Dr. Taufik Hery Purwanto, M.Si.

Prodi Penginderaan Jauh, Departemen Sains Informasi Geografis

Fakultas Geografi Universitas Gadjah Mada

Foto Fotogram

Foto : tidak diperlengkapi dengan tanda-tanda tepi atau tanda kolimasi. Tidak

digunakan untuk pengukuran yang akurat. Fotogram :

diambil dengan menggunakan kamera fotogrametrik, yaitu kamera dengan jarak tetap antara bidang negatif dan lensa serta diperlengkapi dengan tanda-tanda tepi atau tanda kolimasi. Dapat digunakan untuk pengukuran secara akurat.

H

• FU menyajikan "bird's-eye view" objek di permukaan bumi tampak seperti dari udara.

• Sejarah FU diawali oleh Nadar, 1858, dengan menggunakan Balon udara, perang Dunia I (World War I) digunakan militer untuk merekam daerah musuh dan pergerakan musuh. Setelah Perang Dunia digunakan sipil dalam aplikasi topografi, bentuklahan, vegetasi, bentukan budaya, dll.

• FU dapat diambil dari wahana ruang angkasa, pesawat terbang tinggi atau rendah, wahana dekat dengan permukaan bumi.

• FU mempunyai resolusi spasial yang tinggi, tetapi resolusi spekral yang rendah.

• FU menggunakan kamera dan film untuk merekam pantulan EMR (Electromagnetic Radiation) pada pajng gelombang 0.3 m - 0.9 m (the mid ultra-violet - the near IR).

• FU dipelajari dalam ilmu Photogrammetry terutama untuk pengukuran.

Alper Yilmaz, PhD

Brief History

1914 WWI

1860 Boston

1854 Nadar 1860 Boston

In 1907, a German by the name of Julius Neubronner, outfitted a pigeon to take the first avian aerial

photography.

1908 AERIAL IMAGERY OF SCHLOSSHOTEL KRONBERG CAPTURED BY HOMING PIGEONS (NOTE THE WING TIPS AT THE EDGES OF THE UPPER PHOTOGRAPHY). BY JULIUS NEUBRONNER.

HOMING PIGEONS OUTFITTED WITH CAMERAS FOR CAPTURING AERIAL IMAGERY. JULIUS NEUBRONNER, 1909.

https://www.gislounge.com/aerial-mapping-balloons/

1942

Kodak patents first false color I.R. sensitive film

CIR (coloured inrared)

1940´s

Colored photography

– 1940 Color infrared CIR

– 1972: Launch of ERTS-1 = Landat 1. Satellite

copy of CIR sensor

• 80 m pixel resolution

– 1986: Launch of SPOT-1

– 1999: Landsat 7 ETM

– 2000: Shuttle SRTM Mission

– 2001: Digitalglobe Quickbird

• 61 cm pixel resolution

– 2005: Google Inc. releases

Keyhole, http://earth.google.com

– 2007:- 2014: WorldView 3: Eight band

multispectral: 0,31 cm geometric resolution,

SWIR: 3,7

– 2015: Launch of Sentinel-2

– 2016 Nano satellites

• permanently available HD video

from space:

Nano - Satellites Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)

Fotogrametri atau Photogrammetry : “photos” = cahaya, “gramma” = sesuatu yang digambar atau ditulis “metron” = mengukur.

Fotogrametri = mengukur fotogram (potret atau foto).

Semula definisi Fotogrametri adalah ilmu atau seni dalam memperoleh pengukuran-pengukuran yang dapat dipercaya dengan menggunakan

foto (American Society of Photogrammetry/ ASP, 1934).

Dengan perkembangan yang pesat, maka pada tahun 1979 oleh ASP fotogrametri dinyatakan atau didefinisikan sebagai berikut: Fotogrametri adalah seni, ilmu dan teknologi dalam pemperoleh informasi yang terpercaya mengenai obyek-obyek dan lingkungan fisis, melalui proses perekaman, pengukuran dan penafsiran citra fotografik dari pola-pola energi elektromagnetik dan gejala lainnya.

Photogrammetry is defined as the art or science of recording,

measuring, and interpreting photographic images (Slama, 1980).

Moffit(1980) describes two basic types of photogrammetry:

1. Metric photogrammetry, which uses accurate measurements to

determine the precise location of points in space for

determining position, elevation, areas, and volumes

2. Interpretative photogrammetry, which recognizes and identifies

objects in a photographic image such as soils, crops, and

timber stands

Photogrammetry is concerned with the measurement of certain

quantities using electromagnetic energy. Usually this has taken the

form of obtaining measurements of an image from a photograph.

Photogrammetry can be divided into two areas [Moffitt and

Mikhail, 1980], metrical photogrammetry and photointerpretation

(also called remote sensing).

In the practice of metrical photogrammetry, a certain amount of

interpretation must be performed in addition to making

measurements.

A more complete definition is that of Mikhail, "the art and science

of acquisition, measurement, interpretation, and evaluation of

photographs, imageries, and other remotely sensed data" [Moffitt

and Mikhail, 1980].

The recording can be divided into two broad categories: 1. Photographic (analogue recording) Results in a photograph. 2. Electronic (digital recording) Results in an image. The detection of electro-magnetic radiation (EMR) can be performed either photographically or electronically.

Photograph Image

A scene which was detected as well as

recorded on film.

A scene which was detected electronically.

Chemical reactions on a lightsensitive

film detects the intensity of the

incoming energy.

Generate an electrical signal proportional

to the incoming energy.

Simple, cheap, well known, high degree

of spatial detail.

Can sense in many wavelengths, data can

be easily converted into digital form for

automated processing.

Only sense in the wavelength of 0.3 –

0.9 μm, manual interpretation.

Complex, expensive sensors

FU

Aspek Semantik penafsiran citra fotografik dan pola-pola energi elektromagnetik yang bercahaya dan gejala lainnya.

Aspek Metrik proses perekaman, pengukuran

Pengukuran • Panjang (jarak)

• Lebar (jarak)

• Luas

• Tinggi

• Volume

• Kemiringan

• Arah

Tinggi (FU Tegak)

FU Tunggal FU Stereo

Relief

Displacement Bayangan Sudut

Kemiringan

Lereng

Parallaks

Mistar Parallax bar

TRACING

TABLE

PROYEKTORKIRI PROYEKTOR

KANAN

MODEL 3D

PETA

PROYEKSITEGAK

FOTOKIRI

FOTOKANAN

FOTO UDARA

DENGAN PERTAMPALAN(60% - 70%)

RESTITUSI MODEL 3D

FOTOGRAMETRI

BOBBY SD - 1999

FOTO UDARA

• Foto udara merupakan rekaman fotografis obyek di atas permukaan tanah yang pengambilannya dilakukan dari udara.

• Citra atau bayangan yang diperoleh adalah hasil proyeksi sentral. Sinar cahaya matahari yang terpantul oleh obyek dipermukaan tanah atau terain yang masuk ke dalam kamera melewati celah yang ada di dalam lensa akan Jatuh pada film yang telah dipasang berimpit dengan bidang negatif.

• Obyek yang direkam dapat berupa bentang alami seperti bukit, lembah, sungai dan telaga maupun hasil perbuatan manusia seperti bangunan-bangunan gedung, perumahan, jalur transportasi, waduk,bendung dan saluran.

32

Airborne platforms include:

1. High altitude platforms:

high-altitude balloons, U-2 reconnaissance aircraft, etc.

2. Mid-altitude platforms:

normal aircraft

3. Low altitude platforms:

light aircraft, remotely piloted aircraft (RPA)

High-altitude airborne platforms

high-altitude balloon that can reach

the top edge of the atmosphere

U-2 military spy aircraft that flies near 30,000 meters.

Remote sensing aircraft

Mid-altitude remote sensing aircraft

Low-altitude platforms

Price Wars: Counting the Cost of Drones, Planes and Satellites.

38 Carrier Pigeons Take Aerial Photos With New Camera (Feb, 1932)

39 Aerial Kite Photography

40

41

The Super G with the Panavision HI-DEF Genesis camera

42 Red ballon – with aerial camera

43 The Balloon Exposure Procedures, Catur Aries Rokhmana.

Pemanfaatan Foto Udara Digital Inframerah Berwarna Format Kecil Dari Wahana Balon Udara Untuk Pemetaan Kerusakan Tanaman Padi

(oryza Sativa) Akibat Serangan Hama Tikus Sawah (rattus Argentiventer)

WIKAN JAYA P; KARTOGRAFI DAN PENGINDRAAN JAUH UGM, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2013, Jenis: Skripsi

47

48

49

50

51

Trike

Foto udara format kecil (small format aerial photograph) - SFAP

Foto udara format kecil (small format aerial photograph) - SFAP

Foto udara format kecil (small format aerial photograph)

SFAP Kota Bintuni Maret 2009

54

Or this?

Source: http://www.microdrones.com/

Microdrone $21,367

Base Station $19,424

Video Transmitter $1,545

Video Receiver $1,000

Daylight Video $1,545

Lowlight Video $3,100

GPS Hold $1,934

Complete Package $59,681

August 2007

a. Menawarkan sudut pandang dan titik pengamatan yang baik

b. Merupakan rekaman permanen

c. Memiliki kepekaan spektral yang lebih luas daripada mata manusia

d. Memiliki resolusi spasial dan geometris yang lebih baik daripada data penginderaan jauh lainnya.

a. Sumber Informasi • FU bersifat komunikatif -> memberikan informasi gambaran suatu

daerah secara spasial dari udara • Penggunaan lahan • Morphologi • Memperjelas struktur natural maupun man-made environment

b. Mempelajari perubahan-perubahan • Pemotretan daerah sama dalam interval waktu tertentu, dapat

dipelajari perubahan-perubahan terutama perubahan fisik

c. Sebagai pengganti peta • Dengan dibuat mosaik foto udara pada suatu daerah • Diatas mosaik diberi informasi yang terkandung pada foto udara

dapat dilaksanakan pekerjaan perancangan sampai tingkat skematis

d. Sebagai peta perancanaan • Dilakukan pada pemetaan dari foto udara. Peta-peta yang

dihasilkan antara lain: peta foto, peta topografi, peta penggunaan lahan, dsb.

e. Sebagai dasar pembuatan “Peta Dasar keadaan terakhir”

FU dg. Informasi Morphologi

D:/_Integrasi_SIG_dan_PJ/BAHAN_PJ_SIG/FU UGM dr Masa Ke Masa/UGM sari masa ke masa1.ppt

MEMBANGUN BASISDATA SPASIAL 3-DIMENSI UNTUK REKONSTRUKSI WILAYAH

(Aplikasi : Daerah Genangan Karena Banjir Rob)

1. Small Format Aerial Photography Except a very few areas, aerial photography of most of the parts of the earth have been carried. With the advent of satellite remote sensing, even these areas have been covered. With rapid urbanisation and industrialisation the need of the hour is very high resolution maps i.e. large scale maps. In this respect small format aerial photography is playing a key role. In this type of photography a small format (35mm) automatic camera is used. This type of camera allows for hands-free operation and is light enough to be lifted by a large kite. Critical camera settings like focus, shutter speed etc. are controlled by a microchip and light meter within the camera body. Simple acquisition of airphotos can be attained by enabling the camera's timer function to take photograph after a few seconds.

2. Low Altitude Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV) Aerial Photography The latest improvement in aerial photography is the utilisation of a remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) for aerial photography. Utilizing an unmanned, remotely piloted vehicle, offers cost effective alternatives to traditional aerial photography. Since RPV's are not limited by the same restrictions as full-size aircraft, they can be operated at altitudes of less than 500 feet, even in residential areas where full-size aircraft are restricted to a minimum altitude of 1000 feet. As a result of the freedom associated with this method of aerial photography unique, low cost aerial photographs from previously impossible perspectives for a multitude of applications can be obtained.

Jonas Nelson

Z/I DMC

• 4 panchromatic CCD arrays each

7000 x 4000 pixels, Final image

13824 x 7680

• 4 multispectral (R,G,B, NIR) CCD

arrays, each 3000 x 2000 pixels

• Pixel size: 12 μm x 12 μm

• Field of view (FoV) or swath angle:

69.3° across strip, 42° along strip

• Focal length: 120 mm (pan)

• 25 mm (MS)

• Stereo angle: 42°

Jonas Nelson

Z/I DMC - cameras

4 panchromatic high-resolution (7000x4000) CCD camera heads, covering a quarter each. Focal length 120 mm. 4 multispectral (R, G, B, Near IR) CCD camera heads with 3000x2000 pixel resolution each. Focal length 25 mm.

Jonas Nelson

Z/I DMC – panchromatic cameras

To speed up reading of the sensors, each sensor has its data downloaded from all four corners. Still takes 2.1 seconds / image. 12x12 micrometer pixel size. Radiometric resolution is 12 bit (4096 levels).

Jonas Nelson

Leica ADS40

Sensor head SH40

• 3 panchromatic CCD lines each 2 x 12,000 pixels, staggered by 3.25 μm

• 4 multispectral CCD lines, each 12,000 pixels

• Pixel size: 6.5 μm x 6.5 μm

• Field of view (FoV) or swath angle: 64° (across strip)

• Focal length: 62.77 mm

• Stereo angles: 16°, 26°, 42°

Jonas Nelson

The Digital Sensor ADS40

ADS40 Airborne Digital Sensor

Leica ADS40 system

1. Sensor head SH40 with: - Digital optics DO64 - IMU

2. Control unit CU40 with: - position & attitude computer POS

3. Mass Memory MM40 4 . Operator interface OI40 5. Guidance Indicator GI40 6. Mount PAV30

Leica ADS40 - sensors

3 panchromatic 12000 pixel line scanners (forward, nadir, back) 4 RGB+NIR 12000 pixel line scanners

Jonas Nelson

Leica ADS40 - panchromatic

3 panchromatic line scanners = three seamless image strips. Forward 26 º, nadir 0 º and backward 16º.

Jonas Nelson

Configuration of multiple linear CCD arrays for the Leica ADS40 airborne digital camera.

Stereo data capture with the ADS40 push-broom sensor.

With an airborne digital camera, images can be captured simultaneously in grayscale (also called panchromatic), true color (RBG), and false-color infrared (CIR). SOURCE: EarthData Fugro.

General Principle Of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS)

Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS)

Individual Tree Species Identification Using Laser Altimetry Intensity in Mixed Conifer Forests of Western Montana

ASPRS, 1996, Digital Photogrammetry : An Addendum to the Manual of Photogrammetry, American Society for Photogrammetry And Remote Sensing, Maryland USA.

Ligterink G.H., 1987, Dasar-Dasar Fotogrametri Interpretasi Foto Udara, Penterjemah : Boesriati Boerman, UI-Press.

Lillesand/ Kiefer, 1990, Penginderaan Jauh dan Interpretasi Citra, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta

Paine D. P., 1993, Aerial Photography and Image Interpretation for Resource Management, Gadjah Mada University Press.

Paul R. W.,1993, Elemen Fotogrametri, Gadjah Mada University Press.

Sutanto, 1989, Penginderaan Jauh 1, Gadjah Mada University Press.

Zorn H. C., 1975, Introductory Course Photogrammetry, International Institute For Aerial Survey And Earth Sciences (ITC), Enschede The Netherlands.

Teori/Kuliah :

Aktivitas/kuis = 10%

Tugas = 10%

Midterm = 40%

Ujian Akhir = 40%

100%

Praktikum :

Pretest

Kegiatan Praktikum

Laporan

Responsi

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=

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10%

30%

30%

30%

100%

EVALUASI

Tingkat kehadiran > 70%