BAB I

Ruang Lingkup Makro Ekonomi

A. PENGERTIAN TEORIEKONOMI MAKRO

• Ialah bagian dari Ilmu Sosial, bidang ygdipelajari sangat luas (tapi terbatas).

• Luas dalam arti meliputi tingkah laku manusiadalam usaha untuk memenuhi kebutuhandengan segala yang berhubungan dengan haltersebut.

• Ekonomi Makro adalah : Bagian dari ilmuekonomi yang mempelajari satuan-satuanpengambilan keputusan secarakeseluruhan/agregat.

Untuk mempelajari Ilmu Ekonomidiperlukan suatu metode yangdisebut dengan Metode Ilmu.

Ada tiga tahap dalam metode ilmu:

• Melihat Kenyataan.

• Menjelaskan (menunjukkan hubungan), ada 2jenis hubungan :

a. hubungan kausal (sebab akibat) fungsimatematis

b. hubungan fungsionalkesamaan matematis

• Mengetrapkan.

Ada tiga pembagian analisaekonomi, yaitu :

• Ekonomi Deskriptif

• Teori Ekonomi

• Ekonomi Terapan

B. Ekonomi Normatif dan Positif

• Ilmu Ekonomi Positif: membahas ttg apa danbagaimana senyatanya masalah-masalahekonomi dipecahkan.

• Menjelaskan fakta-fakta ekonomi

• Menjelaskan: apa yg terjadi; apa yg akan terjadi;apa implikasi kebijakan pemerintah

Misal: Inflasi akan lebih dari 10%; pengangguranakan meningkat; Jika pajak meningkat, konsumsiakan turun

Ilmu Ekonomi Normatif

Mempelajari ttg apa yg seharusnya terjadi,atau bgmn seharusnya masalah ek rakyatdipecahkan

Menyangkut masalah etika dan nilai

Misal: pemerataan hrs ditingkatkan;

Pemerintah hrs menurunkan inflasi; kebijakanpemerintah hrs memperkecil pengangguran

C. TUJUAN KEBIJAKANEKONOMI MAKRO

• Kebijakan Ekonomi Makro adalah :Tindakan pemerintah dalam usaha untukmempengaruhi jalannya perekonomianmelalui variable-variabel agregatif untukmencapai tujuan yang diharapkan.

There are three kinds of policy thatthe government has used toinfluence the macroeconomy:

1. Fiscal policy

2. Monetary policy

3. Growth or supply-side policies

Government in theMacroeconomy

• Fiscal policy refers to government policiesconcerning taxes and expenditures.

• Monetary policy consists of tools used by theFederal Reserve to control the money supply.

• Growth policies are government policies thatfocus on stimulating aggregate supply insteadof aggregate demand.

MacroeconomicsMacroeconomics

D. The Roots of Macroeconomics

• The Great Depression was a period ofsevere economic contraction and highunemployment that began in 1929 andcontinued throughout the 1930s.

The Roots of Macroeconomics

• Classical economists applied microeconomicmodels, or “market clearing” models, toeconomy-wide problems.

• The failure of simple classical models to explainthe prolonged existence of high unemploymentduring the Great Depression provided theimpetus for the development ofmacroeconomics.

E. Recent Macroeconomic History

• In 1936, John Maynard Keynes published TheGeneral Theory of Employment, Interest, andMoney.

• Keynes believed governments could intervenein the economy and affect the level of outputand employment.

• Fine-tuning was the phrase used by WalterHeller to refer to the government’s role inregulating inflation and unemployment.

F. Macroeconomic Concerns

• Three of the major concerns ofmacroeconomics are:

–Inflation

–Output growth

–Unemployment

Inflation

• Inflation is an increase in the overallprice level.

• Hyperinflation is a period of very rapidincreases in the overall price level.Hyperinflations are rare, but have beenused to study the costs andconsequences of even moderateinflation.

Output Growth

• The business cycle is the cycle of short-term ups and downs in the economy.

• The main measure of how an economy isdoing is aggregate output:

– Aggregate output is the total quantity ofgoods and services produced in an economyin a given period.

Output Growth

• A recession is a period during which aggregateoutput declines. Two consecutive quarters ofdecrease in output signal a recession.

• A prolonged and deep recession becomes adepression.

• The size of the growth rate of output over along period is also a concern ofmacroeconomists and policy makers.

Unemployment

• The unemployment rate is the percentageof the labor force that is unemployed.

• The unemployment rate is a key indicator ofthe economy’s health.

• The existence of unemployment seems toimply that the aggregate labor market is notin equilibrium. Why do labor markets notclear when other markets do?

G. The Components of theMacroeconomy

• Everyone’sexpendituresgo somewhere.Everytransactionmust have twosides.

H. The Three Market Arenas• Households, firms, the government, and the

rest of the world all interact in the goods-and-services, labor, and money markets.

The Three Market Arenas

• Households and the government purchasegoods and services (demand) from firms in thegoods-and services market, and firms supplyto the goods and services market.

• In the labor market, firms and governmentpurchase (demand) labor from households(supply).

– The total supply of labor in the economy depends onthe sum of decisions made by households.

The Three Market Arenas

• In the money market—sometimes called thefinancial market—households purchase stocksand bonds from firms.

• Households supply funds to this market in theexpectation of earning income, and alsodemand (borrow) funds from this market.

• Firms, government, and the rest of the worldalso engage in borrowing and lending,coordinated by financial institutions.