topik 1. pengantar epidemiologi penyakit menular_2015
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PENGANTAR EPIDMIOLOGI PENYKIT MENULAR
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EpidemiologiDefinisi
Studi yg mempelajari distribusi dan determinant status atau kejadian yg berhubungan dengan kesehatan pada sekelompok populasi, dan aplikasi studi ini adalah untuk mengkontrol / mengendalikan masalah kesehatan
Last ed. Dictionary of Epidemiology
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Epidemiologi PenyakitamenularDefinisi :
Epidemiologi penyakit menular terfokus dalam mempelajari distribusi dan determinan penyakit menular dalam populasi.
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Epidemiologi PenyakitamenularKlasifikasi Penyakit Berdasarkan etiologi (kausa)Penyakit infeksi
Penyakit non infeksi
Etiologi (organism) : Tuberkulosis, Campak, Malaria, dsbManifestasi klinik : Meningitis, Encefalitis, Rinitis, Diare ??, dsb
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Epidemiologi PenyakitamenularBerdasarkan Durasi :
Penyakit akut
Penyakit kronik
Peak symptoms within 3 months (acute) or longer than 3 months (chronic)
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Epidemiologi PenyakitamenularAcute infection vs. chronic infection Acute Infection An infection characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression, and often with severe symptoms
Chronic Infection An infection characterized by delayed onset and slow progression
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*Acute Diseases MENULAR
TIDAK MENULAR
Chronic Diseases MENULAR
TIDAK MENULARCommon cold, pneumonia,mumps, measles, pertussis,typhoid fever, cholera
Appendicitis, poisoning, trauma
Tuberculosis, AIDS, Lyme disease,syphilis, rheumatic fever
Diabetes, coronary heart disease,osteoarthritis, cirrhosis of the liverTypes of Diseases Examples
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Definition of communicable diseasesA communicable disease is an illness due to a specific infectious (biological) agent or its toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted:
from man to man, from animal to man, from animal to animal, or from the environment (through air, water, food, etc..) to man.
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Definition of communicable diseasesEpidemiology The study of the transmission of diseaseCommunicable Disease A disease that can be transmitted from one individual to another Contagious Disease A communicable disease that is easily spread from one individual to anotherNoncommunicable Disease A disease that is not transmitted from one individual to another
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Definition of communicable diseasesCommunicable Diseases-biological agents
Biological agents = microorganism
- Virus-Bacteria - Protozoa- Fungus- Helminthes - Others form of microorganism
Non Communicable Diseases-Non biological Agents
- Physics- Nutrition- Chemical-etc
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Definition of disease & infectious diseaseDisease
Any deviation from a condition of good health and well-being
Infectious Disease
A disease condition caused by the presence or growth of infectious microorganisms or parasites
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EtiologiDurasiAkutKronisInfeksiCommon coldPneumoniaCampakGondonganPertusisTyphoidKoleraKustaTBCAIDSDemam rheumatikHepatitis BNon InfeksiKeracunan (intoksikasi insektisida dan logam, dsb)TraumaPenyakit Jantung KoronerDiabetes MellitusKankerStroke
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Classification of Diseases & Health Problems
Organ or Organ Systemi.e., heart disease, kidney disease, respiratory infection
Causative AgentBiological AgentsChemical AgentsPhysical Agents
Communicable vs Non communicableAcute vs ChronicPeak symptoms within 3 months (acute) or longer than 3 months (chronic)
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Chap 4: Prevention and Control
Causative Agents for Diseases & InjuriesBiological AgentsChemical AgentsPhysical AgentsVirusesRickettsiaeBacteriaFungiProtozoaMetazoaPesticidesFood additivesPharmacologicsIndustrial chemicalsAir pollutantsCigarette smokeHeatLightRadiationNoiseVibrationSpeeding objects
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DEFINITIONSINFECTIONThe entry, development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body tissues of man or animals
INFECTIOUS DISEASEA clinically manifest disease of man/animal resulting from an infection
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE- An illness due to a specific infectious agent OR its toxic products that arises through transmission from a reservoir to a susceptible host either directly or indirectly
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Some communicable diseases may not be infectious BUT all infectious diseases are communicable.communicable but not infectious:-tetanus- botulism- staphylococcal food poisoning
INCUBATION PERIOD- time interval between initial contact with an infectious agent and the first appearance of symptoms associated with the infection
COMMUNICABLE PERIOD- time during an infectious agent may be transferred from an infected host/reservoir to another susceptible host
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Communicable Disease Model
Epidemiologic
TriangleModel
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Communicable Disease Model
Agent The element that must be present in order for the diseases to occur
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Communicable Disease Model
AgentHostAny susceptible organism invaded by an infectious agent
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Communicable Disease Model
AgentHostEnvironment
All other factors that inhibitor promote disease transmission
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Chain of Infection
A model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host
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Chain of Infection
Pathogen- The disease-causing agent
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Chain of InfectionThe habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives and growsHuman: Anthroponoses, symptomatic or asymptomaticAnimal: ZoonosesEnvironmental: Plants, soil, and water
Pathogen
Reservoir
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Chain of InfectionThe path by which an agent leaves the source host
Pathogen
Reservoir
Portalof exit
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Chain of InfectionModes of Transmission Direct: Immediate transfer - Direct contact - Droplet spread Indirect - Airborne - Vehicleborne - Vectorborne
PathogenHow pathogens are passed
Reservoir
Portalof exit
Trans-mission
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Modes of Transmission of the Agent to a New Host: A mode of transmission is essential for the infectious agent to bridge the gap between the portal of exit from the reservoir and the portal of entry of the host.
Modes of transmission can be classified as direct or indirect.
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Routes of transmissionDirect
Skin-skin Herpes type 1 Mucous-mucous STI Across placenta toxoplasmosis Through breast milk HIV Sneeze-cough Influenza
Indirect
Food-borne Salmonella Water-borne Hepatitis A Vector-borne Malaria Air-borne Chickenpox Ting-borne Scarlatina
Exposure A relevant contact depends on the agent Skin, sexual intercourse, water contact, etc
(www)
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Chain of Infection
Pathogen
Reservoir
Portalof exit
Trans-mission - Agent enters susceptible host
Portalof entryRespiratoryOralSkinIntravenousGastrointestinal
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Chain of Infection
Pathogen
Reservoir
Portalof exit
Trans-mission - Final link isa susceptible host
Portalof entry
Newhost
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Levels of PreventionPrimary PreventionThe forestalling of the onset of illness or injury during the pre-pathogenesis period (before the disease process begins)Secondary PreventionThe early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severeTertiary PreventionThe retraining, reeducation, and rehabilitation of the patient who has already incurred disability
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Pencegahan primerAdl Upaya pencegahan yg dilakukan saat proses penyakit belum mulai (pd periode pre-patogenesis) dengan tujuan agar tidak terjadi proses penyakitT.a: 1. Promosi kesehatan
2. Perlindungan khususRiwayat Alamiah Penyakit*
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Pencegahan sekunderAdl Upaya pencegahan yg dilakukan saat proses penyakit sudah berlangsung namun belum timbul tanda/gejala sakit (patogenesis awal) dengan tujuan proses penyakit tidak berlanjutT.a:
1. Early diagnosis & prompt treatment2. Disability limitationRiwayat Alamiah Penyakit*
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Tingkat pencegahan tertier
Riwayat Alamiah Penyakit*
Bila telah terjadi defect /kerusakan struktural ataupun disabilitas:
maka untuk mencegah semakin buruknya
kondisi atau menetapnya disabilitas dilakukan usaha preventif tertier dengan rehabilitasi
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Prevention of Communicable Diseases PathogenPasteurization Chlorination Antibiotics Antivirals Disinfectants
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Prevention of Communicable DiseasesHuman ReservoirIsolationSurveillance QuarantineDrug treatment
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Prevention of Communicable DiseasesPortal of ExitGownsMasksCondomsHair netsInsect repellents
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Prevention of Communicable DiseasesTransmissionIsolation Hand washingVector controlSanitary engineering Sneeze glassSexual abstinenceSafer sex
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Prevention of Communicable DiseasesPortal of EntryMasksCondomsSafety glassesInsect repellents
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Prevention of Communicable DiseasesEstablishment of Disease in New HostImmunizationsHealth educationNutrition promotionSexual abstinence
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Noncommunicable Disease Model
Your geneticendowment
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Noncommunicable Disease Model
Your geneticendowment
PersonalityBeliefsBehavioralchoices
EnvironmentHealth CareSystemWater QualityAirPollutionEconomics
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Diseases of the Heart and BloodCoronary heart disease (CHD): Characterized by damage to the coronary arteries.Atherosclerosis: Narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from the build-up of fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessel.Cerebrovascular disease (stroke): Blood supply to the brain is disrupted.
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CancerMalignant neoplasm: Occurs when cells lose control over their growth and division. As these cells continue to grow they eventually develop a new growtha tumorMetastasis: Parts of the tumor break off and travel to the rest of the bodys organs and continue their growth.
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Other Top Noncommunicable Diseases Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseDiabetes mellitusChronic liver disease and cirrhosis
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Prevention of Noncommunicable DiseasesPrimary PreventionAdequate food intakeGood opportunities for education, employment, and housingEfficient community servicesHealth promotionAccess to medical servicesProtection from the environment Protection from occupational hazardsEmpowerment for ones own health
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Prevention of Noncommunicable DiseasesSecondary PreventionMass screeningsCase-finding measuresAdequate health personnel, equipment, and facilitiesPersonal screening (self breast or testes exams)Hemoccult testsPap tests
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Prevention of Noncommunicable DiseasesTertiary PreventionAdequate emergency medical personnel, services, and facilitiesUnderstand unmodifiable risk factors Significant behavioral or lifestyle changes (Modifiable risk factors)Support groupsCounseling
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