corticosteroid in copd exacerbation

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  • 7/29/2019 Corticosteroid in Copd Exacerbation

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    Date: Mon, 6 Jun 2005 18:13:54 +0700 (WIT)

    Subject: naskah lengkap prof dr.adji widjaya spp

    From: [email protected]: [email protected]

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    kepada yth,

    panitia konas x dpp

    dengan hormatbersama ini kami kirimkan :

    1.abstrak dan makalah carticosteroid in copy exacerbation (revisi akhir)

    2.abstrak sleep apneta3.curiculum vitae

    regards,

    prof.dr adji widjayaContent-Type: application/msword; name="Steroid in COPD &

    OSA,"Prof. Adji.doc"

    Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="Steroid in COPD & OSA,"

    Prof. Adji.doc"

    CORTICOSTEROID IN COPD EXACERBATION

    Prof.Dr. Adji Widjaja,Sp.P, FCCP.WIDJAJA ASTHMA CENTRE SURABAYA

    ABSTRACT

    In COPD it was proven pathologically by biopsy and or bronchial alveolar

    lavage ( BAL ) that there is a chronic inflammation in the peripheral small airway

    wall and loss of elastic recoil in alveolar structure. It consists of an increased

    number of lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. So it is logical that anti

    inflammatory therapy can show a short-term benefit when an exacerbation is

    present. Side effect of systemic corticosteroid prevent the long term use. Inhaled

    corticosteroid shows less side effects, but in the treatment of COPD exacerbation

    it does not show a short term beneficial effect. Until present the result of long

    term therapy is conflicting long term studies is needed to answer which

    parameters should be monitored in COPD patients.

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    Keywords : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Exacerbation, Anti

    inflammation, Corticosteroid Side Effects.

    CORTICOSTEROID IN COPD EXACERBATION

    Prof.Dr. Adji Widjaja,Sp.P, FCCP.WIDJAJA ASTHMA CENTRE SURABAYA

    Penelitian efektivitas terapi terhadap Asma dan Penyakit Paru Obstruktif

    Kronis telah berubah sejak satu dekade terakhir. Hasil pengobatan sebelum

    1985 diukur dengan gejala. Setelah 1985 diukur dengan gejala, FEV 1 dan PC20.

    Setelah 1993 diukur dengan FEV1 atau PC20, eksaserbasi, efektivitas biaya dan

    kualitas hidup.

    Penelitian patofisiologis PPOK ditemukan proses inflamasi kronis di

    dinding saluran napas perifer dan berkurangnya elastic recoil dari struktur

    alveolar, ditemukan lymfosit, neutrofil, sel mononuclear, meningkatnya jaringan

    ikat dan metaplasia epitel dan ulserasi dinding saluran napas. (1)

    Merokok adalah penyebab utama PPOK dimana didapat kenaikan

    neutrofil dan aktivitas makrofag. Proses inflamasi saluran napas ini dipakai

    sebagai pembenaran terapi anti inflamasi pada PPOK. (2)

    Kortikosteroid

    Kortikosteroid dikenal sebagai obat anti inflamasi paling poten, dipakai

    sebagai obat obstruksi saluran napas sejak 1950, hingga kini. Setelah setengah

    abad, peran steroid pada PPOK masih kontroversial, parameter akhir adalah tes

    faal paru, serta ada tidaknya respon perbaikan FEV1 sebesar 15-20 %. Selain tes

    faal paru, dipakai parameter eksaserbasi yang memerlukan evaluasi cukup lama,

    apakah steroid inhalasi berguna pada PPOK.

    Kortikosteroid Oral

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    Manfaat kortikosteroid oral pada PPOK masih terjadi pertentangan. Weir

    dkk.(3) menemukan masih adanya perbaikan FEV1 setelah pemberian

    kortikosteroid selama 14 hari. Penelitian ini penting dalam menunjang terapi

    kortikosteroid jangka panjang. Callahan dkk.(4) secara metaanalisis menyatakan

    sekitar 10 % penderita PPOK menunjukkan perbaikan FEV 1 > 20 %. Penelitian

    Keating dkk.(5) dengan biopsy dan Broncho Alveolar Lavage pada responder

    kortikosteroid terdapat 12 % perbaikan FEV1 serta reticular basement membrane

    yang lebih tebal, jumlah eosinofil lebih banyak dan adanya peningkatan

    eosinophil cationic protein dalam cairan lavage maupun induce sputum.

    Hasil diatas mengesankan penderita PPOK responder terhadap

    kortikosteroid oral menunjukkan kemiripan dengan asma. Pemberian dosis besar

    kortikosterod tidak menjamin perbaikan FEV1.

    Pada PPOK eksaserbasi akut, pemberian kortikosteroid oral 10 hari diikuti

    tapering meningkatkan PaO2 , Alveolar-Oxygen gradient dan faal paru,

    memperbaiki gejala dan mengurangi gagal terapi. Penelitian Postma (6)jangka

    panjang selama 20 tahun dengan kortikosteroid oral pada PPOK, menunjukkan

    hasil cukup baik : FEV1 tetap stabil bahkan meningkat setelah 1-2 tahun terapi,

    sangat berbeda dengan asma yang menunjukkan perbaikan FEV1 segera.

    Kortikosterod Sistemik

    Miller dan Sayiner menyimpulkan pada penderita PPOK eksaserbasi

    berat, pemberian methylprednisolone 0,5 mg/kg intravenous setiap 12 jam

    selama 10 hari lebih efektip daripada pemberian selama 3 hari. Pada penelitian

    ini pemberian selama 10 hari tidak menyebabkan efek samping, akan tetapi tidak

    menjamin pengurangan eksaserbasi. (7)

    Kortikosteroid Inhalasi

    Kortikosteroid inhalasi selama 1-3 bulan tidak memperbaiki obstruksi

    saluran napas PPOK yang dimonitor dengan FEV1 dan PEFR. Penelitian lain,

    Renkema (8) setelah follow up selama 2 tahun dengan 1.600 g Budesonide

    menghasilkan kemajuan gejala yang nyata dibandingkan dengan placebo.

    Penelitian Dompeling (9) menyatakan bahwa kortikosteroid inhalasi tidak

    mempengaruhi eksaserbasi pada PPOK. Perlu menunggu hasil penelitan

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    Copenhagen dan ISOLDE untuk menilai kegunaan kortikosteroid bagi penderita

    PPOK tingkat berat, sedang dan ringan serta penentuan respon positip pada

    kortikosteroid inhalasi.

    Efek Samping

    Pemakaian jangka pendek efek samping hanya sedikit. Pemakaian oral

    jangka panjang 10 20 tahun dosis kecil dapat timbul efek samping dan perlu

    penghentian obat.(10) 40 % oleh karena osteoporosis, 20 % karena hipertensi, 20

    % ulcer lambung, 10 % diabetes mellitus, 10 % lain-lain : glaucoma, gangguan

    mental.

    Pada pemakaian inhalasi, efek samping sistemik dapat berupa suara

    serak, aphoni, nyeri tenggorokan dan infeksi candida oropharyng. Supresi

    adreno cortex timbul bila dosis Beclometason atau Budesonide diatas 1.500

    g./hari, bruising yaitu perdarahan dibawah kulit pada lengan, terutama pada

    usia lanjut, dosis besar dan pemakaian jangka panjang.

    Kesimpulan

    Diperlukan lebih banyak penelitian untuk memastikan peran kortikosteroid

    inhalasi pada PPOK, hal mana sudah terbukti pada Asma. Perlu ditentukan

    penderita PPOK mana bereaksi baik terhadap inhalasi korticosteroid. Yang jelas

    pemberian kortikosteroid oral selama ada eksaserbasi efektip memperbaikigejala klinis dan mencegah kekambuhan dini penderita PPOK.

    Kepustakaan

    1. OShaughnessy TC. Ansari TW. Barnes MC. Jeffry PK. Inflamation in BronchialBiopsies of Subjects with Chronic Bronchitis Iners Relationship of CD8+TLymphocyte with FEV1 . Am.J. Respir Crit Care Med 1997 ; 155 ;852-57.

    2. Postma DS. Pauwels RA. Anti Inflamatory Drugs in Chronic ObstructivePulmonary Disease. Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.European Respiratory Monograph. 1998

    3. Weir DC. Roberson AS. Gove RI. Burge PS. Time course response to oral andinhaled corticosteroid in non asthmatic chronic airflow obstruction. Thorax 1990 ;45 : 118-21.

    4. Callahan CM. Dittus RS. Katz BP. Oral corticosteroid therapy for patients withstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A Meta Analysis. Ann Intern Med1991 ; 114 : 216-23.

    5. Keating VM,Jatakonen Y,Worsdell M,Barnes PJ,Effects of inhaled and oralglucocorticosteroids on inflammatory indices in Asthma and COPD. Am.J.Respior Crit care Med 1997 ;155: 42-48.

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    6. Postma DS,Peter J,Steemhuis EJ, Sluiter HJ, Moderately severe chronic airflowobstruction : can corticosteroids slow down progression ? Eur Respir.J. 1988 I:22-6.

    7. Miller KE, Sayiner A. Systemic glucocorticosteroids in severe exacerbations ofCOPD. Chest March 2001;119:726-30.

    8. Renkema TEJ, Scouten JP, Koefer GH. Effects of long term treatment with

    corticosteroid in COPD, Chest 1996 ; 109 : 1156-62.9. Dompeling E, Schayck Van CP, Folgeringh, Inhaled Beclomethasone improves

    the course of asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J. 1992 ; 5: 945-52.10. Smith MJ, Hodson ME, Effects of long term inhaled high dose beclomethasone

    diproprionate on adrenal function. Thorax 1993 ; 38 : 676-81

    SLEEP APNEAProf. Dr. Adji Widjaja SpP. FCCP

    WIDJAJA ASTHMA CENTRE, SURABAYA

    ABSTRACTObstructive Sleep Apnea ( OSA ) is common in daily practice but

    misunderstood by many medical practitioners, it needs more awareness for

    Health Services regarding sleep apnea. Nutrition and Health fitness had

    been studied by Researchers for many years but sleep, which take one

    third ( 1/3 ) of our daily life got less attention. There is a link between OSA

    and Hypertension, Stroke, Congestive Heart Failure, Depression, Chronic

    Fatique Syndrome, it will decrease quality of life.

    The incidence of OSA is estimated 2 4 %. The patients complained

    of excessive day time sleepiness, fall as leep during work, snoring nasal

    congestion, hypertension, obese. Other manifestation include impotence,

    enuresis, morning head aches, loss of concentration, tired, gasping and

    stop breathing. Other predisposition is over weight middle age men.

    Pathologically consist of lack of pharyngeal muscle tone and gravity

    resulting airway obstruction, snor or stop breathing during sleep,

    especially in REM sleep, or body relax, the tongue and soft palate lose their

    rigidity, gravity pulls these tissue back wards and closes the upper airway.

    Polysomnography reveals repetitive obstructive apneas and

    hyponeas. Apnea index less than 20 perhour is considered as mild, 20 40

    as moderate and greater than 40 as severe. Temporary blocking of oxygen

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    flow can lead to sudden death. Excessive daytime sleepiness which is to

    blame for a car accidents and work related mishaps.

    The management of OSA, the gold standard of therapy is

    tracheostomy to bypass the upper airway obstruction, the result good, an

    abolition of obstructive apneas and symptoms. Now Nasal Continous

    Positive Airway Pressure ( CPAP ) is used, it is is effective and save as a

    first line therapy. Another surgical procedure is Uvulo palato Pharyngo

    Plasty, it is very effective for snoring. There are another surgical methods

    to treat OSA but it is expensive.

    Medical therapy include weight loss, position therapy during sleep.

    Drug therapy with Tricyclic antidepressant triptyline, Serotonin inhibitors

    will decrease the amount of REM sleep. Nocturnal oxygen therapy is useful

    to minimize CO2 retention.

    In general nasal CPAP is the treatment of choice in OSA : with this

    method, a flow of pressurized room air via the nose maintains a positive

    pressure in the upper airway range 5 to 20 cm H 2O.

    Recently Res Meds Mask is available in Indonesia. The patient need

    an adequate education about nasal CPAP before bedtime and are allowed

    to become familiar with the equipment.

    Keywords : Sleep apnea, Obstructive, Snooring, Daytime sleepiness,

    Medical treatment and nasal CPAP.

    CURICULUM VITAE

    Nama : Prof. Dr. Adji Widjaja, SpP.(K).FCCP.

    Tempat / tanggal lahir : Surabaya, 6 Februari 1937

    Lulus Dokter : FK Unair tahun 1965

    Lulus Dokter Paru : FK Unair tahun 1970

    Upgrading COPD and Allergology. Ryks Universiteit Groningen Nederland

    1979.

    Guru Besar FK Unair 1998.

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