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4541 CHEMISTRY MODUL P3T (TAHAP 2)

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

1.1. MatterMatter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

Matter is made up of ..and .particles

The tiny particles may be atoms, ions or molecules.

Atom isthe ..neutral particle of an element that can participate in chemicalreaction.

Molecule is a group of .or more atoms which are chemically bonded togethter

Ion is a ..or negatively charged particles,

Diffusion occurs when of a substance move in between the particlesof another substance

ACTIVITY : Determine the type of particles in the following substances:

Substances Type ofParticle

Substances Type ofParticle

Substances Type of Particle

Hydrogengas(H2)

Sulphurdioxide(SO2)

Tetrachloromethane(CCl4)

Molecule

Copper(II)sulphate(CuSO4)

Ion Iron(Fe)

Zink Chloride(ZnCl2)

Argon

(Ar)

Carbon

(C)

Atom Hydrogen Peroxide

(H2O2)

1.2. Kinetic Theory of Matter:

Matter consists of.. particles that always collide among each other.The particles move faster when energy is and slower when they are cooled.

1.3. TheEvidence of Particles Theory of Matter and Kinetic Theory of Matter

JPNT 2009 CHAPTER 2 : THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

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Matter is made up of

small and discreteparticles-Estimation of thesize of oil molecule

Matter consists ofmobile particles.

-diffusion

-melting and freezingpoints of acetamide ornaphtaline

Particles in matter are

constantly colliding

- Brownian Movement


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1.4. Change of states of matter based on the Kinetic Theory:

a) Comparison of characteristics of Solid, Liquid and gas:

State of matter Solid Liquid Gas

Draw the particles

arrangement

Particlearrangement

The particles arepacked closelybutnot in orderlymanner

The particles arevery farapart fromeach other

Particles movement

Particles can onlyvibrate and rotate

about their fixedpositions.

Particles canrotate , vibrate and

move feeely

Attractive forcesbetween theparticles

Very strong forcesbetween particles

Strong forcesbetween particlesbut weakerthen theforces in solid

Kinetic energy ofparticles

Greater energy Greatest energy

1.5. Inter-conversion of the state of matter

The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid is called

.

Boiling point-The temperature at which a liquid changes into a at a

particular pressure.

Freezing point - The temperature at which a . changes into a solid at

a particular pressure


2

..

Solid Liquid Gas

. BOILING/EVAPORATING

FREEZING


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C


2.1. EXPLANATION ON THE HEATING PROCESS

A

Time/s

-When the solid is heated, the particles move faster and its energy content increases. As

heat is absorbed , the state of matter is changed.

PointState ofmatter

Explanation

A to B solidHeat energy absorbed by the particles causeskinetic energy increase and particles vibrate faster.The temperature increases.

B to CSolidandLiquid

C to DLiquid


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Temperature/C

B

D


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P

Q R

S

Temperature/C


2.2. THE EXPLANATION ON THE COOLING PROCESS OF MATTER

PointState ofMatter

Explanation

P to Q liquid The particles in the liquid lose their energy and moveslower.Heat given out / heat loss to surroundings.

Q to R Liquid andsolid

R to S solid

Freezing point: The temperature at which a .changes into a ....

During the freezing process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat

lost to the environment is . by the heat released when the liquid

particles rearrange themselves to become solid.


4

Time/s


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3.0. ATOMIC STRUCTURE

3.1. History of the development of atomic models :

Number Atomic model Discovery

1

i. Matter is made up of particles called atomsii. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed nordivided .

iii. Atoms from the same element are identical.iv. Atoms are hard physical body that cannot bepenetrated.

2Thomson

3

i. Positive charge called protons andmass of the atom found in the nucleus.

ii. Electron move outside the nucleus

4 Neils Bohr

5Atom contains neutral particles called neutrons

3.2. Subatomic particle

Subatomicparticles

Symbol Charge Relative atomicmass

Position

Electron e negative 1/1837 In shell

Proton

Neutron


5


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a. Proton Number: number of in the nucleus of an atom.

Number of protons = number of electrons in a neutral atom.

b. Nucleon Number: total number of protons and neutrons in the .of an atom.c. Symbol of element

AX

ZX- Symbol of ElementA- Nucleon number of atom XZ- Proton number of atom X

d. Example :i.

K The element: . has a nucleon number of ,

proton number of ,

So, the number of neutrons equals , the number of

Protons equal , nd the number of electrons

quals.

4.0. Isotope:

Example: 1 Nucleon number = 2 Nucleon number = H Proton number = H number ofprotons=

1 Proton number = 1 number ofprotons =

number of neutrons = number ofneutrons =

Atoms from the same elements with the .. proton numbers or the same number ofprotons but .. in nucleon numbers because of the difference in the numberof neutrons.

Isotopes have the same . properties but different properties

because they have the same electron arrangements.


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Examples:

Oxygen: O Aluminum: AlMagnesium: Mg Calcium: CaNitrogen: N Chlorine: ClSodium: Na Hydrogen: H


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4.1. Usage of isotopes:In the ..field - To detect brain cancer.

- To detect thrombosis (blockage in blood vessel).- Sodium-24 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by

thyroid gland.- Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cells.- To kill bacteria in the sterilizing process.

In the ..field - To detect wearing out in machines.- To detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes.- To detect leakage of pipes underground.- To detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane.

In the .field - To detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer inplants.

- To sterile insect pests for plants.

In the .field - Carbon-14 can be used to estimate the age of artifacts .

5.0. Electron Arrangement

a) The electrons are filled in specific shells. Every shell can be filled only with a certain

number of electrons. For the elements with atomic numbers 1-20:-

First shell can be filled with a maximum of electrons.

Second shell can be filled with a maximum of electrons.

Third shell can be filled with a maximum of electrons.


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x

First shell-filled with 2 electrons (duplet)

Second shell filled with 8 electrons (octet)Third shell filled with 8 electrons

(octet)


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5.1. The electron arrangement of elements with proton number 1 to 20.

Element Number of neutrons

Numberof protons

Number ofelectrons

Number ofnucleon

Electronarrangement

Number ofvalence

electrons

Hydrogen 0 1 1 1Helium 2 2 4 2

Lithium 4 3 7 2,1

Beryllium 5 4 9 2,2

Boron 6 5 11 2,3

Carbon 6 6 12 2,4

Nitrogen 7 7 14 2,5

Oxygen 8 8 16 2,6

Fluorine 10 9 19 2,7

Neon 10 10 20 2,8

Sodium 12 11 23 2,8,1

Magnesium 12 12 24 2,8,2

Aluminum 14 13 27 2,8,3

Silicon 14 14 28 2,8,4

Phosphorus 16 15 31 2,8,5

Sulphur 16 16 32 2,8,6

Chlorine 18 17 35 2,8,7

Argon 22 18 40 2,8,8

Potassium 20 19 39 2,8,8,1

Calcium 20 20 40 2,8,8,2

5.2. The diagrammatic electron structures of elements with protons numbers 1 to 20

Hydrogen

1

Helium

2

Lithium Beryllium Boron

Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon

Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus

Sulphur

2,8,6

Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium


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b) Symbol of Element

Hydrogen Atom

Helium Atom

Lithium Atom


9

H1

1Number of protons

Number of electrons

Number of neutrons

Proton number

Nucleon number

Electron Arrangement

4

2

Li

7

3

Number of protons

Number of electronsNumber of neutrons

Proton number

Nucleon number


Number of protons

Number of electrons

Number of neutrons

Proton number

Nucleon number



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Beryllium Atom

Sodium Atom


10

Number of protons

Number of electrons

Number of neutrons

Proton number

Nucleon number


Be

9

4

Number of protons

Number of electrons

Number of neutrons

Proton number

Nucleon number


23

11Na


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c) Valence electron: Electron in the outermost shell of a neutral atom.

Complete the following:

Atom Number of protons

Numberofelectrons

Number ofneutrons

NucleonNumber

Electronarrangement

Numberofvalenceelectron

P 6 6

Q 6 8

R 11 12

S 15 15T 16 31U 19 20

V 12 24W 27 2.8.3

atom and atom are isotopes because they contain the samenumber of . but different number of ...

END OF CHAPTER 2


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