

nxP 10 timeparticular in therisk Population

timeparticular in the diseasesrecent andpast of cases Total=

P = Disease prevalence, in this study prevalence is expressed in n = 100

Prevalence is used to know the new cases suffered by disease. This can be known

from the higher disease prevalence compared to that of in the past. Thus, from the

increasing disease prevalence after the project exists, it is possible to predict that

the disease is caused by the project activity.

2.2.2. ANALOGY METHOD Several environmental parameters predicted with analogy approach, are presented

on Table 2.41.



Table 2.41. Analogy Method that is Used

No Component/Environmental Parameter Informal Approaches that Are Used 1) Noise level Analogy with similar activity as well as literature 1. Dust Analogy with similar activity as well as literature 2. Water quantity Professional judgment 3. Terrestrial Flora-fauna Literature

2) Community perception Professional judgment and analogy 4. Job opportunity Professional judgment 5. Earning Professional judgment 6. Community Health Literature/Analogy 7. Convenience/Safety Professional judgment 8. Land use planning Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW)

Source: Compilation Data PPLH, 2006

2.2.3. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT PREDICTION Important impact evaluation is done by using 6 criteria of significant impacts

mentioned in the Government Regulation Number 27 year 1999 on EIA. The criteria

are as follows:

1. Amount of community that will be impacted

2. Width of impact distribution

3. Impact intensity and impact duration

4. Amount of environmental components that will be impacted

5. Impact cumulative characteristics

6. Reversible or irreversible impact

Significance impact criteria are determined as follows:

1. If the total P (significant) criteria ≥ 4, the prediction impact is significant

2. If the total P (significant) criteria ≤ 3, however one of P is amount of community

that will be impacted criteria, the prediction impact is significant

3. If the total P (significant) criteria ≤ 3 and amount of community that will be

impacted criteria is not included, the prediction impact is insignificant

2.3. METHOD OF SIGNIFICANT IMPACT EVALUATION

Following impact identification and prediction, for the sake of decision making process

impact evaluation activity is needed. Impact evaluation targets are:

a) To give information of component impacted along with its characteristics and

impact magnitude,



b) To give input to decision maker on component impacted and recommendation to

mitigate such impact.

2.3.1. EVALUATION OF SIGNIFICANT IMPACT

Significant impact evaluation is carried out on activity components causing impact and

environmental component impacted. Evaluation process is holistically initiated by

study and investigation on the significant impact direction and tendency in one system

unit of project activity plan based on impact prediction results, and time scope

(technical time), as well as area study scope border that have been determined.

Impact evaluation is carried out holistically and integrated. Impact evaluation is a total

investigation as a result from impact prediction on component activity causing impact

and environmental component affected by impact (positive/negative) in one unit that

are interrelated and interdependent.

2.3.2. INVESTIGATION AND DIRECTION AS BASES OF MANAGEMENT

Investigation is conducted by using impact flow diagram resulting from impact

prediction. The main components will be used in verification of Interaction matrix

between activity component and environmental component (Modified Leopold

Matrix). Hence, from the interaction matrix, significant primary impact and significant

subsequent/derivative impact: secondary, tertiary impacts etc, as well as impact

causal agents can be evaluated clearly. Results from this evaluation are presented

as a base for determining significant impact that must be managed (Direction for

environmental management plans and environmental monitoring plans).

2.3.3. METHOD OF MODIFIED LEOPOLD MATRIX

Modified Leopold matrix is used to identify, predict, and evaluate activity plan that

impacts on the relatively natural area; and in the surrounding activities emerging

impact do not exist a lot. This matrix method consists of three steps assessment

activities, i.e. impact identification, impact prediction, and impact evaluation.

Based on the determination of important/unimportant impact criteria and category,

final decision of resulted evaluation are determined to distinguish significant impact

of project activity plan on each environmental parameter. The importance level of

impact that will be used, are important/significant impact (P) and

unimportant/insignificant impact (TP).



2.3.4. DISTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS’ VALUE

Parameters that their threshold values are not regulated by environmental quality

standard, their deviation values will be evaluated by comparing these values to the

correctness values mentioned in the literatures or will be referred to expert judging.

2.3.5. EVALUATION RESULTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FEASEBILITY DECISSION

In the occasion of using significant impact criteria mentioned in Government

Regulation No 27 year 1999, the criteria cannot be operated in EIA arrangement, due

to additional criteria for significance impact level, environmental quality scale

determination, and significance impact level decision process are still needed.

After the significant impact levels of each activity or environmental components have

been decided, the next steps are needed to determine significances of all activity

components on all environmental components and vice versa. These steps are

necessary as inputs in decision process of environmental feasibility of activity plan.

2.3.6. ALTERNATIVE OF SIGNIFICANCY IMPACT LEVEL CATEGORIZATION

Alternative of significances impact level categorization that can be used

simultaneously is presented in the following flow diagram.



Category I Amount of Community to be Impacted

Impact will be categorized important if:

The total communities living in the study area who DO NOT receive any benefit ≥ total communities receiving benefit (directly absorbed as workers, receiving activity results, etc).

Category II Width of impact distribution


In the study region, occurs the areas that experience fundamental changes from the aspects of: (i) intensity; (ii) impact reversible/irreversible, and (iii) cumulative impact.

Category III Impact duration, cumulative, reversible/irreversible


The emerging of fundamental changes looking from the aspects of intensity, reversibly/irreversibly, and impact accumulation occur in more than one activity phases

The intensity of environmental changes is severe, occurs drastically in the relatively large area and in the short duration.

Category IV Impact Intensity




Based on the determination of important/unimportant impact criteria and category,

final decision of resulted evaluation are determined to distinguish significant impact

of project activity plan on each environmental parameter. The importance level of

impact that will be used, are important/significant impact (P) and

unimportant/insignificant impact (TP).

a. Environmental quality has elevated the prevailed standard regulations. b. Criteria admitted based on scientific and professional judgment have

elevated c. Protected endanger and rare species are subjected to extinguish. d. Protected area will be degraded or disturbed e. Inheriting material will be degraded or extinguished. f. Occurring dispute among communities, or between government and

communities. g. Beautifully Natural Area will be changed or modified.

Category V The Amount of Components impacted



Chapter III : Project Description III - 1

CHAPTER III PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1. PROPONENT AND TEAM OF STUDY

3.1.1. PROPONENT

Name of Institution : PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia

Person in charge : Ir. Antung Pandoyo

Function : Managing Director

Address : Gedung Sentral Senayan Lt.4 Jl. Asia Afrika VIII No. 8 Jakarta Selatan

Telephone : 021-5723070

Fax : 021-5723080

Activity Permit Number

: 473/III/PMA/2007 dated 11 April 2007

Institution Issuing Permit

: Investment Coordination Body

Activity Permit Status : Foreign Investment

Principle Permit Number

: K/176/M/III/2000

Institution Issuing Permit

: Ministry of Defence

3.1.2. TEAM OF STUDY

Name of Institution : Centre for Environmental Research - Research Institute of Diponegoro University

Person in Charge : Prof. Dr. Ir. Supriharyono, MS

Function : Chairman

Address : Gedung Widya Puraya Lt. 2, Kampus Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Telp. /Fax 024-7460035.

Telephone/Fax : 024-7460035



3.1.3. TEAM OF STUDY

FUNCTION IN THE TEAM NAME No.

(EXPERTISE) (QUALIFICATION/CERTIFICATION) Person in charge Prof. Dr. Ir. Supriharyono, MS 1. S1 Fishery, IPB S2/S3 Coastal Natural Resources Management, Univ.of Wales U.K.

Head of Centre for Environmental Research - Research Institute of Diponegoro University

Team Leader Drs. Dwi P. Sasongko, M.Si. 2. S1 Physics, UGM S2 Environment, UGM Doctor candidate of coastal nat. resc.management Undip

EIA A, B, Environmental Auditor, Coastal management; EIA arranging experience 20 years

Physical-Chemistry Expert Ir. Indro Sumantri, M.Eng. 3. S1 Chemistry, Undip S2 Chemistry, McMaster Univ. Canada

EIA A; EIA arranging experience 15 years

Geology and Oceanography Expert Ir. Sugeng Widada, MT 4. S1 Geology, UGM S2 Applied Geophysics, ITB

EIA A, B, Geology, Sea Geology Research and EIA arranging experience 10 years

Noise and Mapping Expert Drs. Toni Yulianto, MT 5. S1 Physics, UGM S2 Applied Geophysics, ITB

EIA A, EIA arranging experience 10 years

Biology Expert Dr. Norma Afiati, M.Sc. 6. S1 Biology, UGM S2/S3 Marine Biology, Univ.of Wales U.K.

EIA A, B, Marine Biology research and EIA arranging experience 20 years

Biology Assistance Drs. Jafron Wasiq Hidayat, M.Sc. 7. S1 Biology, UGM S2 Biology, Univ. of Wales UK

EIA A, Biology Research and EIA arranging experience 10 years

Sociology Expert Drs. Edi Santosa,SU 8. S1 Gvt. administration, Undip S2 Gvt. administration, UGM

EIA A, B, EIA arranging experience 20 years

Sociology Assistance Dra. Hartuti Purnaweni, MPA 9. S1 Public administration, UGM S2 Public administration, Queen Univ.Canada

EIA A, EIA arranging experience 10 years

Community Health Expert dr. Purwanto AP, SpPK 10. S1 Medication Undip S2 Clinical Pathology Specialist Undip

EIA A; EIA arranging experience 20 years

Translator Dr. Henna Rya Sunoko, Apt., MES 11. S1 Pharmacy, Univ. of Indonesia S2 Environmental toxicology, Dalhousie Univ. Canada. S3 Env. toxicology-pharmacology, Undip

EIA A, B; Environmental Auditing; Environmental toxicology research and EIA arranging experience 20 years

Clarification: S1 = bachelor degree, S2 = master degree, S3 = Doctor degree/PhD



3.2. STATUS OF STUDY AND ACTIVITY PLAN LOCATION

3.2.1. STATUS OF STUDY

Activity of living environmental study of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI

Construction Plan is done simultaneously along with technical and

economical feasability studies. Initial feasability study has been carried out by

PT KNI, and its result is used as a main reference in activity plan description

arangement in this chapter.

3.2.2. SUITABILITY OF ACTIVITY PLAN LOCATION WITH REGIONAL SPATIAL PLANNING (RTRW)

Based on Regional Regulation of Bontang City Number 3 Year 2003 on Bontang

City Spatial Planning Year 2001 – 2010, the activity plan location is included in

BWK A; i.e. part of the city area that has been developed and consisted of 7

sub-BWK. The factory is located in industrial estate of PT. KIE lied in Sub-BWK A-1 is industrial estate of PKT-KIE functions as main developer in petrochemical

upper industry and its supporting.

3.2.3. ACTIVITY PLAN LOCATION

3.2.3.1. Land Borders

Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI construction activity plan located in industrial

estate of PT KIE is referring to Letter of Agreement of Land Trading between PT

KIE and PT KNI Number 40.03/SP/DIR/KIE/X/2006 dated on Oktober 12, 2006

with the HGB Sertificate Number 07 width of 100.000 m2. Based on the Letter, the

activity is located in Guntung Village, North Bontang District, Bontang City, East

Kalimantan Province, and bordered by:

a. North side : Industrial Estate of PT. KIE

b. East side : Industrial Estate of PT. KIE

c. South side : Industrial Estate of PT. KIE

d. West side : Industrial Estate of PT. KIE

The location is laid in Bontang City coastal area, inside industrial estate of PT KIE.

Naturally, location condition is coastal marsh, 6 km distance from centerl

government of Bontang City. Location coordinates are 117029’5.7’’ East

Longitude and 0010’33.8’’ South Latitude.



3.2.3.2. Consideration of Location Determination

Determination of activity plan location is based on the following considerations:

- Location is adjacent to Industrial Complex of PT. Pupuk Kaltim as Ammonia

(main raw material) supplier.

- Location is laid in coastal area; therefore it is possible for equipment and

material supply as well as product market activities using boat or ship as sea

transportation mode.

- The width of existing land can provide both factory area and exclusion area

for safety purposes.

- Chilling water source can be supplied from the sea.

- Location is fitting with technical feasibility study.

Site project location and land border map are shown in Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2.

3.2.3.3. Location Layout of Activity Plan

Layout plan of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI location is shown in

Figure 3.3.



Figure 3.1. Project Site Location



Figure 3.2. Land Border Map



Figure 3.3. Factory Building Layout



3.2.3.4. Land Usage

Land width managed by PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia is 180,000 m2, and is used

for:

1. Packaging material storage 2. Outflow storage 3. Ammonium Nitrate Dry Product 4. Ammonium Nitrate Wet Product 5. Prilling Tower 6. Nitric acid Factory 7. Control Room 8. Instrument Room 9. Urea Storage 10. Additional Chemical Storage 11. Drum Storage 12. Heavy Duty Equipment Storage 13. Fuel Depot 14. Guard Room 15. Canteen/Training Room 16. Office 17. Workshop/Warehouse 18. Miscellaneous 19. Open Space

Total area

: 28,800 m2 : 1,800 m2 : 1,200 m2 : 375 m2 : 150 m2 : 900 m2 : 375 m2 : 675 m2 : 100 m2 : 300 m2 : 300 m2 : 375 m2 : 100 m2 : 30 m2 : 300 m2 : 800 m2 : 1,500 m2 : 2,000 m2 : 139,920 m2

: 180,000 m2

16.00 % 1.00 % 0.66 % 0.21 % 0.08 % 0.50 % 0.21 % 0.38 % 0.06 % 0.17 %

0.17 % 0.21 %

0.06 % 0.02 % 0.17 % 0.44 % 0.82 % 1.11 %

77.73 %

100.00 % 3.2.3.5. Activity Location Distance to Other Activities

Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI is located in industrial estate of PT. KIE

together with other joint venture industries. The industrial estate activity is

included in industrial complex of PT. Pupuk Kaltim. Inside the complex there are

also settlement, health, gymnasium, education, worship facilities, etc. Other

activity outside industrial complex is community settlement. The closest

community settlement is located in Loktuan Village in the distance of 1 km to the

south of factory, and in Guntung Village in the distance of 3.5 km to the

Northwest of factory.



3.3. ACTIVITIES PHASES

3.3.1. LAND PREPARATION PHASE

3.3.1.1. Survey and Measurement

3.3.1.1.1. Mapping of Project Site Situation

Mapping of situation in the form of topography map is done in activity plan site in

around coordinate of 117029’5.7’’ East Longitude and 0010’33.8’’ South Latitude,

bordered with PT Pupuk Kaltim warehouse and PT Pupuk Kaltim Green Belt.

The topography mapping is done in order to know initial morphology condition,

and therefore soil needed for filling activity can be predicted, and elevation

planned can be obtained.

Generally, situation measuring and mapping includes BM & CP concrete pole

posting, horizontal and vertical controlling, and detail situation measuring.

Significant data used to determine Bench Mark coordinates are obtained from

directly measuring in the field. Initial coordinate to control horizontal is taken

through 1:50,000 topography map interpolation with grid system, while initial

azimuth is obtained from sun azimuth measurement. Horizontal control

measurement is done by polygon method. The elevations of all polygon points

are measured; initial reference point for vertical control is taken from BM pole

which its elevation has been known. Measured situation is based on horizontal

and vertical frame network that has been installed, by measuring the

surrounding, and by measuring in the survey area.

3.3.1.1.2. Quarry Plan

Quarry determination is done to get soil filling material that fulfil technical

requirement. Determined location is in the area next to site activity plan which is

located in Lok Tuan Village, exactly in the back of PKT employment Mess in the

coordinate of 552793 longitudes and 19504 latitudes.

As pre-loading material, soil from Palu City, Central Sulawesi Province is chosen

by considering that optimal compaction value will be achieved. Technical

operation of digging soil material in Lok Tuan quarry has to be planned. The plan

includes situation mapping, reserve inventory, and digging soil material plan.



a. Mapping of Situation Mapping of situation in the quarry is done similar to that of factory plan site.

Mapping is carried out to obtain initial morphology data and planning elevation

for post digging soil material, from the result reserved soil material can be

calculated, as well as land usage in the phase of post digging soil material can

be planned.

b. Reserve Calculation Reserve inventory is valuably to know the existing soil material in the quarry,

and therefore adequate material that can be used for factory land site

reclamation can be predicted.

c. Digging Planning of Material for Filling Following mapping of situation, reserve calculation, and post digging

elevation determination, then digging activity is planned. Initial point and

digging rate are determined by considering the safety of slope stability, and

reaching out easiness.

3.3.1.2. Labour Recruitment

Labour recruitment includes labour for digging activity preparation and labour for

digging and filling operation. Detail labour recruitment is presented on Table 3.1.

Table 3.1. Labour/Employment Needed in Land Preparation

Labour/Employment No. Qualification Number

1. Site Manger 1 2. Superintendent 1 3. QA/QC 2 4. Engineer 2 5. Supervisor 4 6. Material Controller 1 7 Safety Officer 1 8 Administrator 3 9 Electrician/Mechanic 2 10 Office Boy 1 11 Security 4

Source: PT KIE, 2007



3.3.1.3. Equipment Mobilization The activities of digging soil material, soil unloading from the barge, transporting

material/soil, filling land, will need equipments such as dump truck, bulldozer,

excavator, backhoe, water tank, vibro roller, etc. Numbers of equipment that will

be used are presented on Table 3.2. The equipment will be transported from the

contractor home base to the location, and transportation will pass by the street.

Table 3.2. Equipment Needed in Land Preparation

Equipment No Qualification Numbers 1 Excavator PC-200 8 2 Bulldozer D-7 5 3 Dump Truck 10 Wheels 22 4 Whellloader 4 5 Vibro roller 2 6 Motor grader 1

Source: PT KIE

3.3.1.1. Digging of Material for Filling Digging material in the quarry is done by using heavy duty equipments such as

excavator, bulldozer, and dump truck. Digging is begun from the top of the hill;

forming terrace ring is needed in this activity in order to clearly identify the

location border with its surrounding. Digging is carried out in a particular manner,

i.e. the digging slope is not more than 1:2 to avoid land sliding during and after

digging activities.

3.3.1.2. Transportation of Material for Filling Quarry and land that will be filled are located in industrial estate of PT KIE;

therefore transporting soil material will not pass Public Street. Transportation

uses dump truck, and soil loading to dump truck in the quarry uses excavator.

Sand-gravel will be brought from Palu using barge, unloading will be used

excavator and will be transported by dump truck to land filling location.

3.3.1.3. Land Clearing The location of Ammonia Nitrate Factory PT KNI plan is coastal marsh with

plenty of bush, garbage, and other unused materials, therefore land clearing

has to be done. Land clearing is done by using bulldozer, and due to project site

is coastal marsh grabbing is also done to remove mangrove roots to dumping

area.



3.3.1.5. Land Preparation

Land preparation activities include base camp construction, land clearing,

mangrove roots removing, top higher land cutting, blanket laying, geotextile

laying, land filling, and drainage construction

3.3.1.5.1. Base Camp Construction Base camp construction is needed as equipment spare parts’ storage (spare

parts of equipments used for digging/unloading/filling etc), field administration

activity, labour barrack, and workshop. The base camp is constructed in the

surrounding soil filling activity location.

3.3.1.5.2. Land Filling Activity Considering part of PT. KNI land is coastal marsh, first this part has to be filled

up to higher than seawater surface, thus laying soil material and compacting in

reclamation activity will be easier. Before filling the marsh, safety guard wall

/dike has to be erected in the sea side and in the side bordered with PT. Pupuk

Kaltim industrial complex drainage, hence soil material will not go to the sea or

block the drainage. Due to the west side of the land is higher than other sides,

land cutting has to be done in this part and material resulted for cutting is

moved to the lower part. Reclamation is done from the land direction to the sea,

the reclamation activity includes:

1. Determining outside border of reclamation area through the calculation of

reclamation area slope and height based on coordinates figured on the

map.

2. Determining guard wall/dike trace and dike ground width. The width is

depended on dike slope, dike height, and width of dike top. Slope of

outside dike is 1:5, and slope of inside dike is 1:2. The width of dike top is

4 m, and will function as factory ring road.

3. Filling dike is done in layer and followed by levelling.

4. Drainage with ∅ 1.00 m is installed in the dike, in every 100 m distance, to

drain water for reclamation area.

5. Initial land filling is done using sand-gravel brought from Palu Central

Sulawesi Province, and functions as blanket with the thickness of 0.6 m.

The sand-gravel is transported using barge and unloaded exactly at the



end of reclamation area (in the side of Tursina Pier). Sand-stone then is

loaded to dump truck using loader, transported to reclamation site, and

dispersed evenly layer by layer. Sand-gravel granulometry analyses

results that it consists of sand 49.5% and gravel 44.21% with mud in the

concentration of 6.29%.

6. After sand-gravel blanketing has finished, geotextile woven as separator

layer is laid.

7. Following laying blanket and geotextile, is filling land using material from

the quarry in the surrounding Kayu Emasa Street (in the back side of PKT

mess) on the areas C1 and C2 until the elevation of + 101.70, filling is

continued for surcharge until the elevation of + 104.70. Material used for

this filling activity is gradual material with CBR value minimum 5% after 4

days submersion and 100% after compaction compared to dry

compaction according to AASHTO T. 99.

Laying filling material above geotextile is done layer by layer, maximum of

each layer thickness is 20 cm then it is compacted using vibro roller. Before

compaction, it is sprayed with water using water tank truck to obtain the

planned compaction. In the site that vibro roller cannot reach, compaction is

done by using mechanical jumping roller; however the layer thickness should

not more than 15 CM.

3.3.1.5.3. Drainage Construction After reclamation finished, drainage is constructed to flow rain water from

planned factory PT KNI land to drainage system.

3.3.1.5.4. Land Clearing All unused remaining materials such as garbage and other unused materials

are moved from the location in order not to disturb following activities.

3.3.1.5.5. Land Clearing The next step is land usage suitable with the plan of Ammonium Nitrate

Factory PT KNI construction, while ex quarry is used suitable with the plan of

industrial estate of PT KIE.



a. Land clearing

b. Digging of soil material for filling purposes

Figure 3.1. Land clearing and material digging



a. Laying of filling material

Figure 3.2. Laying and compacting filling material



3.3.2. CONSTRUCTION PHASE

3.3.2.1. Personnel Recruitment

Personnel recruitment in construction phase is around 400 persons. These

personnel will be supplied by construction contractor manager. Personnel

recruited are especially labours, and the priority is local labours suitable with

their specification. Professional personnel will be recruited from outside of the

project location. This activity is temporarily, and will end after construction

activity finished.

Activity recruitment is hopping to give positive impact to the community due to

the job opportunity, effort opportunity, livelihood, and earning will increase.

However, if the amount of local labours do not fulfil the needs or is not

proportional it will give negative perception to the community.

3.3.2.2. Equipment and Construction Material Mobilization

Almost all equipment and material mobilization will use land transportation.

This activity predicted will impact and cause transportation disturbances,

decreasing air quality, increasing noise, decreasing environment convenience

and aesthetic, health disturbance, as well as community negative perception

and attitude.

Type and numbers of materials used in the construction phase is planned

suitable with the needs. The contractor manager will list detail materials types

and numbers.

3.3.2.3. Factory Construction Activity

Factory and its supporting unit construction activities include production

process, utility unit, office, warehouse, control room, instrument room,

workshop, wastewater treatment unit, fuel depot, water cooler system facility,

safety guard house, canteen/training room, and other supporting units for

production process activity, harbour affairs facility, mechanical and electrical

activities.

All activities are predicted will impact on several environmental parameters

such as: decreasing air quality, increasing noise and vibrate, increasing

runoff, decreasing seawater quality, sea transportation disturbance, hydro-

oceanography alteration, marine biota disturbance, fisherman activity



disturbance, decreasing environment convenience and aesthetic, decreasing

work health and safety, health disturbance, as well as community negative

perception and attitude.

3.3.3. OPERATION PHASE

3.3.3.1. Raw Material and Supporting Material

a. Raw Material The raw material of ammonium nitrate is ammoniac and nitric acid.

Ammoniac will be supplied by PT Pupuk Kaltim, while nitric acid will be

produced by PT KNI itself. Other raw materials are air and sea water.

b. Supporting Material Supporting material of ammonium nitrate industry is hydrogen and air. Raw

material and additive material data are presented on Table 3.2.

3.3.3.2. Product

PT KNI produces ammonium nitrate 300,000 tonnes/year. Concentration

minimum of ammonium nitrate product is 99 %, while nitric acid is 60 %. The

factory will be operated 24 hours/day and 7 days/week. Work shifting is 3

times, includes:

- Shift I : 07.00 – 15.00 o’clock

- Shift II : 15.00 – 23.00 o’clock

- Shift III : 23.00 – 07.00 o’clock

- Shift IV : 0ff

Non-shift : 8 hours/day/person, 40 hours/week/person

Product’s type, capacity, form and characteristics as well as product storage

system is presented on Table 3.3.



Table 3.2. The Need of Raw Material and Supporting Material in PT. KNI

Material Balance Type Capacity (Vol/time)

Physical Form

Material Characteristic Material Origin Storage System % product % leftover

a. Raw Material 1. Ammonia 20 ton/hour Liquid Flammable PT. PKT Piping system 99.5 0.5 2. Air 145 ton/hour Gas Flammable Atmosphere Piping system 98.0 2.0 3. Amm. Sulphate 2400 ton/year Liquid Non Flammable In country Drum (Closed warehouse) 100.0 - 4. Nitric acid 53 ton/hour Liquid Corrosive Self product Piping system 100.0 -

b. Additive Material 1. Oxygen 1 kg/year Gas Flammable Import Cylinder(Closed warehouse) - 100 % 2. Catalyst Pt /Rh 120 kg/year Solid Heavy metal Import Bag (Closed warehouse) - 100 % 3. Lilamine (Amine) 300 ton/year Solid Non Toxic Import Bag (Closed warehouse) 100.0 - 4. Soda ash 2 ton/year Solid Corrosive Import Bag (Closed warehouse) - 100 % 5. Spill Absorbent 2 ton/year Solid Non Toxic Import Bag (Closed warehouse) - 100 % 6. Mineral Oil 25 m3/year Liquid Non Toxic Import Drum (Closed warehouse) - 100 % 7. Prill Additive 225 ton/year Liquid Non Toxic Import Drum (Closed warehouse) 100.0 - 8. Lime Stone 2 ton/year Solid Non Toxic Import Bag (Closed warehouse) - 100.0 9. NaOH 10 m3/year Liquid Corrosive Import Drum (Closed warehouse) - 100.0 10. HCl 3m3/year Liquid Corrosive Import Drum (Closed warehouse) - 100.0 11. Antifoam 1m3/year Liquid Non Toxic Import Drum (Closed warehouse) - 100.0 12. Nitrogen 200 Nm3/hour Gas Non Hazardous In country - (Piping) - 100.0 13. Sulphate acid 20 m3/year Liquid Corrosive Import Drum (Closed warehouse) - 100.0 14. Natural Gas 50 Sm3/hour gas Flammable In country - (Piping) - 100.0 15. Urea 1200 ton/year Solid Non Hazardous Import Bag (Open warehouse) 100.0 - 16. Anti foam Cooling water 1000 L/year Liquid Non Hazardous Import Drum (Closed warehouse) - 100.0 17. Inhibitor Cooling water 3000 L/year Liquid Non Hazardous Import Drum (Closed warehouse) - 100.0 18. Biocide Cooling water 3000 L/year Liquid Non Hazardous Import Drum (Closed warehouse) - 100.0 19. Stabilized Biocide 3000 L/year Liquid Non Hazardous Import Drum (Closed warehouse) - 100.0

Source: PT. KNI, 2007



Table 3.3. Product Data

Product Type Capacity (tonnes/year) Product Physical

Form and Characteristic

Storage System

Ammonium Nitrate

300,000

Solid and or solution and as substances

Solid ammonium nitrate product is put in the bag and places in warehouse.


3.3.3.3. Production Equipment Main equipments used in the production included type, numbers, condition,

country origin, and energy source, are presented on Table 3.4.

Table 3.4. Production Main Equipment

No Equipment type Numbers Condition (%) Country Origin

Energy Used for Moving

Motor

Impact Type: Vibrate/Noise/ Heat/ Sharp

Nitric acid plant 1 Demin water tank 1 100 Australia Electric Heat 2 Air filter 1 100 Australia Electric Noise 3 Turbine condenser 1 100 Australia Electric Noise 4 Steam turbine 1 100 Australia Electric Heat & noise 5 Air compressor 1 100 Australia Electric Heat & noise 6 Ammonia filter liquid 1 100 Australia Electric Sharp 7 Ammonia vaporizer 1 100 Australia Electric Sharp and heat 8 Ammonia Filter gas 1 100 Australia Electric Sharp and heat 9 Ammonia air filter 1 100 Australia Electric Sharp and heat 10 Ammonia super heater 1 100 Australia Electric Sharp and heat 11 Mixed gas filter 1 100 Australia Electric Sharp 12 NOx compressor 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 13 Expander 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 14 NOx absorber 1 100 Australia Electric Noise, gas, and

heat 15 Converter 1 100 Australia Electric Noise, gas, and

heat 16 Tail gas heater 2 100 Australia Electric Noise, gas, and

heat 17 NO gas separator 1 100 Australia Electric Gas and heat 18 Economizer 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 19 Steam drum 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat20 Feed water preheater 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat21 Desuperheater 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat22 Deaerator 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat23 BFW feed pump 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat24 Gas cooler 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat25 Bleacher column 1 100 Australia Electric Noise, gas and



heat 26 Gas cooler 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 27 Absorber 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 28 Process water tank 1 100 Australia Electric Heat 29 Air condensate tank 1 100 Australia Electric Heat

Ammonium Nitrate Plant 1 100 Australia Electric Gas and heat 1 Ammonia 2 100 Australia Electric Gas and heat 2 Condenser 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 3 Nitric acid heater 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 4 Process condensate tank & pump 1 100 Australia Electric Gas and heat 5 Ammonia 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 6 Vapour separator 1 100 Australia Electric Heat 7 Collecting tank 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 8 Steam ejector 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 9 Ammonium nitrate solution tank 1 100 Australia Electric Noise, gas and

heat 10 Ammonium nitrate evaporator 1 100 Australia Electric Noise, gas and

heat 11 Ammonium nitrate Prill feed tank 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 12 Process condensate cooler 1 100 Australia Electric Noise, gas and

heat 13 Prill tower 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 14 Predryer 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 15 Process condensate 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 16 Predryer air heater 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 17 Prilling air scrubber 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 18 Final scrubber 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 19 Screen 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 20 Cooler 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 21 Injection air heater 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 22 Fluidization air cooler 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 23 Coating agent storage 1 100 Australia Electric Heat 24 Coater 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 25 Ammonia 1 100 Australia Electric Noise, gas and

heat 26 Ammonia 1 100 Australia Electric Noise, gas and

heat Supporting Equipment

1 Feed water tank 1 100 Australia Electric Heat 2 Feed water deaerator 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 3 Demin water 1 100 Australia Electric Heat 4 NH3 preheater 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat5 Process gas cooler 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat6 Cooler condenser 1 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat7 Cooler condenser 2 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat8 Air compressor 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat9 NO compressor 1 100 Australia Electric Noise, gas and

heat 10 NH3 air mixer 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat



11 NH3 tail gas mixer 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat12 Chilled water circulating pump 2 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat13 Catalyst recovery system 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat14 Vapour separator 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat15 Ammonium nitrate solution tank 1 100 Australia Electric Heat 16 Process condensate tank 1 100 Australia Electric Heat 17 Ammonium nitrate solution tank 1 100 Australia Electric Heat 18 Ammonia heater 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat19 Ammonium nitrate tank ejector 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat20 Ammonia mixer 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat21 Nitric acid mixer 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat22 60% ammonium nitrate storage tank 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat23 Ammonium nitrate neutralizer 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat24 Head tank 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat25 Prill tower belt conveyor 1 100 Australia Electric Noise 26 Bucket elevator 1 100 Australia Electric Noise 27 Final scrubber fan 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat28 Head tank agitator 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat29 Dryer 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat30 Screen 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat31 Coating drum 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat32 Steam condensate tank 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat33 Steam saturator 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat34 Steam condenser 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat35 Nitric acid storage tank 1 100 Australia Electric Heat 36 Air heater 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 37 Bin activator 1 100 Australia Electric - 38 Bulk loading head 1 100 Australia Electric Noise and heat 39 Bulk silo 1 100 Australia Electric Noise 40 Bagging silo 2 100 Australia Electric Noise 41 Batch weigher for big bags 1 100 Australia Electric Noise




3.3.3.4. Energy Usage Energy used for the factory included type, capacity, usage/month, and source

is presented on Table 3.5.

Table 3.5 Energy Usage

Energy Type Capacity Using/Month Source Electric 3.6 MW 2,160,000

KWH PT. KIE

Steam High voltage (40 barg) Mild voltage (7 barg) Low voltage (3 barg)

33 tonnes/hours 8 tonnes/hours 2 tonnes/hours

23,760

tonnes/month

Steam is obtained from PT PKT with pressure of 40 barg

Source: PT. KNI, 2007 3.3.3.5. Water Usage

Water used for the factory included type, usage/month, treatment system,

source, and usage is presented on Table 3.6

Table 3.6 Water Usage

Water Type Usage Clarification Clean water (Potable water)

1 m3/day Water needed are supplied by PT KIE

Demineralised Water

2 m3/day Water needed are supplied by PT KIE

Fire Water 2000 m3 Water needed are supplied by PT KIE Source: PT. KNI, 2007

3.3.3.6. Fuel and Lubricant Usage

Fuel and lubricant used for factory included type, need/month, and waste

treatment is presented on Table 3.7



Table 3.7 Fuel and Lubricant Usage

Material Type Need / year Waste treatment Diesel Fuel 3,500 L/year Oil waste is collected and sent to the

competence party

Lubricant 5,000 L/year Oil waste is collected and sent to the competence party

Gasoline 80,000 litters are used for transportation fuel

No waste, all are used

Solar 9,000 litters are used for transportation fuel

No waste, all are used

Oil 100 litters are used for factory equipment and transportation fuel

Oil waste is collected and sent to the competence party

Source: PT. KNI, 2007 3.3.3.7. Transportation Usage

Transportation used for factory included usage, transportation type, and

volume/particular time is presented onTable 3.8

Table 3.8 Vehicles Usage

Usage Transportation Type Period Raw material Pipe During operation Additive material Truck/ship 4 times/year Product Ship/barge 10 - 15 times/month Labour/employment - Private car - Bus - Others

- 3 units Commerce: 15 units used for operational activity

10 times/day 6 times/day


3.3.3.8. Factory Operation Personnel Total numbers of personnel are 100 persons.

Personnel composition:

a. Expatriate : 5 persons

b. Local personnel : 95 persons

Personnel Duty Classification

a. Manager to senior manager : 6 persons.

b. Junior manager : 15 persons.

c. Non management : 79 persons.



Personnel Classification Based on Education

a. Diplome III and up : 21 persons.

b. ≤ DII : 79 persons.

3.3.3.9. Production Process

The capacity of ammonium nitrate factory is 300,000 tonnes / year. The

factory has two activities, i.e. nitric acid unit production and ammonium nitrate

unit production. In general, PT KNI collaborates with vendor that has

reputation internationally and has a good knowledge in ammonium nitrate

production process. Ammonium nitrate both its specification and quality can

be accepted in market area. The factory in its activity will be designed by

considering on well safety factors and well standards. Maximal energy

recovery along with emission and effluent minimization will be adopted as far

as it is economically practicable.

The ammonium nitrate unit production/plant is planned to work continually

with only minimal interruption production time used for equipment

maintenance and regular cleaning of ammonium nitrate dry end plant.

3.3.3.9.1. Nitric Acid Plant

Almost all commercial quantities of nitric acid are manufactured by the

oxidation of ammonia with air to form nitrogen oxides that are absorbed in

water to form nitric acid. PT KNI will employ a weak acid (sub azeotropic)

process to produce Nitric Acid at 60% for Ammonium Nitrate production.

Historically, there is difference philosophy in nitric acid factory design

between USA and Europe that has led to the development of two basic

types of weak acid plants: the high mono pressure and the dual pressure

processes. USA is more favourable to high mono pressure process due to

its lower capital cost (10-15% lower than the dual pressure process), and

traditionally lower energy and ammonia prices. While Europe is more

favourable to dual pressure process due to allowable capital payback

periods and energy costs have traditionally higher causing the process has

evolved giving lower ammonia feedstock usage and lower emission.

PT KNI proposes to use dual pressure process design, and plans to

produce at least 700 tonnes / day to fulfil the needs of nitric acid for

ammonium nitrate production.



Dual Pressure Process Description

The process is using medium pressure (0.3 – 0.6 MPa) front end for

ammonia oxidation, and high pressure (1.1 – 1.5 MPa) tail end for

absorption purposes. Compared to high mono pressure plant, oxidation

process in dual pressure is using lower pressure and as a result it will relate

to higher nitric oxide yields and catalyst performance. Losing platinum will

be significantly lower and therefore catalyst will have longer time thus the

production time also will be longer. Reduced pressure also results in weaker

nitric acid condensate from the cooler condenser, which helps to improve

absorber performance. Due to the split in operating conditions, the dual-

pressure process requires a specialized stainless steel NOx compressor.

Ammonia will be reacted with air on platinum/rhodium alloy catalysts in an

Ammonia Converter. Nitric oxide and water are formed in this process

according to the main equation:

4NH3 + 5O2 –––––> 4NO + 6H2O (1)

Simultaneously nitrous oxide, nitrogen and water are formed as well, in

accordance with the following equations:

4NH3 + 3O2 –––––> 2N2 + 6H2O (2)

4NH3 + 4O2 –––––> 2N2O + 6H2O (3)

It will be important to maintain the reaction temperature between 850 –

940oC to minimise combustion of ammonia and loss of rhodium at high

temperature and to minimise the preferential formation of N2O at low

temperatures to maximise nitric oxide yield.

The catalyst will consist of several woven or knitted gauzes formed from

wire containing about 90% platinum alloyed with rhodium for greater

strength and may contain palladium. Air pollution and contamination from

the ammonia can poison the catalyst. This effect, as well as poor ammonia-

air mixing and poor gas distribution across the catalyst, may reduce the

yield by 10%.

The enthalpy of the hot reaction gases will be used to produce steam and/or

to preheat the waste gas (tail gas). The heated waste gas is emitted to the

atmosphere through a gas turbine for energy recovery. This will cool the



reaction gas to 100 to 200 °C. The reaction gas will then be further cooled

with water. The water produced in reactions (1) to (3) is then condensed in a

cooler-condenser and transferred to the absorption column.

Nitric oxide is oxidised to nitrogen dioxide as the combustion gases are

cooled, according to the equation:

2NO + O2 <——-> 2NO2 (4)

For this purpose, more air will be injected into the gas mixture obtained from

the ammonia oxidation. This air will be regulated so that the normal oxygen

content of the waste gas leaving the plant is between 2 and 4% by volume.

The absorber will be operated with a counter-current flow of water. The

absorption of the nitrogen dioxide and its reaction to nitric acid and nitric

oxide take place simultaneously in the gaseous and liquid phases according

to equations (4) and (5). These reactions depend on pressure and

temperature to a large extent and are favoured by higher pressure and

lower temperature.

3NO2 + H2O <——-> 2HNO3 + NO -46kJmol-1 NO2 (5)

Reaction (5) is exothermic and continuous cooling will be required within the

absorber. As the conversion of NO to NO2 is favoured by low temperature,

this reaction will take place significantly until the gases leave the absorption

column. The nitric acid produced in the absorber contains dissolved nitrogen

oxides and is then bleached by the secondary air.

Feed Preparation

Liquid ammonia from storage will be evaporated using water or condensate

and superheated to prevent any liquid carry-over. Gaseous ammonia will be

filtered to remove any rust from carbon steel equipment. Trace iron can

promote the decomposition of ammonia before it reaches the gauze. High

purity air will be obtained by using two or three stage filtration. An air

compressor will be driven by a tail gas expander and by a condensing

steam turbine. A static mixer will be used to produce a high quality mixture,

which is essential to maintain good catalyst operation. The concentration of

NH3 in the feed gas will be maintained between 10 to 11% by volume to

avoid the LEL of ammonia (The LEL of ammonia is about 15% at 25 C but



decreases with increasing temperature, and possibly with increasing

pressure although Keleti states LEL is constant in the range 1 to 10 bar at

25 C 13.8% vol at atmospheric pressure).

Ammonia Converter Section

The ammonia converter will be designed to give a uniform distribution of the

air/ammonia mixture over the catalyst gauzes. Maintenance of the catalyst

operating temperature is very important for the NO yield. This will be is

achieved by adjusting the air/ammonia ratio and ensuring that the lower

explosive limit for ammonia in air is not exceeded. Conversion of ammonia

to nitric oxide using a platinum based catalyst is high (93–98%). The

optimum reaction temperature for conversion efficiency increases with

operating pressure. Overall, the combination of higher operation pressure

and temperature results in decreased conversion efficiency. Some of the

platinum and rhodium will vaporise during the reaction process and a

recovery system will be installed below the catalyst. This will provide for up

to 60 to 80% recovery of the total catalyst losses. Ultimately catalyst will

need to be replaced. The ammonia converter will probably be the upper

part of a vessel that also contains the first heat recovery section (steam

super heater and steam generator). A set of gas/gas heat exchangers will

transfer the energy from the gas leaving the boiler set, to the tail gas that

will be used to drive the expander.

NOx compression section

The cooled gases leaving the heat recovery section will be further cooled

and then mixed with the air and nitrogen oxides from the bleaching of the

acid solution and then compressed to a higher pressure for the absorption

stage. The heat of compression will be removed from the compressed

gases by heat recovery into the tail gas or the boiler feed water.

Conversion of NO to NO2 is slow and increasing the pressure in this section

means that reductions in equipment and handling system size can be

achieved without impacting on the residence time required optimising

conversion. Following compression, a second cooler condenser will reduce

the temperature of the gases to about 50°C and the acid solution formed

will be returned to the absorber.



Absorption Section

The cooled process gas will be fed to a sieve tray absorber where it is

absorbed into demineralised water and condensate. The rate of water flow

is manipulated to produce 60% acid. The acid solution from the absorption

section will be passed to a bleach column, where it will be stripped of the

nitrogen oxides by a flow of air from the air compressor. The air and the

stripped nitrogen oxides will return to the absorber.

NOx Abatement

Abatement of NOx will be achieved by catalytic reduction with ammonia or

natural gas. This will reduce NOx concentrations in the vented tail gas to

below allowable discharge limits.

Nitric Acid Storage

Intermediate storage of Nitric Acid will be provided to service the

Ammonium Nitrate Plant. The storage capacity will be sufficient to allow the

AN Neutralisation Plant to: operate normally should the Nitric Acid Plant

experience a temporary disruption to its production rate or to reduce

production gradually if Nitric Acid Plant production stops due to an incident

or failure. A nominal storage capacity of 1500 tonnes as either one or two

tanks of 60 % (by weight) nitric acid has been allowed for this purpose but

final capacity is yet to be confirmed. The NA storage tank area may have its

own bund and sump, or alternatively be of the double wall type to ensure

containment. Effluent from the Nitric acid plant bonded areas will be treated

in a common treatment facility.

3.3.3.9.2. Ammonium Nitrate Plant

Three steps are essential to ammonium nitrate manufacture: neutralization

of nitric acid with ammonia to produce a concentrated solution; evaporation

to give a melt; and processing by prilling or granulation to give the

commercial solid product.

Neutralisation Ammonium Nitrate solution will be produced by the instantaneous,

exothermic reaction between nitric acid and gaseous ammonia according to

the following equation:



NH3 (g) + HNO3 (aq) -> NH4 NO3 (aq) + Heat

The reaction will be conducted in a well mixed, low inventory reactor to

avoid localised overheating. The temperature in the reactor will be

regulated by the addition rate of feeds and by the removal of heat. The

steam which is evaporated by the heat of reaction will be separated from

the AN solution in the Vapour Separator. This process steam will then be

processed to remove entrained ammonium nitrate and ammonia before it is

used to preheat the ammonia and nitric acid feed streams. Excess steam

will be condensed. Condensate will be recovered and used to feed the

Nitric Acid Plant Absorber. The AN solution will drain from the Vapour

Separator into the AN Solution Tank. The concentration of the AN solution

in the AN Solution Tank will be maintained at 76 to 92% w/w.

Evaporation

The AN solution will be pumped to a falling film evaporator which will use

steam to facilitate evaporation of water and concentrate the AN solution to

greater than 95% w/w. The Evaporator will operate under a vacuum to

assist with concentration and the temperature of the AN solution will be

maintained at about 140oC. The process steam resulting from the

concentrating of the solution will pass through a vapour separator where it

will then be scrubbed to remove volatile impurities before it is condensed

and recovered in the condensate tank. The concentrated AN solution will

flow from the Evaporator into the Prilling Feed Tank. It will then be pumped

to the Prill Tower Head Tank. An additive may be added to the process to

improve the quality of the prilled product.

Prilling

Prilling is the formation of a rounded, granular solid by allowing molten

droplets to fall through an air-cooling medium. Prilling of ammonium nitrate

involves spraying the concentrated solution into the top of a large tower.

The descending droplets are cooled by an upward flow of air, solidifying into

spherical prills that are collected at the bottom. The process yields particles

that vary in size depending on the residual moisture of solution, air

temperature, and flow rate. Low density 770 kg/m3 prills, favoured for use

in ammonium nitrate–fuel oil blasting agents, are produced by spraying



ammonium nitrate solutions into towers 33 to 60 m high. The porous

product produced promotes propagation of detonation and allows for a

higher fuel oil loading. As the droplets fall through the tower an upward

stream of cooling air will cause the melt to solidify into spherical prills.

Cooling air will be recycled through the Prilling Air Scrubber where it is both

scrubbed and cooled before it is re-introduced into the Prill Tower. The

Prilling Air Scrubber will remove residual AN dust and ammonia.

Approximately 10% of the scrubbed air (which will contain <15 mg/Nm3 AN)

will be vented to the Final Scrubber to maintain the Prill Tower Air system

under a slight vacuum.

Drying and Recycle

The warm prilled product will be passed over a screen in the Prill Tower Exit

Conveyor before it enters a Pre Drier followed by a Drier. Lumps from the

screen will be dissolved and recycled either back to the process or sent to

the Fertiliser Plant. The AN Prills will be dried and cooled using

dehumidified air. The drying will consist of two stages; preliminary drying

using cool air flowing co current to the prills followed by final drying using

warm air flowing counter current to the prills. This arrangement will optimize

moisture removal and minimise product breakdown. Dust from the drying

process will be dissolved in a re-dissolving tank. The drying/cooling air will

be scrubbed in the Final Scrubber to remove AN particulates (to <15

mg/Nm3 AN) before passing to atmosphere. The prills will then be screened

by the Dried Product Screen where over and under-size material will be

removed. The over and under-size material will be re-dissolved in the AN

prilling feed tank. The correctly sized prills will be cooled using dehumidified

air in a Product Cooler. Air from the Product Cooler will be used to dry the

prills in the Drier, thereby providing dehumidified air for the drier and

minimising the amount of air to be scrubbed. The cooled prills will be coated

with coating agent in a Product Coating Drum to improve handling

characteristics. The prills will then be conveyed either to a 1000 tonne bulk

store (if such a store is required) or direct to bag or container filling. The

prills from the bulk store will be screened on Vibrating Screens to remove

fines and lumps before loading into 1.2 tonne bags or 20 tonne containers.



The reject material will be bagged and dispatched as a lower grade product,

or dissolved for fertiliser.

Fertilizer Solutions

Wherever practicable Ammonium Nitrate plant effluent that is not

contaminated will be recovered rather than passing to effluent and will be

used to make either 60% AN solution or Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN)

both of which are excellent fertilisers. The various sources will be collected

in a Fertiliser Liquor Storage Tank, then pumped to a Fertiliser Concentrator

where the solution is concentrated to 60-65% w/w and held in a storage

tank. If UAN is made, urea will then be added to this solution and the

fertiliser despatched by road tanker or isotainer. Out of specification AN prill

either from production or returned from customers and which cannot be

blended back into the product stream, will be dissolved at the fertiliser plant

and used to make fertiliser.

3.3.3.9.3. AMMONIUM NITRATE STORAGE AND LOGISTICS

In principle it will be preferred if a prill bulk store and reclaim facility can be

avoided, and wet end designed to ensure minimum off spec product at

start-up and maximum turndown should assist this situation. If however a

bulk store is required, then it will be of minimum practical size for production

continuity, and equipped with air conditioning due to the high ambient

humidity. Product will initially be loaded into 1.2 tonne bags only, but it is

envisaged that in future AN may also be despatched as solution in

isotainers or as bulk or bags of prill in shipping containers. For bagged prill

it is envisaged that two 100% prill bagging lines will be provided, with

sufficient over capacity to enable smooth and reliable operation and some

catch up ability. The size of bagging machine feeding hoppers will be

minimised to reduce prill inventory but on a practical basis for reliability of

operation. It is also intended that the hoppers be installed below the roofline

so as not to be visible from above. If practical, filling and conveying lines will

handle bags without the use of pallets, to avoid having pallets in the bag

store. Conveying equipment for the full bags from either filling line will be

provided such that bags are transported via conveyors to designated

accumulation areas at several locations on the north side of the bag store.



This is to minimise the travel distance for forklifts transferring two bags at a

time to storage piles. The accumulation location used each day will vary

based on the part of the store being filled. A total on site storage capacity of

up to 10,000 tonnes of bagged AN is envisaged with average operating

volume of about 5,000 tonnes. This will enable sufficient stock to be

compiled for ship loading, and provide a minimal buffer to allow for late

ships or loading delays on the shared wharf. Frequent shutdowns due to full

storage should thus be avoided. Conveying equipment to transfer full bags

from the store to trucks, for transport to the wharf, will be provided. The

concept envisaged is that two forklifts will transfer bags from the storage

piles to conveyors which will run from half way down each end of the

building on the south side of the bag store to accumulation areas either side

of a centrally located 10 bag pickup marshalling area. 10 bags at a time (5

by 2 grid) will then be loaded via overhead crane onto purpose built low

level trailers which will be towed by tractor or similar vehicle to the wharf.

Approximately six of these tractor/trailer units will circulate to keep the

ship’s crane fully occupied. The existing Tursina Wharf will be used to

dispatch AN. As this is a shared wharf and other activities such as urea

loading will be ongoing at the same time, AN loading will be physically

segregated by temporary barriers to ensure security is maintained.

Assuming approximately 3,000 to 5,000 tonne shiploads of prill there will be

a requirement for 2 -3 shipments per month. Means of transferring bulk

bags and containers of prill between the plant and the jetty is envisaged to

be by flat bed tractor/trailer units in 10 bag lots and it is expected that 200 -

300 trailer movements will be required for each shipment. It is expected that

the ship's crane or a mobile crane will be used to move AN bags or

isotainers and containers from the jetty into the ship's hull. It typically takes

several days to load a ship, and further investigation will be undertaken to

assess loading methods and loading rates consistent with existing jetty

utilisation and the available window for ship loading. Vehicle fuelling

facilities will be provided for the store to ship and other loading activities

require at the site. Bagged prill or isotainers may also be transferred via flat

bed truck to local mine sites if road condition permits. Heavy lift (container)

and general duty forklifts will be required at the factory and jetty and if a



bulk system is required, front end loaders will also be necessary to load prill

into the reclaim system.

3.3.3.9.4. Liquid Effluent Treatment and Discharge

Process effluent

Where recovery and recycle of lost LDAN product is not possible, and it

cannot be sent for fertiliser manufacture, liquid effluent will pass to a

treatment plant. Effluent from all other contained plant areas is also

transferred to the same treatment plant. The plant is conceptually the same

as that successfully operated at Orica’s Yarwun plant in Australia, and

consists of two batch storage tanks, which receive effluent in turn from the

various plant areas. The effluent is collected in double contained pits in

each area and pumped via overhead pipe systems to a two tank batch

effluent pre-treatment system prior to transfer to KIE treatment and

discharge ponds. Effluent pits at oil contaminated locations are triple

separator type to allow oil capture. Above ground effluent tanks are

preferred to avoid issues due to long term site settlement and allow for

inspection for leakage. The effluent is monitored for TSS, pH, nitrate and

ammonia and is treated with caustic and/or hydrochloric acid on a batch

basis as required, before it is pumped to KIE. It is expected that the effluent

would also be monitored at KIE for the same analyses to ensure it is within

KIE licensed parameters before discharge to sea.

Seawater Cooler Discharge

Seawater discharge from the cooling tower basin will be discharged into the

sea through a new outfall pipe at the east side of the site with a salinity level

approximately 1.5 times that of inlet seawater, and containing residual

treatment chemicals. Due to the use of a cooling tower, the discharge flow is

very low compared to the flow of a once through system, and minor in

comparison to flows coming from the existing seawater races. The

discharged seawater is therefore expected to blend quickly and have little

effect on existing water quality in the area.



Gas Emission

The main sources of gaseous emissions from the nitric acid plant are the

main plant stacks the ammonia vent stack and the ammonia scrubber stack.

The main nitric acid plant stack is essentially unreacted air (primarily

Nitrogen) from the nitric acid manufacture process, containing NOx and

other contaminants. This stack is elevated to aid dispersion and thereby

minimise ground level concentrations, and generally supported by the

structure for the absorber column. The actual height is to be confirmed by

dispersion calculations based on the actual wind data and layout of the site,

but will be above the height of the absorber. It is normal during start-up of

the NA plant that this stack emits a visible brown plume until the plant

reaches temperature, after which time the plume is invisible. During

shutdown it is also common for NOx readings to rise in the stack as the

absorber tray liquid inventory drops, and this may also cause a small visible

plume during the initial shutdown phase until air flow ceases entirely. The

number of shutdowns and start-ups will vary depending on such issues as

the supply reliability of utilities and frequency and severity of electrical

storms. Shutdowns due to these types of issues will be additive to the

approximately 10 shutdowns required per year for production and

maintenance purposes.

The ammonia vent stack is located alongside the main vent stack to give it

support and provide access, and is used to collect and vent ammonia from

large relief valves where scrubbing of the emissions would be impractical.

Normally there is no flow through this stack, and in the event of its use due

to process upset or malfunction the process would be shut down as soon as

practical. A separate ammonia scrubbing system is provided to handle

emissions from small hydrostatic relief valves and for controlled venting as

required to access equipment for maintenance.

Miscellaneous

Wastes that are not included in above categorization such as solid waste

(both toxic and hazardous as well as non toxic and non hazardous wastes)

will be managed suitable with Bontang City Regulations. Domestic solid

waste (garbage) will be managed by (1) Organic and inorganic waste



separation; (2) inorganic waste such as plastic, wood, paper, glass, metal

etc will be sold to collector and recycled; (3) organic waste such as leafs,

fruit peel, food left over, etc are dumped to the land fill; While solid wastes

that categorized as toxic and hazardous waste are managed suitable with

the regulation. Waste managing is presented on Table 3.9.



Table 3.9 Waste Management Waste type Characteristic Source Amount Treatment Method

A. Solid/particle 1. Left over catalyst

Hazardous

• Ammonia Converter

120 kg/year

• Collected according to its characteristic,

• Packed in drum and labelled,

• Stored in suitable and safety place,

• Managed suitable with the existing procedure for toxic and hazardous substances.

50 m3/year • Domestic waste is dumped in landfill.

2. Domestic and office solid waste.

Non toxic

Domestic activity / household and office 50 m3/year • Paper and cartoon will be

recycled

3. Inert material (plastic, etc) consisting nitrate

Non toxic

General 10 m3/year • Packed minimally • Washing out with water to

vanish nitrate contaminant < 100 mg/L

• Dumped in landfill by waste contractor

4. Part of Lilamine Non toxic

Chemical packaging

1800 bag/year • Cleaned with water and dumped in land fill

5. Empty Drum Toxic Chemical storage 2000 drums/year

100 units @ 20 L/year

• Washed with water until clean


• Managed suitable with the existing procedure for toxic and hazardous substances

6. Coating Agent Non toxic

Product layer system Separator

20 ton/year • Collected and dumped by licensed contractor

7. Filter Aqua ammonia filter Nitric acid compressor Ammonia filter

4 units/year

20 m3/year

100 units /year

• Washed and taken contaminant


• Managed by waste contractor

8. Part of ammonium nitrate

Non toxic

1000 bags/year • Washed and taken contaminant


• Managed by waste contractor



B. Liquid 1. Nitric acid waste

Corrosive Nitric acid

production process system

300 m3/day Neutralized pH and flowed into chemical pond.

2. Hot wastewater Non toxic

Cooling system using seawater.

220 m3/hour Decreased temperature with cooling tower

3. Grease Toxic Triple Separator 100 L/year • Collected and packaged in drum and labelled,


• Managed suitable with the existing procedure for toxic and hazardous substances

C. Gas 1. Nitric acid factory

stack Can disturb health especially respiration tract.

Ammonia vent stack

680 mg/Nm3

NOx

Recondition /heating process controlling.

2. Ammonium Nitrate Final Scrubber Stack

Can disturb health especially respiration tract.

Ammonium nitrate absorbed by air

200 mg/Nm3

Ammonia

Recondition /heating process controlling.

D. Noise Noise Decreasing

convenience Machine sounds in production process

- Machine maintenance, soundproof room, using ear plug and earmuff



Chapter IV : Scope of Study IV - 1

CHAPTER IV SCOPE OF STUDY

4.1. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT WILL BE ASSESSED

4.1.1. SHORT DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITY PLAN CAUSING IMPACT

Activity plan that will be assessed in the study of environmental impact is

construction plan of Ammonium nitrate factory. The study includes the

assessment of land preparation, construction, and operation phases. Activities in

every phase will cause impact to geo-physic-chemistry, biology, social-

economic-culture, and community health environmental components. Activities

type based on activity phase are as follows:

4.1.1.1. Land Preparation Phase 1. Survey and measuring

2. Land procurement

3. Labour recruitment

4. Equipment mobilization

5. Land clearing

6. Land preparation

4.1.1.2. Construction Phase 1. Construction phase labour recruitment

2. Equipment and construction material mobilization

3. Factory construction activity

4. Labour and equipment demobilisation

4.1.1.3. Operation Phase 1. Operation phase labour recruitment

2. Raw material and addition material procurement

3. Production process

4. Waste treatment

5. Product shipping



4.1.2. SCOPING PROCESS

4.1.2.1. Potential Impact Identification

Potential impact identification includes primary, secondary, and tertiary

impacts which potentially will emerge as results from Ammonium nitrate

factory construction activity. Potential impact identification is done through

potential impact inventory without viewing impact magnitude or significant-

insignificant impact. The identification is using methods of consultation and

discussion with expert, initiator, and related institution. Besides consultation

and discussion, methods including test inventory, simple interaction matrix,

flow diagram, references study, field observation, content analyses, and group

interaction are also used. Impact flow diagram and impact identification matrix

are presented on Figure 4.1, Figure 4.2, Figure 4.3 and Table 4.1.

4.1.2.2. Potential Impact Evaluation

Results of potential impact identification then are evaluated to obtain

hypothetic significant impact. Potential impact evaluation is carried out to filter

irrelevant or insignificant potential impacts. Impacts then are listed based on

community, related institution, and expert considerations, but the list has not

been directed systematically. Method used in the impact evaluation is group

interaction involved initiator represented by consultant, related institution, and

the community. Impact evaluation matrix is presented on Table 4.2

4.1.2.3. Classification and Priority

Impact classification and priority is aimed to focus the classification and the

priority of hypothetic significant impact that will be assessed. The hypothetic

significant impact is resulted from potential impact evaluation. Hypothetic

significant impact classification and priority is performed through two stages.

Firstly, significant impacts are grouped according to impacts interrelation.

Secondly, the significant impacts that have been grouped then are listed

according to their importance, both economically, socially, or ecologically.

Classification and priority of significant impact matrix is presented on Table

4.3.

Kajian Dampak Lingkungan Hidup Pabrik Ammonium Nitrat PT. KNI


Table 4.1. Hypothetic Impact Identification Matrix Activity Component

Land Preparation Phase Construction Phase

Operation Phase No Environmental Component

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1. Geo-Physic-Chemistry 1.1 Climate 1.2 Air quality 1.3 Noise 1.4 Water quality 1.5. Waste and garbage generating 1.6 Hydro oceanography 1.7 Topography and morphology 1.8 Soil type 1.9 Spatial planning 1.10 Land use planning 2. Biology 2.1 Terrestrial Flora 2.2 Terrestrial Fauna 2.3 Plankton 2.4 Benthos 2.5 Nekton 2.6 Microbe 3. Social-economic-culture 3.1 Demography 3.2 Job opportunity 3.3 Effort opportunity 3.5 Earning 3.6 .Aesthetic and convenience 3.7 Costum/Social process 3.9 Community unrest 3.10 Community perception 4 Community Health 4.1 Work accident 4.2 Disease pattern 4.3 Health disturbance 4.4 Environmental sanitation

Land Preparation Phase Construction Phase Operation Phase 1. Survey and Measurement 2. Land procurement 3. Labour Recruitment 5. Equipment Mobilization 6. Land clearing 7. Land preparation

1. Construction phase labour recruitment

2. Equipment and construction material mobilisation

3. Factory construction activity 4. Labour and equipment

demobilisation

1. Operation phase labour recruitment


3. Production process 4. Waste treatment 5. Product shipping



Table 4.2. Hypothetic Impact Evaluation

Activity Component



1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1. Geo-Physic-Chemistry 1.1 Climate 1.2 Air quality 1.3 Noise 1.4 Water quality 1.5. Waste and garbage generating 1.6 Hydro oceanography 1.7 Topography and morphology 1.8 Soil type 1.9 Spatial planning 1.10 Land use planning 2. Biology 2.1 Terrestrial Flora 2.2 Terrestrial Fauna 2.3 Plankton 2.4 Benthos 2.5 Nekton 2.6 Microbe 3. Social-economic-culture 3.1 Demography 3.2 Job opportunity 3.3 Effort opportunity 3.4 Earning 3.5 .Aesthetic and convenience 3.6 Costum/Social process 3.7 Community unrest 3.8 Community perception 4. Community Health 4.1 Work accident 4.2 Disease pattern 4.3 Health disturbance 4.4 Environmental sanitation





demobilisation






Table 4.3. Hypothetic Impact Classification and Priority Matrix Activity Component



1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1. Geo-Physic-Chemistry 1.1 Climate 1.2 Air quality 1.3 Noise 1.4 Water quality 1.5. Waste and garbage generating 1.6 Hydro oceanography 1.7 Topography and morphology 1.8 Soil type 1.9 Spatial planning 1.10 Land use planning 2. Biology 2.1 Terrestrial Flora 2.2 Terrestrial Fauna 2.3 Plankton 2.4 Benthos 2.5 Nekton 2.6 Microbe 3. Social-economic-culture 3.1 Demography 3.2 Job opportunity 3.3 Effort opportunity 3.4 Earning 3.5 .Aesthetic and convenience 3.6 Costum/Social process 3.7 Community unrest 3.8 Community perception 4 Community Health 4.1 Work accident 4.2 Disease pattern 4.3 Health disturbance 4.4 Environmental sanitation





demobilisation






4.1.3. SCOPING PROCES RESULT

4.1.3.1. Hypothetic Significant Impact of Activity Component Causing Impact

4.1.3.1.1. Land Preparation Phase In the land preparation phase, activity components causing hypothetic

impact to the environment are Survey and measurement, land procurement,

labour recruitment, equipment mobilization, land clearing and land

preparation.

4.1.3.1.2. Construction Phase In the construction phase, activity components causing hypothetic impact to

the environment are construction phase labour recruitment, equipment and

construction material mobilization, factory construction activity, and labour

and equipment demobilization.

4.1.3.1.3. Operation Phase In the operation phase, activity components causing hypothetic impact to the

environment are operation phase labour recruitment, raw material and

additive material procurement, production process, waste treatment and

product shipping.

4.1.3.2. Hypothetic Significant Impact of Impacted Environmental Component

4.1.3.2.1. Land Preparation Phase In the land preparation phase, environmental components impacted are geo-

physic-chemistry, biology, social-economic-culture, and community health

aspects.

a. Geo-physic-chemistry Aspect Geo-physic-chemistry environmental components impacted by significant

impact are climate, air quality, noise, water quality, hydro oceanography,

topography and morphology, soil type, spatial planning and Land use

planning

b. Biology Aspect Biology environmental components predicted that will be impacted by

significant impact are terrestrial fauna and microbe.

c. Social-economic-culture Aspect Social-economic-culture environmental components impacted by



significant impact are demography, job opportunity, aAesthetic and

convenience, community unrest, and community perception.

d. Community Health Aspect Community health environmental components impacted by significant

impact are disease pattern and health disturbance.

4.1.3.2.2. Construction Phase In the construction phase environmental components impacted are geo-

physic-chemistry, biology, social-economic-culture, and community health

aspects.

a. Geo-physic-chemistry Aspect

Geo-physic-chemistry environmental components impacted by significant

impact are air quality, noise, water quality, hydro oceanography, spatial

planning, land use planning.


significant impact are microbe.

c. Social-economic-culture Aspect

Social-economic-culture environmental components impacted by

significant impact are demography, job opportunity, effort opportunity,

earning, aesthetic and convenience, costum/Social process, community

unrest and community perception.

d. Community Health Aspect Community health environmental components impacted by significant

impact are work accident, disease pattern and health disturbance.

4.1.3.2.3. Operation Phase

In the operation phase environmental components impacted are geo-physic-

chemistry, biology, social-economic-culture, and community health aspects.

a. Geo-physic-chemistry Aspect Geo-physic-chemistry environmental components impacted by magnitude

and significant impact are climate, air quality, noise, water quality, waste

and garbage generating, and ydro oceanography.




magnitude and significant impact are plankton, benthos and nekton.

c. Social-economic-culture Aspect

Social-economic-culture environmental components impacted by

magnitude and significant impact are demography, job opportunity, effort

opportunity, earning, aesthetic and convenience, costum/Social process,

community unrest, and community perception.

d. Community Health Aspect Community health environmental components impacted by magnitude

and significant impact are work accident, disease pattern, health

disturbance, and environmental sanitation.

Activity component hypothetic impacts and environmental components in

summary and clear are presented on Table 4.4.

Table 4.4. Hypothetic Impact

Activity Phase Activity Causing Impact Significant Hypothetic Impact

1. Survey and Measurement 2. Land procurement 3. Labour recruitment Microbe, Job opportunity, Community

unrest, and Community perception 4. Equipment mobilisation Air quality, Noise, Hydro oceanography,

Topography and morphology, Terrestrial Fauna,.Aesthetic and convenience, Community unrest, Community perception Disease pattern, and Health disturbance.

5. Land clearing Air quality, Noise, Water quality, Terrestrial Fauna, Community unrest, and Community perception.

Land preparation

6. Land preparation Air quality, Noise, Water quality, Hydro oceanography, Topography and morphology, Soil type, Spatial planning, Land use planning, Terrestrial Fauna, and Job opportunity

1. Construction phase labour recruitment Microbe, Demography, Job opportunity, Effort opportunity, Earning, Costum/Social process, Community unrest, and Community perception

Construction


Air quality, Noise, Water quality.Aesthetic and convenience, Community unrest, Community perception, Disease pattern, and Health disturbance.



3. Factory construction Air quality, Noise, Water quality, Hydro oceanography, Spatial planning, Land use planning, Demography, Job opportunity, Effort opportunity, Costum/Social process, Community unrest, Community perception Work accident, Disease pattern, and Health disturbance.

4. Labour and equipment demobilisation Air quality, Noise,.Aesthetic and convenience, and Community perception

1. Operation phase labour recruitment Demography, Job opportunity, Effort opportunity, Earning, . Costum/Social process, Community unrest, and Community perception

2. Raw material and additive material procurement

Air quality, and Waste and garbage generating

3. Production process Climate, Air quality, Noise, Water quality, Waste and garbage generating, Job opportunity, Earning, .Aesthetic and convenience, Community unrest, Community perception, Work accident, Disease pattern, Health disturbance, and Environmental sanitation

4. Waste treatment Air quality, Water quality, Waste and garbage generating, Hydro oceanography, Plankton, Benthos, Nekton, Microbe

Operation

5. Product shipping Noise, Hydro oceanography, Plankton, Benthos, Nekton, Microbe, Job opportunity, Earning, Community unrest, and Community perception

4.2. SCOPE OF STUDY AREA

Study area is landscape border or the area for conducting study. Environmental

study determination of Ammonium Nitrate Factory Construction Plan is based

on impact criteria (both direct and indirectly), impact distribution, as well as

direct and indirectly impacted community distribution. Based on the criteria, the

study area includes Ammonium Nitrate Factory Activity Plan site and extended

area in the surrounding activity site. Border study area includes project,

administrative, ecology, and social borders.

Study area scoping is aimed to boundary the width of study area based on

scoping results of significant impact, and by considering resources, time, and

budget limitation. Study area border is the resultant from the four borders

mentioned above, i.e. takenly similar to social border. Study area border can be

seen on Figure 4.4.



4.2.1. PROJECT SITE BORDER

Project border determination is based on project site technical condition. In this

case, the project border is the space of Ammonium Nitrate Factory construction

project planning located in industrial estate of PT Kawasan Industri Estate

(KIE), Lhok Tuan Village North Bontang District, in the area of Bontang City

East Kalimantan Province.

4.2.2. ADMINISTRATIVE BORDER

Administratively, the activity is located in two villages: Guntung Village and Lhok

Tuan Village North Bontang District, in the area of Bontang City East

Kalimantan Province.

4.2.3. ECOLOGY BORDER

Ecology border determination is based on natural process maintaining scale

related to impact distribution of Ammonium Nitrate Factory. Ecology area border

that needs priority in this environmental study, includes natural and built

ecosystems located in Ammonium Nitrate Factory project site area and in

community settlement as well as their surroundings that possible affected by the

construction activity impact distribution. Based on directly impact predicted that

will be occurred, ecology area in the surrounding Ammonium Nitrate Factory

includes terrestrial ecosystem i.e. forest plant and marine ecology.

4.2.4. SOCIAL BORDER

Social area border in this study is the area that the community’s social-

economic-culture and health will be basically affected by Ammonium nitrate

factory construction activity. Scoping research is resulted that social area border

includes community in Guntung and Lok Tuan villages North Bontang District,

East Kalimantan Province.



Figure 4.5. Study Area Border


Chapter V: Environment Initial Condition V - 1

CHAPTER V ENVIRONMENT INITIAL CONDITION

5.1. GEO-PHYSIC-CHEMISTRY INITIAL CONDITION

5.1.1. CLIMATE

Based on the climate data of Bontang City, rainy season is occurred almost in a

whole year. Monthly rainfall distribution pattern in this area is complying with the

equatorial pattern with the first rainfall peak in February and the second peak in

December, along with relative humidity in the range of 60-98%.

Bontang City is located in the north of equator line, and tropical climate. Mean of

daily temperature is 31°C (maximum 34°C and minimum 27°C). Mean of relative

humidity in approximately of 72%, and sun lighting duration in approximately of

50%. Wind blow is included in West and East Monsoon Wind, the lowest wind

velocity is 2 knots, occurred in December, while the highest is 8 knots occurred

in April and October. Rate of evaporation is 79 mm/month.

Mean of yearly rainfall is 1900 mm/year (the highest is 2400 mm/year). Dry

month occurs in July with rainfall rates 27 mm/month, while wet month in

December with rainfall rates 298 mm/month. Based on Schmidt and Ferguson,

the climate is classified as B class, while according to Koppen the climate is AF

type.

Based on the wind rose, in the period of January-April the wind is dominated by

the wind coming from North, North East, and East direction; in the month of May

the wind direction is fluctuating (no dominant direction); while in June-October it

is dominated by the wind coming from South West, South, and South East; in the

month of November the wind direction is fluctuating (no dominant direction); and

in December, the wind coming from West, South West, North and North East.

Wind pattern (2003) is shown in figure 5.1.



Night, January 2003 Day, January 2003

Night, February 2003 Day, February 2003

Night, March 2003 Day, March 2003

30%

10% 20%

10%

20% 30%

10% 20%

30%

30% 20% 10%

30%

10% 20%

30% 20% 10%

1-3 knot

4-6 knot

≥ 7 knot



Night, April 2003 Day, April 2003

Night, May 2003 Day, May 2003

Night, June 2003 Day, June 2003

30%

20% 10%

33030%

10% 20%

30% 20%

10%

30% 20%

10%

10%

20%

30%

30%

20% 10%

1-3 knot

4-6 knot

≥ 7 knot



Night, July 2003 Day, July 2003

Night, August 2003

Day, August 2003

Night, September 2003 Day, September 2003

30%

20%

10%

30%

20%

10%

30%

20% 10%

30% 20%

10%

30%

20%

10%

30% 20%

10%

1-3 knot

4-6 knot

≥ 7 knot



Night, October 2003 Day, October 2003

Night, November 2003 Day, November 2003

Night, December 2003 Day, December 2003

Figure 5.1. Wind Pattern

30%

20%

10%

30%

20%

10%

10% 20%

30%

30% 20%

10%

30% 20%

10%

33030%

10% 20%

1-3 knot

4-6 knot

≥ 7 knot



5.1.2. AIR QUALITY The initial environment condition measurement is aimed to know the condition

before affected by certain project activity that will emerge impacts to the

environment.

Air samples in this study are taken from 4 sites by considering: (1) Located in the

street area. From this area, in the location of Post 7, one sample is taken (U-1);

(2) Located in industry area which is presented by Tursina warehouse. From this

area, one sample is taken (U-2); Located in settlement area which is presented

by Tursina Camp. From this area, one sample is taken (U-3); and (4) Located in

the project site. From this area, one sample is taken (U-4).

Laboratory samples analyses results are presented on Table 5.2.

Table 5.1. Ambient Air Quality

Parameter Unit U-1 U-2 U-3 U-4 BM SO2 µg/Nm3 Ttd Ttd Ttd 0,34 262 NO2 µg/Nm3 0,64 3,79 25,10 6,03 94 CO µg/Nm3 27,46 Ttd Ttd Ttd 2290 Dust mg/m3 0,037 0,045 0,087 0,035 0,26

Source: Primary data, Baristan Indag Laboratory, Samarinda, 2007 Clarification: U-1 : Post 7

U-2 : Tursina warehouse U-3 : Settlement in Camp Tursina U-4 : Project site BM : Ambient air quality standard according to Decree of East Kalimantan Governor No. 339 Year1988 *) : Odour Standard Level of Kep.50/MENLH/11/1996

Laboratory results of sample analyses indicate that ambient air quality

parameters in the study area are still in the range of air quality standard

recommended by East Kalimantan Governor in its Decree number 339 year

1998. Ambient air odour quality parameter is also in the range of odour standard

according to Decree of State Minister of the Environment Number

50/MENLH/11/1996. (Scale 5)

Air quality parameters measured in the study area are resulted from

anthropogenic activities, while the contribution of natural pollutant can be said as

insignificant. The anthropogenic activities include industrial, transportation, and

domestic settlement activities.



Environment air quality represented by points U-1 and U-3 is still in the range of

air quality standard. CO parameter in point U-1 and NO2 parameter in point U-3

are higher than those of in the other sampling points. The higher concentrations

in these points are possibly resulted from gas distribution coming from industrial

estate of PT KIE and PT Pupuk Kaltim, as well as from high transportation

activities occurred in the areas. However, the main possibility source of CO and

NO2 pollutions is transportation activities because these parameters are usually

resulted from burning fossil fuels.

5.1.3. NOISE

Noise level can be affected by mobile and immobile sources. Activities that can

be noise sources and have operated in industrial estate of PT KIE include

factories, offices, warehouses, wharf, and transportation. Settlement noise

standard according to Kep/48/MenLH/1996 is 55 dBA with the tolerancy of ± 3

dBA, while the standard in industrial estate is 70 dBA. Noise easement sampled

in 5 locations in the study area resulted that noise levels are still in the range of

recommended standard.

Table 5.2. Noise Level in the Surrounding Ammonium Nitrate Factory

No Location Code Land Usage North

Latitude East Longitude Noise Level (dBA)

BT Noise (dBA) Kep/48/MenLH/1996

1 B-1 Settlement of Camp Tursina

0o 10’ 31,8” 117o 28’ 42,4” 53,0 55

2 B-2 Settlement of Post Seven

0o 10’ 26,7” 117o 28’ 45,5” 47,9 55

3 B-3 Project site 0o 10’ 33,8” 117o 29’ 05,7” 40,7 70 4 B-4 Industrial Estate 0o 10’ 32,2” 117o 29’ 01,1” 56,9 70 5 B-5 Quarry 0o 10’ 35,2” 117o 28’ 28,0” 55,8 70

5.1.4. Water Quality

Initial environmental condition measurement has to be done. Measuring results

are used as baseline data before activities operate. Water quality in initial

condition of the study area is sampled in 6 point sampling sites. Sampling site is

determined based on: waters condition in the locations i.e. Seawaters in the

surrounding Tursina Pier/Warf that functions as receiver water include seawaters

in the south side of Tursina Warf (point A-1), seawaters in Tursina Warf (point A-

3), and seawaters in the surrounding project site (point A-4). Groundwater and

well water samples are represented by PT PKT treated waters that originally are



from PT. Petrosea (point A-2) groundwater; domestic drainage in the north side

of project site (point A-5); and water from project site (point A-6).

Seawaters analyses resulted that physical-chemical seawaters quality is

still in the range of standard according to Decree of State Minister of the

Environmnet Number 51 year 2004 on Seawaters standard for Harbour

seawaters.

Table 5.3. Seawater Quality in the Surrounding Ammonium Nitrate Factory

Parameter Unit AL-1 AL-3 AL-4 A-5 A-6 BM Physic Temperature 0C 34,5 35,6 34,8 30,1 30,1 Natural pH - 8,55 8,80 8,92 7,57 8,08 7 – 8,5 Salinity o/oo 31,6 29,1 19,2 - - Natural DO mg/L 6,36 6,31 6,36 5,46 5,36 - BOD oC 1,37 1,59 2,06 2,46 3,08 - Sulphide mg/L l 0,0011 0,0011 0,0011 0,0170 0,0046 - Free chlorine mg/L 0,003 0,02 0,03 - - - Chloride mg/L 18.946 19070 18996 - - - Free Ammoniac mg/L 0,41 0,18 0,30 0,44 0,18 0,3 Phenol mg/L 0,016 0,015 0,014 0,016 0,015 Oil and grease mg/L 0,082 0,063 0,046 0,069 0,103 Nil Mercury mg/L 0,0012 < 0,0001 < 0,0001 0,0004 0,0007 - Cadmium mg/L 0,0359 0,0379 0,0320 - - - Chrome hexavalent

mg/L Ttd Ttd Ttd Ttd Ttd

Lead mg/L < 0,002 < 0,002 < 0,002 < 0,002 < 0,002 0,05 Zinc mg/L 0,0611 0,1805 0,0311 < 0,0005 <

0,0005 0,1

Copper mg/L 0,0141 0,0132 0,0198 0,0009 < 0,0001

0,05

Nickel mg/L < 0,005 < 0,005 < 0,005 < 0,003 < 0,003 - Arsenic mg/L < 0,001 < 0,001 < 0,001 < 0,001 < 0,001 - Detergent mg/L 0,02 0,07 0,01 - - -

Source: Primary data, Baristan Indag Laboratory, 2007 Clarification : A-1 : seawater in south side of Pier Tursina, PT. PKT A-3 : seawater in the surrounding of Pier Tursina A-4 : seawater in the front of project site A-5 : domestic drainage in the north side of project side A-6 : project site location BM : seawater standard, Decree of State Minister of Environment No 51 Year

2004 for Harbour



Several parameters that have elevated the standard are pH, free

ammoniac, and zinc. These can be explained that the seawaters in the

surrounding industrial estate of PT KIE function as receiver runoff from

water used for water cooler and chemical pond’s effluent, while PT Pupuk

Kaltim and other factories located in PT KIE industrial estate are basically

ammoniac industries. Ammoniac is a weak base, and will release hydroxyl

ion in the water causing water pH slightly increasing. Similar to that

explained above, occurring ammoniac runoff in the seawater from

chemical pond will increase seawater pH and free ammoniac

concentration.

The occurring sulphide, oil and grease, as well as ammoniac in points A-5

and A-6 is possibly formed due to disintegration process of organic

compound consisted in plants, woods, and other organic compounds.

These materials are moving with water runoff to the sea, degraded an

aerobically in the seawaters, and forming sulphide. While ammoniac is

possibly coming from industrial activities that ammoniac base. Whereas

oil and grease are probably coming from domestic activities which

discharge oil into drainage.



Table 5.4. Drinking Water Quality in the Surrounding Ammonium Nitrate Parameter Unit AL-2 BM

PHYSIC Colour PtCo 0,14 15 Odour - No odour No odour Turbidity NTU 21,9 25 Suspended solid mg/L 44 1000 Temperature oC 30,6 Deviation 30C pH mg/L 6,65 6,5 – 8,5 DO mg/L 6,17 - BOD mg/L 1,09 - COD mg/L 19,42 - Free Ammoniac mg/L 0,09 - Nitrite (NO2

-) mg/L 0,002 3 Cyanide (CN-) mg/L Ttd 0,07 Sulphide mg/L l Ttd - Mercury mg/L 0,0005 - Chrome hexavalent mg/L Ttd 0,05 Arsenic mg/L < 0,001 0,01 Copper mg/L < 0,0001 2 Nickel mg/L < 0,003 - Lead mg/L < 0,002 - Zinc mg/L 0,0008 3 Nitrate (NO3

-) mg/L 0,106 50 Oil and grease mg/L 0,004 - Phenol mg/L 0,017 -

Source : Primary data, Baristan Indag Laboratory, 2007 Clarification : A-2 : shallow well water PT. Petrosea BM : Drinking Water Standard, Decree of Minister of Health Number 907/Menkes/ SK/VII/2002

Generally, well water quality in the study area is still in a good condition.

This indicates by sample laboratory analyses results which are still in the

range of recommended standard.

5.1.5. HYDROOCEANOGRAPHY

In general, river stream pattern in Bontang City is directing from west to the east,

and empties in Bontang Bay. Several rivers in Bontang City are Bontang,

Santan, Sekambing, Nyerakat, Guntung, Palakan, and Busuk Rivers. These

rivers are dendritic and trellis stream patterns, and crossing rocky layers in

Kampung Baru Formation.



Therefore, these rivers have important roles as water supplier of ground water

aquifer layers in Kampung Baru Formation. Groundwater is usually experienced

self balancing, even though the water is taken through deep well, however until

now the groundwater is still in stable condition. On the other hands, by the time

groundwater surface is lower than river, water from aquifer will enter the river,

but it is rarely occurred considering the over flow existence and the river is not

waterless during dry season.

Trelis stream pattern in the west side occurs in Palakan River as main river

running from north to the south, and its short river branches running from east to

the west.

Palakan River stream direction is parallel with the direction of rocky layers

causing river subsequent type, while river branches are consequent types and

laid in west wing and east anticline.

River sub-parallel type occurs in south east side and generally running from

north west to south east and empties in the main river that runs from south west

to north east.

In general, river consequent type is laid on anticline api-api east wing. This river

with sub-parallel pattern is laid on morphology unit with slope slightly, wide

valley, and classified as mature staid. Downstreams of Santan and Bontang

Rivers have been meandered with side erosion direction, and forming valley

reflected mature stadia.

From all rivers, only Santan, Bontang, Nyerakat, and Guntung Rivers have

consequent type, run across Kampung Baru Formation, and role as supplier for

Bontang suppressed groundwater.

Hydro-oceanography condition related to reclamation activity in the project site

are bathymetry, bottom sediment, stream, rise and fall, tide and seawater quality

both physically such as temperature, salinity, clearness, and suspended solid

(MPT) as well as chemically and biologically.

Physical oceanography parameter data resulted from measurement are

presented on Table 5.6. While measurement location map is shown in Figure 5.2.



Table 5.5. Result of Hydrooceanography Parameter

Coordinate Point Number East (BT) North (LS)

Measurement Time Depth(m) Temperatur

e (°C) pH Clearness (cm)

O-01 117º 29’ 09,4” 0º 10’ 24,5” 11.15 12.5 34.5 8.95 240 O-02 117º 29’ 24,5” 0º 10’29,1” 11.20 4,0 34.5 8.89 242 O-03 117º 29’ 10,3” 0º 10’ 29,2” 11.35 17,0 35.6 8.80 132 O-04 117º 29’ 8,8” 0º 10’ 35,7” 11.44 5,0 33,0 8.92 130 O-05 117º 29’ 21,4” 0º 10’ 28,3” 13.28 9.5 35.7 8.75 160 O-06 117º 29’ 27,9” 0º 10’ 28,0” 13.35 6.5 33.5 8.95 190 O-07 117º 29’ 20,7” 0º 10’ 21,4” 13.40 9.7 35,0 8.98 223 O-08 117º 29’ 16,4” 0º 10’ 20,9” 13.50 10,0 34.6 8.98 210 O-09 117º 29’ 36,0” 0º 10’ 16,5” 14.00 12,0 33,6 8,34 180 O-10 117º 29’ 24,3” 0º 10’ 24,6” 14.14 12,5 34,7 8,33 190 O-11 117º 29’ 13,9” 0º 10’ 26,7” 15.21 12,5 33,3 8,33 210 O-12 117º 29’ 11,8” 0º 10’ 36,2” 14.26 2,4 37,9 8,28 150 O-13 117º 29’ 10,3” 0º 10’ 34,1” 14.35 4,0 34,5 8,18 150 O-14 117º 29’ 17,9” 0º 10’ 32,8” 14.42 5,0 36,0 8,31 125

5.1.5.1. Bathymetry

Based on deep water measurement, the seawater project site has depth

between 2.4 – 12.5 m. The deepest is in Tursina Warf, i.e. 12.5 m and the

shallowest is in the surrounding settlement drainage mouth. The sea bordered

with project site is forming a small bay which sticks out to the land and roles as

settlement and PT PKT water cooler drainages receiver.

5.1.5.2. Sediment bottom

Sediment in the bottom of seawater in the surrounding PT KNI Ammonium

Nitrate Factory is clay silt. In the part side of the sediment contains organic

residue causing dark colour clay consisted of crumble terrestrial flora. A

sediment granulometry analysis indicates clay concentration of 30 – 40 %, silt

56 - 64 %, and sand 3 – 6 %. Results show the sediment melting limit is 60,

and plasticity index 28-31. Based on AASHTO classification litho logically is

grouped as class of A-7, while according to USCS classification is grouped as

CH class. This indicates that the sediment consists of clay and silt and plastic

characteristics. Resulting laboratory analyses are presented on Table 5.6.



Figure 5.2. Measurement Location Map of Hydro-oceanography Parameter



Table. 5.6. Analyses Result of Seawater Sediment Physical Characteristics

% Granule gradation Atterberg Limit

Sample No.

Unit weight

(γ = gr/cm3) Dry Unit Weight (γd = gr/cm3)

Porosity

(%) % mesh escape

200 Sand Silt Clay LL PL PI

95,50 4,50 60,0 35,50 60,70 29,23 31,47

PLS. S-2 1,327 0,705 72,27 95,50 55,50 40,00 2,50 62,80 33,08 29,72

PLS. S-3 1,389 0,774 69,83 94,00 6,00 64,50 29,50 61,80 33,06 28,74

Clarification: LL = Liquid Limit PL = Plastic Limit PI = Plasticity Index - on Atterberg limit means sample cannot be tested 5.1.5.3. Wave

Wave is sea surface up and down moving due to wind blow in the sea surface.

Directly wind blow that will cause sea wave in the surrounding project site is

insignificant due to the site is a bay that leads the seawaters concealed from

wind blow. Karang Segajah and several small islands located in bay mouth

have also concealed the bay from wind blow. Based on Dishidros (2002)

measurement, wave height in this area is in the range of 30 – 50 cm with the

period of 2 – 5 seconds, and wave length of 40 – 120 cm.

5.1.5.4. Stream Seawaters stream in the project site is dominated by tidal rise and fall and

stream caused by discharging water from cooling water system of PT PKT

fertilizer factory. In the condition lowest tidal fall, the stream will be away to the

open sea.

Based on a model resulted from data verification measured in the field, during

tidal rise directs to fall the stream dominantly directs to the south east up to

south (N120°E - N180°E) with the velocity of 0.03 up to 0.09 m/sec. By the

time fall directs to rise, the stream will be back to the land and dominated by

west – north west direction (N280°E – N300°E) with the velocity of 0.03 up to

0.11 m/sec (Figure 5.3 and Figure 5.4)

.



Figure 5.3. Stream Pattern by the Time of Fall Directing to Rise



Figure 5.4. Stream Pattern by the Time of Rise directing to Fall



Stream direction during west monsoon and east monsoon is not different,

dominantly by north west – south east direction depended on rise and fall.

However in west monsoon stream is slightly higher compared to that of in east

monsoon as it is shown in stream rose (Figure 5.5).

(a) (b)

Figure 5.5. Seawater stream rose in the surrounding project site (a) west monsoon; (b)

east monsoon

5.1.5.5. Tidal Rise and Fall

Tidal rise and fall is a natural process that forms sea surface rising and falling

occurs consistently as a result from outer space material gravitation especially

moon and sun. Due to the earth simultaneously rotates and moves around the

sun, and also moon moves around the earth in a coordination process, thus

the outer space material position will change consistently causing changes in

gravitation and as a consequence to follow the process above consistent

changing in tidal rise and fall will also occurs.

Daily sea surface rise and fall frequency is different from one site to another

site determining rise and fall type of particular site. If the seawaters experience

one time rise and one time fall in a day, the area is called as daily single rise-

fall type. If the seawaters experience two times rises and two times falls, the

area is called as daily dual rise-fall type. Other type is the shifting from single

type to dual type known as mixed tidal rise and fall.

Rise and fall measurement results from 29 observation points are analyzed

using admiralty method, and resulting harmony constante of rise tidal

behaviour as follows:



Grafik Pasut Perairan PKT Bulan Juli 2007

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1 28 55 82 109 136 163 190 217 244 271 298 325 352 379 406 433 460 487 514 541 568 595 622 649 676

Jam

Elev

asi M

uka

Air

(c

Series1

So M2 S2 N2 K1 O1 M4 MS4 K2 P1

A (cm) 198 56 41 7 19 14 1 1 11 6

G(° ) 152 205 134 271 250 315 91 205 271

Source: Dishidros, 2002.

Based on the calculation, tidal rise and fall type can be determined by

comparing main single rise-fall component amplitude to main dual rise-fall

component amplitude known as Formzahl numeral, using the following

equation:

22

11

SMKO

F++

=

F : Formzahl numeral

O1 : main single rise-fall component amplitude cause by moon gravity

K1 : main single rise-fall component amplitude cause by sun gravity

M2 : main dual rise-fall component amplitude cause by moon gravity

S2 : main dual rise-fall component amplitude cause by sun gravity

Rise-fall type determination based on F value category, if F:

< 0,25 : dual type rise-fall

0,26 – 1,50 : mixed type rise-fall with dual type distinction

1,51 – 3,00 : mixed type rise-fall with single type distinction

> 3,01 : single type rise-fall

Due to the value of F = (19 + 14) / (56 + 41) = 0.34, thus tidal rise and fall type

in the study area is mixed with tends to mixed semi diurnal indicating in the

survey area there are two times rises and two times falls in each day (Fig 5.6.).

Figure 5.6. PKT Seawater rise-fall graphic



5.1.5.6. Temperature

Seawater temperature in the study area is in between 33° to 37.9°C with

higher temperature distribution in the shore and gradually lesser to the sea.

This occurs due to discharging water from cooling system to the sea causes

the sea temperature in outfall site higher than that of in other parts. Even

though along with the stream the hot water is moved to the sea, however due

to the seawater volume is huge causing rapid heat dispersion process until 300

m distance in the sea, thus the temperature decreases to 33°C.

5.1.5.7. Clearness Clearness indicates the ability of sunshine to penetrate water body. The bigger

the clearness value, the clearer the seawaters and the suspended sediment is

much lesser. Clearness value is in between 1.25 to 2.42 m. Clearness value ≥

2.24 m are found in the seawaters surrounding Tursina Warf with the depth of

- 10 to -12,5 m LWS, and in shipping path directing to the open sea. In the

shallower seawater i.e. in the shore and mangrove area, the clearness value is

1.25-1.60 m due to the bottom material is dominated by clay, while the sea

depth < 3m results the bottom material easy to suspend in the water body.

5.1.6. TOPOGRAPHY AND MORPHOLOGY

PT KNI Ammonium nitrate factory location is included in coastal plain

morphology, in the part that borders with the sea is coastal marsh, and in other

parts borders with PT PKT warehouse and green belt. Coastal marsh is filled by

brackish water with depth < 1.5 m. Elevation difference between coastal marsh

basin and plain area in the north side is in the range of 1.5-3 m (Figure 5.8).

Based on this condition, volume of filling materials needed for land reclamation

up to the elevation of 3.7 from sea surface is 86.500 m3.

While quarry area located in the back side of PKT Mess, is included in hill slope

slightly morphology. However, part of the site has been dredged and flatted.

Morphologically, Bontang City forms steeply hill, hill with slope slightly and

coastal plain. Topographically, Bontang City has height of 0-300 m from sea

surface, with the various slopes from east and south coastal to the west. Area

with slopes 0-2% is in south side of coastal area with the height of 0-15 m from

sea surface. In the west side directing to East Kutai Regency the slope is 25-

40%, with the height 25-105 m fro sea surface.



More direction to the west, the land slope is much steeper until > 40%. Based on

morphology condition, Bontang City can be grouped in three main units, hill

steeply slope morphology, hill slope slightly morphology, and coastal plain

morphology.

5.1.6.1. Hill Steeply slope morphology This morphology unit places the biggest part, forms anticlinorium’s hill with the

spine hills as the axis, and lays from north to the south. The topography is hilly

and valley, with the top height is in the range of 50-300 m from sea surface,

and slope is 26o and even in several parts the slope reaches 85o. The steeply

hill is formed by sediment rock included in Panaluan, Pulaubalang, and

Balikpapan Formations. Rock physical characteristics are similar, i.e. rocks of

silt, clay, and massive and stiff fragment however loosely in open slope

causing easy to erode.

5.1.6.2. Hill slightly slope morphology The morphology is laid from north to the south. The morphology unit forms hills

with slope slightly, and valleys are located between wide hills, and inside there

are small rivers and swamp. The morphology unit heights between 25-80 m

from the sea surface, and gradually down from the west to the east. Slopes are

in the range of 5-15% and relatively steep in narrow area. Hills morphology is

formed by rocks from Kampung Baru Formation and as the wing of east side

anticline api-api that axis north-south. The morphology is structured by

alternation layer of fragment, clay, silt sand, and several coal insertions. The

fragment is hard, however in open air the fragment is easy to break and fragile.

Clay is stiff to soft, sand granule is fine to gravel, especially quartz sand with

loosely and permeable characteristics. In open slope due to digging activity or

naturally exist, in the part of steeply valley, erosion path and ditch are found as

a result from rain erosion, and this site indicates sliding sign.



Figure 5.7. PT KNI Location Topography Map



5.1.6.3. Coastal plain morphology This morphology unit places in east side and parallel with coastal line. The

area is mostly mangrove with height between 0-10 m from sea surface. Slope

in this area is not more than 2%, and gradually lower directing to the east.

Coastal morphology is formed by alluvial sediment with usually consisted by

clay inserted by sand and gravel contained plant residue/humus. Clay is soft,

while sand and gravel is loosely.

5.1.7. SOIL TYPE Regionally, Bontang City geology is included in Kutai sub-basin, in east side is

physically bordered with Makasar Straits, south side with Santan River, west

side with Lobang Batik Mountains, and north side with Tempuruk River.

Lithologically, Bontang rock formation contains alluvial sediment, Kampung Baru,

Balikpapan, Pulaubalang, Bebulu, and Panaluan Formations (Figure 5.8). The

lithology of each formation are explained as follows.

1. Alluvial sediment The sediment consists of gravels, clay and silt resulted from river, swamp,

coastal, and delta sedimentations. The sediment has significant layer border

with its down formation. The layer distributes in around river stream area,

swamp, and near coastal areas. The layer has high porosity, and therefore

can function as a filter in recharge area.

2. Kampung Baru Formation Formation is structured by quartz sand rock with clay, silt, and soft fragment

insertion. The formation has potential aquifer in Bontang City. Rock types in

the aquifer include gravel, loosely fine sand quartz, sand rock and clay.

3. Balikpapan Formation The rock formation is structured by alternated quartz sand rock, clay, clay-silt,

and fragment inserted by napalm, calcite, and coal. Rock physical

characteristic is usually slightly massive to can be squeezed. Fossils as

indicators in this formation indicate Upper-Middle Miosen Age.

4. Pulaubalang Formation The formation is structured by sand rock alternating with clay and silt rocks

with inserted by lignite, calcite, clay rocks. Sand rock contains of quartz sand,

white-grey to yellowish, well separated, slightly cornered to slightly round.



5. Bebulu Formation This formation is structured by calcite rock inserted with clay rock, silt rock,

sand rock, and a small amount of napalm. Calcite rock contains coral and big

foraminifera benthos. Calcite rock from this formation is characterized by coral

reef and patch reef.

6. Panaluan Formation This formation is structured by calcite rock inserted with clay rock, silt rock,

sand rock, and coal. In the bottom side consists of disintegrated clay rock and

clay-silt rock. Upper side consists of sandy clay rock that contains of plant

parts and thin layer coal. Generally, compared to the upper side, in the bottom

side is more calcite and contains more foraminifera plankton. Clay rock in this

formation is grey to dark grey colour, lamination to thick layered, alternated

with silt rock, and sporadically with sand rock.

Based on regional geology and field survey, environmental geology condition in

factory site of Ammonium Nitrate and quarry area of PT KNI can be explained as

follows:

1. Terrain Form

PT KNI Ammonium Nitrate Factory site is located in coastal plain morphology

that some of its part is coastal marsh. Land elevation in the range of –1,5 until

–3,5 m from sea surface. General slope in the area is in the range of 2-3%

thus classified as slope slightly, however in the parts bordered with land filled

and dike the slope is up to 80%. This location is wedged by location road

directing from inside PT PKT Factory to Tursina Pier, and drainage directing to

the sea.

Quarry area is weak wavy hill with the elevation of 5 – 20 m from sea surface

and slope in the range of 3-8%, only in the digging border the slope is up to

60%. Due to litho logically easy to disintegrate, there are many small lines in

the land as erosion results during rainfall.



2. Soil and Rock

Technically, geological location of PT KNI Ammonium Nitrate Factory is laying

on sandy silt soil and clay. Sandy silt soil is located in the bottom resulted from

decayed sand rock and clay rock of Pulaubarang formation. The analyses of

sandy silt soil undisturbed sample taken from the project site location resulted

gravel in the concentration of 16.5 %, sand 63.9 %, and silt19.6 % (sample

number UDS Tb.3). Analyses results from soil mechanic laboratory are

presented on Table 5.9. The table shows that according to the classification of

AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation

Officials), the soil is grouped as SM. The classification indicates that the soil is

structured by sand material mixed with gravel and silt thus has disintegrated

characteristic and a plastic.

The analyses of undisturbed soil sample taken from the quarry area resulted

gravel in the concentration of 0 – 2 %, sand 49,5 – 75 %, silt 24 – 47 %, and

clay 2,5 – 3,5 %. According to the classification of AASHTO (American

Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials), the soil is

classified as A-2 to A-7 class, while according to USCS (Unfired Soil

Classification System), the soil is classified as SM. The classification indicates

that the soil is structured by sand material mixed with gravel and silt thus has

characteristic as lower plasticity.

3. Geology Structure

Based on regional geology data, there is no complex geology structure in the

area, unless there is sloppy rocky layer which indicates folding structure in the

area. Joint is found in exposed sand-gravel which has been filled by calcite,

and forming veil.



Figure 5.8. Bontang Region Geology Map



Table. 5.7. Soil Sample Physical and Technical Characteristic Analyses Result

% Granule gradation Atterberg Limit

No. Sample No

Unit weight (γ =gr/cm3)

Dry Unit weight

(γd =gr/cm3)

Porosity (%) %

unfiltered mesh 200

Sand Silt Clay LL PL PI

1 UDS T.1 1,719 1,340 49,42 50,50 49,50 47,0 3,50 - - -

2 UDS T.2 1,729 1,256 52,74 27,50 71,50 24,00 2,50 60,65 31,25 29,40

3 UDS T.3 1,684 1,425 47,24 19,60 63,90 19,60 0,00 - - -

Clarification: LL = Liquid Limit PL = Plastic Limit PI = Plasticity Index - on Atterberg limit means sample cannot be tested



4. Earthquake and Tsunami

Project site located in East Kalimantan, the area is relatively safe from

earthquake due to lays far from sub-duction lane or joint lane as tectonic

earthquake centrum or far from active volcano as volcanic earthquake

centrum. Because there is no subduction lane that will lead rising joint in east

side Bontang seawaters, the occurring tsunami in this area is relatively

insignificant. The closest central earthquake is in Sulawesi Island and

emerging earthquake can also sense in Bontang however not significant.

5. Terrain stability

The plain location of PT. KNI Ammonium nitrate Factory site has led this area

safely from possible land sliding. Also its litho logy in the form of massive

sand-gravel and clay gravel has made the area safely from land subsidence.

Possible land subsidence will only occur in land filled area that is not well

compacted. Land sliding will possibly occur in soil dike and drainage

structures due to likely seawater wave abrasion. In lower wavy hill quarry

location is also safe and classified as stable considering different elevation is

only in the range of 2 – 10 m with the slope of 3 – 8 %. However, land sliding

will occur in steeply sloping digging site if it is not done in maximum 1:2 (slope

slightly).



5.2. BIOLOGY

Space available for the construction of the ammonium nitrate plant of PT KNI in

Bontang is 17 ha. During the course of the study, ca. 2/3 of the site plant covered

by a brackish water swamp (Fig. 5.9.A) which is about 1 m deep (Fig. 5.9.B) with

un-paved access road of ca. 8m width (Fig. 5.9.C) ready to be filled with selected

fill-material shown in the background - which is stored up at the West side of the

project location (Fig. 5.9.D).

Figure 5.9: A) Notification plank of the Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility by PT KNI, Bontang, B) Local people fishing with a casting net in the brackish swamp within the plant site, C) Un-paved access road into the plant side, D) Brackish water swamp with the ready-for-use selected filled-material in the background

At the East side, a large sewer collecting domestic wastes swift out to the sea in

the North; whereas in the South, plant site bordering a rigid pavement road

belong to PT PKT.

A

D C

B



5.2.1. Plankton

Among others, supporting environmental factors for the development of

planktonic communities as a primary producer is silicate, phosphate, nitrate, and

ample light penetration. Results showed that there was only 5 genera of

phytoplankton which are belong to the classes Chrysophyceae (1 genus) and

Cyanophyceae (4 genera), whereas zooplankton be a member of class

Mastigophora (1 genus) and phylum Arthropoda (3 genera).

Table 5.8:

Community Structure of Plankton in the vicinity of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI, Bontang

No. Community Structure P-1 P-2 P-3 P-4 P-5

1. Abundance, individual/Litre/station 256 378 441 441 504 2. Species richness (S) 3 4 5 4 6 3. Index of Maximum Diversity (H) 1.09 1.38 1.61 1.38 1.79 4. Shannon Index of Diversity (H’) 1.04 1.33 1.55 1.35 1.73 5. Evenness Index (e) 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.98 0.97 6. Index of Concentration Dominance (d) 0.38 0.28 0.22 0.27 0.19

Source: Primary Data, August 2007

P-1 : Water inlet P-2 : Jetty P-3 : Water outlet P-4 : Sewer of domestic wastes P-5 : Brackish water swamp in the plant site of PT KNI

Legend:

Abundance, individual/Litre/station : Total number of individual. Litre-1.station-1

Species richness : S (Number of Species) Index of Maximum Diversity (H) : Hmax = ln S Shannon Index of Diversity (H’) : H’ = Σ(ni/N) ln (ni/N) Evenness Index (e) : e = H’/Hmax Index of Concentration Dominance (d) : d = Σ(ni / N)2



Table 5.9: Distribution of microalgae indicator in the vicinity of Ammonia Nitrate

Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI, Bontang

Abundance, individual/Litre/station No Microalgae Indicator

P-01 P-02 P-03 P-04 P-05 % Frequency

1. Clean Water Surirella sp x x 40

2. Polluted Freshwater Euglena sp x x 40 Nitzschia sp x x 40

3. May cause clogging Oscillatoria sp x 20

4. Polluted Estuarine/Brackish Water Nitzschia sp x x x X 80

5. Strengthen taste and odour in water Synedra sp x x x 60 Number of Species of Microalgae Indicator, station-1

3 3 1 4 3


Some genera characteristics for polluted water were found among these

phytoplankton taxa. According to the analysis of the distribution and diversity of

microalgae indicator shown in Table 5.9, station P-4 (sewer) is the worst with 4

genera, followed by water in the inlet, jetty and the swamp - each with 3 genera;

whilst water in the outlet is the best with only one genus of indicator. The most

frequent indicator is a diatom, Nitzchia sp; distributed in 80% or 4 out of 5

sampling stations, a genus commonly found in polluted fresh- and

estuarine/brackish waters.

Table 5.10. Environmental Quality (EQ) for Plankton

Range of Scale Community Structure 1 2 3 4 5 Abundance, individual/Litre/station N<10 10≤N≤102 102≤N≤103 103≤N≤104 N ≥ 104

Species richness (S) S < 5 6≤S ≤20 21≤S≤55 56≤S≤99 S≥100 Shannon Index of Diversity (H’) H’ <1,5 1,5≤ H’ ≤3,0 3,0≤H’≤4,0 4,0≤H’≤4,6 H’>4,6 Evenness Index (e) 0,01 ≤e≤0,2 0,21≤e≤0,4 0,41≤e≤0,6 0,61≤e≤0,8 0,81≤e≤1,0 Index of Concentration Dominance (d) 0,81≤d≤1,0 0,61≤d≤0,8 0,41≤d≤0,6 0,21≤d≤0,4 0,01≤d≤0,2 %-Distribution of Plankton Indicator Species (PI/station) PI≥ 81 76≤PI ≤80 51≤PI ≤75 26 ≤PI ≤50 10≤PI≤ 25

Reference: European Environment Agency (2002) with modification; Afiati (2002; 2005); PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP- PT IPU Semarang (2005); PT PLN (Persero) Jasa Enjiniring – PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2006); PT. BORAL Indonesia - PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2006); PT. PKT- PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2007) Legend of Scale: 1 = very poor; 2 = poor; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good/normal



Table 5.11: Plankton Community in the vicinity of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of

PT KNI, Bontang, accessed by means of Environmental Quality for Plankton

Scale of Environmental Quality in No. Community Structure

P-1 P-2 P-3 P-4 P-5 1. Abundance, individual/Litre/station 3 3 3 3 3 2. Species richness (S) 1 1 1 1 2 3. Shannon Index of Diversity (H’) 1 1 1 1 2 4. Evenness Index (e) 1 5 5 5 5 5. Index of Concentration Dominance (d) 4 4 4 4 5 6. %-Distribution of Plankton Indicator Species

(PI/station) 3 3 5 2 3


Table 5.10 showed that the best EQ for plankton was in station P-5, i.e.

brackish water swamp within the plant site of PT KNI. In viewed of its highest

species richness (6 species) and evenness index (0.97) combined with lowest

index of concentration dominance (0.19), then environmental quality in the

swamp (station P-5) considered to be moderate (EQ 3) for planktonic life.

5.2.2. Macrobenthos

This group of life style was only represented by two classes of phylum Mollusca,

i.e. Gastropoda and Bivalvia (Table 5.12). Both classes were found in small

number of abundances, with no endangered, endemic, nor those with positive or

negative economical important species. Throughout the analysis, only

individuals with intact shells were counted and analysed to ensure they were

died recently, which perhaps due to some turbidity or other environmental

factors during sampling.

Size frequency distribution upon the collected shell revealed that no adult

specimen either in gastropod or bivalves. This may be due to the fact that

distributions of both groups were naturally clumped; they tend to live in groups

in the shellfish beds. Even, gastropods move around to seek food, so they may

escape or not caught by the grab sampler. As an omnivore, Gastropods may be

herbivore, carnivore, or a scavenger. Whereas bivalves were mostly filter feeder

or detritus feeder; it ranks lower than gastropods in the pyramid of trophic level.



Table 5.12: Structure of macrobenthic community in the vicinity of Ammonia Nitrate


No. Community Structure P-1 P-2 P-3 P-4 P-5 1. Abundance, individual/Litre/station 0 0 39 234 260 2. Species richness (S) 0 0 2 2 7 3. Index of Maximum Diversity (H) 0 0 0.69 0.69 1.95 4. Shannon Index of Diversity (H’) 0 0 0.64 0.21 1.90 5. Evenness Index (e) 0 0 0.92 0.31 0.98 6. Index of Concentration Dominance (d) 0 0 0.56 0.90 0.16

Source: Primary Data, August 2007; see Table 3.1 for legends.

Table 5.13: Environmental Quality (EQ) for Macrobenthos

Range of Scale Community Structure 1 2 3 4 5 Abundance, individual/Litre/station N<10 10<N<20 20<N<30 30<N<40 N≥40

Species richness (S) S < 5 5 <S <10 10<S <20 20<S <40 S≥40 Shannon Index of Diversity (H’) H’<1,5 1,5≤ H’ ≤2,3 2,31≤ H’ ≤3,0 3,1≤ H’ ≤3,6 H’≥3.7 Evenness Index (e) 0,01 ≤e≤0,2 0,21≤e≤0,4 0,41≤e≤0,6 0,61≤e≤0,8 0,81≤e≤1,0

Index of Concentration Dominance (d) 0,81≤d≤1,0 0,61≤d≤0,8 0,41≤d≤0,6 0,21≤d≤0,4 0,01≤d≤0,2 % - Economically Important Macrobenthic Species (ME, station) ME≥ 10 11≤ME ≤30 31≤ME ≤50 51 ≤ME ≤70 ME≥ 71

References: European Environment Agency (2002) with modification; Afiati (2002; 2005); PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP- PT IPU Semarang (2005); PT PLN (Persero) Jasa Enjiniring – PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2006); PT. BORAL Indonesia - PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2006); PT. PKT- PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2007)

Legend of Scale: 1 = very poor; 2 = poor; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good/normal

Table 5.14:

Macrobenthic community in the vicinity of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI, Bontang, assessed by means of Environmental Quality for

Macrobenthos

Scale of Environmental Quality No. Community Structure

P-1 P-2 P-3 P-4 P-5 1. Abundance, individual/Litre/station 0 0 4 5 5 2. Species richness (S) 0 0 1 1 1 3. Shannon Index of Diversity (H’) 0 0 1 1 2 4. Evenness Index (e) 0 0 5 2 5 5. Index of Concentration Dominance (d) 0 0 3 1 4 6. % - Economically Important Macrobenthic Species

(ME/station) 0 0 1 1 1

Source: Analysis of Primary Data, August 2007

Table 5.14 depicted that environmental quality in the swamp was the most

supportive for macrobenthic community in the project site’s surrounding. Since it

showed the highest species richness (7), with highest evenness index (0.98)

and lowest index of dominance (0.16), the brackish water swamp was therefore

categorised as performing a moderate quality (EC 3) for macrobenthos.



5.2.3. Nekton

Observed area in this study is part of a restricted region, therefore no

commercial or semi-commercial fisheries are allowed. However, during the visit

to the area and interview with the site officer, some local people visiting the

swamp to fish using a cage net as a hobby (Fig. 5.9.B). Previous studies

reported no commercial, threatened, or endangered species; hence the

condition is assumed to be as before, i.e. good (EC 4)

As predicted by means of Visual Encounter Survey methods (VES), the fact that

nektonic abundance was 30-40 individuals/station (EC 4) with 21 – 23 species

per station (SEC 4), in which all were wild species (24) with economic

importance value (EC 5) leading the study area to good (EC 4) environmental

condition for nektonic animals.

Table 5.15.

Composition of Aquatic Fauna in Surroundings PT KNI Project Site in Bontang,

No Latin Name Local Name Swamp/ Project Site Sewer Harbour Jetty

1. Siganus spinus Beronang - - + ++ 2. Gerres abbreviatus Kapasan - - + ++ 3. Apogon poecilopterus Sredeng - - + ++ 4. Parastromateus niger Bawal hitam - - + + 5. Arius caelatus Kating - + + + 6. Megalops cyprinoides Bandeng laut + + + ++ 7. Trichiurus savala Layur - - + ++ 8. Priacanthus sagitarius Bulan-bulan - - + + 9. Scomberomorus commersonii Tengiri - - + ++ 10. Sphyraena barracuda Barakuda - - + + 11. Pseudosciaena aneus Tiga waja - - + ++ 12. Parachaetodon ocellatus Kiper - - + ++ 13. Ctenops vittatus Pethek - - + ++ 14. Ephinephelus sp Kerapu - - + ++ 15. Lates calcarifer Kakap - - + ++ 16. Mugil sp Belanak - + + + 17. Penaeus spp Udang - - + ++ 18. Caesio erythrogaster Ekor Kuning - - + ++ 19. Upeneus sulphureus Kuniran - - + ++ 20. Scylla sp Kepiting bakau + + + - 21. Tilapia mossambica Mujair + + + + 22. Uca spp Kepiting hantu + + + - 23. Ophiocephalus sp Kutuk + - - - 24. Oxyurichthyes sp Beloso + + + ++

Source: Primary Data, August 2007.



5.2.4. Bacteria

Microbiology analyses for total bacteria applying Governmental Law PP no.

82/2001 as the standard showed that bacteriological quality of a deep well

closest to the project site was the best among others, while the worst was the

water body next to the project site, i.e. jetty area in Thursina Harbour (Table

5.15). Nevertheless, from the point of view of bacteriological surveillance in

general, surface water quality covering deep-well, brackish water in the sewer,

and salt water in the harbour considered of being in a good condition pursuant

to both PP 82/2001 as well as EQ for Bacteriological Surveillance shown in

Table 5.16 (EQ 4).

Table 5.16.

Total bacteria in the surface water of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI, Bontang

Classification Most Probable Number (MPN) per 100 ml No Location

Code Location

E. coli Coliform Bacteria Std: PP no.

82/2001 Environmental

Quality for Microbes

1. B-01 Jetty 200 900 I 4 2. B-02 Deep well <2 2 I 5 3. B-03 Sewer 9 33 I 5

Source: Primary Data, August 2007.

Notes: Water Body Classification Bacteriological Parameter Unit

I II III IV Faecal Coliform Cfu/100 ml 100 1000 2000 2000 Total Coliform Cfu/100 ml 1000 5000 10000 10000 For conventional drinking water quality: faecal coliform ≤2000cfu/100ml and total coliform ≤10000cfu/100ml

Government Law No. 82/2001 regarding Water Quality Management and Control of Water Pollution



Table 5.17: Environmental Quality (EQ) for Bacteriological Surveillance

Range of Scale Community Structure 1 2 3 4 5

Total Bacteria, cfu/100/ml > 108 106 – ≤107 104 –≤ 105 102 – ≤103 ≤102

Total coliform, cfu/100ml ≥ 10.000 5.000 - ≤ 9.999 1.000 - ≤ 4.999 100 - ≤ 999 <10 - ≤ 99

Faecal-coli, cfu/100ml ≥ 1.000 100 - ≤1.000 10 - ≤100 3 - ≤10 ≥ 2

% distribution of Escherichia coli in the stations

100-76 75-51 50-26 25-6 0-5

Pathogenic Bacteria, qualitative

++++ +++ ++ + - / tc

Reference: Baku Mutu Kualitas Air Golongan B (PP no. 20/1990); Peraturan Pemerintah RI No. 82/2001 tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air; PPLH UNDIP-Pertamina UP IV Cilacap, 2002; PPLH UNDIP – Pemda Kabupaten Pati, 2003

MPN: Most Probable Number; t.c: not mentioned in PP 82/2001; cfu: colony forming unit; (+): detected; (-): not detected. Legend of Scale: 1 = very poor; 2 = poor; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good/normal

5.2.5. Land Vegetation

Available land for physical construction of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing

Facility of PT KNI in Bontang is 17 ha; it slopes slightly toward the sea. Seaward

natural vegetation are mangroves, whereas landward are bushes. During the

course of the study, ca. ¼ of the middle areas have been filled with rubbles,

where, 33 species of grasses and herbs, 27 species of coverage bushes, and

13 tree species thrive (see: Appendix for Flora).

Floral diversity is relatively less varied, mostly are cosmopolite wild species with

no positive economic importance, not threatened, endangered, nor endemic at

all (Table 5.19). Four mangrove species grow up within the areas of PT. KIE-PT.

PKT, 3 genera belong to the family Rhizoporaceae and 1 species of family

Avicenniaceae, yet none within the plant site of PT. KNI. Seed and seedlings of

those genera, in particular Avicennia sp, thrive in a healthy condition with

density 20 – 50 seedling.m-1. Seedlings form a visible zoning and natural self-

thinning as a sign of competitiveness to produce mature healthy stand

afterwards.



Table 5.18: Environmental Quality for Land Vegetation

Range of Scale Community Structure 1 2 3 4 5 Density of Coverage/Grass (indiv/m2/station) < 20 21-50 51-100 101-200 > 200

Density of Tree (indiv/100m2/station) < 5

5-10

11-15 16-20 > 20

Species Richness of Coverage (S/station)

S < 5

6≤S ≤20

21≤S≤55

56≤S≤99

S≥100

Index of Importance Value (NP/station) ≤100 150 200 250 300

Presence of Economically Important Species (species/station)

1-2 3-5 6-10 11-15 >15

Reference: Various sources with modification (Afiati, 2005); PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP- PT IPU Semarang (2005); PT PLN (Persero) Jasa Enjiniring – PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2006); PT. BORAL Indonesia - PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2006); PT. KNI- PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2007); PT. PKT- PPLH LEMLIT UNDIP (2007).

Legend of Scale: 1 = very poor; 2 = poor; 3 = moderate; 4 = good; 5 = very good/normal

General assessment of major floral communities within the project site depicted

that environmental quality to sustain flora development is considered moderate

(EQ 3).

Table 5.19: Floral community in the vicinity of Ammonia Nitrate Manufacturing Facility of PT KNI, Bontang, assessed by means of Environmental Quality for Land Vegetation

No. Parameter EQ

1. Density of Coverage/Grass (indiv/m2/station) 2 2. Density of Tree (indiv/100m2/station) 2 3. Species Richness of Coverage (S/station) 3 4. Index of Importance Value (NP/station) 3 5. Presence of Economically Important Species (species/station) 4

5.2.6. Terrestrial Fauna Wild mammals mostly observed in the project site and the surroundings were

semi-wild cat, dog and wild monkey especially in the bushes in border fence.

Civet and mongoose were recorded from interviewed with the locals. Referring

to the recent secondary data of Biro K3LH PT PKT (August 2007), some 55

species avifauna, 7 species reptiles, 2 species amphibians and some insects

were noted (Table 5.20).



Table 5.20: Fauna and avifauna in the wilderness of PT PKT and the Ammonia Nitrate


No Local Name Latin Name No Local Name Latin Name

Mammalia 1. Cat Felis felis domesticus 41. - Gerygone sulphurea 2. Dog Canis canis domesticus 42. Elang Haliaeetus leucogaster 3. Monkey Maccaca sp 43. Elang Haliastur indus 4. Goat Capra sp 44. - Hemiprocne longipennis 5. Civet Paradoxurus sp 45. - Hemipus sp. 6. Mongoose Herpestes sp 46. - Hirundo tahitica

Aves 47. - Merops viridis 7. Perkutut Streptopelia sp 48. - Muscicapa sp. 8. Kutilang Pycnonotus aurigaster 49. - Nectarinia jugularis 9. - Acridotheres cristatellus 50. - Numenius madagascariensis 10. - Acridotheres javanicus 51. - Orthotomus atrogularis 11. - Aegithina tiphia 52. - Orthotomus ruficeps 12. - Aethopyga siparaja 53. - Passer montanus 13. - Anhinga melanogaster 54. - Pericrocotus solaris 14. - Anthreptes malacensis 55. - Phalacrocorax sp. 15. - Anthreptes singalensis 56. - Picoides moluccensis 16. - Anthus novaeseelandiae 57. - Prinia flaviventris 17. - Aplonis panayensis 58. - Prionochilus thoracicus 18. - Apus affinis 59. Kutilang Pycnonotus aurigaster 19. - Ardea purpurea 60. Trocokan Pycnonotus goiavier 20. - Artamus leucorhyncus 61. Sikatan Rhipidura javanica 21. - Butorides striatus 62. Tekukur Streptopelia chinensis 22. - Cacomantis merulis 63. - Todirhamphus chloris 23. - Caprimulgus affinis 64. - Tringa hypoleucos 24. - Centropus bengalensis Reptilia 25. - Collocalia esculenta 65. Ular Gadung Colubridae 26. - Collocalia fuciphaga 66. Crocodile Crocodillus sp 27. - Copsychus saularis 67. Kadal Mabouya multifasciata 28. Kaca mata Dalichon dasypus 68. Ular Kobra Naja naja 29. - Dicaeum sp. 69. Ular Sawa Python sp 30. - Dryocopus javensis 70. Ular Koros Ptyas corros 31. Kuntul Eggreta alba 71. Biawak Varanus sp 32. Kuntul Egretta garzetta Amphibia 33. Elang Falco sp. 72. Frog Rana spp 34. Perkutut Geopelia striata 73. Bullfrog Bufo sp 35. - Lanius schach Insecta 36. Sparrow Lonchura fuscans 74. Mosquito, flies Diptera 37. Sparrow Lonchura malacca 75. Tawon,ant Hymnoptera 38. Sparrow Lonchura punctulata 76. Butterfly Lepidoptera 39. - Loriculus galgulus 77. Dragonfly Odonata 40. - Lanius schach 78. Grasshopper Orthoptera Source: Secondary Data (Biro K3LH PT PKT, August 2007)



Community structure of wild animals in Table 5.21 reflecting the

representativeness of omnivore (monkey Maccaca sp), medium-sized terrestrial

carnivore (civet, mongoose, cat and dog), carnivorous avifauna (Falco sp,

Haliastur indus, Haliaeetus leucogaster, Hirundo tahitica), piscivorous avifauna

(Ardea purpurea, Eggreta alba, Egretta garzetta, Tringa hypoleucos), numerous

species of herbivorous avifauna (Lonchura fuscans, Passer montanus,

Streptopelia chinensis), as well as reptiles (salt-water crocodile) and amphibians

which are naturally carnivorous. Thus, it brings about the conclusion that trophic

chain in the project site remained fine/good (EQ 4).



5.3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND SOCIO-CULTURE

Bontang City area includes three districts, i.e. North Bontang, South Bontang, and

West Bontang Districts. The study area is located in North Bontang District. North

Bontang District consists of 6 villages: Bontang Kuala, Bontang Baru, Api-api,

Gunung Elai, Loktuan and Guntung.

Assessment of environmental initial condition of economic, social and culture

components is carried out in the community area related to various PT KIE

industrial estate activities, whereas Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI will be

constructed. Thus the assessment area includes Guntung and Loktuan Villages,

North Bontang District, Bontang City, East Kalimantan Province.

Environmental Initial condition description that focuses on economic, social, and

culture components, is figuring out the community’s economic, demography,

livelihood, social-culture, and perception predicted that will be impacted by factory

activities.

5.3.1. ECONOMICAL CONDITION

Community’s economic level of Bontang City according to PDRB data is in a

good condition. This is not surprisingly since the area possesses considerable

potential economic, i.e. natural resources in the form of liquid natural gas that

plays as the main role in gaining government revenue to fulfil various state

development activities. This condition reflects a good economic growth level,

and much determines general condition of community’s welfare level.

Table 5.21. Bontang City Regional Gross Income

No Explanation 2003 2004 2005

1 PDRB (million Rp) 3,350,590 3,417,403 4,529,058

2 PDR Net based on market price (million Rp) 3,198,134 3,262,380 4,370,934

3 PDR Net Production factor price (million Rp) 2,717,507 2,775,674 3,855,,026

4 PDRB per capita (000 Rp) 27,3155,159 27,809,298 36,399,579

5 PDR Net Per capita (000 Rp) 23,201,290 23,658, 32,103,278

Source: Secondary data analyses, August 2007



5.3.1.1. Livelihood and Job Opportunity Compared to other districts in Bontang City, South Bontang District has the

largest population (33,243 persons) with age of > 15 years. However,

employed population (18,552 persons) in North Bontang is much larger than

that of in South Bontang (16,113 persons).

From 40,830 persons categorized as “employed” in Bontang City, most of

them work in commercial sector both large commerce as well as retail seller

i.e. 7,787 unit efforts (19,07%). The numbers is increasing compared to that

of in 2003 (only 7,514 unit efforts). Included in unit efforts are 33 small scale

industries, and 91 home industries. Included in small scale industries are food

industries. Handicraft industry in Bontang City has not developed yet even

though part of the population is Java origin known with well handicraft ability.

Community working in industrial sector is come from various ethnic, besides

Java ethnic; other ethnics are Sulawesi, Sumatera, and Timor.

The second effort is manufacture industry (17.12%), and followed by

construction (12.62%). The condition is opposite with 2003 condition, in 2003

the second was construction, and followed by manufacture.

Similar condition is reflected in North Bontang District area. The District

community livelihood is mostly commerce and retail sectors (20.60%),

followed by manufacture (14.28%) and construction (9.97%).

North Bontang District community’s livelihood data are presented on the

following table.



Table 5.22. North Bontang Community Livelihood

No Main Effort Field North Bontang Amount % 1 Farming, Hunting, and Silviculture 736 3,99 2 Fishery 307 1,66 3 Mining and Digging 981 5,31 4 Manufacture Industry 2637 14,28 5 Electric, Gas and Water 61 0,33 6 Construction 1840 9,97 7 Large Commerce and Retail Seller 3803 20,60 8 Services (accommodation and

food/beverages) 736 3,99 9 Transportation, warehouse, and

communication 1349 7,31 10 Finance Agent 552 2,99 11 Real Estate, Business Service Lease 1595 8,64 12 Government administration, Defence,

and Obligatory Assurance 797 4,32 13 Education service 920 4,98 14 Health service and social activities 184 1,00 15 Community service, social, Culture 1288 6,98 16 Private service for household care 675 3,66 17 Other activities 0 0,00

TOTAL 18,461 100,00 Source: Secondary data analyses, August 2007



Demography data on community livelihood in two village study areas, i.e.

Guntung and Loktuan Villages are presented on the following tables:

Table 5.23.

Numbers of Guntung Village Community Based on Livelihood No Livelihood Amount Percentage (%) 1. Employment

a. Private b. BUMN

791 76

15.46 1,48

2. Entrepreneur/Vendor - - 3. Farmer 306 5.34 4. Breeder 12 0.02 5. Trade - - 6. Farming labour - - 7. Fisherman 58 1.14 8. Service - - 9. Student 922 18.26 10. Housewife 1,142 22.33 11 Unemployed 1,808 35.34

TOTAL 5,115 100.00

Source: Guntung Village Monographic Data, 2006

Livelihood of Guntung community is mostly employment, both works in private

company as well as BUMN. Since Guntung is the place of PT Pupuk Kaltim,

employments working in private company are 791 (15.46%). Farmer is 5.3%.

Others include farming labour, trade, and service (for example ojek); scrappers

are not found in Guntung. Generally, the job opportunity in Guntung is quite

high, since the industrial estate can absorb more unskilled labours both local as

well as outside (usually from East Java and Sulawesi). Besides formal sector,

job opportunity in informal sector also grows rapidly indicated by increasing

trading in Berbas market, Loktuan and restaurant in Bontang Kuala.



Table 5.24. Numbers of Loktuan Village Community Based on Livelihood

No Type of Livelihood Amount Percentage (%)

1. Employment a. Private 134 1.70 b. BUMN 1,498 19.00 c. ABRI 72 0.91

2. Entrepreneur/Vendor 1,230 15.60 3. Farmer 315 4.00 4. Breeder 0.00 5. Trade 20 0.25 6. Labour 3,700 46.94 7. Fisherman 894 11.34 8. Service 10 0.13 9. Retirement 10 0.13

10. Unemployed JUMLAH 100,00

Source: Loktuan Village Monographic Data, 2006

5.3.2. DEMOGRAPHY

5.3.2.1. Bontang City Community Distribution Based on 2006 Bontang City demography, amount of the population was

125,187 persons, meant 8,105 persons (6.92%) increasing compared to that

of in 2003. In the year 2003 Bontang population was 117,082 persons, while

in 2000 the population was 99,617 persons. Hence, in the period of three

years population growth was 5.53%. Population distribution in 2006 based on

gender included 63,942 males, while in 2003 male population was 60,987

persons indicating that male population was increasing. Female population in

2006 was 61,245 persons, this also experienced increasing compared to

56,095 persons in 2003. Therefore, the ratio of males to females according to

data 2006 was 104.40%, meant that between 100 females in Bontang City

there were 104 males. The characteristic of Bontang area that is closing to

industrial estate seems to give an influence on dominantly amount of male

population in the area.



Table 5.25. Bontang City Community Numbers Based on Gender

District Community Numbers Male % Female % Total %

South Bontang 27,878 43.60 25,734 42.02 53,612 42,83 North Bontang 26,128 40.86 25,146 41.06 51,274 40,96 West Bontang 9,936 15.54 10,365 16.92 20,301 16,22

Total 63,942 100 61,245 100 125,187 100 Source: BPS Kota Bontang, 2006

Population number in Bontang City is still relatively small; in 2006 were

125,187 with the composition 63,942 males and 61,245 females.

Considering the width of Bontang City (487.57 km2), the population gross

density is 397.46 persons/km2, even though the population density can be

said as low, however the condition indicates increasing population compared

to the condition in 2003, i.e. 235.3076 persons /km2.

According to distribution, the largest population is in South Bontang District,

i.e. 52,383 persons (41.84%), the second is North Bontang District population

i.e. 54,015 (43.15%), and the smallest is in West Bontang District i.e. 24,773

persons (19.79%)

Family head in Bontang City in 2006 was 36,727, the number increased by

6,705 family heads compared to 30,022 families in 2003. Thus, the number

increased about 2,235 families/year or 186.25 families/month. The increasing

number is quite a lot for the small city like Bontang, therefore the government

should take into account to this fact.

5.3.2.2. Population Distribution in North Bontang Some villages with high density population in South Bontang District (Middle

Berbas and Coastal Berbas) border with North Bontang District the highest

density population. This condition indicates population is more concentrated

in north side as it is a centre of economic activities and urban characteristic.

Unevenly population distribution has caused higher population density in

several villages. Such condition is usual since the community will concentrate

in the areas that provide more work opportunities and more chance to have a

good life.



Population number in North Bontang District in 2006 was 51,274 persons,

with the composition of 26,128 males and 25,146 females.

Population distribution per dusun (cluster of village) in Loktuan (populated

16,116 persons), is almost even. From 9 dusun, only 3 dusuns have

population between 5%-9% of Loktuan Village. The dusuns are Selambai (the

least population), Selona and Agungraya, while the largest population is

Abadi Dusun.

Guntung Village consists of Guntung area and Sidrap area, geographically,

Guntung area is located in the west side of PT Pupuk Kaltim, Guntung area is

also the closest area to PT Pupuk Kaltim, and passed by Guntung River,

hence many houses are erected in along Guntung riverbank.

5,3,3, SOCIAL - CULTURE

Community characteristic can be known from its social-culture system

conducted in the community. Due to the values develop among them in their

daily lives, and their activities to fulfil their living needs both material and

spiritual, from the values then emerge interaction process. The process is going

continuously, therefore in parallel with this interaction; their social condition also

develops.

The social condition, due to humans’ interaction as social creatures, will

determine their culture development level. Culture is the whole idea system,

action and human creativity result in community life that becomes its own

through learning process. Koentjaraningrat (1997), said that human and culture

is like two sides of a coin, both cannot be separated. As far as community

exists, culture will develop continuously because human is a culture supporter.

According to Poerwanto (2000), culture is a result from creature, feeling and

will. From this, it can be concluded that culture is naturally a result from human

activity going on a particular community group. Culture is a result from learning,

therefore culture is a conducting manner that is studied, and is not depended on

parent genetic heredity. Koentjaraningrat (1997) also said that there were 7

culture components, include believing system, livelihood system, relative

system, social organization, language, art, and technology. Following is

presented value and culture norm that build social interaction and behaviour

characteristic pattern.



Behaviour is a manner believed and usual conducted from earliest as a part of

tradition. Social interaction is based on various habits forming culture ideas that

include culture value, norm, law, and regulation which interact and form a

system.

Community interaction in the surrounding PT KIE is melting. Community culture

is coming from various ethnics in Indonesia, and dominated by Java, Kutai and

Bugis. Each ethnic is still conducting their behaviour in their new settlement, i.e.

Bontang, however its intensity is not the same anymore with their origin places.

Indepth interview and field observation activity indicate that social interaction

pattern among the ethnics is still characterized by mutual cooperation or

community organization based on ascribed status which is going for the sake of

togetherness. The process is also influenced by industrial process, due to their

settlement closes to industrial estate. Many of factory employments are also live

in this settlement even they become a part of original community, even though

the number are not a lot.

Mutual cooperation that still develops in the community living in the study area,

is mutual activities in cleaning and maintaining house of worship, cleaning

settlement environment, celebrating culture festivity, and celebrating great days.

During this study conducted, the community was busy celebrating 62 years

Indonesia Independence Day. They seem sharing each other to be a

committee, following various competitions, and together designing and

practicing art festivity agenda.

Following is a table that shows analyses result of questionnaires for 50

respondents include 29 respondents in Loktuan Village and 21 respondents in

Guntung Village. Loktuan Respondent number is bigger due to the location is

closed to the location of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI construction.

Table 5.26. Guntung and Loktuan Mutual Activity

No Clarification Frequency 1 House of worship cleaning and maintaining 19 2 Cleaning the environment 43 3 Celebrating Months of Moslem Calendar 50 4 Celebrating Culture Festivity 32 5 Others

Source: Primary Data Analyses, August 2007,



Even though Bontang community has shifted from traditional to modern,

however social pattern characterized by mutual cooperation still exists. This is

reflected by particular mutual activity. According to community perception,

cleaning and maintaining house of worship activity has not often been done,

because the community consists of many ethnics and religions. Religion activity

is also not significant in the area, house of worships are also not so many and

their existences are not significant.

Mutual cleaning environment activity according to respondent perception still is

often done, usually on Sunday, but not routine. Besides Sunday, cleaning

environment is also done especially in the time approaching Independence

Day, due to sometimes there are “clean the environment” competitions amongst

areas, which then drive them to seriously cleaning their environment.

Including in “others” activities is constructing or maintaining local structure.

According to them, it is important to be carried out, due to easy transportation is

a mutual need, and moreover motorcycle owner level in the community is high.

Including to other activities is also night guard.

Other media as community social interaction in the study area are RT and RW

gathering, but not routinely, only incidentally dependent on the need. According

to Loktuan Village secretary and head officer of Guntung Village, “incidentally”

means that gathering is done due to the occurring urgent matter or important

matter that needs to be discussed among the community. Religion activities are

also conducted mutually such as great recitation, women and children

recitations, and Yasinan. Christian adherent has also conducted mutual activity

such as Sunday school, weekly worship, and deepening of Bible.



5.3.3.1. Education

Community education level in Guntung Village is presented on the following

Table 5.27:

Table 5.27. Guntung Community Number Based on Education Level

No Education Number Percentage (%)

1, Elementary school 990 28.73 2, Junior High Scholl 931 27.02 3, Senior High School 1,378 39.99 4, Academy/D1-D3 115 33.37 5, Bachelor/S1-S3 52 15.09

JUMLAH 3,466 100,00 Source:Guntung Village Monographic Data, 2006

The table shown that mostly Guntung community are graduated from senior

high school (39.99%), followed by elementary school (28.73%), and junior

high school (27.02%). Community with academy/D1-D3 level is 33.37%, and

the least is bachelor graduation (15%).

5.3.3.2. Religion

Table 5.28. Guntung Village Community Numbers Based on Religion

No Religion Number Percentage (%) 1, Moslem 5.143 90.71 2, Christian 413 7.28 3, Catholic 113 1.99 4, Hindu 1 0.02

JUMLAH 5.670 100.00 Source:Guntung Village Monographic Data, 2006

From the table above, it can be seen that mostly Guntung community are

Moslems i.e. 5,143 persons ((90.71%), Christian 7.28% and Catholic 1.99%,



Table 5.29. Loktuan Village Community Numbers Based on Religion No Religion Number Percentage (%)

1, Moslem 14.758 91.57 2, Christian 772 4.80 3, Catholic 561 3.48 4, Hindu 25 1.55

TOTAL 16.116 100.00 Source:Loktuan Village Monographic Data, 2006

Loktuan community are also mostly Moslem i.e. 144,748 persons or 91.57%

of 16,116 population, Hindu is the least only 25 persons (1.55%).

5.3.3.3. Behaviour Historically, Guntung community majority is Kutai descendant, and has been

there since 1920s. Kutai community in Guntung is descendants of

disintegrated Kutai Monarchy family that originally come from Kesultanan

Tenggarong, East Kalimantan. Due to occurring dispute among Kutai

Monarchy family, they disintegrated, one of them settled in Guntung area. It

is predicted that Kutai descendant family is about 600. On 19 June 2004,

Sultan Kutai Kartanegara ing Martadipura ke XX, had installed Dewan Adat

and Lembaga Adat officers of Kutai Guntung Citra Kota Bontang. The aim of

forming Lembaga Adat Kutai Guntung is to preserve Kutai Behaviour and

Culture in Bontang. Several potential social occur in Guntung Village such as

lembaga adat Kutai which maintains Kutai culture and “Erau” culture festivity

(Erau plas Benua),

Aculturism of Bugis, Java, and Kutai culture has occurred in a long time

indicated by culture and competence assimilation. Marriage, Japen, Reog,

Java and Bugis Dances are often held during ritual of sedekah laut (giving

food to the reef) or in celebrating national great days, even are also held

during Erau Festivity indicating harmonious condition among religions.

5.3.3.4. Perception and Aspiration Perception and attitude are related to many factors, both from individual itself,

as well as from external environment. Ones or group’s attitude will emerge if

in their social environment occurs an incident that influences their existence.

Social attitude expression can be words or actions, such as agree or

disagree, certain or uncertain, against or compliance, gentle or aggressive,

positive, negative as well as neutral character .



Respondent majority have known the construction plan of Ammonium Nitrate

Factory PT KNI as well as its production. They do not familiar with PT KNI,

however they know Orica well, even though Orica has not conducted

socialization to the community.

Indepth interview with community’s formal and informal leaders included

village’s officers, NGO leaders, and also laypersons, generally it can be said

that respondents’ perception on the factory construction plan can be grouped

on three tendencies: agree with requirement, not agree, and neutral.

Table 5.30.

Respondent Attitude on Factory Construction Plan No Clarification Frequency % 1 Agree 23 46 2 Agree with requirement 15 30 4 Neutral 12 24

Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data analyses, August 2007

Table 5.31. Respondent Attitude that Agree

Tendency No Indicator T S R

1 Job opportunity • 2 Company aid to the community • 3 Local economic more develop • 4 The area busier •

Source: : Primary data analyses, August 2007, Clarification : T = high, S = moderate, R = low

The agree group proposes the requirement that the factory has to give job

chances to the local community. So far the local community is difficult to work

in factories located in industrial estate of PT KIE with the reason that their

education back ground is not adequate. According to the community, in the

past this reason is sensible due to their education are indeed not so high

enough. However, right now the community mostly have adequate education,

thus the reason of “not adequate education” is not relevant anymore. If they

are untrained, they believe that with some training they can work in the

factory. Moreover for unskilled workers such as gardener, cleaning service,

and guard should not be coming from other areas as it happens right now.



Table 5.32. Respondent Attitude that not Agree

Tendency No Indicator T S R

1 Explosion hazard • 2 High technology not needs lower competence

labour •

3 Ammoniac odour pollution 4 Vibration Source: Primary data analyses, 2007

Respondents that do not agree is due to they worry with the words “explosive

material”, in addition, they have got many information from the newspaper on

explosion cases both deliberately such as terrorisms case, or indeliberately

due to explode itself caused by not carefulness community. This perception

should be taken into account by the initiator.

The neutral respondents give the reason that workers recruitment will

consider qualification and professionalism. Therefore, the important things are

the government and the industry roles in increasing uneducated local human

resources qualities through education and training or giving stimuli in the form

of capital loan.


Chapter VI: Significant Impact Prediction VI - 1

CHAPTER VI SIGNIFICANT IMPACT PREDICTION

6.1. GEOPHYSIC-CHEMISTRY COMPONENT

6.1.1. LAND PREPARATION PHASE

6.1.1.1. Air Quality Land preparation activities predicted will emerge significant impact, are

equipment and material mobilization, land clearing and land preparation.

Survey and measurement activities predicted will not emerge significant

impact.

Survey and measurement activities will not affect climate. Land preparation

will also not affect due to its characteristic only administrative activity. Labour

recruitment will not impact due to there is no physical activity to the

environment that will change air quality component.

Equipment and material mobilization

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Equipment and material mobilization will contribute to the existing pollutant.

The contributing pollutant is coming from both burning transportation fuel or

other, as well as dust, and will affect climate condition in the surrounding

activity

Pollutant contribution from equipment and material mobilization is predicted

due to the increasing transportation volume. It is predicted that in the peak

load increasing 100 trucks/hour transportation volumes will occur.

Predicting emission is calculated as follows:

Transportation volume in 1 hour (3600 seconds) : 100 trucks

Truck average velocity : 40 km/hour

Street width : 12 m

1 litter fuel : 5 km

Stable air layer height : 10 m

For the street length 1 km, fuel needs are:



100 trucks x (1/40 km/hour) x (40 km/hour5 km/litter): 20 litter: 0.02 m3

solar.

Emission factor based on WHO Offset Publication No. 62, yearr1983 are:

SO2 : 7.9544 kg/m3 solar

NO2 : 9.2103 kg/m3 solar

CO : 36.4226 kg/m3 solar

Dust : 2.0095 kg/m3 solar

Emission result in 1 hour for 1 km length:

SO2 : (7.9544 kg/m3) x 0.02 m3 = 0.159 kg = 159 g

NO2 : (9.2103 kg/m3) x 0.02 m3 = 0.1842 kg = 184.2 g

CO : (36.4226 kg/m3) x 0.02 m3 = 0.7285 kg = 728.5 g

Dust : (2.0095 kg/m3) x 0.02 m3 = 0.040 kg = 40 g

Air volume affected by emission: 1000 m x 12 m x 10 m = 120.000m3.

Resulted pollutant contribution:

SO2 : (159 g/120,000 m3) x (1/3600detik) x 106 μg/g = 0.368 μg/m3

NO2 : (184.2 g/120.000 m3) x (1/3600detik) x 106 μg/g = 0.426 μg/m3

CO : (728.5 g/120.000 m3) x (1/3600detik) x 106 μg/g = 1.6 μg/m3

Dust : (40 g/120,000 m3) x (1/3600detik) x 106 μg/g = 0.09 μg/m3

In the initial condition, before construction activity of PT KNI factory, the

existing climate is very good or environmental quality scale is 5.

Equipment and material mobilization will impact on climate. Based on

calculated data mentioned above, fuel used can be said minor thus will not

change the activity location climate. Hence it can be predicted that

environmental quality scale will be still 5.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by equipment and material

mobilization on the climate is categorized as negative impact with 0 scale

change and can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance

Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is less because the impact is only

occurred in industrial estate with relatively small number inhabitants.

Considering impact distribution impact value is insignificant, due to the

impact distribution is only in industrial area.



Considering impact intensity and duration of impact, impact value is

insignificant, due to the impact intensity is minor and impact is only

occurred during land clearing activity.

Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is

insignificant; due to the climate change is minor.

Considering impact cumulative, impact value is insignificant, due to the

occurring impact is only during activity proceeding.

Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is insignificant, due to the impact is reversible.

In general impact of equipment and material mobilization can be

categorized as insignificant impact. Land Clearing

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Land clearing activity for PT KNI Factory construction purposes predicted

will emerge impact. The activity is clearing bushy plants and other plants

from the land. This clearing is a part of land preparation for factory

construction. Total land width used for PT KNI factory construction and its

supporting building, is 18 ha.

Land initial condition that fully planted with bushy and other plants, is an

open space, therefore the existing climate is very good or environmental

quality scale is 5.

The existence of landscape change is due to PT KNI factory construction

that will cover the land, however Building Coverage Ratio (BCR) is less

than 40%, and this is complying with the regulation. Therefore the

environmental quality will still be maintained (scale 5); the activity will not

impact on the climate.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by land clearing activity on the

climate is categorized as negative impact with 0 scale change and can be

categorized as insignificant negative impact.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is less because the impact is only








occurred during land clearing activity.




occurring impact is only during activity proceeding.



categorized as insignificant impact.

Land Preparation

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Land preparation activity is aimed to prepare land ready for construction.

The activity includes land filling and land compaction. In the planning,

>60% land will be used as a green area. Land preparation activity will

cause increasing temperature that leads climate change in the surrounding

location. Thus, the initial climate condition is very good or environmental

quality scale is 5. Land preparation activity that increases local

temperature, will cause decrease environmental quality scale to 4,

therefore this activity will impact the environmental quality scale by -1.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on the

climate is categorized as negative impact with -1 scale change and can be


b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is less because the impact is only








occurred during land preparation activity.




occurring impact is only during activity going on.



categorized as insignificant impact. 6.1.1.2. Noise Level

Equipment and material mobilization, land clearing and land preparation will

affect noise level in the project site and quarry area. Equipment used in the

activity such as dump truck, backhoe and bulldozer used for cut and fill

activity will cause increasing noise level to 85 dBA in the distance of 15 m.

However, if the noise is measured in Camp Tursina settlement, the distance

605 m from the noise source, and measured near post 7 settlement, the

distance 620m from the noise source, the two places predicted will receive

noise in the level of 56.0 dBA in Camp Tursina settlement, and 53.9 dBA in

settlement near post 7.

Based on noise level standard, the predicted noise in those two places will be

still in the range of noise level standard i.e. 55 dBA.

Initial noise level is good with environmental quality scale of 4. During

equipment and material mobilization, land clearing and land preparation noise

level environmental quality will be 3. Consequently, environmental quality

scale will decrease by -1

Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation activity on

noise level is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale

change by -1 therefore impact can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.




Land clearing

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Land clearing activity for PT KNI Factory construction purposes predicted

will emerge impact. The activity is clearing bushy plants and other plants

from the land. This clearing is a part of land preparation for factory

construction. Total land width that will be used for PT KNI factory

construction and its supporting building, is 18 ha. The activity will impact on

decreasing water quality specifically increasing suspended solid in the

water body that leads water biota disturbances.

Land initial condition that fully planted with bushy and other plants, is an

open space, therefore the existing climate is very good or environmental

quality scale is 5.

Decreasing water quality due to land clearing activity that increases

suspended solid in the water body will decrease water quality scale to 3,

therefore water quality will experience decreasing water quality scale by -2.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on the

water quality is categorized as negative impact with -2 scale change and

can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.


Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is significant; due

to the amount of human (fisherman) impacted is large.

Considering impact distribution impact value is significant, due to the

impact distribution is not only in industrial area but also in the seawaters.


significant; due to the impact intensity is large even though the impact is

only occurred during land preparation activity.

Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the impact will generate sequel impact and will cause decreasing

seawater productivity, convenience, and perception.



Considering impact cumulative, impact value is significant; due to the

impact is cumulative character.

Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, due

to the impact is irreversible.

In general impact of land clearing can be categorized as significant negative impact.

Land preparation

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Land preparation activity is aimed to prepare land ready for construction.

The activity includes land filling and compaction. Land preparation activity

will decrease water quality due to increasing suspended solid in the water

body causing water quality in the location changes. Initial condition can be

said as very good therefore environmental quality scale in the initial

condition is 5.

Decreasing water quality due to land preparation activity that increases

suspended solid in the water body will decrease water quality scale to 3,

therefore water quality will experience decreasing water quality scale by -2.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on water

quality (suspended solid) is categorized as negative impact with -2 scale

change and can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is significant; due

to the amount of human impacted is large. The activity will also impact

seawater biota.


impact distribution is not only in industrial area but also in the seawaters.


significant; due to the impact intensity is large even though the impact is

only occurred during land preparation activity.

Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the impact will generate sequel impact and will cause decreasing



seawater productivity, decreasing earning, decreasing convenience, and

perception.

Considering impact cumulative, impact value is insignificant; due to the

impact is only occur during the activity taking place.


In general impact of land preparation can be categorized as significant negative impact.

6.1.1.4. Hydrooceanography

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During land preparation, activities predicted will impact hydro-

oceanography condition include material for land filling mobilization and

land preparation. Material for land filling is sand-gravel brought from Palu

using barge in the capacity of 3,500 m3. Barge will harbour at the end of

Tursina Wharf exactly in the front of project site. Considering the location is

muddy coastal, the activity will impact on coastal abrasion and will lead to

re-suspended abrasion material in the seawater causing water turbidity.

While land preparation activities predicted will impact on hydro-

oceanography condition include blanket installing and land filling. The

activities will cause runoff consisting with scattered material, and will go to

the sea causing seawater turbidity as well as shore abrasion as can be

seen on Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1. Abrasion in project site shore



In the initial condition, project site is coastal marsh fully with bushy and

mangrove plants. The plants can function as a filter for run off that goes to

drainage and to the sea, causing water run off relatively clean. Mangrove

can also function as a coastal barrier from abrasion during tidal rise and

fall. Hence, the initial hydro-oceanography condition is very good or

environmental quality scale is 5.

Mangrove clearing, barge operation, and land filling activities will increase

seawater turbidity as well as shore abrasion. Consequently, environmental

water quality scale will decrease to 3 (moderate), or the activity will impact

to the environmental quality scale by -2.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on hydro-

oceanography is categorized as negative impact with -2 scale change and

can be categorized as significant negative impact.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is minor, since the activity is taking

place in industrial area which there is no settlement in the area.


impact distribution is not only in industrial area but also in the south area.


significant; due to the impact intensity is relatively large and will occur

continuously until it is managed.

Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the impact will cause disappearing coastal marsh and mangrove,

and will generate sequel impact in the forms of disappearing biota,

increasing local temperature causing convenience decrease and

community negative perception.






In general impact of land preparation can be categorized as significant negative impact.

6.1.1.5. Topography and Morphology

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude

During land preparation, activities predicted will impact hydro-

oceanography condition include material for land filling mobilization and

land preparation. Local material used for filling land is begun by digging

material in the quarry causing the hill top morphology change to the plain

forming. However, in the digging border will leave the steeply slope. In the

circumstance cutting the hill top is not well planned, terrain stability will

decrease due to possibly land sliding.

Based on the result from soil mechanic laboratory analyses, the material

has soil cohesion of 0.14 to 0.22 kg/cm2, inside friction angle of 20 - 22º,

and unit weight of 1.72 gr/cm3. Using the slope stability analyses, resulting

FK value = 1.7 on digging slope of 1:2.

Figure 6.2. Slope Stability Analyses using Bishop Method in the Quarry Area.

Land preparation activity impacting on morphology condition is land filling.

The activity will change coastal marsh morphology to plain morphology.

Coastal marsh morphology functions as retention pond before run off goes

to the sea, thus it functions as a filter.

In the initial condition, project site and quarry morphology have a good

terrain stability. Thus, environmental quality condition can be categorized

as very good or environmental quality scale is 5.



Land clearing and digging material activity that caused decreasing terrain

stability, will lead to decreasing environmental quality scale to 3, or impact

will cause environmental quality scale change by -2.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on

topography and morphology is categorized as negative impact with -2

scale change and can be categorized as significant negative impact.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is significant; due

to the amount of human impacted is large, specifically the community living

in the surrounding quarry.


impact distribution is not only in the surrounding quarry but also in the

surrounding land filling area.


significant; due to the impact intensity is relatively large and will occur

continuously until it is managed.

Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the impact will cause morphology change, and will generate sequel

impact on terrain stability, increasing run off, and disappearing vegetation,

in the end impact will cause decreasing convenience and community

negative perception.





In general impact of land preparation can be categorized as significant

negative impact.



6.1.16. Soil Type Component

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During land preparation, activity predicted will cause impact on soil type is

blanket installing, geotextile installing, and land filling. In these activities

coastal marsh with rock-sand bottom lithology layered by marsh mud, will

be filled by sand gravel and sand-silt-granule. Initial soil bottom is grouped

as A1-b/SM class and after land filling it will be A-2/ SM class.

Soil with A-1 class is categorized as very good or environmental quality

scale is 5. After land filling activity soil will be A-2 class or environmental

quality scale is 4. Thus, land filling activity will change quality scale by -1.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on soil

type is categorized as negative impact with -1 scale change and can be

categorized as significant negative impact.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is minor, the activity is taking place

in the area that is no settlement.


impact distribution is only in the project site area.


significant; due to the impact will occur continuously until it is managed

even though the intensity is relatively small. .


insignificant; due to the soil class change will only affect carrying capacity

that can be repaired by land compaction and maturation.


impact is cumulative, more filling activity the more soil type change.



In general impact of land preparation activity can be categorized as

significant negative impact.



6.1.1.7. Space Use Planning

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During land preparation, activities predicted will impact on space use

planning include land clearing and land filling. The activities will change

internal space use structure of PT KIE industrial estate particularly from

green area to open area.

In initial condition, space use planning environmental quality is very good or

environmental quality scale is 5.

Disappearing coastal marsh after the activity occurs will change internal

space structure, however environmental quality scale is still 5.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on space

use planning is categorized as negative impact, but without environmental

quality scale change, therefore impact can be categorized as insignificant

negative impact.






insignificant; due to the impact intensity is relatively small. .


insignificant; due to the limitation space change will relatively not affect

sequel impact.


impact is cumulative character, the more land open the more space use

change.







6.1.1.8. Land Use Planning

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During land preparation, land clearing, and land filling activities will impact

on land use planning. The initial green area will change to open space

area. The initial green area planted with bushy and mangrove has

functioned as retention pond and filter of run off, hence it can function as

sea barrier and several biota habitat.

Based on the condition above, initial land use planning in the project site is

categorized as very good or environmental quality scale is 5.

Land clearing activity, cutting top soil, and filling will change land use

planning in the area, from green area to open area or environmental quality

scale will decrease to 2. Thus, environmental quality scale will change by -

3.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on land

use planning is categorized as negative impact with -3 scale change and

can be categorized as significant negative impact.






significant; due to the impact intensity is relatively large and the impact will

occur continuously until it is managed.

Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the land use change will cause impact sequel in the form of micro

climate change that generates decreasing convenience and community

negative perception.




impact is cumulative character, the more land open the more land use

change.

Considering reversible/irreversible impact, impact value is significant, even though the impact is reversible, however to reverse will need long

time.





In the construction phase, activities predicted will impact on air quality are

equipment and construction material mobilization and factory construction.

Labour recruitment and material and labour demobilization activities will not

impact on air quality. The activities will not impact on air quality due to there

is not any physical activity on the environment that will cause environmental

change.

Equipment and Construction Material Mobilization


Equipment and construction material mobilization predicted will impact on

air quality. The activity will contribute on decreasing air quality and will

affect the climate.

Material will be transported by 22 dump trucks/day, and will use fuel 25

litters (pass by in the period of 10 minutes). Therefore, initial condition of air

quality is very good with environmental quality scale is 5.

Due to equipment and construction material mobilization, local temperature

will increase thus environmental quality will decrease to 4. As a result, the

activity will impact on environmental quality scale by -1.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by land clearing on climate is

categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change by

-1 therefore impact can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.




Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is minor, the activity is taking place

in the industrial estate that is no settlement.


impact distribution is only in the industrial area.


insignificant; due to the impact intensity is relatively small and the impact

will only occur during equipment and material mobilization activity.


insignificant; due to the climate change is relatively minor.


impact is only occurred during the activity.


In general impact of equipment and construction material mobilization

activity can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.

Factory Construction Activity


Factory and its supporting building construction using equipment such as

ready mix, mollen etc predicted will impact on air quality. The activity will

use 60 litters fuel/day. Thus initial condition can be categorized as very

good or environmental quality scale is 5.

Factory construction will increase local temperature, but after the

construction finished the temperature will be back to initial condition.

Therefore, initial condition is very good or scale is 5, and after construction

finish the scale will be as initial condition (scale 5). Hence, the activity will

not change environmental quality.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by factory construction activity

on climate is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality



scale change by 0 therefore impact can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.







insignificant; due to the impact intensity is relatively small and the impact

will only occur during factory construction activity.


insignificant; due to the climate change is relatively minor.


impact is only occurred during the activity.


In general impact of factory construction activity can be categorized as

insignificant negative impact.

6.1.2.2. Noise Level

Equipment mobilization and demobilization activities of factory construction

will affect noise level in project site area. Noise level will be 85 dBA in the

distance of 15m. However, if the noise is measured from the nearest

settlement i.e. Camp Tursina settlement with the distance of 605m from noise

sources, noise level in this site will be 56.0 dBA, and the settlement in post 7

with the distance of 620m from noise source, noise level will be 53.9 dBA.

Based on noise standard, the noises in the two settlements are still in the

range of noise standard i.e. 55 dBA ± 3 dBA.


construction phase noise level environmental quality will be 3. Consequently,

environmental quality scale will decrease by -1.



Based on explanation above, impact caused by construction phase activity on

noise level is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale

change by -1 therefore impact can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.


Factory Construction Activity


Factory construction predicted will increase the amount of suspended solid

in the water body. This will lead in decreasing water quality.

The initial condition of water quality is very good or environmental quality

scale is 5. Due to factory construction, environmental water quality scale

will decrease to 3; therefore the activity will change environmental quality

scale by -2.



scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as significant negative impact.



to the amount of human impacted is large, the activity will affect humans

living in the settlements located in the surrounding activity and the

settlements in the seawaters.


impact distribution is wide, not only in the industrial area but also in the

seawater.


significant; due to the impact intensity is large even though the impact will

only occur during factory construction activity.

Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the impact will generate sequel impact causing decreasing earning,

productivity, convenience, and perception.








6.1.2.4. Space Planning


Factory construction is predicted to cause impact on space planning. The

activity will change internal space PT KIE industrial estate, from green area

to building cover area. In the initial condition, the project site is coastal

marsh area. Thus space planning environmental quality is very good with

the scale of 5. Disappearing green area will affect internal space planning

structure in the industrial estate. However, the change is only occur in the

industrial estate, thus from Bontang City space planning the space

structure does not change. Accordingly, construction activity of Ammonium

Nitrate Factory PT KNI will decrease space planning environmental quality,

but not decreasing environmental quality scale, the scale will be still 5.


on space use planning is categorized as negative impact with

environmental quality scale change by 0 therefore impact can be








insignificant; due to the impact intensity is relatively small.




insignificant; due to the limitation of space planning change and the

sequel impact is also limited.


impact is cumulative character, the more the land opens the more the

space planning changes.




insignificant negative impact.

6.1.2.5. Land Use Planning


Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT KNI construction predicted will impact on

land use planning. In the project site, the initial coastal marsh green area

function will change to Ammonium Nitrate Factory area function.

The coastal marsh green area functions as a retention pond, a run off filter

before going to the sea, and several biota habitats. Based on this condition,

the land use planning environmental quality can be categorized as very

good with scale 5.

Factory construction activity will impact on land use changing from green

area to building cover area. The construction planned that there will be

139,920 m2 green area or 77.73 % from the project site’s width.

Accordingly, only 22.27 % of the width will be covered by factory building,

as a result the environmental quality scale will change to 4. Hence, factory

construction activity will decrease land use environmental quality scale by -

1.


is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality scale change

by -1 therefore impact can be categorized as insignificant negative

impact.









significant; due to the impact intensity is relatively large and will continue

until it is managed.

Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the land use planning change will emerge sequel impact in the form

of micro climate change and in the end will decrease convenience and

community negative perception.


impact is cumulative, the more the land covered by building the more the

decreasing land use planning quality. .





6.1.3.1. Climate

Production process

Operation phase activities predicted will impact on climate component, include

production process. Labour recruitment activity, raw material and supporting

material procurement, waste treatment, and product shipping predicted will not

cause significant impact on climate.


Production process activity will generate waste both water, gas, as well as

solid. Gaseous waste will significantly impact on climate parameter.



Gaseous waste planned that will be treated, will emit gas in the

concentration below recommended concentration standard. This gaseous

emission will affect climate condition due to gas particles will function as

condensate nucleus to form rain.

Thus, initial condition has environmental quality scale 5. Due to production

process impact, fall will occur more; consequently environmental quality

scale will decrease to 3 or the activity will decrease environmental quality

scale by -2.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by process production activity


scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as significant

negative impact.


Considering numbers of human impacted, impact value is insignificant; due to the amount of human impacted is relatively small, the impact will

only occur in industrial estate.


impact distribution is wide, not only in the industrial area but also in its

surrounding.


significant; due to the impact will continue as long as the factory operated.

Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the climate will very much change.


impact is cumulative character and will continue as long as the factory

operated.



In general impact of production process activity can be categorized as





Production Process


Production process activity will generate waste both water, gas, as

well as solid. Gaseous waste will significantly impact on climate

parameter. Gaseous waste planned that will be treated, will emit gas

in the concentration below recommended concentration standard.

This gaseous emission will affect air quality due to gas particles will

function as condensate nucleus to form rain.

Thus, initial condition has environmental quality scale 5. Due to

production process impact, fall will occur more, and consequently

environmental quality scale will decrease to 3 or the activity will

decreasing environmental quality scale by -2.


on air quality is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality







surrounding.



Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the climate will very much change.





operated.





6.1.3.3. Noise Level


Production process predicted will affect noise level that leads to directly

affect on workers, noise level in industrial area, and noise level in the

settlement that is protected by noise level standard of

Kep/51/Menaker/1999.

The factory workers predicted will receive 80 – 95 dBA noise level, while

industrial estate area 55 – 70 dBA. The prediction of noise level received by

settlement area with assuming noise source 70 dBA, in settlement (B-1

location) 605m distances from noise source, the noise level will be 53.1

dBA, while in settlement (B-2 location) 620m distances from noise source,

the noise level will be 48.3 dBA

Based on the prediction, factory workers will receive noise level above

recommended standard (the standard is 70 dBA), while settlements B-1

and B-2 will receive noise level below recommended standard (the

standard is 55 dBA).


process production noise level environmental quality will be 2.

Consequently, environmental quality scale will decrease by -2.


on noise level is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality

scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as significant

negative impact.




Impact prediction of noise level during factory operation on workers can be

categorized as large scale. The significance can be summarized as follows:


to the amount of workers impacted is relatively large.



surrounding.




insignificant; due to the other component will not be affected.



operated.


In general impact of production process can be categorized as significant negative impact.


Production Process


Production process activity predicted will generate waste both water, gas,

as well as solid. Wastewater will impact on water quality. Wastewater

generated in the volume of 300 m3/day, will be coming from nitric acid plant

with corrosive character due to nitric acid contain. Other wastewaters

include hot waters in the volume 220 m3/day coming from factory cooler

system that uses seawaters, and oil and grease wastes coming from triple

separator in the volume of 100L/year.



Initial environmental quality is very good with the scale of 5. Due to process

production activity, water quality scale will decrease to 3 or the impact will

decrease environmental quality by -2.


on water quality is categorized as negative impact with environmental

quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as




to the amount of human impacted is relatively large, the impact will not only

occur in industrial estate but also in the community settlement.



surrounding.



Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the water quality change will cause sequel impact.



operated.





Waste Treatment


Waste is treated with the aim of generating waste (solid, liquid and gas)

complied with recommended standard. Wastewater treatment done in order

to keep water quality in good condition, the treatments are:



1. In nitric acid plant: wastewater (300 m3/day) with corrosive character due

to nitric acid contain, before the waste is run to chemical pond, firstly it is

neutralized.

2. Hot water, coming from cooler system using seawaters 220 m3/day, will

increase seawater temperature. The hot water before run to the sea, its

temperature is firstly decreased in Cooling Tower.

3. Oil and grease wastes generated from triple separator (100 L/year) will

be treated suitable with toxic and hazardous wastewater procedure.

Water quality initial condition is good with the scale of 5. Generating waste

will decrease water environmental quality by -2.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by water treatment activity on

water quality is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality





occur in industrial estate but also in community settlement.



surrounding.



Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to the water quality change will generate sequel impact.



operated.







6.1.3.5. Waste

Raw Material and Supporting Material Procurement


Raw material and supporting material procurement activities will generate

garbage (domestic and process). There will not be raw material impact

because the raw material is piped from PT Pupuk Kaltim, while supporting

material will generate significant solid waste. Solid wastes are coming from

used packaging such as plastics, drums, inert materials, coating agent,

filter, and ammonium nitrate bags.

Initial environmental quality condition is scaled 5. Generating solid wastes

will decrease environmental quality by -2.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by raw material and

supporting material procurement activity on emerging waste (domestic and

process) is categorized as negative impact with environmental quality








surrounding.



Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to waste generating (domestic and process) will cause sequel impact.





operated.





Production process


Production process activity predicted will generate waste both water, gas,

as well as solid. Solid waste includes catalyst coming from ammonia

converter with volume of 120 kg/year. This catalyst waste will decrease

environmental quality due to its hazardous characteristic.

The initial environmental condition is very good with the environmental

quality scale of 5.

Waste (domestic and process) will decrease environmental quality to 3,

thus the wastes will decrease environmental quality scale by -2.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by production process activity

on emerging waste (domestic and process) is categorized as negative

impact with environmental quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can

be categorized as significant negative impact.







surrounding.








operated.





Waste Treatment


Managing domestic and processing garbage is aimed in order the wastes

not to disturb environmental quality and aesthetic. Garbage management

includes:

Domestic solid waste

Domestic solid wastes are generated from office and houses activities. Non

economic solid waste volume are predicted 50 m3/year, characterized non

toxic, and managed by firstly collected before dumped to land fill. Paper

and cartoon wastes volume 50 m3/year are sold to collector due to can be

recycled.

Process solid waste

Used catalyst:

Process solid waste volumes 120 kg/year, are mainly generated from

Ammonia Converter, and managed through: waste is collected based on its

characteristics, packaged in drum and labelled, stored in appropriate safety

place, and managed suitably with toxic and hazardous waste procedure.

Inert Material (plastic) Nitrate Containing:

The material is coming from general activities, characterized non toxic,

volumes 10 m3/year, and managed by: inert material is washed with water

to diminish nitrate contaminant until < 100 mg/L, packaged as minimum as



possible, and sent to appropriate location by environmental licensed waste

contractor.

Lilamine bag:

The bag is coming from chemical packaging, characterized non toxic,

volumes 1800 bags/year, and managed through: the bag is washed with

water until clean, and sent to land fill.

Empty Drum:

Drum is coming from supporting material/chemical storage, characterized

non toxic, volumes 100 drums @ 20 L/year, and managed through: drum is

washed until clean, stored in appropriate and safe place, and managed

suitably with toxic hazardous waste procedure.

Coating Agent:

Coating agent is coming from product layering system and separator,

characterized non toxic, volumes 20 tones/year, and managed through:

waste is collected and sent to appropriate place by environmental licensed

contractor.

Filter:

Filter is coming from aqua ammonia filter (4 units/year), nitric acid

compressor (20 m3/year), and ammonia filters (100 units/year),

characterized non toxic, and managed through: filter is washed to diminish

contaminants, stored in appropriate and safe place, and managed by waste

contractor.

Ammonium Nitrate Bag:

The bag is coming from damaged ammonium nitrate bag/under

requirement, characterized non toxic, volumes 1000 bags/year, and

managed through: bag is washed until clean to diminish the contaminant,

stored in appropriate and safe place, and managed by waste contractor.

Initial environment condition is very good or environmental quality scale 5.

Solid waste existence will decrease environmental quality by -2.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by waste treatment activity on

emerging garbage (domestic and process) is categorized as negative



impact with environmental quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can

be categorized as significant negative impact.







surrounding.






operated.





6.1.3.6. Hydro-oceanography


During ammonium nitrate factory operation phase, activities predicted will

impact on hydro-oceanography condition are production process and

product shipping.

Hot water, coming from cooler system using seawaters 220 m3/day, will

increase seawater temperature. The increasing seawater temperature will

change water density and will emerge stream that tends to directing from

outlet to inlet. While product shipping activity will impact on emerging

seawater waves that will cause shore abrasion.



In the initial condition the seawater temperature is in between 32º C –

37.9ºC in outlet Kaltim 4 and very much influenced by tidal rise and fall.

Considering the seawaters is bay form, during tidal rise the stream will

direct to north west that is project site shore, on the other hands during tidal

fall the stream will direct to south east that is to the sea. With this condition,

heat dispersion will occur, and bay seawater temperature will be the same

with that of in open seawaters.

Initial hydro-oceanography condition in project site is very good with

environmental quality scale 5.

Factory operation will increase seawater temperature, however the volume

of hot water discharged by the factory is much lesser than seawater

volume, moreover, the hot waters before discharged to the sea its water

temperature is firstly decreased in Cooling Tower. While product shipping

operation will cause shore abrasion. Thus, the environmental quality will

decrease to 3 or the environmental quality will change by -2.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by factory operation activity on

hydro-oceanography is categorized as negative impact with environmental

quality scale change by -2 therefore impact can be categorized as






impact distribution is wide, not only in the industrial area but also in the sea

at the south side of wharf.



Considering numbers of components impacted, impact value is significant; due to increasing seawater temperature will cause sequel impact and affect

marine biota.





operated.






Impact Identification IV - 1

6.2. BIOLOGY

4.2.1. LAND PREPARATION PERIOD In this study, construction activities which may have an impact on biological aspects

of the environment are labour recruitment, mobilisation of material and heavy-duty

equipments, land clearing and land preparation.

6.2.1.1. Plankton

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During the course of the study, brackish water swamp within the plant site of

PT KNI is reported to hold 6 species plankton. Nonetheless, since the swamp

is locked in from any water sources, the findings hence considered to be

moderate (EQ 3). Taking into account that plankton is the base of trophic

pyramid as primary producer, land clearing and its further preparation, which

means filling-in the swamp to dry, is thus identified to cause a negative impact

upon plankton in the swamp.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance The area currently, from an ecological point of view, is in a highly denuded

condition. Land filling resulted in turbulence and turbidity, which in turn wiped

out plankton community in the swamp, is the consequence of the project. The

impact evaluated to occur in a very narrow area (-1), with almost no human

being to be influenced (-1) because the swamp is located in a restricted

industrial area. Duration and intensity of the impact relatively short (-2), only a

few other compounds may affected (-1) as the swamp locked in from any other

water body in surroundings. Impact is believed not cumulative (-2) and

reversible (-2) i.e. when other environmental components be well and properly-

managed. Thereafter, land preparation is considered to only causing a

relatively not important negative impact (-2).



6.2.1.2. Macrobenthos a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude

Land clearing and land preparation dried out the swamp - which occupy some

2/3 part of the plant site - will directly and indirectly (through the disappearance

of plankton) vanishing macrobenthic community in the swamp. Therefore these

physical activities might cause negative impacts to occur.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Land clears and preparation in the plant site - physically at present is a

brackish water swamp, ensuing in turbidity and habitat destroyed which

sequentially changing it into a terrestrial one rendering all aquatic communities

to be gone, including macrobenthos. This is indeed a logic consequence of

building the facility.

Impacts of land preparation upon macrobenthic communities in the swamp

have been evaluated as indirectly affecting human being (-1). From the

ecological point of view, the activity occur in a relatively narrow area (-1) with

short duration and light intensity (-2), i.e. during the constructional period,

although other components to be affected is relatively complicated because

macrobenthos is directly link to plankton as primary producer (-3). Impacts

upon this group may be reversible (-2) and not cumulative (-1), as long as

other components in the surrounding water body be properly managed as a

substitute. The impact is therefore categorised as negatively not important (-2) toward the surrounding ecosystem.

6.2.1.3. Nekton

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude On site observation revealed that local people living outside the fence but next

to the project site often come to visit the swamp to fish by using cage net or

angling (Figure 3.1B). As a result, land clearing and preparation that will dry-up

the swamp and obviously perish all aquatic biota turn out as a negative impact

toward nektonic animals.



b. Prediction of Impact Importance In general, nekton in the brackish water swamp and the surrounding water

body classified as mix demersal fishes (Table 3.8); besides, some un-

commercial fish like Periopthalmus sp and Glossogobius matanensis. The

presence of more than 10 species economically important fish graded the

water body surrounding the project site as in a good condition to support

nektonic life (EQ 4).

Land clear and preparation disturbs amenity which in turn give rise to a

permanent change of local habitat in the swamp. When the construction is

commenced, local people will not allowed getting into the area to fish; this may

be evaluated as a negative impact. However, since they are not many, it is

therefore evaluated as less important (-1). Ecologically, the activity takes place

in a relatively narrow site (-1), intense but for a short period of time, i.e. only

during the land preparation period (-1), other components to be disturbed

relatively a few because in general nekton is of high grade in the trophic

pyramid (-2). The impact is considered reversible (-2) and not cumulative (-1) as long as other components in the surrounding water body be properly

managed as a compensation. This is inferred from the fact that fish usually

perform a homing behaviour to overcome worsened water quality.

The impact of swamp-filling upon nektonic communities is therefore

categorised as negatively not important (-2) toward the surrounding water

body.

6.2.1.4. Microbes

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Bacteriological quality of the environs in the project site was regarded as good

(Government Law no 82/2001 and EQ 4). Both guidance graded deep-well

closest to the site as the best in quality (station B-02, EQ 5; Table 3.9), i.e.

coliform bacteria 2 cfu.ml-1, and E. coli <2 MPN/100mL. Labour recruits

recognised to raise negative impact toward bacteriological profile in the site.



b. Prediction of Impact Importance A number of recruited builders who stay in the temporary barracks and work in

unfurnished facility for which is assumed to provide no sanitary facilities, be

evaluated as compelling negative impact to the microbes over growth in the

sequence of degenerating environmental sanitation.

The activity is being conducted in a relatively small area, i.e. within the plant

site of PT KNI (-2). The intensity evolved since the land preparation period

throughout the period of constructing the structure (-3). The decline of

bacteriological quality in the project site and perhaps in the freshwater source

nearby linked to several other components, in particular is the public health (-3). Impact is local, only cumulative at the extreme condition favouring the

blooming of microbes’ growth (-2), quickly reversible (-2) because mass

concentration of the builders will reduced soon after the facility accomplished,

and as long as environmental sanitation system be properly managed (-1).

Builders recruit thus be evaluated as a negatively less important impact (-3)

toward bacteriological surveillance surrounding the project site.

6.2.1.5. Land Vegetation a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude

Land clears and further processes for land preparation diminishing all floral

communities within the plant site. As a consequence, this commencement

process in physical construction of ammonia nitrate plant of PT KNI is negative

toward local land vegetation.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Land clears and filling will obviously eliminate natural vegetation in the plant

site and consequently is identified as a negative impact for the local

vegetation. Land strip, top soil removal and relocation is expected not to

harmful the gene pool of local vegetation in the project site, given that no

observed species with economically important value, threatened, endangered,

nor endemic. At the time of visit, the site is set to be filled prior to dewatering.

Ground surface strip and dislocation will have no direct impact on human being

since the section is a restricted area intended for industry so that neither crop



nor other cultivation ever recorded (-1). The activity conducted in a relatively

very narrow area (-1); dislocation, relocation of stripped ground surface, and

land-fill will be carried out block by block within the 17 ha project site of PT

KNI. Quite an intense impact will occur throughout the land preparation period

(-2). From the point of ecological view, only a few other components will be

affected (-2); although vegetation is a primary producer, plant site is indeed

intended for industrial area. The short period of cumulative impacts (-2) will

soon be recover (-2) considering the high soil fertility in the project site. It is

thus evaluated that swamp fill for the construction of the ammonia nitrate

facility of PT KNI as a negatively not important impact (-2) toward local

vegetation in the site.

4.2.1.6. Terrestric Fauna

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Loading of materials into the site and heavy-duty equipments mobilisation

followed by land clears and preparation, is suspected to be negative toward

faunal amenity in the project site and the surroundings.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Mobilisation of heavy-duty equipments prior to ground surface clears for land

preparation identified to cause a negative impact to the amenity of terrestrial

fauna in the project site.

Impacts of ground surface strip and dislocation toward wild terrestrial fauna will

have no direct impact on human being (-1) since the section is a restricted

industrial area not intended for green belt nor conservation area. Having been

conducted in a very narrow space within 17 ha of PT KNI project site (-1), it will

occurred intensively during land preparation period (-2). And although only a

few other components will be influenced (-1) as the site is an industrial area,

impacts toward terrestrial fauna may be cumulative (-2) yet reversible within a

short period of time (-2) regarding the soil fertility of the site ease animals to

find preys, they are not allowed to be hunted, and never poached be reported.

The animal’s mobility benefits them to recover their population size.

Therefore, mobilisation of heavy-duty vehicle and equipments prior to land



preparation processes of PT KNI be evaluated as a negatively not important impact (-2) upon local terrestrial fauna in the site.

6.2.2. PHYSICAL CONSTRUCTION PERIOD

In principle, all biotic compounds in this study will be affected by processes during

physical construction of the facility. Part of the building construction which may

contributes a negative impact upon biological aspects of the environs are: land

preparation affecting the deterioration of floral communities, building-materials and

heavy-duty equipments distressing faunal amenities, labour recruits leading to

bacteriological imbalance – this is because in general fresh water demand is higher

than the capacity.

4.2.2.1. Microbes

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Change in the quantity and quality of the water for domestic use may facilitate

bacterial growth. In this study, pathogenic identification of the bacteria has yet

analysed, so that blooming possibility ought to be taken into account. As is

known (Table 3.9), total bacteria count in the sewer (station B-3) discharging

up to the sea (station B-1) was moderate, i.e. coliform 33 cell.ml-1, and E. coli

<9 MPN/100mL; meanwhile Thursina Harbour (station B-1) was the worst

(coliform 900 cell.ml-1, and E. coli <200 MPN/100mL). Thus the presence of

builders might worsen the already poor profile of surface water bacteria.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Change in the quantity and quality of the water for domestic use may facilitate






(coliform 900 cell.ml-1, and E. coli <200 MPN/100mL). From the ecological

point of view, workers/builders recruit may risk environmental sanitation,



because their need for domestic uses as such that may cause a freshwater

shortage, which in turn causing bacterial overgrowth.

Recruited builders who stay in the temporary barracks during the period of land

preparation to the construction period, and work in unfurnished facility for

which is assumed to provide no sanitary facilities compelling negative impact

to the microbes overgrowth (-2) in the sequence of degenerating

environmental sanitation. Intensity of the impacts continued and escalated (-3)

due to rapid increase in the number of recruits. However, since the impacts is

local (-1), other components be influenced may be a few (-1), recovered in a

while (-1) and not cumulative (-1) regarding microbes vulnerability against

sudden change in other environmental factors, and also because many

pathogenic bacteria are not able to survive marine condition, thus

bacteriological profile may be evaluated as remain the same (EQ 4).

Subsequently the impacts of physical construction assumed as a negatively not important (-2) toward bacteriological profile in the project site.

6.2.3. OPERATIONAL PERIOD

During the operational period of the facility harbour infrastructure maintenance, e.g.

waste water management and product transportation are those among others which

may causing some negative impacts upon plankton, macrobenthos and nektonic

communities in the project site.

4.2.3.1. Plankton a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude

The more the functioning of the ammonia nitrate facility the more frequents the

product shipment, which is estimated to be once or twice a week. As this is an

ample contribution for the moor to more rapidly get shallower, maintenance

dredging may thus take place more often. Silicon compounds as an anti-foam

agent in the cooling tower are relatively harmless for biotic communities. Yet,

the more important to deal with is the higher temperature delta (ca. 5°C) of

wastewater discharged from the cooling tower system. All these processes are

continual, as they are going to be for a long period, as long as the functioning



of the facility; therefore it is recognised as a chronic negative impact for

planktonic a community which is indeed moderate in quality (EQ 3).

b. Prediction of Impact Importance The more the functioning of the ammonia nitrate facility the more frequent the

product shipments, which is estimated to be once or twice a week. As this is an

ample contribution for the moor to get shallower more rapidly, maintenance

dredging may thus to be taken place more often. If this so, the activity will

periodically changed water depth, bottom sediment profile and the variety of

sediment size – as such that it may change the direction of flow and strength of

the current – which means transporting a vast amount of water mass from its

previous hydrodynamics.

Routine waste resulted from increased shipment frequency along with warm

effluent (ca. 5°C higher than normal; 220m3.hour-1 or 5280m3.ay-1) coming from

wastewater system, turbulence, and wastewater load from joint activities in the

harbour, be evaluated as negatively important (-4) for planktonic organisms –

either phytoplankton, zooplankton, and larvae of non-planktonic organisms

(meroplankton).

Approximately, 11 – 20% of human population in the surroundings who work

as fishermen may undergo the indirect impact of warm water effluent and

product shipments of PT KNI (-2). Impact may not extend wider than the

aquatic (ecological) boundary of PT KNI, more specifically is Thursina harbour

(-2). The intensity is moderate, occurring as long as the wastewater system,

ammonia nitrate facility and the harbour are in function (-4). Various other

components may get influenced since plankton is a primary producer in the

water body (-4). Impact may continue given that plant facility and the harbour

are functioning, but not cumulative (-2) as proven by variety and diversity of

planktonic organisms in PT PKT which has been operated for more than 30

years. Impact is therefore local and reversible (-2) provided that other

environmental components be properly managed in a sustainable way.




High turbidity due to the higher intensity of product shipment and/or

maintenance dredging, oil spill, wastewater of higher temperature, quality and

quantity of combined wastewater were identified to change the physical and

chemical properties of the water in the project site. Directly, those matters may

impede physiological and reproduction of macrobenthos in the bottom

sediment of the harbour. Indirectly, these may occur simultaneously with the

disappearance of planktonic life.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Habitat change is often fatal for this relatively immobile group of animals.

Moreover, warm water effluent, new species introduced if water ballast is not

properly dispose, oil spill, and change in physico-chemical of the water in

general are indicated to hamper the physiology and reproduction of this group.

Simultaneously, indirect impact may occur from the hold back of planktonic

communities which indeed is fairly moderate in quality and quantity (EQ 3).

Therefore, potential impacts that may occur during the operational period of

the facility and the harbour is evaluated as negatively important (-4) for

macrobenthic organisms in the site.

In approximate, 11 – 20% of human population in the surroundings are

fishermen, they may undergo the indirect impact of warm water effluent and





components may get affected since macrobenthos may be graded low

(herbivorous) or high (carnivorous) in the trophic pyramid (-3). Impact may continue assuming that plant facility and the harbour are

functioning, but not cumulative (-2) since periodic maintenance in the harbour

may perform as a secondary succession agent for macrobenthic community.

Impact is therefore local and reversible (-2) provided that other environmental



components be properly managed in a sustainable way

4.2.3.3. Nekton

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Higher intensity of product shipment and/or maintenance dredging, oil spill,

ballast water, wastewater of higher temperature, quality and quantity of

combined wastewater were recognized to restrain the amenity of nektonic

communities used to visit the harbour. Indirectly, it may affect through the

vanishing trophic levels at the bottom of trophic pyramid.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance In the long run, ample depth of water column, amenity, and safety from

poaching and fishing in a restricted area, availability of various species of

plankton as nursing communities for nekton, strongly predicted to encourage

nekton to visit and live in the harbour as their sanctuary. In that view, by

applying proper management, then augmentation of shipment frequency along

with its associated activities, for example maintenance dredging, may comes

out as a positive impact (+3) for nektonic organisms; and in turn toward the

traditional fisheries outside the safety border of the harbour.

The impacts of maintenance dredging in the harbour, frequency of product

shipments, and warm wastewater of PT KNI assumed to be relatively

unimportant to the human population living nearby the project site (+1).

Ecologically, the impacts be reasonably important as it occur in a narrow space

(+2), moderately intense for long period, i.e. as long as the harbour, the facility,

and the wastewater system are in function (+4). A few other environmental

components may be affected (+1) considering that nekton is normally graded

high in the food pyramid. Negative impacts toward nekton may be cumulative

(-2) during land preparation period and physical construction of the facility, but

predicted to be recovered at the commencement of the operational period of

the facility (+3), i.e. with the condition that all other environmental components

be properly maintained. In other harbours of PT PKT, the quality and quantity

of nektonic organisms are satisfactory. This is inferred from the fact that fish



usually perform a homing behaviour to overcome worsened water quality. As a

result, operational of the facility which intensify shipment frequency, harbour

maintenance, and wastewater effluent categorised as a positive impact (+3) for nekton in the harbour and the environs.

Study on Environmental Impact of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI

Chapter VI: Significant Impact Prediction IV - 35

6.2. BIOLOGY

4.2.1. LAND PREPARATION PERIOD In this study, construction activities which may have an impact on biological aspects

of the environment are labour recruitment, mobilisation of material and heavy-duty

equipments, land clearing and land preparation.

6.2.1.1. Plankton

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude During the course of the study, brackish water swamp within the plant site of

PT KNI is reported to hold 6 species plankton. Nonetheless, since the swamp

is locked in from any water sources, the findings hence considered to be

moderate (EQ 3). Taking into account that plankton is the base of trophic

pyramid as primary producer, land clearing and its further preparation, which

means filling-in the swamp to dry, is thus identified to cause a negative impact

upon plankton in the swamp.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance The area currently, from an ecological point of view, is in a highly denuded

condition. Land filling resulted in turbulence and turbidity, which in turn wiped

out plankton community in the swamp, is the consequence of the project. The

impact evaluated to occur in a very narrow area (-1), with almost no human

being to be influenced (-1) because the swamp is located in a restricted

industrial area. Duration and intensity of the impact relatively short (-2), only a

few other compounds may affected (-1) as the swamp locked in from any other

water body in surroundings. Impact is believed not cumulative (-2) and

reversible (-2) i.e. when other environmental components be well and properly-

managed. Thereafter, land preparation is considered to only causing a

relatively not important negative impact (-2).




Land clearing and land preparation dried out the swamp - which occupy some

2/3 part of the plant site - will directly and indirectly (through the disappearance

of plankton) vanishing macrobenthic community in the swamp. Therefore these

physical activities might cause negative impacts to occur.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Land clears and preparation in the plant site - physically at present is a

brackish water swamp, ensuing in turbidity and habitat destroyed which

sequentially changing it into a terrestrial one rendering all aquatic communities

to be gone, including macrobenthos. This is indeed a logic consequence of

building the facility.

Impacts of land preparation upon macrobenthic communities in the swamp

have been evaluated as indirectly affecting human being (-1). From the

ecological point of view, the activity occur in a relatively narrow area (-1) with

short duration and light intensity (-2), i.e. during the constructional period,

although other components to be affected is relatively complicated because

macrobenthos is directly link to plankton as primary producer (-3). Impacts

upon this group may be reversible (-2) and not cumulative (-1), as long as

other components in the surrounding water body be properly managed as a

substitute. The impact is therefore categorised as negatively not important (-2) toward the surrounding ecosystem.

6.2.1.3. Nekton

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude On site observation revealed that local people living outside the fence but next

to the project site often come to visit the swamp to fish by using cage net or

angling (Figure 3.1B). As a result, land clearing and preparation that will dry-up

the swamp and obviously perish all aquatic biota turn out as a negative impact

toward nektonic animals.



b. Prediction of Impact Importance In general, nekton in the brackish water swamp and the surrounding water

body classified as mix demersal fishes (Table 3.8); besides, some un-

commercial fish like Periopthalmus sp and Glossogobius matanensis. The

presence of more than 10 species economically important fish graded the

water body surrounding the project site as in a good condition to support

nektonic life (EQ 4).

Land clear and preparation disturbs amenity which in turn give rise to a

permanent change of local habitat in the swamp. When the construction is

commenced, local people will not allowed getting into the area to fish; this may

be evaluated as a negative impact. However, since they are not many, it is

therefore evaluated as less important (-1). Ecologically, the activity takes place

in a relatively narrow site (-1), intense but for a short period of time, i.e. only

during the land preparation period (-1), other components to be disturbed

relatively a few because in general nekton is of high grade in the trophic

pyramid (-2). The impact is considered reversible (-2) and not cumulative (-1) as long as other components in the surrounding water body be properly

managed as a compensation. This is inferred from the fact that fish usually

perform a homing behaviour to overcome worsened water quality.

The impact of swamp-filling upon nektonic communities is therefore

categorised as negatively not important (-2) toward the surrounding water

body.

6.2.1.4. Microbes

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Bacteriological quality of the environs in the project site was regarded as good

(Government Law no 82/2001 and EQ 4). Both guidance graded deep-well

closest to the site as the best in quality (station B-02, EQ 5; Table 3.9), i.e.

coliform bacteria 2 cfu.ml-1, and E. coli <2 MPN/100mL. Labour recruits

recognised to raise negative impact toward bacteriological profile in the site.



b. Prediction of Impact Importance A number of recruited builders who stay in the temporary barracks and work in

unfurnished facility for which is assumed to provide no sanitary facilities, be

evaluated as compelling negative impact to the microbes over growth in the

sequence of degenerating environmental sanitation.

The activity is being conducted in a relatively small area, i.e. within the plant

site of PT KNI (-2). The intensity evolved since the land preparation period

throughout the period of constructing the structure (-3). The decline of

bacteriological quality in the project site and perhaps in the freshwater source

nearby linked to several other components, in particular is the public health (-3). Impact is local, only cumulative at the extreme condition favouring the

blooming of microbes’ growth (-2), quickly reversible (-2) because mass

concentration of the builders will reduced soon after the facility accomplished,

and as long as environmental sanitation system be properly managed (-1).

Builders recruit thus be evaluated as a negatively less important impact (-3)

toward bacteriological surveillance surrounding the project site.

6.2.1.5. Land Vegetation a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude

Land clears and further processes for land preparation diminishing all floral

communities within the plant site. As a consequence, this commencement

process in physical construction of ammonia nitrate plant of PT KNI is negative

toward local land vegetation.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Land clears and filling will obviously eliminate natural vegetation in the plant

site and consequently is identified as a negative impact for the local

vegetation. Land strip, top soil removal and relocation is expected not to

harmful the gene pool of local vegetation in the project site, given that no

observed species with economically important value, threatened, endangered,

nor endemic. At the time of visit, the site is set to be filled prior to dewatering.

Ground surface strip and dislocation will have no direct impact on human being

since the section is a restricted area intended for industry so that neither crop



nor other cultivation ever recorded (-1). The activity conducted in a relatively

very narrow area (-1); dislocation, relocation of stripped ground surface, and

land-fill will be carried out block by block within the 17 ha project site of PT

KNI. Quite an intense impact will occur throughout the land preparation period

(-2). From the point of ecological view, only a few other components will be

affected (-2); although vegetation is a primary producer, plant site is indeed

intended for industrial area. The short period of cumulative impacts (-2) will

soon be recover (-2) considering the high soil fertility in the project site. It is

thus evaluated that swamp fill for the construction of the ammonia nitrate

facility of PT KNI as a negatively not important impact (-2) toward local

vegetation in the site.

4.2.1.6. Terrestric Fauna

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Loading of materials into the site and heavy-duty equipments mobilisation

followed by land clears and preparation, is suspected to be negative toward

faunal amenity in the project site and the surroundings.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Mobilisation of heavy-duty equipments prior to ground surface clears for land

preparation identified to cause a negative impact to the amenity of terrestrial

fauna in the project site.

Impacts of ground surface strip and dislocation toward wild terrestrial fauna will

have no direct impact on human being (-1) since the section is a restricted

industrial area not intended for green belt nor conservation area. Having been

conducted in a very narrow space within 17 ha of PT KNI project site (-1), it will

occurred intensively during land preparation period (-2). And although only a

few other components will be influenced (-1) as the site is an industrial area,

impacts toward terrestrial fauna may be cumulative (-2) yet reversible within a

short period of time (-2) regarding the soil fertility of the site ease animals to

find preys, they are not allowed to be hunted, and never poached be reported.

The animal’s mobility benefits them to recover their population size.

Therefore, mobilisation of heavy-duty vehicle and equipments prior to land



preparation processes of PT KNI be evaluated as a negatively not important impact (-2) upon local terrestrial fauna in the site.

6.2.2. PHYSICAL CONSTRUCTION PERIOD

In principle, all biotic compounds in this study will be affected by processes during

physical construction of the facility. Part of the building construction which may

contributes a negative impact upon biological aspects of the environs are: land

preparation affecting the deterioration of floral communities, building-materials and

heavy-duty equipments distressing faunal amenities, labour recruits leading to

bacteriological imbalance – this is because in general fresh water demand is higher

than the capacity.

4.2.2.1. Microbes

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Change in the quantity and quality of the water for domestic use may facilitate






(coliform 900 cell.ml-1, and E. coli <200 MPN/100mL). Thus the presence of

builders might worsen the already poor profile of surface water bacteria.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Change in the quantity and quality of the water for domestic use may facilitate






(coliform 900 cell.ml-1, and E. coli <200 MPN/100mL). From the ecological

point of view, workers/builders recruit may risk environmental sanitation,



because their need for domestic uses as such that may cause a freshwater

shortage, which in turn causing bacterial overgrowth.

Recruited builders who stay in the temporary barracks during the period of land

preparation to the construction period, and work in unfurnished facility for

which is assumed to provide no sanitary facilities compelling negative impact

to the microbes overgrowth (-2) in the sequence of degenerating

environmental sanitation. Intensity of the impacts continued and escalated (-3)

due to rapid increase in the number of recruits. However, since the impacts is

local (-1), other components be influenced may be a few (-1), recovered in a

while (-1) and not cumulative (-1) regarding microbes vulnerability against

sudden change in other environmental factors, and also because many

pathogenic bacteria are not able to survive marine condition, thus

bacteriological profile may be evaluated as remain the same (EQ 4).

Subsequently the impacts of physical construction assumed as a negatively not important (-2) toward bacteriological profile in the project site.

6.2.3. OPERATIONAL PERIOD

During the operational period of the facility harbour infrastructure maintenance, e.g.

waste water management and product transportation are those among others which

may causing some negative impacts upon plankton, macrobenthos and nektonic

communities in the project site.

4.2.3.1. Plankton a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude

The more the functioning of the ammonia nitrate facility the more frequents the

product shipment, which is estimated to be once or twice a week. As this is an

ample contribution for the moor to more rapidly get shallower, maintenance

dredging may thus take place more often. Silicon compounds as an anti-foam

agent in the cooling tower are relatively harmless for biotic communities. Yet,

the more important to deal with is the higher temperature delta (ca. 5°C) of

wastewater discharged from the cooling tower system. All these processes are

continual, as they are going to be for a long period, as long as the functioning



of the facility; therefore it is recognised as a chronic negative impact for

planktonic a community which is indeed moderate in quality (EQ 3).

b. Prediction of Impact Importance The more the functioning of the ammonia nitrate facility the more frequent the

product shipments, which is estimated to be once or twice a week. As this is an

ample contribution for the moor to get shallower more rapidly, maintenance

dredging may thus to be taken place more often. If this so, the activity will

periodically changed water depth, bottom sediment profile and the variety of

sediment size – as such that it may change the direction of flow and strength of

the current – which means transporting a vast amount of water mass from its

previous hydrodynamics.

Routine waste resulted from increased shipment frequency along with warm

effluent (ca. 5°C higher than normal; 220m3.hour-1 or 5280m3.ay-1) coming from

wastewater system, turbulence, and wastewater load from joint activities in the

harbour, be evaluated as negatively important (-4) for planktonic organisms –

either phytoplankton, zooplankton, and larvae of non-planktonic organisms

(meroplankton).

Approximately, 11 – 20% of human population in the surroundings who work

as fishermen may undergo the indirect impact of warm water effluent and





components may get influenced since plankton is a primary producer in the

water body (-4). Impact may continue given that plant facility and the harbour

are functioning, but not cumulative (-2) as proven by variety and diversity of

planktonic organisms in PT PKT which has been operated for more than 30

years. Impact is therefore local and reversible (-2) provided that other

environmental components be properly managed in a sustainable way.




High turbidity due to the higher intensity of product shipment and/or

maintenance dredging, oil spill, wastewater of higher temperature, quality and

quantity of combined wastewater were identified to change the physical and

chemical properties of the water in the project site. Directly, those matters may

impede physiological and reproduction of macrobenthos in the bottom

sediment of the harbour. Indirectly, these may occur simultaneously with the

disappearance of planktonic life.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance Habitat change is often fatal for this relatively immobile group of animals.

Moreover, warm water effluent, new species introduced if water ballast is not

properly dispose, oil spill, and change in physico-chemical of the water in

general are indicated to hamper the physiology and reproduction of this group.

Simultaneously, indirect impact may occur from the hold back of planktonic

communities which indeed is fairly moderate in quality and quantity (EQ 3).

Therefore, potential impacts that may occur during the operational period of

the facility and the harbour is evaluated as negatively important (-4) for

macrobenthic organisms in the site.

In approximate, 11 – 20% of human population in the surroundings are

fishermen, they may undergo the indirect impact of warm water effluent and





components may get affected since macrobenthos may be graded low

(herbivorous) or high (carnivorous) in the trophic pyramid (-3). Impact may continue assuming that plant facility and the harbour are

functioning, but not cumulative (-2) since periodic maintenance in the harbour

may perform as a secondary succession agent for macrobenthic community.

Impact is therefore local and reversible (-2) provided that other environmental



components be properly managed in a sustainable way

4.2.3.3. Nekton

a. Prediction of Impact Magnitude Higher intensity of product shipment and/or maintenance dredging, oil spill,

ballast water, wastewater of higher temperature, quality and quantity of

combined wastewater were recognized to restrain the amenity of nektonic

communities used to visit the harbour. Indirectly, it may affect through the

vanishing trophic levels at the bottom of trophic pyramid.

b. Prediction of Impact Importance In the long run, ample depth of water column, amenity, and safety from

poaching and fishing in a restricted area, availability of various species of

plankton as nursing communities for nekton, strongly predicted to encourage

nekton to visit and live in the harbour as their sanctuary. In that view, by

applying proper management, then augmentation of shipment frequency along

with its associated activities, for example maintenance dredging, may comes

out as a positive impact (+3) for nektonic organisms; and in turn toward the

traditional fisheries outside the safety border of the harbour.

The impacts of maintenance dredging in the harbour, frequency of product

shipments, and warm wastewater of PT KNI assumed to be relatively

unimportant to the human population living nearby the project site (+1).

Ecologically, the impacts be reasonably important as it occur in a narrow space

(+2), moderately intense for long period, i.e. as long as the harbour, the facility,

and the wastewater system are in function (+4). A few other environmental

components may be affected (+1) considering that nekton is normally graded

high in the food pyramid. Negative impacts toward nekton may be cumulative

(-2) during land preparation period and physical construction of the facility, but

predicted to be recovered at the commencement of the operational period of

the facility (+3), i.e. with the condition that all other environmental components

be properly maintained. In other harbours of PT PKT, the quality and quantity

of nektonic organisms are satisfactory. This is inferred from the fact that fish



usually perform a homing behaviour to overcome worsened water quality. As a

result, operational of the facility which intensify shipment frequency, harbour

maintenance, and wastewater effluent categorised as a positive impact (+3) for nekton in the harbour and the environs.

Study on Living Environmental Impact of Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT. KNI


6.3. SOCIAL-ECONOMIC-CULTURE COMPONENT

6.2.1. LAND PREPARATION PHASE Land preparation phase activities include: (a) Survey and measurement (b) Land

procurement (c) Labour recruitment (d) equipment and material mobilization (e)

land clearing and (f) land preparation. Significant impact sources in land

preparation phase are (1) Labour recruitment; (2) Land clearing, and (3) land preparation.

The existing impacts and predicting impacts in land preparation phase are as

follows:

6.2.1.1. Demography Impact on demography emerges due to labour recruitment activity for land

clearing and land preparation. Incoming labours from outside area will increase

population even though only temporarily, thus in-migration data will increase.

The incoming labours to the area will increase population which its density has

been high enough, even though possibly only temporarily. Since the impact will

occur temporarily and the numbers of labours recruited are not much, thus impact

can be categorized as insignificant negative impact.

6.2.1.2. Job Opportunity Job opportunity will occur during land clearing and land preparation activities,

since there will be labour recruitment. The labours can come from the surrounding

project area, or from outside Bontang areas.

Considering on numbers of humans impacted, impact can be said significant due

to labours involved in the activities such as material (used for land filling) loading

and unloading in the quarry area, are quite high. Duration of impact is only

temporarily. Impact distribution is quite large since land clearing will lead to

disappearing mangrove and disturbing flora and fauna condition, thus will also

impact on fishery.

Based on explanation above, impact caused by land preparation on job

opportunity is categorized as positive significant impact.



6.2.1.3. Aesthetic and Amenity Impact on aesthetic and amenity will emerge during equipment and material

mobilization. Material and equipment transported is potential to disturb community

amenity/convenience and environmental aesthetic. Emerging impact especially is

related to noise, vibration, increasing air pollution due to dust and vehicle

combustion, as well as transportation accidences. Impact occurs during

equipment and material mobilization to/from project location. However,

considering quarry area are not so far from the project location and the

mobilization does not pass community settlement, the emerging impact can be

said as insignificant negative impact.

6.2.1.4. Community Unrest Labour recruitment as well as equipment and material mobilization during PT KNI

location land preparation will emerge community unrest.

Equipment and material mobilization causing amenity disturbance due to heavy

transportation in the related project site will lead to community unrest.

Land clearing activity causing mangrove disappearing and environmental

disturbance due to mangrove functions as several biota’s habitat will also lead to

community unrest especially among NGO’ leaders in Loktuan.

Factory construction information has given expectation to community especially

those related to labour recruitment. On the other hands, labours recruitment has

also driven community unrest due to job opportunity uncertainties as well as

labour selection. Community unrest emerges as a result of their experience that

so far actually, a lot of labours coming from outside Bontang have been recruited

for construction and factories’ operation located in industrial complex of PKT.

Community unrest also emerges due to unclearness or not knowing about factory

product that is ammonium nitrate. Following table indicates 54% respondents

have known factory construction plan in their area, however they do not know the

“ammonium nitrate” terminology asked by the team of study.



Table 6.1. Respondent Knowledge on Ammonium Nitrate Factory Construction Plan

No Village Know Not know Total

1. Guntung 12 (24%) 9 (18%) 21 (24%)

2. Loktuan 15 (30%) 14 (28%) 29 (24%)

Total 27 (54%) 23 (46%) 50 (100%)

Source: primary data, 2007

They only know that “explosive material” factory will be constructed in the location

adjacent to their area. Even, part of Guntung Village respondents whereas their

settlement is far enough from the project site have pronounced their worrying on

“explosive material”. The most worrying appears among Loktuan NGOs. They

worry about potential hazards of the “explosive material”, considering there will be

an accident causing explosion during production process that leads to

community’s jeopardy. They do not know that PT KNI only produce “explosive

material” used for “explosive” and not “explosive” itself. Moreover the information

is received especially from village officers and others (friends, relatives, and

neighbours from mouth to mouth).

In the end community unrest is potential to emerge community negative

perception in Guntung Village, and especially Loktuan Village which its location

closes to the project site. Thus emerging impact is characterized negative.

Considering a large numbers of community impacted, a large area of impact

distribution, and a long impact duration, emerging impact is categorized as

negative significant impact.

6.2.1.5. Perception

Community unrest will lead to community negative perception. The negative

perception emerges as a sequel impact due to labour recruitment, land clearing,



and land preparation activities those impact on amenity, job opportunity, and

followed by perception.

Negative perception also emerges due to inadequate information given to the

communities; they have not yet received socialization. Actually, positive impact will

emerge if the communities have received clear information about project activities

in viewing respondents are also stated about positive impacts possibly received

from the construction. Following table indicates community’s perception on positive

and negative impacts.

Table 6.2. Respondent Perception on Positive Impact of Factory Construction in Their Area.

Positive Impact Total

1 Job opportunity 39

2 Increasing public facility 25

3 Increasing earning 19

4 Others 17 Source: primary data, 2007

Table 6.3. Respondent Perception on Negative Impact of Factory Construction in Their Area.

Negative Impact Total

1 Decreasing production -

2 Decreasing earning -

3 Environmental degradation 32

4 Others 12 Source: primary data, 2007

Including in environmental degradation complained by the community is related to

the stink odour coming from the existing factories. They worry that such impact

will be more intensified by PT KNI activities. They also complain on noise and air

pollution that emerge due to existing transportation activities.

Land clearing and land preparation activities causing mangrove disappearing



have led to community’s complaint. Such complaint should be taken into account,

reasoning NGOs especially in Loktuan Village are actively announcing their

aspiration. One of Loktuan NGO leaders during interviewed, has said his regret

on 13 hectares mangrove clearing for PT KNI land reclamation purposes, and his

worries on the environmental impacted.

Such community’s unrests predicted will lead to community negative perception,

thus impact can be categorized as significant negative impact.


Construction phase activities include: (1) Labour recruitment, (2) equipment and

contraction material mobilization; (3) factory construction; and (4) labour and

material demobilization. The activities will impact on demography, job opportunity,

effort opportunity, earning, aesthetic and amenity, custom, community unrest, and

perception.

6.2.2.1. Demography

During construction, more labours will be needed. Labours will come both from

Bontang as well as outside Bontang. Labour recruitment will increase in-migration

numbers. Labour recruitment will be based on skill qualification including unskilled

labours. Those labours are possibly coming both from Bontang as well as outside

Bontang. However, due to the specific factory needs high skilled workers, the

factory will recruit workers from outside Bontang. Though the worker numbers will

not be high, impact on demography can be categorized as insignificant negative

impact.

6.2.2.2. Job Opportunity

Factory construction activity predicted will impact on community’s job opportunity

and potential to affect their livelihood. Guntung and Loktuan respondent majority

have various livelihoods. However, from resulted interview, the community

unemployed level is quite high, especially those with Junior/Senior high

education.



Thus, they expect that job opportunity will occur in parallel with the new factory

construction in their area. To be factory workers are communities’ hopes,

moreover the communities have seen existing factory workers and their families’

lifestyle that have much better welfare level. This condition emerges social

jealousy especially among original communities, while most of factory workers are

coming from outside Bontang.

Based on the explanation above, construction activities will cause positive significant impact on job opportunity.

6.2.2.3. Effort Opportunity

Construction activities will cause positive and negative impacts on effort

opportunity. Impact will be positive if the construction provides effort opportunity to

local community such as efforts of food stall, small shop, ojek service, boarding

house etc. Negative if the construction cannot provide any effort opportunity to the

community. Positive and negative impact on effort opportunity will emerge

especially in service/informal sector.

Due to the construction phase will take long enough time, and will impact on

numbers of communities, impact can be categorized as positive significant impact.

6.2.2.4. Earning

Positive impact on job and effort opportunities will lead to increasing community’s

earning and in the end will increase community’s welfare. Thus physically, daily

needs can be more fulfilled, and socially, the gotten job will increase their safety

feeling and will increase their selves esteem.

Based on the explanation above, impact can be categorized as positive

significant impact.

6.2.2.5. Aesthetic and Amenity

Equipment and construction material mobilization as well as demobilization will

impact on aesthetic and amenity, due to its potential in causing noise, vibration,

air pollution including dust, and possible traffic accident.



Thus impact can be categorized as negative significant impact.

6.2.2.6. Custom/Social Process

Construction phase activity will include labour recruitment both expert, skilled and

unskilled workers. This means labours will also come from outside Bontang and

due to different custom and behaviour will cause community’s social process

disturbance and leads to community’s dispute. Labour recruitment also can

emerge social jealousy. Thus impact can be categorized as negative significant

impact.

6.2.2.7. Community Unrest

Disharmonies relation between out comers and local community will cause

community unrest, and leads to social conflict due to sociologically they are

different. Labour recruitment will also impact on community unrest if local labour

absorption process does not work well.

Occurring competition will also emerge social jealousy between local community

and out comers and lead to negative impact in the form of community unrest.

Community unrest also will emerge due to amenity disturbance caused by

equipment and construction material mobilization as well as demobilization.

Based on explanation above construction activities impact on community unrest

can be categorized as negative significant impact.

6.2.2.8. Community perception

Negative community perception emerges as a sequel impact from community’s

unrest. Community’s unrests especially those pronounced by Loktuan NGO

should take into account. Even though NGO numbers are small, however they

have nerves to pronounce protest and complaint openly.

Thus construction impact on community perception can be categorized as





Operation phase activities include (1) workers recruitment, (2) production process

(3) waste treatment, and (4) product shipping; and will impact on demography, job

and effort opportunity, earning, aesthetic and amenity, custom/social process,

community unrest and community perception.

6.2.3.1. Demography

Workers recruitment during operation activities will impact on demography. A

numbers of labour/workers will come to the area and will be living even only

temporarily. Impact will be more significant if the workers’ families also come to the

area. Incoming workers will impact to demography, population in the area will

increase.

Thus factory operation impacts on demography can be categorized as negative

significant impact.

6.2.3.2. Job opportunity

Labour recruitment, production process and product shipping will increase local

community job opportunity especially unskilled workers and middle skill workers.

This condition is expected by local community in Loktuan and Guntung due to

unemployed level is quite high in the area. If a lot of local workers absorbed

impact will be positive, on the other hands if numbers of workers absorbed is

small impact will be negative.

Thus, impact can be categorized as positive significant impact.

6.2.3.3. Job opportunity

For local community production process and product shipping activities can provide

job opportunity. They can work in informal/service sectors such as food stall, small

shop, ojek service, boarding house etc. Job opportunity will occur due to the

community can supply labours/workers needs.

Thus impact can be categorized as positive significant impact.



6.2.3.4. Earning

Production process, labours/workers recruitment and product shipping will impact

on community’s job opportunity and effort opportunity, in the end will impact on

community’s earning, especially individual and household level. This reason is

based on questionnaire results that are a lot of community have income < Rp

1,100,000/month or equal with Bontang City UMR.

Thus impact can be categorized as positive significant impact.

6.2.3.5. Aesthetic and Amenity

Principally, aesthetic disturbance emerges due to factory erection, the initial open

space green area changes to building covering area, moreover if in the factory

area there is not any green area.

The existing amenity disturbance occurs in the study area is ammoniac odour

coming from PKT area causing several communities dizziness or sometimes

causing vomiting. Their concern is the ammoniac odour will increase by the time

Ammonium Nitrate Factory of PT KNI operated.

Noise and dust are not their concerns however unsafe feeling due to “explosive

material” has much caused community’s inconvenience feeling.

Thus impact of factory operation on aesthetic and amenity can be categorized as


6.2.3.6. Custom/social Process

Incoming labours from outside Bontang is potential to cause community unrest

and social process crisis due to the incoming labours bring their own custom and

behaviour that probably different with local community’s.

Thus impact of factory operation on custom and social process can be categorized

as negative significant impact

6.2.3.7. Community Unrest

Unrest will emerge in relation with local community’s job opportunity, effort

opportunity, earning, and amenity which are related to production process,



transportation (material transported to/from factory), pollution (odour, dust, noise),

and concern on explosion hazard.

Thus impact of factory operation on community unrest can be categorized as


6.2.3.8. Perception

Labours recruitment predicted will emerge positive perception in the circumstance

local community are many absorbed to work in various factory activities. On the

other hands labour recruitment will also emerge negative perception in the

circumstance numbers of in-migration are many recruited to work in the factory

activities, this will lead to social jealousy, and conflict in social process.

Community’s positive perception will also emerge in the circumstance their

aspirations are accommodated in factory operation especially in labour

recruitment and factory’s benefit on the community. From resulted interview with

community’s leaders especially Guntung Head Officer, they expect the factory

should have initiative to give helping/caring to the community and not due to

community’s proposes. However, the factory is impossible to recruit more local

workers concerning the job types will need high qualification workers. As a result,

factory will not give significant impact on decreasing unemployed community. This

will lead to community negative perception.

Thus impact of factory operation on community perception can be categorized as

negative significant impact


Chapter VII : Significant Impact Evaluation VII - 1

CHAPTER VII SIGNIFICANT IMPACT EVALUATION

7.1. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT EVALUATION

Evaluation of significant impact on environmental component is holistically study

on various emerging significant impacts due to Ammonium Nitrate Factory

construction activity initiated by PT Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia (PT KNI). The

various significant impacts are investigated as an interrelated and inter-affected

unity, based on predicted significant impacts possibly emerge in the context of

spatial and temporal determination.

Resulted evaluation is used as a decision tool by responsible institution in

deciding environmental feasibility of the activity plan. Resulted evaluation on

large and significant impact is presented as significant impacts that must be

managed.

The existence of Ammonium Nitrate Factory construction activity plan located in

Guntung Village, North Bontang District, Bontang City will cause positive or

negative impact on environmental components. Significant impacts are evaluated

holistically based on activity description, living environmental initial condition, and

significant impact prediction.

To evaluate impact holistically, Fisher-Davies method is used. This method is

suitable used for dynamic and changing rapidly activities’ plan especially those

located in the city area. The method, principally, is comparing existing condition

(without project) to the future condition (with project) in the form of interaction

matrix between activity component and environmental component. Analyses

results using this method, then, is poured into the matrix of significant impact

evaluation results to show impact importance level required in Living

Environmental Management Plan (RKL) and Living Environmental Monitoring

Plan (RPL) arrangement

Environmental quality is reflected in the scales of environmental quality and

environmental importance. In the matrix, interaction between activity components

and environmental components is scaled by impact level and importance. Scale



of impact level is based on the resulted field measurements, available

data/information, and/or the resulted calculation, followed by comparing them to

environmental standard level, or disturbance standard level. The importance of

impact is determined by scaling community interest on these environmental

qualities. From the total calculation, the change of environmental quality can be

determined both in the percentage as well as in the scale. In the circumstance of

future environmental quality percentage is larger than or the same with the initial

(without project) environmental quality, the activity still can be said as

environmentally feasible, however, several conditions must be fulfilled.

Significant impact is evaluated holistically referred to the criteria mentioned in

Government Regulation No. 27/1999:

1. The amount of impacted human,

2. The width of impact distribution area,

3. The impact intensity and duration,

4. The amount of impacted environmental components,

5. Cumulative impact characteristics,

6. Impact reversible/irreversible.

Impact level is divided into two categories, that is significant (P) and

insignificant (TP), impact characteristics is also divided into two categories, that

is positive (+) and negative (-).

Resulted significant impact holistically evaluated and must be managed are

presented on Table 7.1, Table 7.2, Table 7.3. and Table 7.4.


Chapter VII : Significant Imapact Evaluation VII - 3

Table 7.1. Resulted Prediction Matrix of Geo-physic-chemistry Component Impact Characteristic and Importance

No Activity Phase Activity Component Causing Impact

Environmental Component Impacted

Impact Characteristic

Impact Importance Clarification

1 GEO-PHYSIC-CHEMISTRY COMPONENT 1.1 Land preparation Equipment and MaterialMobilization Air Quality Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Noise Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Hydro-oceanography Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Soil Type Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Land Clearing Air Quality Negative Significant Negative significant Noise Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Water Quality Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Land Preparation Air Quality Negative Significant Negative significant Noise Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Water Quality Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Hydro-oceanography Negative Significant Negative significant Topography and Morphology Negative Significant Negative significant Soil Type Negative Significant Negative significant Space Planning Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Land use Planning Negative Significant Negative significant 1.2. Construction Equipment and MaterialMobilization Air quality Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Noise Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Factory Construction Air quality Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Noise Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Water quality Negative Significant Negative significant Space Planning Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Land use Planning Negative Significant Negative significant



Continuation Table 7.1. Resulted Prediction Matrix of Geo-physic-chemistry Component Impact Characteristic and Importance





1 GEO-PHYSIC-CHEMISTRY COMPONENT

1.3 Operation Raw and supporting material procurement Emerging Garbage Negative Significant Negative significant

Production process Climate Negative Significant Negative significant Air quality Negative Significant Negative significant Noise Negative Significant Negative significant Water quality Negative Significant Negative significant Emerging Garbage Negative Significant Negative significant Hidrooseanografi Negative Significant Negative significant Waste Treatment Water quality Negative Significant Negative significant Emerging Garbage Negative Significant Negative significant Hydro-oceanography Negative Significant Negative significant Product Shipping Noise Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Hydro-oceanography Negative Significant Negative significant



Table 7.2. Resulted Prediction Matrix of Biology Component Impact Characteristic and Importance





2. BIOLOGY COMPONENT 2.1. Land Preparation Labour Recruitment Water Microbe Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Equipment and MaterialMobilization Terrestrial Fauna Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Land clearing Terrestrial Fauna Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Land Preparation Terrestrial Fauna Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Negative Insignificant 2.2. Construction Labour recruitment Water Microbe Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Negative 2.3. Operation Waste Treatment Plankton Negative Significant Negative significant Benthos Negative Significant Negative significant Nekton Negative Significant Negative significant Product Shipping Plankton Negative Significant Negative significant Benthos Negative Significant Negative significant Nekton Negative Significant Negative significant



Table 7.3. Resulted Prediction Matrix of Social-economic-culture Impact Component Characteristic and Importance





3 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC-CULTURE COMPONENT 3.1 Land Preparation Labour recruitment Job opportunity Positive Significant Positive significant Community Unrest Negative Significant Negative significant Community Perception Negative Significant Negative significant Equipment and MaterialMobilization Aesthetic and Amenity Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Community Unrest Negative Significant Negative significant Community Perception Negative Significant Negative significant Land Clearing Community Unrest Negative Significant Negative significant Community Perception Negative Significant Negative significant Land Preparation Job opportunity Positive Significant Positive significant 3.2. Construction Labour recruitment Demography Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Job opportunity Positive Significant Positive significant Effort Opportunity Positive Significant Positive significant Earning Positive Significant Positive significant Custom/Social Process Negative Significant Negative significant Community Unrest Negative Significant Negative significant Community Perception Negative Significant Negative significant Equipment and MaterialMobilization Aesthetic and Amenity Negative Significant Negative significant Community Unrest Negative Significant Negative significant Community Perception Negative Significant Negative significant



Continuation Table 7.3. Resulted Prediction Matrix of Social-economic-culture Impact Component Characteristic and Importance





3 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC-CULTURE COMPONENT Factory Construction Job opportunity Positive Significant Positive significant Effort Opportunity Positive Significant Positive significant Earning Positive Significant Positive significant Custom/Social Process Negative Significant Negative significant Community Unrest Negative Significant Negative significant Community Perception Negative Significant Negative significant

Labour and Equipment Demobilization Aesthetic and Amenity Negative Significant Negative significant

Community Perception Negative Significant Negative significant 3.3 Operation Labour recruitment Demography Negative Significant Negative significant Job opportunity Positive Significant Positive significant Effort Opportunity Positive Significant Positive significant Custom/Social Process Negative Significant Negative significant Community Unrest Negative Significant Negative significant Community Perception Negative Significant Negative significant Production process Job opportunity Positive Significant Positive significant Earning Positive Significant Positive significant Aesthetic and Amenity Negative Insignificant Negative insignificant Community Unrest Negative Significant Negative significant Community Perception Negative Significant Negative significant



Table 7.4. Resulted Prediction Matrix of Community Health Component Impact Characteristic and Importance





3.3 Operation Product Shipping Job Opportunity Positive Significant Positive significant Earning Positive Significant Positive significant Community Unrest Negative Significant Negative significant Community Perception Negative Significant Negatip Penting 4 COMMUNITY HEALTH COMPONENT 4.1 Land Preparation Pembersihan Lahan Health Disturbance Negative Significant Negative significant Significant Negative significant 4.2. Construction Pembangunan Pabrik Work Safety Negative Significant Negative significant Negative Significant Negative significant 4.3 Operation Production process Work Safety Negative Significant Negative significant Disease Pattern Negative Significant Negative significant Health Disturbance Negative Significant Negative significant Environmental Sanitation Negative Significant Negative significant


Chapter VI : Significant Impact Evaluation VI - 9

6.2. CHOOSING THE BEST ALTERNATIVE

Significant impact on living environment evaluation of a planned effort

and/or activity that is needed in decision process of holding effort and/or

activity has to be carried out. While several activities potential as impact

sources should have several alternatives, both that have been planned

since the beginning as well as have been resulted during study proceed.

In this environmental impact study of Ammonium Nitrate Plant will be

constructed in North Bontang District, Bontang City, East Kalimantan

Province initiated by PT. Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia, as environmental study

arranged as a part of feasibility studies (living environmental aspect), the

initiator does not have any location, design, and process alternatives as it is

presented in Chapter II. Thus the Activity Description presented in the

chapter is assumed as the best alternative.

However, besides technical and economical considerations, any living

environment consideration has also been integrated in choosing alternative

process. In alternative determination on this Chapter II, the decision of

chosen alternative has been confirmed that is also considering and applying

pollution control principles in the environmental management reference.

6.3. EVALUATION AS MANAGEMENT BASE

Based on significant impact that must be managed presented on Table 7.1–

Table 7.4. , living environmental management direction for each activity phase of

ammonium nitrate factory construction is arranged. Detail living environmental

management direction is presented on Table 7.5, Table 7.6., 7.7. and Table 7.8.



6.4. RECOMENDATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY EVALUATION

Significant impact evaluation process to holistically investigate the tendencies of

significant impact of all activity components on all environmental components

and sub components in fact has found several limitations in interpretation

calculation results that are approached semi quantitatively for environmental

feasibility decision.

The first limitation; in the condition using 6 criteria of impact importance based on

Government Regulation No. 27/1999 or Decree of Head of the Environmental

Impact Management Board Number KEP-056/BAPEDAL/1994, the criteria

cannot be operated in large and important impact evaluation holistically. Several

addition criteria have to be used in each impact importance level criterion,

environmental quality scale criterion, and impact importance level decision

process criterion. Legally, these addition criteria have not yet been decided,

therefore, several scientific optional are used in alternative criteria, thus, the

results probably will vary among the researchers.

The second limitation; after deciding impact importance level of each activity

component or environmental component, the following step is still needed to

decide importance level of all activity components on all environmental

components and/or vice versa. The impact importance level regulation of large

and important impacts caused by certain activity has not yet been decided

specifically. Therefore, several scientific optional are used in alternative criteria,

thus, the results probably will vary among the researchers.

The third limitation; the criteria used in conversion of environmental parameter

values to environmental quality scale, impact importance level, and susceptibility

level on environmental management are utilizing non-ordinal numeric (Leopold

scale and/or Liechert scale). Such results are only numerically/statistically

significant, however, the results cannot significantly picture the environmental

conditions which are ecologically complex, and their environmental gradations

are not sufficient if only represented by non-ordinal numeric scales. The fourth

limitation; the results which are approached semi quantitatively to determine

environmental change holistically due to activity that will be planned in certain

ecosystem, are still needed subsequent interpretation. Bias is commonly

occurred in determining criteria value agreement or in the interpretation process



of final conclusion scale. The change gradation of environmental quality or

ecology change gradient is quite humbling if only represented by value change in

non-ordinal numeric scale.

The fifth limitation; only environmental standard level or disturbance standard

level of observable and measurable environmental parameters including its

availability quantitative unit and measurement instrument can be determined.

However, other environmental parameters, even biota condition parameter, their

quantitative magnitudes interpretation are not significant at all in the

circumstance of the occurring community structure difference or local specific

environmental characteristics. Thus, value of the same parameters will not

warrant to also representing the same ecology quality conditions.

Several parameters not fully measurable, such as socio-culture condition, using

non-ordinal numeric is only presser with the purpose of data can be statistically

analyses and look like as quantitative data.

The limitations mentioned above, factually and significantly are common to be

found in this environmental study, which are legally scenario as an input to

environmental feasibility decision process of activity plan on its surrounding living

environment.

Concerning such limitations and method limitation used and adopted in this

study, hence, referred to resulting significant impact holistically evaluation of

Ammonium Nitrate Factory PT Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia construction activity plan

in North Bontang District, Bontang City, East Kalimantan Province initiated by PT

Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia, will increase living environmental quality percentage

without any increasing living environmental quality scale, therefore the activity

plan can be explained as conditional environmentally feasible.

In this study, holistically impact evaluation of all significant impacts has resulted

conditional environmental feasibility decisions (only and if only). Positive impact

can be reached only and if only PT Kaltim Nitrate Indonesia as the activity

initiator conducts living environmental management and monitoring plans

recommended in Environmental Management Plan (RKL) and Environmental

Monitoring Plan (RPL) documents.



Table 7.5. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Geo-Physic-Component

No Environmental Component Impacted

Activity Component Causing Impact Environmental Management Direction

I Land Preparation

1. Dust • Land clearing • Land preparation

• Watering regularly to anticipate emerging dust. • Maintaining truck machine used for transporting material and heavy

duty material to decrease dust. • Constructing fence border in the project site to decrease dust

distribution.

2. Hydro-oceanography • Seawater turbidity • Shore abrasion

• Land preparation • Installing filter in waterway mouth from land filling area to drainage in the side of land filling

• Constructing slope slightly in the shore and compacting soil in this shore.

3. Morphology • Emerging slope • Disappearing coastal marsh

• Land preparation • Constructing terrace ring and slope resulted from digging should be maximum of 1 : 2

• Constructing drainage directed to existing main drainage.

4. Soil type due to decreasing soil carrying capacity caused by land filled with other soil

• Land preparation • Constructing embankment/barrier in the shore as a border of filling • Installing geotextile before filling • Filling done layer by layer with compaction in optimum water

concentration 5. Land use planning due to shifting

usage • Land clearing • Land preparation

• Planting vegetation as soon as possible in the planned green area



Continuation Table 7.5 Eenvironmental Management Direction Matrix of Geo-Physic-Component



II Construction

1. Dust • Equipment and construction material mobilization

• Labour and equipment demobilization

• Watering regularly to anticipate emerging dust. • Maintaining truck machine used for transporting material and heavy

duty material to decrease dust. • Constructing fence border in the project site to decrease dust

distribution.

2. Water quality due to suspended solid (ZPT)

• Factory construction activity • Constructing retention pond to decrease solid material going to seawater.

• Constructing drainage in the surrounding project site. • Constructing fence border in the project site to decrease dust

distribution.

3. Land use planning due to shifting usage

• Factory building and its supporting building construction

• Built area maximum 40 % of area width • Planting vegetation as wider as can in the leftover open area

III Operation 1. Climate • Production process • Keeping operation condition appropriate with recommended

procedure. • Maintaining processing machines suitable with maintenance schedule. • Doing inspection routinely in order to keep the equipment work well.



Continuation Table 7.5. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Geo-Physic-Component



2. Air quality due to gaseous waste emission

• Production process • Waste treatment

• Maintaining processing machines suitable with maintenance schedule. • Doing inspection routinely in order to keep the equipment work well. • Making green belt in project location border.

3. Noise level changed Operating production process equipment

• Using ear plug or ear muff in process production

4. Decreasing water quality due to production process wastewater generating and waste treatment.

• Discharging production process wastewater

• Waste treatment

• Wastewater treatment suitable with procedure in order to comply with standard.

• Assessing wastewater periodically to know occurring wastewater fluctuation

5. Emerging garbage due to domestic and process activity

• Raw material and supporting material procurement

1. Domestic solid waste : • Managed by collecting firstly in the litter container before dumped to

land fill (TPA) • Paper and cartoon managed by sold them to collector due to it can be

recycled

2. Process solid waste used catalyst : • Collected suitable with its characteristic, • Packaged in drum and labelled, • Stored in suitable and safe place, • Managed suitable with toxic and hazardous waste procedure.






III Operation 5. Garbage due to domestic and

process activity • Raw material and

supporting material procurement

Inert material (plastic) containing nitrate • Packaged as minimum as can, wash with water to diminish nitrate

contaminant until < 100 mg/L, • Sent to suitable location by environmental licensed waste contractor.

Lilamine bag • Washed until clean • Sent to land fill (TPA).

Empty drum • Washed until clean, • Stored in suitable and safe place, Managed suitable with toxic and hazardous waste procedure

Coating Agent • Collecting and dumping by licensed contractor

Filter • Washed and taken the existing contaminant, • Stored in suitable and safe place, • Managed by waste contractor

Ammonium nitrate bag • Stored in suitable and safe place, • ,Managed by waste contractor

• Production process • Waste treatment

• Wastewater treatment suitable with procedure in order to comply with standard.

• Assessing wastewater periodically to know occurring wastewater fluctuation






6. Hydro-oceanography • Increasing seawater

temperature • Shore abrasion

• Production process • Product shipping activity

• Constructing open waterways from the factory directing to the sea outlet, in order to cool water naturally during contacting with the atmosphere

• Constructing slope slightly in the shore and compacting soil in this shore

• Constructing retaining wall



Table 7.6. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Biology Component



III Operation 1. Decreasing plankton and macro

benthos quality and quantity due to decreasing water quality

• Increasing wharf operation to accommodate PT KNI product shipping (1-2 kali per week)

• Higher water temperature delta as PT KNI caloric waste (about 5°C, quantity 220m3.hour-1 or 5280m3.day-

1)

• Suitable with water physical-chemistry and hydro-oceanography quality management

• Keeping local environment sanitation through managing greasy wastes dumping (daily cleaning of ship, equipment, waste lubricant, use packaging) and domestic garbage (MCK, food packaging, workshop equipment, clothing and work pack laundry) not directly discharged to the seawater

• Avoiding hypoxic bottom water in wharf area • Applying recent standard on domestic and industrial wastes

2. Decreasing nekton quality and quantity due to decreasing water quality

• Increasing wharf operation to accommodate PT KNI product shipping (1-2 kali per week)

• Higher water temperature delta as PT KNI caloric waste (about 5°C, quantity 220m3.hour-1 or 5280m3.day-

1)

• Suitable with water physical-chemistry and hydro-oceanography quality management

• Keeping local environment sanitation through managing greasy wastes dumping (daily cleaning of ship, equipment, waste lubricant, use packaging) and domestic garbage (MCK, food packaging, workshop equipment, clothing and work pack laundry) not directly discharged to the seawater

• Avoiding hypoxic bottom water in wharf area • Applying recent standard on domestic and industrial wastes



Table 7.7. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Social-economic-culture Component



I Land Preparation

1. Emerging local community job opportunity due to labour recruitment activity

• Labour recruitment and land clearing activities

• Labour recruitment and land preparation activities

• Giving job opportunity information • Considering local labour

2. Community unrest • Community negative attitude on

the ammonium nitrate explosion possibility

• Community negative attitude on job opportunity uncertainty

• High technology that requiring worker qualification

• Land clearing and land preparation activities

• Community concern on ammonium nitrate explosion hazard

• Community concern that labour recruitment will not accommodate local labour,

• Adoption of high technology high capital

Minimization through information system and community communication



Continuation Table 7.7. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Social-economic-culture Component



I Land preparation

3. Community perception • Community negative attitude on

mangrove clearing for factory location

• Community negative attitude on the ammonium nitrate explosion possibility

• Community negative attitude on job opportunity uncertainty

• High technology that requiring worker qualification

• Land preparation and land clearing

• Labour recruitment

Minimizing unrest and emerging positive perception through information system and good communication with the community, such as conducting socialization

II Construction 1. Demography

• Increasing in-migration • Increasing population density • Increasing public facility need • Increasing service effort in

informal sector

Labour recruitment for factory construction

Information system and good communication with the community.






II Construction 2. Labour recruitment for equipment

and material mobilization, factory construction, and equipment demobilization.

Labour recruitment activity causing increasing job opportunity

• Giving information on labour recruitment clearly and transparently • Providing job opportunity and local labour recruitment suitable with

construction activity

3. Emerging effort opportunity and increasing effort volume

Job opportunity and service in the surrounding project

Increasing positive impact of construction activity to local community

4. Increasing earning due to factory construction

Local labour recruitment for construction activity and service

Considering job and effort opportunity to local community

5. Aesthetic and amenity • Heavy transportation causing

aesthetic and amenity disturbance

Labour recruitment for equipment and material mobilization, factory construction, and equipment demobilization.

Worker shifting schedule, using heavy duty during day time






II Construction 6. Custom/Social process

• Difference chance on job opportunity due to various community education background and skill

• Different custom and behaviour between local community and incoming labours

• Competition among migrant groups brought family/friends

Occurring social gaps among local communities, as well as local communities and incoming workers

• Transparency recruitment to avoid social conflict • Considering local community absorption • Limitation incoming labours

7. Community unrest • Negative attitude due to lesser

local community job opportunity, • Negative attitude due to custom

and behaviour differences • Negative attitude due to amenity

disturbance

• Concerning on labour recruitment will not accommodate local community

• Unrest due to different custom and behaviour

• Amenity disturbance due to mobilization and demobilization of equipment and material

Minimizing unrest through information system and communication with community






II Construction 8. Community perception

• Community unsatisfied on local labour absorption

• Negative attitude due to different custom and behaviour between local community and incoming labours

• Unrest due to amenity disturbance

• Factory operation activity causing negative perception on “explosive material”.

• Labour recruitment causing social jealousy.

• Amenity disturbance

• Minimizing unrest and emerging positive perception through information system and good communication with the community, such as conducting socialization

• Scheduling heavy duty working time

III Operation 1. Demography

• Increasing in-migration • increasing population density • Increasing effort opportunity in

informal sector. • Public facility needs

Labour recruitment for factory operation and product shipping

• Minimizing through information system and good communication with the community, such as conducting socialization






III Operation 2. Labour recruitment • Labour recruitment based

on qualification • Labour recruitment will

increase effort opportunity especially various service in informal sector.

• Unemployed level change

Providing job opportunity and local labour absorption suitable with factory needs.






III Operation 3. Job opportunity Labour recruitment causing

effort opportunity especially service effort

Providing local community job opportunity

4. Earning management • Family Welfare change (earning

and budget)

Factory operation directly/indirectly causing alteration in community economic

Community Development programme

5. Decreasing amenity due to decreasing air quality, noise level, and stinky odour, and potential explosion

Production process directly/indirectly causing amenity disturbance and ammonium nitrate potential hazard

Information programme on factory operation and its relation with safety system on impact of ammonium nitrate hazard






III Operation 6. Community unrest

• Community negative attitude on explosion hazard of ammonium nitrate especially those living close to the factory

• Community negative attitude due to lesser job opportunity

• Community negative attitude due to lesser effort opportunity

• Community negative attitude due to decreasing amenity

• Concerning on ammonium nitrate explosion hazard.

• Labour recruitment does not consider local labour absorption

• Amenity disturbance due to factory operation activity

Information programme on factory operation especially those related to safety and factory product

7. Community perception • Community negative attitude on

explosion hazard of ammonium nitrate especially those living close to the factory

• Community negative attitude due to lesser job opportunity

• Factory operation causing community negative perception on explosion hazard.

• Labour recruitment causing social jealousy

Minimizing negative perception through system information and communication with the community



Table 7.8. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Community Health Component



I Land preparation 1. Community health disturbance Dust caused by land

preparation activity • Socialization on health disturbance due to dust and its management. • Regular watering to anticipate dust. • Maintaining heavy duty machines used for land preparation to decrease

gaseous waste emission • Constructing buffer to minimize dust

II Construction 1. Work accident

Factory construction • Regular training on self safety during emergency time

• Giving information to worker in order to always wear safety work such as shoes, helmet, etc.

• Installing signs in work place area • Evaluation and medication as soon as possible in the case of occurring

accident • Constructing building suitable with standard operating procedure

(SOP). III Operation

1. Work safety for factory workers Factory operation activities • Giving information of PT KNI environmental management activity, giving information on self protection equipment (APD) and followed by evaluation of wearing the APD in the field.

• Regular training on self safety during emergency time in the factory as well as in project location



Continuation Table 7.8. Environmental Management Direction Matrix of Community Health Component



III Operation

2. Shifting of disease pattern, increasing chronic inhalation tractus disease

Production process • Decreasing production process gaseous emision through operation process recondition.

• Decreasing gaseous waste emision to ambient by planting wider leaf vegetation.

3. Health disturbance • Impact of long term and

continuing exposure on factory workers

Factory Activity operation phase

• Worker health disturbance identification, preventing health disturbance, and managing helath disturbance.

• Giving information of PT KNI environmental management activity, information of healthy life pattern, and factory environment sanitation to workers.

• Regular management on work health complaint and disease incidence • Using ergonomic working tools to prevent possibly anatomic

disturbance. • Worker health check up through physical examination, radiology, and

clinical laboratory.

4. Environmental Sanitation • Production activity cusing decreasing water quality

• Domestic (household) waste dumping

• Carrying out controlling and maintaining process suitable with SOP • Dumping Solid garbage (domestic / household) to land fill. .

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