an interregional social accounting matrix for indonesia ... fileekonomi dan keuangan indonesia vol...

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Ekonomi dan Keuangan I n d o n e s i a V o l 3 9 , N o . 4 , 1 9 9 1 An Interregional Social Accounting Matrix for Indonesia: Theoretical Background and Construction Tirta Hidayat Abstrak Dewasa ini masaiah kemiskinan, pemerataan dan distribusi pendapatan merupakan salah satu masaiah dominan dalam pembangunan di negara-negara di dunia termasuk di NSB. Sejak kurang lebih tiga dasa warsa yang lalu. S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g Matrix atau SAM (BPS menterjemahkannya sebagai Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi atau SNSE) merupakan kerangka data dan analisis yang' dikembangkan untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan masalah-masalah tersebut di atas. Selain menggambarkan distribusi pendapatan antar berbagai faktor produksi, institusi, dan sektor produksi suatu negara (daerah) tertentu pada suatu saat tertentu, SAM juga dapat digunakan sebagai kerangka dasar dalam analisis masaiah kemiskinan dan pemerataan dengan menggunakan teknik dan model seperti S t r u c t u r a l P a t h A n a l y s i s dan Computable General Equilibrium Model. Di Indonesia sendiri SAM dikembangkan sejalan dengan makin besamya perhatian yang diberikan terliadap aspek pemerataan dalam pembangunan. Saat ini BPS telah menerbitkan SAM untuk tahun-tahun 1975, 1980, dan 1985. Lebih jauh lagi, penulis makalah ini telah mengembangkan Interregional SAM (IRSAM) untuk Indonesia. Dalam IRSAM tersebut Indonesia dibagi menjadi dua daerah yaitu Center region (Pulau Jawa) dan Outer region (daerah lainnya). Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menerangkan baik dasar teori dan proses pembentukan IRSAM tersebut, maupun analisis dasar distribusi pendapatan seperti yang digambarkan IRSAM tersebut. 33!

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Page 1: An Interregional Social Accounting Matrix for Indonesia ... fileEkonomi dan Keuangan Indonesia Vol 39, No. 4,1991 An Interregional Social Accounting Matrix for Indonesia: Theoretical

E k o n o m i d a n K e u a n g a n I n d o n e s i a V o l 3 9 , N o . 4 , 1 9 9 1

An Interregional Social Accounting Matrix for Indonesia: Theoretical Background

and Construction

Tirta Hidayat

Abstrak Dewasa ini masaiah kemiskinan, pemerataan dan distribusi pendapatan

merupakan salah satu masaiah dominan dalam pembangunan di negara-negara di dunia termasuk di NSB. Sejak kurang lebih tiga dasa warsa yang lalu. S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x atau SAM (BPS menterjemahkannya sebagai Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi atau SNSE) merupakan kerangka data dan analisis yang' dikembangkan untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan masalah-masalah tersebut di atas. Selain menggambarkan distribusi pendapatan antar berbagai faktor produksi, institusi, dan sektor produksi suatu negara (daerah) tertentu pada suatu saat tertentu, SAM juga dapat digunakan sebagai kerangka dasar dalam analisis masaiah kemiskinan dan pemerataan dengan menggunakan teknik dan model seperti S t r u c t u r a l P a t h A n a l y s i s dan C o m p u t a b l e G e n e r a l E q u i l i b r i u m M o d e l .

Di Indonesia sendiri SAM dikembangkan sejalan dengan makin besamya perhatian yang diberikan terliadap aspek pemerataan dalam pembangunan. Saat ini BPS telah menerbitkan SAM untuk tahun-tahun 1975, 1980, dan 1985. Lebih jauh lagi, penulis makalah ini telah mengembangkan I n t e r r e g i o n a l S A M (IRSAM) untuk Indonesia. Dalam IRSAM tersebut Indonesia dibagi menjadi dua daerah yaitu C e n t e r r e g i o n (Pulau Jawa) dan O u t e r r e g i o n (daerah lainnya). Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menerangkan baik dasar teori dan proses pembentukan IRSAM tersebut, maupun analisis dasar distribusi pendapatan seperti yang digambarkan IRSAM tersebut.

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H i d a y a t

I . Introduction

T h e e a r l y w o r k o f R i c h a r d S t o n e a n d h i s c o l l e a g u e s a t C a m b r i d g e l e d t o t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f a r e v i s e d s t a n d a r d f o r n a t i o n a l a c c o u n t s , o r S N A ( J a i m e d e M e l o , 1 9 8 8 ) . I t a l s o l a i d t h e g r o u n d f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a g e n e r a l e q u i l i b r i u m - b a s e d d a t a s y s t e m , k n o w n as S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x , o r S A M . A S A M , w h i l e n o t a m o d e l i t s e l f , c a p t u r e s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l l a w i n e c o n o m i c s : f o r e v e r y i n c o H i e t h e r e i s a c o r r e s p o n d i n g o u t l a y o r e x j > e n d i t u r e . T h i s m a k e s i t a c o m p l e t e d a t a f r a m e w o r k u p o n w h i c h a ' c o r r e c t ' m o d e l f o r a n a l y s i s c a n b e b a s e d ( P y a t t , 1 9 8 8 ) , i . e . , t h e m o d e l w h i c h s a t i s f i e s W a l r a s ' L a w ( R o b i n s o n a n d R o l a n d - H o i s t , 1 9 8 8 ) . I t s a b i l i t y t o p i c t u r e a n e c o n o m y ' s i n c o m e d i s t r i b u t i o n w h i c h h a s b e e n c o n t i n u o u s l y g r o w i n g c o n c e r n i n m a n y d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s s i n c e t h e l a t e s i x t i e s , a n d l a t e r , i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , i n d u c e s f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f S A M . I n t h e l a s t d e c a d e , a p p l i c a t i o n s o f S A M f o r m a n y c o u n t r i e s h a v e e x t e n d e d f r o m s i m p l e m u l t i p l i e r - t y p e a n a l y s i s t o s o p h i s t i c a t e d t e c h n i q u e s , e i t h e r d e s i g n e d f o r p l a n n i n g p u r p o s e s o r i m p a c t a n a l y s i s . E x a m p l e s a r e l e g i o n . T o i d e n t i f y a f e w : P y a t t a n d R o e ( 1 9 7 8 ) u s e d a S A M f o r d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n n i n g i n S r i L a n k a ; M c C a r t h y a n d T a y l o r ( 1 9 8 0 ) u s e d a S A M f o r f o o d p o l i c y p l a n n i n g i n P a k i s t a n ; E c k a u s ( 1 9 8 1 ) a p p l i e d a S A M t o a n a l y z e i n c o m e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n E g y p t .

A f u r t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e S A M f r a m e w o r k i n r e c e n t y e a r s h a s b e e n a s a f o u n d a t i o n t o b u i l d i n g C o m p u t a b l e G e n e r a l E q u i l i b r i u m ( C G E ) m o d e l s . T h i s c l a s s o f m o d e l s i m p r o v e s o n t h e f o r m e r v e r s i o n s o f S A M - b a s e d m o d e l s w h i c h t e n d e d t o b e d e m a n d d r i v e n , b y i n c o r p o r a t i n g s u p p l y c o n s t r a i n t s o r s u b s t i t u t i o n p o s s i b i l i t i e s ( R o b i n s o n a n d R o l a n d - H o i s t , 1 9 8 8 ) . T h i s a t t r a c t i v e s u p p l y - d e m a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f C G E m o d e l s h a s l e d t o a w i d e v a r i e t y o f a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e s e m o d e l s t o s u c h field as m o n e t a r y e c o n o m i c s , p u b l i c finance a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e , a s w e l l a s r e s o u r c e e c o n o m i c s . T h e o t h e r e x a m p l e s o f t h e C G E m o d e l s a r e t h o s e f o r m u l a t e d f o r B r a z i l ( T a y l o r , e t . a l . , 1 9 8 0 ) , K o r e a ( A d e l m a n a n d R o b i n s o n , 1 9 7 8 ) , a n d C a m e r o o n ( B e n j a m i n a n d D e v a r a j a n , 1 9 8 5 ) a n d R o b i n s o n s u r v e y ( R o b i n s o n , 1 9 8 6 ) .

C u r r e n t l y , t h r e e v e r s i o n s o f I n d o n e s i a n n a t i o n a l S A M a r e a v a i l a b l e , t h e 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 8 0 , a n d 1 9 8 5 S A M ' s . T h e 1 9 7 5 a n d 1 9 8 0 o n e s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d t h r o u g h a c o l l a b o r a t i v e r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t i n v o l v i n g t h e I n d o n e s i a n C B S a n d a t e a m o f e x p e r t s f r o m C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y a n d t h e I n s t i t u t e f o r S o c i a l S t u d i e s o f t h e H a g u e l e d b y T h o r b e c k e . I n 1 9 9 1 C B S p r o d u c e d t h e t h i r d n a t i o n a l S A M , t h e 1 9 8 5 v e r s i o n . I n t h e s a m e y e a r , t h e a u t h o r c o n s t r u c t e d a n i n t e r r e g i o n a l S A M ( I R S A M ) f o r I n d o n e s i a ( s e e H i d a y a t , 1 9 9 1 ) . T h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h i s p a p e r a r e , f i r s t , t o e x p l a i n t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b a c k g r o u n d a s w e l l a s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e s s o f t h e I R S A M , a n d s e c o n d l y , t o c o n d u c t a

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A n I n t e r r e g i o n a l S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x f o r I n d o n e s i a

b r i e f a n a l y s i s o f i n c o m e d i s t r i b u t i o n a t r e g i o n a l l e v e l i n I n d o n e s i a p o r t r a y e d t h r o u g h t h e I R S A M .

I I . Previous Studies on Regional S A M

I n a l l e x a m p l e s a b o v e , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t , m o d e l i n g , a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s o f S A M s a r e a t t h e n a t i o n a l l e v e l , d e a l i n g w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m a c r o a g g r e g a t e s s u c h as g o v e m m e n t r e v e n u e s a n d e x p e n d i t u r e s , i n v e s t m e n t , e x p o r t a n d i m p o r t , a s w e l l a s t h e i r p o l i c y i m p l i c a t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e a b o v e r e s e a r c h e s g i v e a c c u r a t e p i c t u r e s o f t h e i m p a c t s o n i n c o m e d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d o t h e r i m p o r t a n t e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l a s p e c t s o f e c o n o m i c p o l i c i e s c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o u n t r i e s . T h e s e r e s u l t s , i f a p p r o p r i a t e l y u s e d , w o u l d g i v e a g o o d b a s i s f o r a c c u r a t e d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n n i n g i n t h o s e c o u n t r i e s . E f f o r t s t o u n d e r t a k e s i m i l a r k i n d s o f s t u d i e s a t t h e r e g i o n a l l e v e l a r e , h o w e v e r , s o m e w h a t l i m i t e d , d u e t o a t l e a s t t w o b a s i c r e a s o n s . T h e f i r s t f a c t o r l i m i t i n g r e g i o n a l l e v e l S A M a n a l y s i s , t h e u n a v a i l a b i l i t y o f m u c h o f t h e b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n n e e d e d t o se t s u c h a n a l y s i s i n m o t i o n , h a s b e e n a n o b s t a c l e t o m a n y r e g i o n a l a n a l y s e s . W e c a n r e g a r d t h i s o b s t a c l e a s n a t u r a l , c o n s i d e r i n g t h e r o l e t h e c o u n t r y o r n a t i o n a l b o r d e r s p l a y i n p r o v i d i n g a n a t u r a l b o u n d a r y f o r d e f i n i n g a m a c r o e c o n o m i c u n i t ( R o u n d , 1 9 8 8 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h t h e n a t i o n a l b o r d e r s a c t as a n o b s t a c l e t o b o t h c o m m o d i t y a n d f a c t o r m o v e m e n t s i s m u c h c l e a r e r a n d m o r e s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d t h a n t h e w a y i n w h i c h r e g i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s w i t h i n c o u n t r i e s a c t , a s O h l i n s t a t e d a s e a r l y a s 1 9 3 3 . T h i s m a k e s t h e n a t i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s m u c h m o r e a t t r a c t i v e f o r a d o p t i o n a s a b a s i s f o r i n f o r m a t i o n o r d a t a c o l l e c t i o n . S e c o n d , m a i n l y i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s , t h e g o v e r n m e n t s p u t h i g h p r i o r i t y a n d e m p h a s i s o n n a t i o n a l s t a b i l i z a t i o n o b j e c t i v e s a n d n e g l e c t t h e n e e d t o e n d o w a u t o n o m o u s a u t h o r i t y t o t h e i r l o w e r l e v e l r e g i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t s t o c o n t r i v e a n d e x e c u t e r e g i o n a l p o l i c i e s . T h i s h a s r e s u l t e d i n v e r y p o o r r e g i o n a l d a t a c o l l e c t i o n . T h i s c o n d i t i o n is a l s o a s y m p t o m o f t h e a d o p t i o n o f a m o r e t o p - d o w n ( c e n t r a l i z e d ) r a t h e i t h a n b o t t o m - u p ( d e c e n t r a l i z e d ) p l a n n i n g s y s t e m i n t h e s e c o u n t r i e s , w h e r e g o v e r n m e n t s c o n s i d e r i t n e c e s s a r y t o g u a r a n t e e t h e a c h i e v e m e n t o n a t i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t o b j e c t i v e s p r i o r t o r e g i o n a l o n e s .

A m o n g t h e l i m i t e d n u m b e r s o f S A M s t u d i e s a t t h e r e g i o n a l l e v e l , a l e a s t t h r e e e f f o r t s a r e w o r t h - m e n t i o n i n g . B e l l a n d H a z e l l ( 1 9 8 0 ) a n d B e l a n d D e v a r a j a n ( 1 9 8 5 ) , u n d e r t o o k r e s p e c t i v e l y a p o l i c y - i m p a c t a n a l y s i s a n t a c o s t - b e n e f i t a n a l y s i s o f a n i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t i n M a l a y s i a ( M u d a I r r i g a t i o n P r o j e c t ) u s i n g a t w o - r e g i o n S A M . D ' A n t o n i o , C o l a i z z o a n d L e o n e l k ( 1 9 8 8 ) , u t i l i z e d t w o t w o - r e g i o n S A M s f o r I t a l y ( 1 9 7 8 a n d 1 9 8 4 r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , t o s t u d y t h e r e g i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i s s u e s .

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Hidayat

I I I . Theoretical Background

A . T h e o r e t i c a l F r a m e w o r k of T h e T w o - R e g i o n S A M

P y a t t a n d R o e ( 1 9 7 8 ) , i n a n a t t e m p t t o e s t a b l i s h a S A M f o r S r i L a n k a , d e v e l o p e d o n e o f t h e m o s t g e n e r a l a n d b a s i c S A M s f r a m e w o r k w h i c h c o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d f o r a d o p t i o n t o t h e r e g i o n a l l e v e l . H e w i n g s ( 1 9 8 2 a n d 1 9 8 3 ) s h o w e d h o w o n e c o u l d e x t e n d t h i s b a s i c S A M t o t h e t w o - r e g i o n c a s e b y s i m p l y d i s a g g r e g a t i n g t h e f r a m e w o r k p r o p o s e d b y P y a t t a n d R o e ( 1 9 7 8 ) . T a b l e 1 s h o w s H e w i n g s f o r m a t o f t h e t w o - r e g i o n S A M .

T h e r o w s a n d c o l u m n s u n d e r t h e h e a d i n g s o f F a c t o r s , I n s t i t u t i o n s , a n d A c t i v i t i e s a r e d e v o t e d t o t h e e n d o g e n o u s a c c o u n t s , w h e r e a s t h e o n e s e n t i t l e d O t h e r A c c o u n t s a r e f o r t h e e x o g e n o u s a c c o u n t s . T h u s , i n T a b l e 1 , t h r e e a c c o u n t s a r e a s s i g n e d a s e n d o g e n o u s f o r e a c h r e g i o n . T h e d e c i s i o n t o i n c l u d e a p a r t i c u l a r i t e m i n t h e e n d o g e n o u s o r e x o g e n o u s a c c o u n t s i s a r b i t r a r y ; i t m e r e l y d e p e n d s o n t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e s t u d y . O n e c a n d i s a g g r e g a t e e a c h a c c o u n t i n T a b l e 1 f u r t h e r i n t o m o r e d e t a i l e d c a t e g o r i e s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e d a t a a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e r e g i o n u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n a n d t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e s t u d y . F o r i n s t a n c e , o n e c a n c l a s s i f y f a c t o r s t o i n c l u d e l a b o r , l a n d , c a p i t a l , a n d s o o n . O n e c a n a l s o i n c o r p o r a t e t h e r u r a l / u r b a n d i c h o t o m y i n t o t h e a c c o u n t , l e a d i n g t o a m o r e e l a b o r a t e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .

T a b l e 1 a l s o d e p i c t s a l l p o s s i b l e t r a n s a c t i o n s a m o n g a c c o u n t s . C e l l s w i t h z e r o s a r e t h o s e w h i c h r e f l e c t n o t r a n s a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e r o w a n d c o l u m n a c c o u n t s . T h e t r a n s a c t i o n s a m o n g a c c o u n t s o c c u r o n l y f o r t h e c e l l s w i t h T ' s a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g n u m b e r s . T h e n u m b e r s i n s u p e r s c r i p t i n d i c a t e r e g i o n s ( 1 a n d 2 ) , w h i l e t h o s e i n s u b s c r i p t d e s i g n a t e a c c o u n t s ( 1 f o r f a c t o r s ,

T a b l e 1 H e w i n g s ' F r a m e w o r k o f A t T w o - R e g i o n S c h e m a t i c S A M

R E C E I P T S E X P E N D I T U R E S R e g i o n 1 R e g i o n 2 O t h e r

A c e . T o u l

Fac t . I n s t . A c t . Fac t . I n s t . A c t . O t h e r A c e .

R F a c t o r 0 0 T " U 0 0 t ' l e S I n s t i t u t i o n s T 'L; T " 2 2 0 T'^2. T '^22 0 T ' 2 a . '2

1 A c t i v i t i e s 0 T " 3 2 T " 3 3 0 T '^32 T '^33 T ' 34 t ' 3

R F a c t o r s 0 0 T - ' u 0 0 fu t " i e g

I n s t i t u t i o n s T ^ r 0 T^^2t T^^22 0 T^24 t^2 2 A c t i v i t i e s 0 T^'32 T^'33 0 T f

t " 3 2 0 .^24 TS O t h e r A c c o u n t s 0 T ' a 3 0 T ' ' 42 1 44 T o t a l t ' 2 t '3 t ' ^ .^2

T

1*3 S o u r c e : H e w i n g s ( 1 9 8 3 )

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A n I n t e r r e g i o n a l S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x f o r I n d o n e s i a

2 f o r i n s t i t u t i o n s , 3 f o r a c t i v i t i e s , a n d 4 f o r o t h e r a c c o u n t s ) . S o , T 13 i n d i c a t e s t h e u s e o f f a c t o r f r o m r e g i o n 1 i n t o a p r o d u c t i v e a c t i v i t y i n r e g i o n 2 . H e w i n g s ( 1 9 8 3 ) o b s e r v e d t h a t a m o n g t h e c e l l s w h e r e t r a n s a c t i o n s t a k e p l a c e , s o m e m a y b e v e r y s m a l l , a n d m a n y m a y b e h i g h l y u n s t a b l e ( p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e r e l a t i n g t o t h e f l o w s o f e a r n e d i n c o m e a c r o s s r e g i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s , r e f l e c t i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e o f s e a s o n a l a n d s h o r t - r u n m i g r a t i o n s o f f a m i l y m e m b e r s ) . T h u s , f o r e x a m p l e , i f t h e r o l e o f t h e s e m i g r a t i o n p h e n o m e n a i s n o n - t r i v i a l , t h e t w o - r e g i o n S A M f r a m e w o r k s h o w n a b o v e n e e d s t o b e e l a b o r a t e d f u r t h e r . T h e o t h e r i s s u e w h i c h w e n e e d t o t a k e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n f o r m u l a t i n g a t w o - r e g i o n , o r i n g e n e r a l , a m u l t i - r e g i o n S A M , c o n c e r n s t h e s t a b i l i t y o f t h e m a r g i n a l p r o p e n s i t i e s t o c o n s u m e , p a r t i c u l a r l y o f r e g i o n a l l y p r o d u c e d g o o d s , u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s o f s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e s i n t h e l e v e l s o f i n c o m e .

I n a n e f f o r t t o d e m o n s t r a t e s o m e e x t e n s i o n s o f t h e S A M f r a m e w o r k a s i t a p p l i e s t o a t w o - r e g i o n s y s t e m , P y a t t a n d R o u n d ( 1 9 8 5 ) c o n s t r u c t e d a t w o - r e g i o n S A M f o r M a l a y s i a .

R o u n d ( 1 9 8 8 ) a l s o d e v e l o p e d a s c h e m a t i c f r a m e w o r k o f t h e t w o - r e g i o n S A M s i m i l a r t o H e w i n g s ( 1 9 8 2 a n d 1 9 8 3 ) . H o w e v e r , u n l i k e H e w i n g s w h o c a l l e d e x o g e n o u s a c c o u n t s a s o t h e r a c c o u n t s , R o u n d c a l l e d t h e m as s u p r a r e g i o n a l a c c o u n t s . F u r t h e r m o r e , h e c l a s s i f i e d t h e e n d o g e n o u s a c c o u n t s t o i n c l u d e : w a n t s , f a c t o r s , h o u s e h o l d s ( c u r r e n t ) , c o m p a n i e s ( c u r r e n t ) , g o v e r n m e n t ( c u r r e n t ) , c o m b i n e d c a p i t a l , c o m m o d i t i e s , a n d a c t i v i t i e s .

i T a b l e 2 i l l u s t r a t e s a s i m p l i f i c a t i o n o f R o u n d ' s f r a m e w o r k o f a

t w o - r e g i o n S A M . T h e s i m p l i f i c a t i o n i s d o n e b y r e d u c i n g t h e n u m b e r o f e n d o g e n o u s a c c o u n t s i n R o u n d ' s f r a m e w o r k f r o m e i g h t ( s e e t h e a b o v e p a r a g r a p h ) t o t h r e e ( f a c t o r s , i n s t i t u t i o n s , a n d a c t i v i t i e s ) a n d b y c h a n g i n g t h e t i t l e o f h i s s u p r a r e g i o n a l a c c o u n t t o o t h e r a c c o u n t . T h e p u r p o s e o f s i m p l i f y i n g R o u n d ' s f r a m e w o r k i s t o m a k e t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f H e w i n g s ' a n d R o u n d ' s f r a m e w o r k o f a t w o - r e g i o n S A M i n t h e n e x t p a r a g r a p h s c l e a r e r . T h i s h o p e f u l l y w i l l g i v e a b e t t e r a n d c l e a r e r e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e r e a s o n f o r u s i n g R o u n d ' s f r a m e w o r k t o c o n s t r u c t a t w o r e g i o n S A M f o r I n d o n e s i a a s w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d i n s e c t i o n I V . B .

I t c a n b e s e e n f r o m T a b l e 1 a n d 2 t h a t t h e o n l y d i f f e r e n t o f H e w i n g s ' a n d R o u n d ' s f r a m e w o r k s i s i n t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l p a r t o f t h e S A M s . I n T a b l e 1 a l l t r a n s a c t i o n s a m o n g a c c o u n t s a r e f u n c t i o n a l t r a n s a c t i o n s . I n T a b l e 2 a d i s t i n c t i o n i s m a d e b e t w e e n g e o g r a p h i c a l a n d f u n c t i o n a l c o m p o n e n t s o f a n i n t e r r e g i o n a l t r a n s a c t i o n s . I n i t i a l l y , t h e r e i s a ( g e o g r a p h i c a l ) t r a n s f e r o f a c o m m o d i t y o r i n c o m e p a y m e n t f r o m o n e l o c a t i o n t o a n o t h e r a n d t h e n a t a

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H i d a y a t

T a b l e 2 A S i m p l i f i e d R o u n d ' s F r a m e w o r k o f a T w o - R e g i o n S A M

R E C E I P T S E X P E N D I T U R E S R e g i o n 1 R e g i o n 2 O t h e r

A c c . T o t a l

F a c t . I n s t . A c t . Fac t . I n s t . A c t . O t h e r

A c c .

R F a c t o r 0 0 T " , 3 T ' ^ n 0 0 T ' I 4 . ' , e g I n s t i t u t i o n s T " 2 , T " 2 2 0 0 T ' ' ' 2 2 0 T ' 24 . '2

1 A c t i v i t i e s 0 T " 3 2 T " 3 3 0 0 T '^33 T ' 3 4 . '3

R F a c t o r s T ' ^ t 0 . 0 0 0 1 ^ 1 3 T ^ , 4 4 f t e

g I n s t i t u t i o n s 0 T^'22 0 T - ' ^ 2 . T ^ 2 2 0 T^24 .^2 2 A c t i v i t i e s 0 0 T ^ ' . , 3 0 . ^ 3 2 0 t^24 T ^ 3

O t h e r A c c o u n t s 0 T ' 4 2 T ' 4 3 0 T^42 T^43 T ' ^ ^ 4 4 T o t a l t ' l t ' 2 t ' , T

f t 4

f 2 t^3

S o u r c e : M o d i f i e d f r o m R o u n d ( 1 9 8 8 )

s u b s e q u e n t s t a g e a ( f u n c t i o n a l ) t r a n s a c t i o n t a k e s p l a c e w i t h i n t h e r e c i p i e n t r e g i o n a l l o c a t i o n ( R o u n d , 1 9 8 8 ) . T h i s e x p l a i n s w h y a l l f u n c t i o n a l f l o w s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 2 a s i f t h e y t a k e p l a c e w h o l l y w i t h i n e a c h r e g i o n , a n d w h y g e o g r a p h i c a l ( i n t e r r e g i o n a l ) f l o w s a r e s i m p l y a s e l e m e n t s i n t h e d i a g o n a l c e l l s i n t h e o f f - d i a g o n a l b l o c k s o f t h e m a t r i x i n T a b l e 2 .

H e w i n g s ' f r a m e w o r k i s a n i d e a l o n e b e c a u s e i t g i v e s a c o m p l e t e t r a n s a c t i o n a m o n g a c c o u n t s f o r t h e i n t r a - a s w e l l a s t h e i n t e r - r e g i o n a l p a r t s o f t h e S A M . H o w e v e r , t h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f u s i n g t h i s f r a m e w o r k i s t h a t t o c o n s t r u c t s u c h a t w o - r e g i o n S A M o n e w i l l a l s o n e e d a h u g e a m o u n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n . R o u n d ' s f r a m e w o r k o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i s l e s s i d e a l t h a n H e w i n g s ' b u t t o c o n s t r u c t a S A M u t i l i z i n g t h i s f r a m e w o r k w i l l r e q u i r e l e s s e r i n f o r m a t i o n . I n o t h e r w o r d s , a l t h o u g h R o u n d ' s f r a m e w o r k i s n o t as i d e a l a s t h a t o f H e w i n g s ' b u t i t i s m o r e f e a s i b l e t o c o n s t r u c t i n a c o u n t r y w i t h p o o r i n t e r r e g i o n a l d a t a l i k e I n d o n e s i a .

B . M e t h o d s a n d D a t a R e q u i r e m e n t s

S e v e r a l m e t h o d s a r e a v a i l a b l e t o b u i l d t h e r e g i o n a l a n d i n t e r r e g i o n a l i n | ) u t / o u t p u t flows w h i c h , i n t e r m s o f T a b l e 1 , r e f e r s t o c e l l s T~^3,3, a n d T~~T,3. T h e m e t h o d s i n c l u d e b o t h s u r v e y a n d n o n - s u r v e y a p p r o a c h e s . T h e n o n - s u r v e y m e t h o d c a n b e c l a s s i f i e d f u r t h e r i n t o c o m m o d i t y b a l a n c e t a b l e s , q u o t i e n t a p p r o a c h e s , o r i t e r a t i v e a p p r o a c h e s ( H e w i n g s a n d J e n s e n , 1 9 8 6 ) . H e w i n g s ( 1 9 8 3 a , 1 9 8 4 ) a n d H e w i n g s a n d J e n s e n ( 1 9 8 6 ) a l s o p r o p o s e d a h y b r i d a p p r o a c h , t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f s u r v e y a n d n o n - s u r v e y t e c h n i q u e s . T h e m o s t w i d e l y d i s c u s s e d a n d a p p l i e d t e c h n i q u e i n t h e i t e r a t i v e a p p r o a c h c a t e g o r y , a n d y e t , t h e s u b j e c t o f m a n y

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A n I n t e r r e g i o n a l S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x f o r I n d o n e s i a

d i s p u t e s a n d d e b a t e s , i s t h e R A S m e t h o d s ( s e e f o r e x a m p l e : H e w i n g s 1 9 8 4 , H e w i n g s a n d J e n s e n , 1 9 8 6 ; H e w i n g s a n d J a n s o n , 1 9 8 0 ; L e c o m b e r , 1 9 7 5 ; A l l e n a n d L e c o m b e r , 1 9 7 5 ; a n d F i s h e r , 1 9 7 5 ) . A m o n g t h e s e m e t h o d s , t h e q u o t i e n t m e t h o d , i n s p i t e o f i t s m a n y l i m i t a t i o n s , h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o v e r t h e o t h e r s b e c a u s e o f i t s s i m p l i c i t y . W e c a n f i n d i t s a p p l i c a t i o n , f o r i n s t a n c e , i n M i e r n y k ( 1 9 8 6 ) .

T h e d a t a n e e d e d t o c o n s t r u c t a S A M i n c l u d e ( R i v e r o , 1 9 8 8 ) :

1 . H o u s e h o l d i n c o m e a n d e x p e n d i t u r e s u r v e y s d i s a g g r e g a t e d b y s o c i o - e c o n o m i c ( h o u s e h o l d ) g r o u p s . [

2 . C a p i t a l f o r m a t i o n d a t a b y t y p e o f o w n e r a n d s e c t o r o f d e s t i n a t i o n .

3 . E x p o r t a n d I m p o r t d a t a b y s e c t o r s o f d e s t i n a t i o n a n d o r i g i n . 4 . S u p p l e m e n t a r y i n f o r m a t i o n o n s a v i n g s , i n t e r - i n s t i t u t i o n a l t r a n s f e r s

( t a x e s , d i v i d e n d s , g o v e m m e n t s u b s i d i e s a n d g r a n t s ) a n d g o v e r n m e n t a c c o u n t , d i s a g g r e g a t e d g o v e m m e n t i n c o m e s ( d i r e c t t a x e s , f e e s , fines) a n d e x p e n d i t u r e s ( i n t e r e s t p a y m e n t o n p u b l i c d e b t , p u b l i c e x p e n d i t u r e s f o r h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n , e t c . ) .

5 . D e m o g r a p h i c d a t a , s u c h a s t h e n u m b e r o f h o u s e h o l d s a n d f x j p u l a t i o n i n e a c h g r o u p .

6 . S u r v e y d a t a o n w a g e s a n d e n t r e p r e n e u r i a l i n c o m e s b y h o u s e h o l d g r o u p a n d p e r s e c t o r o f a c t i v i t y .

7 . S e c t o r a l s u r v e y s ( a g r i c u l t u r e , m a n u f a c t u r i n g , a n d o t h e r s ) d i s a g g r e g a t i n g s t m c t u r e o f p r o d u c t i o n , t h e u s e o f i n p u t b y s e c t o r o f o r i g i n a n d s a l e o f o u t p u t b y d e s t i n a t i o n s .

F o r a n I R S A M , w h i c h i s t h e f o c u s i n t h i s s t u d y , t h e s e d a t a m u s t b e c o l l e c t e d a t t h e r e g i o n a l l e v e l .

IV. The Construction Process

A . T h e R e g i o n a l D i c h o t o m y

I n p r e p a r i n g t h e I R S A M , I n d o n e s i a i s d i v i d e d i n t o w h a t w i l l b e r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n a n d t h e O u t e r r e g i o n . T h e C e n t e r r e g i o n w i l l i n c l u d e t h e c e n t r a l , e c o n o m i c a l l y s t r o n g J a v a r e g i o n , a n d t h e O u t e r r e g i o n w i l l b e t h e r e s t o f I n d o n e s i a . T h i s d i v i s i o n n o t o n l y i s t h e o n l y f e a s i b l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n c o n s i d e r i n g t h e d a t a a v a i l a b l e , b u t a l s o p r o v i d e s a n i n t e r e s t i n g c o n t r a s t i n t h e d i c h o t o m y i t r e v e a l s . T a b l e 3 i l l u s t r a t e s t h i s d i c h o t o m y . I n 1 9 8 7 , s o m e 6 0 . 8 1 % o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 7 2 m i l l i o n I n d o n e s i a n s r e s i d e d i n t h e C e n t e i r e g i o n w h i c h c o m p r i s e s o n l y 7 . 1 8 % o f I n d o n e s i a ' s l a n d a r e a , c r e a t i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n t h e t w o r e g i o n s , 7 7 5 v s

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Hidayat

T a b l e 3 H i g h l i g h t s o f s o m e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c h a r a a e r i s t i c s o f t h e C e n t e r a n d t h e O u t e r r e g i o n s , 1 9 8 7

C H A R A C T E R I S T I C C E N T E R R E G I O N O U T E R R E G I O N 1 P o p u l a t i o n

- I n t h o u s a n d pe r son 1 0 6 , 7 0 7 6 5 , 3 0 2 - ( % o f t o t a l ) ( 6 0 . 8 1 ) ( 3 9 , 1 9 )

2 A r e a - i n K M 2 1 3 7 , 7 4 8 1 , 7 8 1 , 6 9 5 - ( % o f t o t a l ) ( 7 . 1 8 ) ( 9 2 . 8 2 )

3 P o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y ( P o p u t a t i o n / K M 2 ) 7 7 5 3 7 4 T o t a l E x p o r t

- HI m i l l i o n ui3q> A H j U / O

- ( % • O I t o t a l ) ( 2 3 . 7 9 ) ( 7 6 . 2 1 ) J 1 ' ( , ta 1 1 n n n „ ¥ .

t o t a l i m p o n - i n i n i i i t o n 0 4 Q A 7 QAA

res, r\f T f \ t n t \

' [vo O I t o t a l ) /n£ fiA\ ( 2 3 . 3 6 )

D L x n u i n OI i s o d u s ( 1 7 0 0 )

I n V \ A - i n f v i v i

4 4 , 3 0 3 - { /o o r t o t a l ) y"3A 7 7 \

( 3 0 . 7 2 ) ( 6 9 . 2 8 )

R ^ ^ ^ ^ a I G o v e r n m e n t E x p e n d i t u r e s

- i n m i l l i o n R p . 1 , 1 9 6 , 2 4 4 1 , 6 9 5 . 9 4 4 - ( % o f t o t a l ) ( 4 1 . 3 6 ) ( 5 8 . 6 4 )

8 D o m e s t i c l n v e s t m e n t ( 1 9 6 7 - 8 7 ) - i n m i l l i o n U S $ . 2 5 , 6 8 8 1 5 , 7 3 6 - ( % o f T o t a l ) ( 6 2 . 0 1 ) ( 3 7 . 9 9 )

9 F o r e i g n I n v e s t m e n t ( 1 9 6 7 - 8 7 ) - i n m i l l i o n U S $ 1 2 , 1 7 6 5 . 5 7 8 - ( % o f T o t a l ) ( 6 8 . 5 8 ) ( 3 1 . 4 2 )

10 G r o s s D o m e s t i c R e g i o n a l P r o d u c t s ( 1 9 8 6 ) - i n b i l l i o n R p . 5 6 , 8 0 7 4 2 . 2 7 8 ) - ( % o f T o t a l ) ( 5 7 . 3 3 ) ( 4 2 . 6 7 ) - per capi ta ( i n R p . ) 5 4 2 , 0 7 4 6 6 5 . 2 5 5

S o u r c e : C B S ( 1 9 9 0 a )

3 7 p e r s o n / s q . k m . . N o t i c e a l s o h o w t h e g o v e r n m e n t u s e d t h e e x p o r t c a p a c i t y o f t h e O u t e r r e g i o n t o finance i m p o r t s t o t h e C e n t r a l R e g i o n . F i n a l l y , f i g u r e s o n t h e l e n g t h o f r o a d s , d o m e s t i c a n d f o r e i g n i n v e s t m e n t , a n d r e g i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t e x p e n d i t u r e s s u g g e s t t h a t i t i s t i m e t h e g o v e r n m e n t o f I n d o n e s i a p a y m o r e a t t e n t i o n t o r e g i o n a l a s p e c t s o f d e v e l o p m e n t . B r i e f l y p u t , t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f a r e g i o n a l d i m e n s i o n i s c o m p u l s o r y f o r I n d o n e s i a . O t h e r w i s e , t h e u n b a l a n c e d p a t t e r n s h o w n i n T a b l e 3 w i l l g r a d u a l l y w o r s e n .

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A n I n t e r r e g i o n a l S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x f o r I n d o n e s i a

B . F r a m e w o r k : D e m o n s t r a t i o n T a b l e s

D u e t o t h e l i m i t e d d a t a a v a i l a b l e f o r t h i s s t u d y , t h e t w o - r e g i o n S A M f r a m e w o r k o f R o u n d ( 1 9 8 8 ) i s u t i l i z e d w i t h t w o m o d i f i c a t i o n s . F i r s t , u n l i k e R o u n d ' s f r a m e w o r k w h i c h h a s e i g h t g r o u p s o f a c c o u n t f o r e a c h r e g i o n , a c c o u n t s f o r r e g i o n s i n t h i s s t u d y a r e d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e s u b - g r o u p s , f a c t o r s o f p r o d u c t i o n , i n s t i t u t i o n s , a n d s e c t o r s o f p r o d u c t i o n . T h e e l a b o r a t i o n o f e a c h s u b - g r o u p w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d i n s e c t i o n 5 . S e c o n d , b e c a u s e t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l t r a n s f e r s d a t a a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e , u n l i k e R o u n d ' s f r a m e w o r k w h i c h r e q u i r e a s e t o f d a t a t o c a l c u l a t e t h e g r o s s i n t e r r e g i o n a l t r a n s f e r s , t h e n e t - i n t e r r e g i o n a l t r a n s f e r s a r e c o m p u t e d i n t h i s s t u d y . T h e ( n e t ) i n t e r r e g i o n a l t r a n s f e r s a r e c a l c u l a t e d a s r e s i d u a l s ( s e e a n e x a m p l e i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s ) .

T h i s s e c t i o n d i s c u s s e s t w o e x a m p l e s o f I R S A M , a p p l y i n g r e s p e c t i v e l y H e w i n g s ' i d e a l f r a m e w o r k a n d t h e m o d i f i e d R o u n d ' s f r a m e w o r k u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y t o s h o w t h a t t h e f r a m e w o r k u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y a l t h o u g h l e s s i d e a l b u t j u s t i f i a b l e i n t e r m o f a n i d e a l H e w i n g s ' f r a m e w o r k . T a b l e 4 d e p i c t s H e w i n g s ' w h i l e T a b l e 5 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e m o d i f i e d R o u n d ' s f r a m e w o r k .

I n T a b l e 4 a l l i n t r a as w e l l as i n t e r r e g i o n a l b l o c k s h a v e c o m p l e t e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r a l l t r a n s a c t i o n s . I n c o m e t r a n s f e r s a m o n g i n s t i t u t i o n s , f o r i n s t a n c e , i s 3 0 w i t h i n r e g i o n 1 , 5 0 w i t h i n r e g i o n 2 , 5 f r o m r e g i o n 2 t o r e g i o n 1 , a n d 1 0 f r o m r e g i o n 1 t o r e g i o n 2 . A n o t h e r e x a m p l e i s d i s t r i b u t i o n o f v a l u e a d d e d , 4 5 w i t h i n r e g i o n 1 , 9 0 w i t h i n r e g i o n 2 , 1 5 a n d 5 r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r i n t e r r e g i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n f r o m r e g i o n 2 t o r e g i o n 1 a n d t h e o p p o s i t e . B r i e f l y p u t , a l l t r a n s a c t i o n a m o n g a c c o u n t s , e i t h e r i n t r a o r i n t e r r e g i o n a l a r e s h o w n T a b l e 4 A n E x a m p l e O f A T w o - R e g i o n S a m U s i n g H e w i n g s ' F r a m e w o r k

R E C E I P T S E X P E N D I T U R E S R e g i o n 1 R e g i o n 2 T o t a l

Fac t . I n s t . S p r o d . Fac t . I n s t . S p r o d . R F a c t o r 0 0 4 5 0 0 15 5 6 5 e g

I n s t i t u t i o n s 6 0 3 0 0 10 5 0 15 1 2 0 1 S e c t o r O f

P r o d u c t i o n 0 5 0 3 0 0 2 5 15 5 125

R F a c t o r s 0 0 5 0 0 9 0 15 1 1 0 e g I n s t i t u t i o n s 5 10 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 10 1 7 5 2 S e c t o r O f

P r o d u c t i o n 0 15 ' 10 0 7 0 7 0 3 5 2 0 0

E x o g e n o u s A c c o u n t s 0 15 3 5 0 2 5 10 T o t a l 6 5 120 125 110 1 7 5 2 0 0

S o u r c e : H i d a y a t ( 1 9 9 1 )

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Hidayat

T a b l e 5 A n E x a m p l e o f A T w o R e g i o n S A M u s i n g M o d i f i e d R o u n d ' s F r a m e w o r k

R E C E I P T S E X P E N D I T U R E S R e g i o n 1 R e g i o n 2 E x o g .

A c i f : T o t a l

F a c t . I n s t . S p r o d . Fac t . I n s t . S p r o d . E x o g . A c i f :

R F a c t o r 0 0 6 0 5 0 0 5 7 0 e g

I n s t i t o t i o n s 7 0 3 5 0 0 5 0 15 125 1 S e c t o r s o f

P r o d u c t i o n 0 7 5 4 5 0 0 15 5 1 4 0

R F a c t o r s 0 0 0 0 0 9 5 15 1 1 0 e g I n s t i t u t i o n s 0 0 0 105 6 0 0 10 175 2 S e c t o r s o f P r o d u c t i o n

0 0 0 0 8 5 8 0 3 5 2 0 0

E x o g e n o u s A c c o u n t s 0 15 3 5 0 2 5 10 T o t a l 6 5 1 2 0 125 110 175 2 0 0

S o u r c e : H i d a y a t ( 1 9 9 1 )

as f u n c t i o n a l t r a n s f e r s . T a b l e 5 o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , p o r t r a y s a d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h t h a n t h a t o f T a b l e 4 . T h e i n t r a r e g i o n a l t r a n s a c t i o n s i n a r e g i o n i n T a b l e 5 a r e r e c o r d e d a s t h e t o t a l o f i n t r a r e g i o n a l t r a n s a c t i o n o f T a b l e 4 a n d i n t e r r e g i o n a l t r a n s f e r s f r o m a n o t h e r r e g i o n o f T a b l e 4 . S e e f o r e x a m p l e t h e t r a n s a c t i o n s i n r e g i o n 1 o f T a b l e 5 . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f v a l u e a d d e d i s r e c o r d e d as 6 0 w h i c h i s t h e t o t a l o f f i g u r e s i n T a b l e 4 o f t h e v a l u e a d d e d i n r e g i o n 1 ( 4 5 ) a n d t h e t r a n s f e r o f v a l u e a d d e d f r o m r e g i o n 2 t o r e g i o n 1 ( 1 5 ) . S i m i l a r l y , a l l t h e r e s t o f t h e c e l l s o f r e g i o n 1 i n T a b l e 5 r e c o r d t h e i n c o m e o f a n a c c o u n t o f r e g i o n 1 a s t h e t o t a l o f t h e w i t h i n r e g i o n i n c o m e o f T a b l e 4 a n d i n c o m e f r o m r e g i o n 2 o f T a b l e 4 as i s s h o w n i n t h e a b o v e e x a m p l e . T h e f a c t o r s - i n s t i t u t i o n s i n c o m e m a p p i n g i n r e g i o n 1 i s 7 0 w h i c h i s t h e t o t a l o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g figure i n T a b l e 4 p l u s t r a n s f e r f r o m r e g i o n 2 a l s o i n T a b l e 4 . T h e d a t a f o r r e g i o n 2 a r e r e c o r d e d t h e s a m e w a y as t h a t f o r r e g i o n 1 . N o t e , h o w e v e r , t h a t b o t h T a b l e s 4 a n d 5 h a v e t h e s a m e e x o g e n o u s a c c o u n t s ' d a t a .

A s m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r , t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l p a r t s o f T a b l e 5 l i s t t h e n e t i n t e r r e g i o n a l t r a n s f e r s w h i c h i s c a l l e d a s g e o g r a p h i c a l t r a n s f e r s . E a c h o f t h e s e n e t v a l u e s i s c a l c u l a t e d a s r e s i d u a l t o b a l a n c e a d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a n a c c o u n t ' s t o t a l i n c o m e a n d t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e i n o n e r e g i o n w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a c c o u n t ' s t o t a l i n c o m e a n d t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e i n a n o t h e r r e g i o n .

F o r e x a m p l e , b e f o r e t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l t r a n s f e r , t o t a l i n c o m e o f f a c t o r s o f p r o d u c t i o n i n r e g i o n 1 i s 6 5 w h i l e t h e t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e i s 7 0 . T h i s i s a d i f f e r e n c e b y 5 . F o r r e g i o n 2 , t o t a l i n c o m e a n d e x p e n d i t u r e o f f a c t o r s o f p r o d u c t i o n a r e r e s p e c t i v e l y 1 1 0 a n d 1 0 5 . A g a i n , t h i s i s a d i f f e r e n c e b y 5 .

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A n I n t e r r e g i o n a l S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x f o r I n d o n e s i a

N o t e , h o w e v e r , t h a t i n r e g i o n 1 t o t a l i n c o m e i s 5 l e s s t h a n t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e w h i l e t h e o p p o s i t e i s h a p p e n i n g i n r e g i o n 2 . T h e r e f o r e , t h i s 5 d i f f e r e n c e h a s t o b e a g e o g r a p h i c a l t r a n s f e r f r o m r e g i o n 2 t o r e g i o n 1 . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n c a n b e c r o s s - c h e c k e d w i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n T a b l e 4 . I n T a b l e 4 t h e f a c t o r s - i n s t i t u t i o n s t r a n s f e r i s 5 f r o m r e g i o n 1 t o r e g i o n 2 a n d 1 0 f r o m r e g i o n 2 t o r e g i o n 1 . T h i s i s a n e t - d i f f e r e n c e o f 5 . I n o t h e r w o r d , t r a n s f e r f r o m r e g i o n 2 t o r e g i o n 1 i s 5 g r e a t e r t h a n t h e r e v e r s e , a n d t h i s i s w h a t T a b l e 5 r e c o r d e d . B y s i m i l a r a n a l y s e s t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l t r a n s f e r f o r i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d s e c t o r s o f p r o d u c t i o n a r e 5 a n d 1 5 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ( s e e t h e d i a g o n a l o f t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l p a r t i n t h e t o p - r i g h t o f T a b l e 5 . ) . T h e s e , a g a i n , a r e s i m i l a r t o n e t - i n t e r r e g i o n a l t r a n s f e r s o f T a b l e 4 .

T h e s e d e m o n s t r a t i o n T a b l e s s h o w t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e m o d i f i e d f r a m e w o r k o f R o u n d ( 1 9 8 8 ) w h i c h w i l l b e u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y i s l e s s i d e a l b e c a u s e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i s n o t a s c o m p l e t e a s t h e i d e a l H e w i n g s ' f r a m e w o r k , b u t i t i s j u s t i f i a b l e i n t e r m o f t h e i d e a l H e w i n g s ' f r a m e w o r k . T h e n e x t s e c t i o n d e a l s w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n I R S A M f o r I n d o n e s i a u s i n g t h e m o d i f i e d f r a m e w o r k o f R o u n d ( 1 9 8 8 ) .

C. D a t a , A s s u m p t i o n s , a n d G e n e r a l S t r a t e g y

I n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e I R S A M , a p r o c e s s w h i c h i n v o l v e s a h u g e a m o u n t o f c a l c u l a t i o n a n d e s t i m a t i o n , v a r i o u s s o u r c e s o f d a t a a r e u t i l i z e d . T h e m a i n d a t a s o u r c e s a r e t h e r a w d a t a o f t w o n a t i o n a l s u r v e y s . T h e first i s S U S E N A S 1 9 8 7 w h i c h s t a n d s f o r Survey Sosial Ekonomi Nasional o r N a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c a n d S o c i a l S u r v e y . T h e o t h e r i s S U P A S 1 9 8 5 , t h e Survey Penduduk Antar S^nsus o r I n t e r C e n s u s P o p u l a t i o n S u r v e y . O t h e r s o u r c e s o f d a t a a r e :

1 . C B S , T h e N a t i o n a l A c c o u n t B u r e a u , S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x I n d o n e s i a , 1 9 8 5 .

2 . C B S , I n d u s t r i a l S u r v e y 1 9 8 5 .

3 . C B S , E x p o r t a n d I m p o r t 1 9 8 0 , 1 9 8 5 , 1 9 8 7 . 4 . C B S , S t a t i s t i c a l Y e a r b o o k o f I n d o n e s i a , v a r i o u s y e a r s . T h e d a t a

q u o t e d o r u s e d i n c l u d e s : - N a t i o n a l a n d R e g i o n a l P r i v a t e I n v e s t m e n t s .

- N a t i o n a l a n d R e g i o n a l F o r e i g n I n v e s t m e n t s .

- N a t i o n a l A n d R e g i o n a l D e m o g r a p h i c D a t a , m a i n l y o n p o p u l a t i o n a n d e m p l o y m e n t .

5 . C B S , N a t i o n a l I n c o m e s o f I n d o n e s i a , 1 9 8 3 - 1 9 8 8 .

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H i d a y a t

6 . C B S , R e g i o n a l I n c o m e i n I n d o n e s i a b y E x p e n d i t u r e , 1 9 8 3 - 1 9 8 7 . 7 . C B S , P r o v i n c i a l I n c o m e i n I n d o n e s i a , 1 9 7 9 - 1 9 8 4 . 8 . C B S , S t a t e a n d L o c a l G o v e m m e n t F i n a n c i a l S t a t i s t i c s , F i r s t S t a g e

R e g i o n ( P r o v i n c e ) , 1 9 8 1 / 1 9 8 2 - 1 9 8 5 / 1 9 8 6 a n d 1 9 8 7 / 1 9 8 8 .

F o u r a s s u m p t i o n s w e r e m a d e i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e I R S A M . F i r s t , t h e n a t i o n a l S A M i s a s s u m e d t o b e a c c u r a t e a n d r e l i a b l e . T h i s a s s u m p t i o n n e e d s t o b e s p e l l e d o u t b e c a u s e t h e n a t i o n a l S A M i s o n e o f t h e m a i n s o u r c e o f d a t a f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e I R S A M i n t h i s s t u d y . S e c o n d , t h e s t r u c t u r e s o f h o u s e h o l d ' s i n c o m e a n d c o n s u m p t i o n i n 1 9 8 5 a r e a s s u m e d t o b e e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e t h o s e o f 1S>87 w i t h 1 9 8 5 p r i c e s . T h i s a s s u m p t i o n i s u s e d b e c a u s e t h e d a t a o f h o u s e h o l d ' s i n c o m e a n d c o n s u m p t i o n f o r 1 9 8 5 a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e 1 9 8 7 d a t a w i l l b e u s e d a f t e r a d j u s t i n g t h e m f o r 1 9 8 5 p r i c e s u s i n g t h e c o n s u m e r ' s p r i c e i n d e x ( s e e H i d a y a t , 1 9 9 1 ) . T h e t h i r d a s s u m p t i o n i s r e g a r d i n g t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l p a r t o f t h e S A M . D a t a f o r t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l ( g e o g r a p h i c a l ) t r a n s f e r s w h i c h a r e t h e d i a g o n a l s o f t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l b l o c k s o f t h e S A M ( s e e T a b l e s 2 a n d 5 ) a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e s e d a t a a r e c a l c u l a t e d a s r e s i d u a l s i n t h i s s t u d y . E a c h i n t e r r e g i o n a l t r a n s f e r i s c o m p u t e d a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a n a c c o u n t ' s t o t a l i n c o m e a n d t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e . I t i s a s s u m e d t h a t t h e s e r e s i d u a l s r e a l l y r e f l e c t t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l ( g e o g r a p h i c a l ) t r a n s f e r s . T h e f o u r t h a s s u m p t i o n i s a f u n d a m e n t a l a s s u m p t i o n o f a S A M , n a m e l y , t h a t t o t a l i n c o m e o f a n a c c o u n t e q u a l s t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e o f t h e s a m e a c c o u n t . A d m i t t e d l y , t h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y t h e t h i r d a s s u m p t i o n c r e a t e a w e a k n e s s o f t h e I R S A M ( s e e s e c t i o n 5 ) .

T h e g e n e r a l f r a m e w o r k o f t h e e n d o g e n o u s a c c o u n t o f t h e I R S A M t o b e c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b l e 6 . F o r s i m p l i c i t y , e a c h n o n - e m p t y c e l l o f t h e S A M i s a s s i g n e d a p a r t i c u l a r t h r e e d i g i t b l o c k n u m b e r . T h e first d i g i t o f t h e s e n u m b e r s r e f e r s t o a t r a n s a c t i o n b l o c k a m o n g t h e a c c o u n t s . I n t h i s c a s e t h e r e a r e f i v e b l o c k s . T h e s e f i v e b l o c k s , i d e n t i f i e d b y t h e d i g i t u s e d t o r e f e r e n c e t h e m a r e :

1 . T h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e c o l u m n o f p r o d u c t i o n s e c t o r s a n d f a c t o r s r o w ( d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f a c t o r s i n c o m e s o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m v a r i o u s p r o d u c t i o n s e c t o r s ) .

2 . T h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e c o l u m n o f f a c t o r s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s r o w ( m a p p i n g o f f a c t o r s i n c o m e s t o h o u s e h o l d i n c o m e s ) .

3 . T h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e c o l u m n a n d r o w o f i n s t i t u t i o n s ( t r a n s f e r a m o n g i n s t i t u t i o n s ) .

4. T h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e c o l u m n o f i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d p r o d u c t i o n s e c t o r s r o w ( s e c t o r a l i n s t i t u t i o n c o n s u m p t i o n ) .

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A n I n t e r r e g i o n a l S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x for I n d o n e s i a

T a b l e 6 T h e E n d o g e n o u s B l o c k s o f A T w o - R e g i o n S A M

R E C E I P T S E X P E N D I T U R E S C E N T E R R E G I O N O U T E R R E G I O N

F t r . I n s t . S p r o d . F t r . I n s t S p r o d . c F a c t o r e 0 0 I l l R t r I n s t i t u t i o n 2 1 1 3 1 1 0 R

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S e c t o r s o f P r o d u c t i o n R 0 4 2 2 5 2 2

S o u r c e : H i d a y a t ( 1 9 9 1 )

5 . T h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e c o l u m n a n d r o w o f p r o d u c t i o n s e c t o r s ( i n p u t - o u t p u t p a r t o f t h e S A M ) .

T h e l a s t t w o d i g i t s a r e t h e r e g i o n i n d i c e s , e i t h e r 1 o r 2 , r e f e r r i n g t o t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n o r t h e O u t e r r e g i o n r e s p e c t i v e l y . E x a m p l e s o f t h e s e b l o c k n u m b e r s , 1 1 1 , r e p r e s e n t s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f a c t o r s i n c o m e s f r o m t h e p r o d u c t i o n s e c t o r s ( a s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e first d i g i t , 1 ) w i t h i n t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n ( a s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d d i g i t s , 1 1 , f r o m r e g i o n 1 t o r e g i o n 1 ) ; b l o c k 2 1 1 , r e p r e s e n t s m a p p i n g o f f a c t o r s i n c o m e s t o i n s t i t u t i o n a l i n c o m e s ( t h e f i r s t , d i g i t i s 2 ) , w i t h i n t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n ( 1 1 ) ; b l o c k 2 2 2 , i s t h i s s a m e m a p p i n g ( t h e f i r s t d i g i t , 2 ) w i t h i n t h e O u t e r r e g i o n ( t h e s e c o n d a n d t h e t h i r d d i g i t s , 2 2 ) , ( s e e T a b l e 6 ) .

N o t e t h a t t h e c e l l s i n t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l p a r t o f t h e S A M h a v e R ' s i n s t e a d o f b l o c k n u m b e r s . T h e ' R ' s " r e p r e s e n t t h e r e s i d u a l s r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e t h i r d a s s u m p t i o n e x p l a i n e d i n t h e s e c o n d p a r a g r a p h o f t h i s s e c t i o n .

T h e I R S A M c o n s t r u c t e d i n H i d a y a t ( 1 9 9 1 ) h a s 9 2 a c c o u n t s d i v i d e d i n t o 8 8 e n d o g e n o u s ( 4 4 a c c o u n t s f o r e a c h r e g i o n ) a n d 4 e x o g e n o u s a c c o u n t s . T h e e l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e e n d o g e n o u s a c c o u n t s o f e a c h r e g i o n a r e :

1 . 1 6 c a t e g o r i e s o f l a b o r f o r c e f a c t o r s . 2 . 7 c a t e g o r i e s o f n o n - l a b o r f a c t o r s . 3 . 1 0 c a t e g o r i e s o f h o u s e h o l d . 4 . C o m p a n y a c c o u n t s .

.5. G o v e r n m e n t a c c o u n t s .

6 . 9 p r o d u c t i o n s e c t o r s .

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H i d a y a t

T h e e x o g e n o u s a c c o u n t s a r e T r a d e a n d T r a n s p o r t M a r g i n , C a p i t a l A c c o u n t , I n d i r e c t T a x e s m i n u s S u b s i d y , a n d t h e R e s t o f t h e W o r l d . T h e g e n e r a l s t r a t e g y u s e d i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e I R S A M i s t h e f o l l o w i n g :

1 . T h e n a t i o n a l S A M i s u s e d a s a b a s e t o c a l c u l a t e o r e s t i m a t e t h e S A M f o r t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n .

2 . T h e S A M f o r t h e O u t e r r e g i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e n a t i o n a l a n d t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n S A M ' s .

3 . T h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l t r a n s f e r s a r e c a l c u l a t e d a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n e a c h a c c o u n t ' s t o t a l i n c o m e a n d i t s t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e .

\'. The Interregional S A M

A. Aggregated Format and Weakness

A s m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r , o n e p u r p o s e o f t h i s p a p e r i s t o p r o v i d e a b r i e f e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e I R S A M c o n s t r u c t e d b y t h e a u t h o r i n H i d a y a t ( 1 9 9 1 ) . T h e r e f o r e , f o r t h e s a k e o f s i m p l i c i t y a 4 5 x 4 5 I R S A M ( s e e T a b l e 7 ) , w h i c h i s a n a g g r e g a t i o n o f t h e 9 2 x 9 2 I R S A M , i s u s e d i n t h i s p a p e r .

T h e a g g r e g a t i o n i s d o n e f o r t h e f a c t o r s o f p r o d u c t i o n , s e c t o r s o f p r o d u c t i o n , a n d g o v e r n m e n t a c c o u n t s as f o l l o w s :

1 . T h e f a c t o r s o f p r o d u c t i o n a r c d i v i d e d i n t o f i v e a c c o u n t s ( f o u r l a b o r a c c o u n t s : a g r i c u l t u r a l , m a n u a l a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g , c l e r i c a l , a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l , a n d a fifth " o t h e r " f a c t o r s o f p r o d u c t i o n a c c o u n t ) . E a c h o f t h e s e i s a c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f s m a l l e r c a t e g o r i e s c o n s i s t i n g o f r u r a l a n d u r b a n , p a i d a n d u n p a i d .

2 . A m o n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n s e c t o r s , t h e a g r i c u l t u r e , m i n i n g , a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r s r e m a i n t h e . s a m e . T h e o t h e r s e c t o r s a r e g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r a n d i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e " o t h e r s " .

3 . G o v e r n m e n t a c c o u n t i s e x o g c n i z e d .

T h e I R S A M c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e p a r t s . T h e f i r s t i s t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n S A M c o m p r i s e d o f c o l u m n s a n d r o w s 1 - 2 0 . M o s t o f t h e f i g u r e s f o r t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n S A M a r c c a l c u l a t e d f r o m s u r v e y d a t a , w h i l e s o m e a r e e s t i m a t e d u t i l i z i n g o t h e r r e l i a b l e s e c o n d a r y d a t a a n d m e t h o d s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n S A M c a n b e r e g a r d e d as t h e m o s t s o l i d a n d r e l i a b l e p a r t o f t h e I R S A M .

T h e . s econd p a r t i s t h e O u t e r r e g i o n S A . M . T h i s p a r t c a n a l s o b e c o n s i d e r e d as s o l i d , b e c a u s e e v e n t h o u g h c o m p u t e d a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e n a t i o n a l a n d t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n S A M s , b u t b o t h o f t h e S A M s

. 3 4 8

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A n I n t e r r e g i o n a l S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x f o r I n d o n e s i a

c o n t a i n s o l i d a n d r e l i a b l e d a t a .

T h e l e s s s o l i d p a r t , w h i c h c a n b e p e r c e i v e d a s a w e a k n e s s o f t h e I R S A M , i s t h e t h i r d p a r t , t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l t r a n s a c t i o n s . C o m p u t e d a s r e s i d u a l s , t h i s p a r t h a s t h e p o t e n t i a l o f p i c k i n g u p a n y m i s t a k e i n t h e n a t i o n a l o r / a n d t h e r e g i o n a l S A M . I f w e l o o k a t t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l p a r t o f t h e 4 5 x 4 5 S A M ( T a b l e 7 ) , t h e f i g u r e s f o r t h i s t h i r d p a r t s e e m a l i t t l e b i t t o o h i g h . F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e M e d i u m F a r m e r s a n d t h e R u r a l H i g h g r o u p i n t h e O u t e r r e g i o n t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n f o r c o n s u m p t i o n o r i n s t i t u t i o n a l t r a n s f e r p u r p o s e s , R p . 1 , 0 7 7 . 5 1 b i l l i o n a n d R p . 1 , 2 8 5 . 7 0 b i l l i o n o f t h e i r i n c o m e s ( R p . 3 , 9 8 9 . 4 6 b i l l i o n a n d R p . 4 , 5 3 8 . 2 7 b i l l i o n , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e s e t w o f i g u r e s r e p r e s e n t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 7 % a n d 2 8 % o f t h e i r i n c o m e s . H o w e v e r , n o a d j u s t m e n t i s d o n e f o r t h e s e ca ses , b e c a u s e , f i r s t , b e i n g a r e s i d u a l o f t h i s s e e m i n g l y s o l i d d a t a , t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l p a r t i s e x p e c t e d t o a l s o b e r e l i a b l e . S e c o n d , n o a d d i t i o n a l d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e a s a b a s e f r o m w h i c h t o m a k e a n a d j u s t m e n t . H e n c e , i f a d j u s t m e n t w e r e m a d e , i t w o u l d b e a r b i t r a r y a n d c o u l d m a k e t h e I R S A M u n r e l i a b l e .

G i v e n t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n , i t s h o u l d b e c l e a r t h a t a t t h i s s t a g e t h i s i n t e r r e g i o n a l p a r t s t i l l h a s a w e a k n e s s . H o w e v e r , t h i s i s t h e b e s t t h a t c a n b e d o n e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e a d e r s h o u l d k e e p i n m i n d t h i s w e a k n e s s w h e n r e v i e w i n g t h e I R S A M a n d a f o l l o w u p b r i e f a n a l y s i s i n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n .

B. Income Distribution

T h e I R S A M d e p i c t e d i n T a b l e 7 c a n b e u s e d , as e x p l a i n e d i n e a r l i e r s e c t i o n s , as a b a s e o f v a r i o u s e q u i t y t y p e a n a l y s e s d e a l i n g w i t h i s s u e s s u c h as p o v e r t y a n d i n c o m e d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e s e a n a l y s e s c a n b e d o n e e i t h e r b y u t i l i z i n g s o m e s i m p l e t e c h n i q u e s o r m c x l e l s s u c h as m u l t i p l i e r a n a l y s i s a n d d e c o m p o s i t i o n t e c h n i q u e s , o r t h r o u g h m o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d a n a l y s e s o r m o d e l s u c h a s S t r u c t u r a l P a t h A n a l y s i s a n d C o m p u t a b l e G e n e r a l E q u i l i b r i u m ( C G E ) M o d e l s .

H o w e v e r , t h i s s e c t i o n w i l l s h o w h o w t h e I R S A M c a n b e r e a d i l y a p p l i c a b l e t o a n a l y z e i n c o m e d i s t r i b u t i o n a m o n g v a r i o u s f a c t o r o f p r o d u c t i o n s a n d a m o n g i n s t i t u t i o n s a t r e g i o n a l l e v e l .

I n 1 9 8 5 , o f t h e t o t a l f a c t o r i a l i n c o m e s i n t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n . O t h e r F a c t o r s ( m a i n l y c o n s i s t s o f c a p i t a l ) g r a b b e d t h e b i g g e s t s h a r e , R p . 3 7 , 3 7 1 . 6 4 m i l l i o n o r 5 6 . 7 3 % , f o l l o w e d b y A g r i c u l t u r a l L a b o r , R p . 9 , 0 0 4 . 7 4 m i l l i o n o r 1 3 . 6 7 %, a n d C l e r i c a l L a b o r , R p . 8 , 5 8 9 . 9 1 m i l l i o n o r 1 3 . 0 4 % ( s e c T a b l e 7 ) . I n t h e O u t e r r e g i o n , t h r e e b i g g e s t f a c t o r i a l i n c o m e e a r n e r s w e r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y . O t h e r F a c t o r s , R p . 2 4 , 9 8 1 . 1 4 m i l l i o n o r 5 1 . 0 7 %, C l e r i c a l L a b o r . R p . 7 , 9 2 3 . 4 4 m i l l i o n o r 1 6 . 2 0 %, a n d A g r i c u l t u r a l L a b o r , R p .

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H i d a y a t

7 , 3 7 1 . 9 6 m i l l i o n o r 1 5 . 0 7 %.

U r b a n L o w g r o u p w a s t h e h i g h e s t i n c o m e e a r n e r i n t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n a m o n g v a r i o u s h o u s e h o l d g r o u p ( R p . 9 , 6 0 1 . 7 3 m i l l i o n o r 2 2 . 0 5 % o f t o t a l f a c t o r i a l i n c o m e i n t h e C e n t e r r e g i o n ) w h i l e N o n L a b o r F o r c e R u r a l G r o u p g o t t h e l o w e s t ( R p . 1 , 6 3 9 . 6 1 m i l l i o n o r 3 . 7 7 % ) . A d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n w a s o b s e r v e d f o r t h e O u t e r r e g i o n i n w h i c h L a r g e F a r m e r s g r o u p r a n k e d t h e h i g h e s t ( R p . 8 . 7 4 1 . 4 2 m i l l i o n o r 2 0 . 9 0 % o f t o t a l f a c t o r i a l i n c o m e i n t h e O u t e r r e g i o n ) a n d A g r i c u l t u r a l W o r k e r s g r o u p s c o r e d t h e l o w e s t ( R p . 1 , 6 1 6 . 0 8 m i l l i o n o r 3 . 8 6 % ) .

T h e s e f i g u r e s s h o w t h e i n t e r - a n d n o t t h e i n t r a - f a c t o r a n d i n s t i t u t i o n a l g r o u p t s . T o a n a l y z e t h e l a t e r , o n e w o u l d n e e d a t l e a s t a d d i t i o n a l d a t a o n n u m b e r o f w o r k e r p e r t y p e o f f a c t o r a n d n u m b e r o f h o u s e h o l d i n e a c h i n s t i t u t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , t h i s f a c t o r i a l a n d i n s t i t u t i o n a l i n c o m e d i s t r i b u t i o n s h o u l d o n l y b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s p r e l i m i n a r y f i g u r e s u p o n w h i c h m o r e e l a b o r a t e a n a l y s e s c a n b e p e r f o r m e d .

V I . Concluding Remarks and Further Research

T h e I R S A M d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s p a p e r p e r h a p s c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a first a t t e m p t t o c o n s t r u c t a n I R S A M f o r I n d o n e s i a . T l i c r e f o r e , i t o p e n s u p m a n y p o s s i b i l i t y f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h d e s i g n e d c i t h e r t o i m p r o v e o r e x t e n t i t i n f u t u r e . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i r e c t i o n w h i c h p r o b a b l y a p o t e n t i a l a n d i n t e r e s t i n g s u b j e c t f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i s f i n d i n g o r i m p l e m e n t i n g o t h e r i n t e r r e g i o n a l s t u d i e s t o i n v e s t i g a t e h o w a c c u r a t e i s t h e i n t e r r e g i o n a l p a r t o f t h e I R S A M , a n d i f p r o v e n n e c e s s a r y , t o i m p r o v e i t .

A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t a v e n u e f o r r e s e a r c h i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e i s t o e l a b o r a t e t h e I R S A M t o m o r e t h a n t w o r e g i o n s . A f i v e r e g i o n S A M d i v i d i n g I n d o n e s i a i n t o S u m a t r a , J a v a , K a l i m a n t a n , S u l a w e s i , a n d t h e R e s t i s o n e f e a s i b l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .

A t t h i s s t a g e , h o w e v e r , u t i l i z i n g t h e I R S A M as i s w i t h t e c h n i q u e s a n d M o d e l s s u c h as m u l t i p l i e r a n d d e c o m p o s i t i o n t e c h n i q u e s . S t r u c t u r a l P a t h A n a l y s i s , a n d C G E m o d e l s c a n s h e d l i g h t o n s o m e e q u i t y i s s u e s . A b a s i c a n d s i m p l e a n a l y s i s a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e l a s t p a r t o f t h i s p a p e r c a n s e r v e a s a s t a r t i n g p o i n t o f t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d a n a l y s e s .

R E F E R E N C E S

A d e l m a n , I a n d S . R o b i n s o n ( 1 9 7 8 ) , Income Distribution Policy in Developing Countries: Case Study of Korea, (London: Oxford University

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A n I n t e r r e g i o n a l S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x f o r I n d o n e s i a

Press).

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B a r n a r d , J . R . ( 1 9 6 9 ) , " A S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g S y s t e m f o r R e g i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t VXanmng," Journal of Regioiml Science 9, \Q9-\\5. j

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B e l l , C l i v e a n d S h a n t a y a n a n D e v a r a j a n ( 1 9 8 5 ) , " S o c i a l C o s t - B e n e f i t A n a l y s i s i n a S e m i I n p u t - O u t p u t F r a m e w o r k : A n A p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e M u d a I r r i g a t i o n P r o j e c t , " i n : G . P y a t t a n d J . R o u n d ( e d ) . Social Accounting Matrices: A Basis for Planning, W o r l d B a n k S y m p o s i u m , ( T h e W o r l d B a n k : W a s h i n g t o n , D . C , ) , p p . 2 5 7 - 2 7 5 .

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H e w i n g s . G e o f f r e y J . D . ( 1 9 8 2 ) , " R e g i o n a l a n d I n t e r r e g i o n a l i n t e r i i c p e n d c n c i c s : a l t e r n a t i v e a c c o u n t i n g s y s t e m . s , " Environment and Planning A, V o l . 1 4 , p p . 1 . 5 8 7 - 1 6 0 0 .

. 3 5 1

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H i d a y a t

H e w i n g s , G e o f f r e y J . D . ( 1 9 8 3 ) , " D e s i g n o f A p p r o p r i a t e A c c o u n t i n g S y s t e m s f o r R e g i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t i n D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s , " Papers of the Regional Science Association, V o l . 5 1 , p p . 1 7 9 - 1 9 5 .

H e w i n g s , G e o f f r e y J . D . ( 1 9 8 3 a ) , " D e s i g n o f A p p r o p r i a t e A c c o u n t i n g S y s t e m s f o r R e g i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t i n D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s , " Papers of the Regional Science Association, V o l . 5 1 , p p . 1 7 9 - 1 9 5 .

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H e w i n g s , G e o f f r e y J . D . a n d R o d n e y C . J e n s e n ( 1 9 8 6 ) , " R e g i o n a l , I n t e r r e g i o n a l a n d M u l t i r e g i o n a l I n p u t - O u t p u t A n a l y s i s , " i n : P . N i j k a m p ( e d i t o r ) . Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, E l s e v i e r S c i e n c e P u b l i s h e r s B V , V o l . I , p p . 2 9 8 - 3 5 5 .

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H i d a y a t , T i r t a a n d E r i k T h o r b e c k e ( 1 9 9 1 ) , An Analysis of Some Equity Issues in Indonesia within A Two-Region Social Accounting Matrix, m i m e o .

L e c o m b e r , J . R . C . ( 1 9 7 5 ) , " A C r i t i q u e o f M e t h o d s o f A d j u s t i n g , U p d a t i n g a n d P r o j e c t i n g M a t r i c e s , " i n : R . I . G . A l l e n a n d W . F . G l o s s i n g ( e d s ) . Estimating and Projecting Input-Output Coefficients, 1 0 P u b l i s h i n g C o . , L o n d o n , C h a p t e r 1 , p p . 1 - 2 5 .

M i e r n y k , W i l l i a m H . ( 1 9 8 6 ) , " L o n g - R a n g e F o r e c a s t i n g w i t h a R e g i o n a l I n p u t - O u t p u t M o d e l , " i n : I r a S o h n ( e d i t o r ) . Readings in Input-Output Analysis, ( T h e o r y a n d A p p l i c a t i o n s ) , O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , N e w Y o r k , p p . 8 1 - 9 2 .

3 5 2

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A n I n t e r r e g i o n a l S o c i a l A c c o u n t i n g M a t r i x f o r I n d o n e s i a

M c C a r t h y , D . a n d L . T a y l o r ( 1 9 8 0 ) , " M a c r o F o o d P o l i c y P l a n n i n g : A G e n e r a l E q u i l i b r i u m M o d e l f o r P a k i s t a n , " TJie Review of Economics and Statistics, F e b r u a r y .

P y a t t , G r a h a m ( 1 9 8 8 ) , " A S A M A p p r o a c h t o M o d e l i n g , " Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol. 10, No. 3, p. 329.

P y a t t , G r a h a m a n d A l a n R . R o e ( 1 9 7 8 ) , Social Accounting for Development Planning: with special reference to Sri Lanka, (Cambridge University Press), pp. 40-83. \

P y a t t , G . a n d J . R o u n d ( 1 9 8 5 ) , ' R e g i o n a l A c c o u n t s i n a S A M F r a m e w o r k , " i n : G . P y a t t a n d J . R o u n d ( e d ) . Social Accounting Matrices: A Basis for Planning, W o r l d B a n k S y m p o s i u m , ( T h e W o r l d B a n k : W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . ) , p p . 8 4 - 9 5 .

R i v e r o , J . V . A l a r c o r . , e t a l . ( 1 9 8 6 ) , The Social Accounting Matrix for Development, I n s t i t u t e o f S o c i a l S t u d i e s , D e n H a a g , p p . 1 9 2 - 1 9 5 .

R o b i n s o n , S . ( 1 9 8 6 ) , " M u l t i s e c t o r a l M o d e l s o f D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s : A S u r v e y , " W o r k i n g P a p e r N o . 4 0 1 , D i v i s i o n o f A g r i c u l t u r e a n d N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , B e r k e l e y .

R o b i n s o n , S . a n d D a v i d W . R o l a n d - H o i s t ( 1 9 8 8 ) , " M a c r o e c o n o m i c S t r u c t u r e a n d C o m p u t a b l e G e n e r a l E q u i l i b r i u m M o d e l s , " Journal of Policy Modeling, V o l . 1 0 , N o . 3 , p . 3 5 4 .

R o u n d , J . I . ( 1 9 8 3 ) , " N o n - s u r v e y t e c h n i q u e s : a c r i t i c a l r e v i e w o f t h e t h e o r y a n d t h e e v i d e n c e " International Regional Science Review 8, p p . 1 9 8 - 2 1 2 .

, ( 1 9 8 6 ) , " S o c i a l a c c o u n t i n g f o r r e g i o n a l e c o n o m i c s y s t e m " , i n London Papers in Regional Science 15, Integrated Analysis of Regional Systems, E d s P . W . J . B a t e y , M . M a d d e n ( P i o n , L o n d o n ) , p p . 9 0 - 1 0 5 .

, ( 1 9 8 8 ) , " I n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l , r e g i o n a l , a n d s p a t i a l d i m e n s i o n i n t o a S A M : s o m e m e t h o d s a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s " London Papers in Regional Science 19, Recent Advances in Regional Economic Modelling, E d s F H a r i g a n P . G . M c G r e g o r ( P i o n L o n d o n ) , p . 3 8 .

R o u n d , J . I . a n d A . R . R o e ( 1 9 7 8 ) , " A s t a t i s t i c a l s y s t e m f o r t h e C a r i b b e a n c o m m u n i t y " , i n The Commonwealth Caribbean, E d s S . E . C h e r n i c k ( T h e J o h n s H o p k i n s U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , B a l t i m o r e , M D ) , p p .

3 5 3

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H i d a y a t

2 1 4 - 2 3 5 .

S o u r r o u i l l e , J . V . ( 1 9 7 6 ) , " R e g i o n a l a c c o u n t s : t h e o r e t i c a l a n d p r a c t i c a l p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e r e c e n t e x p e r i e n c e o f A r g e n t i n a " Review of Income and Wealth 22(1), p p . 1 3 - 3 6 .

S t o n e , J . R . N . ( 1 9 6 1 ) , " S o c i a l a c c o u n t s a t t h e r e g i o n a l l e v e l " ' i n Regional Economic Planning E d s J . C u m b e r l a n d a n d W . I s a r d , ( O E C D , P a r i s ) , p p . 2 6 3 - 2 9 6 .

S t o n e , J . R . N , a n d M W c a l c ( 1 9 8 6 ) , " T w o p o p u l a t i o n s a n d t h e i r e c o n o m i c s " , i n London Papers in Regional Science 15, Integrated Analysis of Regional Systems, E d s P . W . J . B a t e y a n d M . M a d d e d n , ( P i o n , L o n d o n ) , p p . 7 4 - 8 9 .

T a y l o r , L . , e t a l . ( 1 9 8 0 ) , Model of Growth and Distribution for Brazil, ( L o n d o n : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ) .

T h o r b e c k e , E . a n d A . J . F i e l d ( 1 9 7 4 ) , " A t e n r e g i o n m o d e l o f w o r l d t r a d e " , i n International Trade and Finance, E d . W . S e l l e k a e r t s ( M a c m i l l a n , L o n d o n ) , p p . 2 2 1 - 2 6 1 .

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Table 7 A I w o - R e g i o n S A M o f I n d o n e s i a 1 9 8 5 , A g g r e g a t e d 4 5 X 4 5 ( R p . H i l i i o n )

1 2 3 4 b 6 71 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7MnniiAl A MflmiffM~tiirinn 1 nlw 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

c 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 1,924.64 12.89 15 23 3.41 229.01 8.32 10.70 2.19 7.58 7 99 4.37 2.91 8.34 8.36 8.91 0 T 7 Small Farmers 2,673.44 12.09 2.85 6.79 1.914.24 12.28 104.15 807 36.48 34! 17 1653 1074 45.29 42 57 36.44 0 t 8 Medium Farmers 269.55 0.25 0.16 0.00 638.70 2.69 7.86 5.38 11.31 15.36 10.17 6.93 5.96 8.48 5.40 0 R Q 1 nroA Farmarc 155.49 0.65 0.00 0.00 369.66 8.68 39.88 8.19 29.54 30.01 15.86 10.88 29.29 29.18 23.54 0

10 Rural Low Group 4.04 2,487.91 1,86850 54.36 922.87 898 3a32 8.03 27.88 55.80 18.22 10.64 30 69 30.75 25,34 0 11 Non Labor Force Rural Group 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.47 798 55 5.41 23.35 9.35 18.12 17.37 80.84 6.40 18.79 18.81 15.74 65.89

R 12 Rural High Group 0.06 52.99 557.08 1,043.06 387.03 0.79 1.83 0.34 6.21 7.16 1 49 2.70 17.61 3.14 7.30 578.87 E 13 Urban Low Group 11.09 3,374.21 3.939.52 48.86 2.021.22 6.22 25.92 5.27 17.50 19.31 11.29 7.15 28.54 21.66 18.15 0 G 14 Non Labor Force Urban Grouo

1 n u l l i_auui 1 ui4.^^*i U4iuu|rf 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.02 997.56 5.57 23.49 11.81 16.02 17.50 10.12 644 19.30 47.08 16.25 124.77

1 15 Urban Htgn Group 2.02 185.27 1,418.29 2.551.33 1,081.79 1.04 2.39 0.46 12.32 1.85 1.94 4.99 3.98 4. lU 12.59 654.23 f\ w 16 Comoanies 0 0 0 022,188.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 331.04 N 17 Agriculture 0 0 0 0 0 315.72 1,496.31 586.74 976.16 840.85 341 12 740.23 1.120.57 3P8.PP 1,080.57 0

ISMInlng 0 0 0 0 0 000 0.25 0.10 0.15 0.12 0.05 0.08 0.13 0.04 0.08 0 19 Manufacturing 0 0 0 0 0 724.60 1,507.84 728.18 1,369.09 1,429.66 522.20 1,377.11 2,055.29 608.05 1,898.21 0 POOtriarRar.trv 0 0 0 0 0 209.94 703.85 401.24 881.04 1,08713 441.85 1240.38 2 4Bg4n 803,88 2,838.19 0 21 Agriculture Latxx 3,964.40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 Manud & Manufacturing Latxx 0 1,046 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 Clerical Ubor 0 0 788.18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O 24 Profesional Labor 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 U 25 ahar Factors 0 0 0 0 2,660.66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T 26 Agricultural Workers 0 0 0 0 0 675.54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 27 Small Farmers 0 0 0 0 0 0 482.90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R 28 Medium Farmers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

29 Large Farmers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 Rural Low Group 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,545.12 0 0 0 0 0 0

R 31 Non Labor Force Rural Group 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 32 Rural HIgfi Group 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G 33 Urban Low Group 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,650.71 0 0 0 1 34 Non Labor Force Urban Group 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 35 Urban High Group 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 36 Companies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,890.71

37 Agriculture 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 Mining 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 Manufacturing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 Other Sector 0 0 • 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 Trade & Transport Margin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 Capital Account 0 0 0 0 0 171.32 221.40 290.74 420,73 235.60 177.82 534 94 718.14 149.83 1,196.3410,517.18 43 Government 0 0 0 0 40.48 129.80 299.28 33.08 18.98 317.44 8.14 20.66 356.72 8.31 69.87 7,605.85 44 Indirect Tax Minus SubsicV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45Raa0tW0fld n 0 0 n .3 ini .51 0 0 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 587 18

Page 22: An Interregional Social Accounting Matrix for Indonesia ... fileEkonomi dan Keuangan Indonesia Vol 39, No. 4,1991 An Interregional Social Accounting Matrix for Indonesia: Theoretical

0^ Table 7 : (aintinued)

1 Agriculture Labor 2 Manual & Manufacturing Labor 3 Clerical Labor 4 Profesional Labor 5 Other Factors 6 Agricultural Workers 7 Small Farmers 9 Medium Farmers 9 Large Farmers

10 Rural Low Group 11 Non Labor Force Rural Group 12 Rural High Group 13 Urban Low Group 14 Non Labor Force Urban Group 15 Urban High Group 16 Companies 17 Agriculture 18 Mining 19 Manufacturing POQlhefSKlOf 21 Agriculture Labor 22 Manual & Manufacturing Labor 23 Clerical Labor 24 Profesional Labor 25 Other Factors 28 Agricultural Workers 27 Small Farmers 28 Medium Farmers 29 Large Farmers 30 Rural Low Group 31 Non Labor Force Rural Group 32 Rural High Group 33 Urban Low Group 34 Non Labor Force Urban Group 35 Urban High Group 38 Companies 37 Agriculture 38 Mining 39 Manufacturing 40PlhefS«tOf 41 Trade & Transport Margin 42 Capital Account 43 Government 44 Indirect Tax Minus Subsidy 45 Rats Of World

TOTAL

8506,36 11,8

10.79 1.37

4524.67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1334.72 1.15

1102.5 _m23.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 JL

Jlfl_

3212.32 0 0

97.4 424.6

0 131.58

30.8 17.56

8252.93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.28 44.55

104.57 398.51

0 1 046.30

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

_ia_

401.91 0 0

18.38 .52Z2S.

0 2083.06 248.88 53.87

6829.82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5939.69 838.39

7204.58 1252 73

_2Q_

0 0

788.18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-Q.

0 4204.28 7771.08 1241.06

11822 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1755.76 170.62

10581.53 7473.4

498.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q_

8022.82 0 0

525.15 9216,99

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1239.42. 525.14

0 0

1009.04 1907.77

0 0 0 0 0 0

2374.89 1515.41 2173,22 268.87 319.89 138.81 47.97 20.21 16.91

0 0 0 0 flL

807^8 a to ig 8i3.gf e o i . i

22 23 24 25 29 27 29 29 30 31 3? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

742.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 530.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2394.39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5665 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1077.51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3027.54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 538.82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1285.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

281,83 225.88 34.99 95.8 4.83 6.2 1.27 4.39 4.64 2.54 1.89 707.85 878.48 79.18 598.89 0.1 088 0.07 0.31 0.29 0.14 0.09 207.21 207.88 40.09 1718.34 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.1 0.13 0.09 0.08 132.53 180.44 43.83 5971.22 0.07 0.34 0.07 0.25 0.25 0.13 0.09

0 0 238.84 340.75 2.48 10.85 2.21 7.7 15.4 4.47 2.94 169.74 222.8 77.57 395 93 1.49 6.44 2.58 4.45 4.79 16.74 1.78 886.27 1743.7 807.98 431.52 0.22 0.51 0.09 1.72 1.98 0.41 0.75

0 0 389 97 723.11 7.85 32.74 8.86 22.11 24.38 14.25 9.03 384.15 703.01 205.79 380.74 7.04 29.88 14.87 20.24 22.1 12.78 8.13 798.56 3450.71 211.55 862.78 1,31 3.02 0.57 15.57 2.09 2.45 8.3

0 0 0 8279.94 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 447.93 1930.17 756.87 1259.21 814.21 249.18 540.72 0 0 0 0 0.12 032 0.12 0.19 0.09 0.03 0.08 0 0 0 0 467.03 1945.03 939.32 1766.07 1044.33 381.45 1005.93 0 0 0 0 517.34 907.88 51759 1110.71 770,5 322.78 _SS£SSl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 122.64 293.58 611.36 1309.84 153.24 202.04 753.84 0 0 0 26.42 35.59 61.51 58.46 191.05 78.99 2.65 15.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1990,51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 371.96 4 310.20 7 923.44 4 324.19 I i 1 616.08 5 228.98 3 969.46 8 741.41 2 744.41 1 748.94 4 536.27

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