bandung lecture digital divide 2011

7/31/2019 Bandung Lecture Digital Divide 2011

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The Digital Divide:Indonesia and Belanda

Compared

Prof. Jan A.G.M. van Dijk


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PROGRAM

What is the digital divide? Kinds of access

Causes and consequences of differences of

accessMotivation

Physical access

Digital skillsUsage

In all topics attempt to compare Indonesia and Belanda


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2005

SAGEPUBLICATIONS

London, Thousand

Oaks, New Delhi


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The Digital Divideand the Many Faces of Access

1. Motivation to Use Computers and the Internet:

(motivational access)

2. Physical Access to Computers and the Internet,

(private or public) Broader: Material Access3. Digital Skills(skills access)

4. UsageOpportunities (usage access)

The Digital Divide is the Gap beteeen those whohave access to computers, the Internet and otherdigital media, and those who have not.But, what is access?


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MOTIVATION

PHYSICAL ANDMATERIAL ACCESS

DIGITAL SKILLS

- Content creation- Strategic,- Information/

Communication- Formal

- Operational

USAGE- Frequency- Diversity

Types of Access and DividesFollowing Each Other


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The Shifting Digital Divide inIndonesia and Belanda

1. Access problems gradually shift from the first to the last

kinds of access (the second level divide or the

Deepening Divide)

2. In Indonesia the main problems are motivation andphysical access. In Belanda the main problems are digital

skills and usage inequality.

In Indonesia few people above 40 are motivated to use

computers or the Internet. Young people very motivated:Facebook and Twitter!

In Indonesia only 16% of the population has Internet

access in 2011. In Belanda 95% of households have

(broadband) access to the Internet


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The Shifting Digital Divide inIndonesia and Belanda (2)

3. In Indonesia more than half of access to the Internetis via the mobile phone; in Belanda via PCs andTablets

4. In Indonesia more public and mobile access;Belanda home access.Growth of wireless in both countries.


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Causes and Consequences of Differences

of Access

AccessResources- Temporal- Material- Mental

- Social- Cultural

Personalcategories- Age/generation- Sex/ gender- Race/ ethnicity- Intelligence

- Personality- Health/ability

Participation inSociety- Economy- Social networks- Space/geography- Culture

- Politics- Institutions

Technological properties of ICT(hardware, software, content)

Positionalcategories- Labor- Education- Household

- Nation

MOTIVATIONAL ACCESS

(motivationto use)

MATERIAL ACCESS(computer/internetpossession)

SKILLS ACCESS

- STRATEGIC

-INFORMATIONAL-INSTRUMENTALDIGITAL SKILLS

USAGE ACCESS

(differentapplications)

NEXT

INNOVATION

Primary causal or sequentialrelation

Secundary causal or sequentialrelation

Sequential part


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1. Motivational Access

Some people dont like computers (some elderly,some women, some macho male manualworkers)

Computer anxiety and technophobia still exist

(10-20% of the population in high tech countries) About 10% of dropouts from the Internet (have

stopped using it) Huge spread of use: from working with computers

and the internet all day and for all kinds of

activities to very infrequent use: motivation is themain driver

Motivation tends to rise with diffusion ofcomputers in society


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2. PHYSICAL ACCESS OFCOMPUTERS AND NETWORKS

Developed countries: Increasing gaps in 1980s and1990s between people with different income,employment, education, age, gender and ethnicity

After 2000 declining gaps.

However, even in Belanda 20% still do not use theInternet, though they have physical access when theywant!

Developing countries: Gaps are still increasingbetween all these categories. Uptake of people withhigh income and education is much faster.


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The Gap between Countries: Internet Users per100 Inhabitants (1997-2007) Source: ITU

2000

2007


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Developing countries

Developed countries

?

Research for eInclusion

A Call for Cooperation

The Evolution:

After Broadening Narrowing Divides,

But How Much?


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3. Digital Skills: Six Types

Operational Skills: skills to operate computer andnetwork hardware and software (button knowledge)

Formal Skills: skills required to use a particularmedium: eg navigation, menu/hyperlink use on the

internet Information Skills: skills to search, select andprocess information in computer and networksourcesTo be added: communication skills (a.o Facebook).

Strategic Skills: the capacity to use theseinformation sources for specific goals and for thegeneral goal of improving ones position in society(labor market, education, household, social andsexual relationships)

Content creation skills: being able to produceuser-generated content


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Measuring Digital Skillsat the UT-GW Media Lab: 2007-2010

3 Tests (2007-2009):Quota samples of 100+ peoplefrom the Dutch population subjected to a test of 9Internet tasks of using public services (1,5 hours)

78% of operational tasks, 78% of formal tasks, 58% of

information tasks and 28% of strategic taskssuccessfully completed

Significant differences among people with different ageand educational level, not gender

Young people between 18 and 30 are superior inoperational and formal skills but not in informationand strategic skills

People above 55 perform relatively bad in all skills,when operational skills are absent; when not, they

perform as good or even better than young people


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Digital Skills in Indonesia?

UNKNOWN

I expectdifferences are bigger than in Belanda.

That young people are much better in operational

and formal skills than people above 40Perhaps males better than females?Not in Belanda!

I expect information and strategic skills muchbetter among people with higher education.

Communication and content creation skillsbecome ever more important (Facebook, Twitter)

BUT WHERE DO YOU LEARN THEM?


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4. Usage

People are different in:

1. Frequency of use (how many hours and

times a day)

2. Diversity of use: what applications?

Used for information, communication,

transaction, education or entertainment?The higher physical access to the Internet in acountry, the bigger the differences of usage andthe more Internet use reflects all existing

differences in society.


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4. Usage (gap)

Probability of a usage gap: some sections ofthe population will use the advancedapplications of the new media for career andstudy,

while others will use the simple ones (electronicshopping, paying, simple messaging etc.)

In Belanda the lower educated now use theInternet more hours a day than the higher

educated, but primarily for entertainment!

Familiar to the knowledge gap thesis(differentialknowledge derived from the mass media).


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Usage: Top 10 Internet ApplicationsBelanda, 2010

(with significant differences for gender, age and education)

Application % Daily or weeklyuse

M / F Age Education

1 E-mail 96 - 36-55 HE

2 Search Engines 93 M 16-35 HE

3 Internet banking 76 M - HME

4 News services 62 M - HE

5 Surfing free 61 M 16-55 HME

6 Online Newspaper

Broadcasting

56 M - HE

7 Social Networking 43 F 16-35 -

8 Auctions (e-Bay) 30 M 36-55 LE

9 SearchingProducts

29 M 36-55 -

10 Online gaming 26 F 16-35 LE


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Moti Physi- Actual Info Trans- Media Edu Oper Form Info Stratvation sical Use action cation SKILLS

ACCESS BAROMETER THENETHERLANDS, 2009


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Barometer of Indonesia?

For you to make!

Nice idea for a bachelor or master thesis. Whenyou can find the data. Otherwise: own research.


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The Picture to be Prevented:

The Tripartite Network Society

The Information

Elite

The Participating

Majority

The Unconnected

and Excluded

Media Network Link

Social Network Link

bandung lecture digital divide 2011

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