2. kuliah kelainan syaraf-1.pptx

KELAINAN PADA SISTEM SYARAF

Hewan hrs mampu merasakan dan merespon kondisi lingkungan, mampu merasakan suhu lingkungan, mengidentifikasi makanan dan menghindari predator SURVIVE

Tubuh dapat merespon untuk diam-bergerak, mencerna makanan, kerja organ tubuh, merespon thd kebutuhan oksigen dan energi

SISTEM SYARAF

Fungsi dasar sistem syaraf SENSORI: untuk merasakan perubahan (dikenal sebagai

rangsangan) baik di luar maupun di dalam tubuh.

Misalnya mata merasakan perubahan cahaya dan telinga merespon gelombang suara.

MOTORIK: respons terhadap rangsangan yang menyebabkan otot berkontraksi atau kelenjar untuk mengeluarkan ekskresi/sekresi

INTEGRATIF: pengolahan informasi yang diterima dari organ-organ indera. Impuls dari organ-organ ini dianalisis dan disimpan sebagai memori. Banyak impuls yang berbeda dari sumber yang berbeda diurutkan, disinkronisasi dan dikoordinasikan

Sistem syaraf1. Sistem saraf pusat (SSP): otak dan sumsum

tulang belakang.

2. Sistem saraf perifer (PNS) yang terdiri dari saraf yang terhubung ke otak dan sumsum tulang belakang (saraf kranial dan spinal) serta syaraf otonom.

Otak Terdiri dari 3 bagian • Otak depan: cerebral

hemispheres, hypothalamus and pituitary gland

• Otak belakang/brain stem: medulla oblongatan dan pons

• Cerebellum (little brain)

Spinal Cord Sumsum tulang belakang adalah

“Kabel” jaringan syaraf yang melewati saluran di tulang belakang dari otak belakang ke ujung ekor

Sistem syaraf perifer

Sistem syaraf perifer terdiri dari: Syaraf yang terhubung ke otak (syaraf

kranial) Syaraf yang terhubung ke sumsum

tulang belakang (syaraf spinal) Sistem syaraf otonom

Syaraf kranial

olfactory nerves smell optic nerves sight auditory (acoustic) nerves hearing vagus nerve mengontrol otot-otot

untuk menelan, mengontrol otot-otot jantung , saluran udara , paru-paru , lambung dan usus

Syaraf otonom

Simpatik Parasimpatik

NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES

Neurological disease inthe horse

Disorders of the central nervous system

– Ataxia

– Seizures/collapse

– Blindness

– Autonomic dysfunction (bladder, GIT, other) Disorders of the peripheral nervous system

– Weakness

– Autonomic dysfunction (dysphagia, bladder, GIT)

Degenerative

• Cervical Vertebral Malformation

– Type 1: Juvenile onset

– Type 2: Adult onset osteoarthritis

• Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy

– Metabolic

• Hepatic encephalopathy

• Perinatal asphyxia syndrome

• Hypoglycaemia

• Electrolyte abnormalities

Neoplasia

• Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction

– Rarely presents with blindness, collapse, ?seizures

• Others are rare:

– Hamartoma

– Cholesterinic granuloma

– Epidural lymphosarcoma

Ataxia

• Def: Lack of order, inconsistency

– Abnormal rate, range and force of movement

• Grading systems

• Allow comparisons, highly subjective

– Grade 0: Normal

– Grade 1: Minimal deficits noted, requires

provocative testing to identify

– Grade 2: Mild abnormality seen at walk

– Grade 3: Easy to see at walk

– Grade 4: Very ataxic, may fall with provacative

testing (circling)

– Grade 5: Recumbent (cannot stand)

Nervous System Diseases Tetanus

Acute, highly infectiousContagious?Affects

○ Humans○ Horses○ Sheep○ Swine○ cattle

Nervous System Diseases

Infectious organisms gain entrance to the body through traumatized tissue○ Deep wounds that seal quickly are often most

problematic○ Docking, castration, shearing cuts, dehorning,

etc.Cause

○ Bacterial infection

Nervous System Diseases

Clinical Signs○ Localized infection (doesn’t go systemic)

Gives off a very powerful toxin (100x more powerful than some poisons)- Passes along the nerves to the spinal cord

○ A few days to several weeks after initial infection

○ Stiffness moderate to pronounced“lock-jaw”Ears, tail, eyes retracted

Nervous System Diseases

○ Rapid symptom development often = death○ Recovery usually >50%

Prevention○ Thorough cleansing of wounds○ Antiseptic procedures

Docking, castrating, surgeries, etc.○ Immunity can be raised w/ a toxiod or antitoxin

Toxoid- Injection of neutralized tetanus toxin to stimulate

the body’s immune response

Nervous System Diseases

Antitoxin- Concentrated serum w/ tetanus toxin antibodies

taken from another animal administered as an injection

Some vaccines also available

Treatment○ Larges doses of tetanus antitoxin, sedatives,

and care○ Reopen site of infection, clean, drain○ Antibiotic therapy

Nervous System Diseases Pseudorabies/ Aujeszky’s Disease

Acute viral infection of pigs & cattle, sometimes sheep

Non-contagious in cattle, highly contagious in swine

Spread by bites from infected hogsCause

○ Herpes virus○ Swine are long-term carriers

Nervous System Diseases

○ Disease waits for stress periods to show itself○ State blood testing is required for swine

transportCan travel between herds ~2 mi

Clinical Signs○ Cattle will have usually been associated w/

swine at some juncture○ Intense itching at the site of infection○ Newborn pigs can go from normal to coma in

6-24 hrs.

Nervous System Diseases

○ Older swineShow some CNS symtpomsIncoordination, paralysis, muscle spasms, etc.Mild fever, depression, finicky appetiteAbortions in pregnant sows, dead or mummified pigs

if they don’t abortInfected breeding females often hard to settle

Prevention○ Vaccinaton

No Treatment available

Nervous System Diseases Equine Encephalomyelitis

Infectious disease spread by insectsCharacterized by nervous disorders and

high mortalityUsually individual cases, unless conditions

become favorable for high populations of mosquitoes

Nervous System Diseases

Cause○ Viral○ 3 types

Western, Eastern, VenezuelanWestern & Venezuelan most common in our area

○ Birds help develop the diseaseClinical Signs

○ Affects CNS○ Nervousness, depression, impaired vision,

etc.

○ Lay on side and gallop○ Mild cases often recover, acute cases often

die50% mortality for Western90-100% for Venezuelan

Nervous System Diseases

Prevention○ Vaccination○ Mosquito control methods○ Discourage bird roosting around the barn

Treatment○ Not very effective because of the rapid nature

of the disease○ Mostly supportive therapy

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

BSE (mad cow disease) was first identified in the UK in 1986.› Source of prions traced to cattle feed containing

bone meal from sheep that had scrapie.› Cows ate the feed and became infected.› The infection passed to humans who ate infected

beef. Infection in humans is known as variant

Creuztfeld-Jacob disease (vCJD).› Cases frequently present in young adults.

Nervous System Diseases BSE

Slow degenerative disease of the CNSUnknown causeInfects brain and spinal tissueRelated to an infectious human diseaseNot transmitted in milkCan be passed in meat?

Nervous System Diseases

No know treatment, or controlPrevention

○ Testing○ Quarantine