1. lesson learn metlit-trs
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LESSON LEARN MET LIT
Dr. Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati, MAppSc
Sunday, November 10,20131
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METODE PENELITIAN
1. BELAJAR DARI KESALAHAN DALAM PROPOSALPENELITIAN
2. PEMILIHAN JUDUL PENELITIAN DANPRIORITAS PENELITIAN
3. KEBERLANJUTAN TEMA PENELITIAN4. MEMBANGUNAN KERJASAMA PENELITIAN
5. PERSOALAN DANA PENELITIAN
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LESSONS LEARNEDKESALAHAN PROPOSAL
TIDAK ADA KESESUAIAN ANTARA JUDULDENGAN TUJUAN PENELITIAN
LATAR BELAKANG PENELITIAN KURANGMENGGIGIT
TUJUAN TIDAK JELAS DAN TIDAKRUNTUT
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TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
YANG DIREVIEW ADALAH MASALAH ATAU TOPIKNYABUKAN PENELITINYA/ORANGNYA
TIDAK RUNTUT DAN SISTEMATIKA KURANG BAIK
JARANG DIULAS ATAU DIBERIKAN KOMENTAR/EVALUASI
TIDAK ADA KESESUAIAN ANTARA DAFTAR PUSTAKA DAN
PUSTAKA YG DIACU SEBAGIAN BESAR TESIS, BUKAN JURNAL TERBARU.
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KERANGKA TEORI
HARUS DIBANGUN DARI HASIL TINJAUANPUSTAKA
MASIH DIJUMPAI ADANYA TULISAN (SITIRAN)DARI PUSTAKA
JARANG DIMULAI DARI MEBUAT DIAGRAM ALIR
KERANGKA TEORI (THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK) HARUS SELALU DIKAITKAN DENGAN TUJUAN
PENELITIAN
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METODE PENELITIAN
BAHAN DAN METODE
METODE PENDEKATAN
TEKNIK PENGUMPULAN DATA (PRIMER DANSEKUNDER) DAN PETA (PETATEMATIK/SINTETIK/ANALISIS)
TEKNIK PENGOLAHAN DATA METODE PENGAMBILAN SAMPEL
TEKNIK ANALISIS (LABORATORIUM,STATISTIK, GRAFIS, DLL)
TENTATIF HASIL PENELITIAN
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DESKRIPSI WILAYAH
LETAK, LUAS, BATAS (PETA ADMINISTRASI)
KONDISI GEOGRAFI (IKLIM, HIDROLOGI, GEOLOGI,GEOMORFOLOGI, TANAH, PENGGUNAAN LAHAN, TATA RUANG,KEPENDUDUKAN, SOSIAL-BUDAYA, DLL)
DESKRIPSI WILAYAH JARANG DIGUNAKANDALAM PEMBAHASAN
TABEL, PETA, FOTO,DLL YANG DIANGGAPPENTING SEBAIKNYA DIMASUKKAN DALAMTEKS
TABEL HASIL PENGOLAHAN DATADIMASUKKAN PADA LAMPIRAN
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HASIL PENELITIAN KEMUKAKAN HASIL-HASIL YANG MENONJOL (MAGIC
INFORMATION)DIURUTKAN DENGAN TUJUANPENELITIAN
GUNAKAN TABEL, GRAFIK, PETA ANALISIS/SINTESIS
JELASKAN MENGAPA ADA PERSAMAAN DANPERBEDAAN ANTARA FENOMENA SATU DENGAN YGLAIN, MENGAPA DAPAT TERJADI ?
GUNAKAN HASIL TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DANBANDINGKAN DENGAN HASIL RISET ANDA
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KESIMPULAN
KESIMPULAN BUKAN RINGKASAN TIDAK ADA RUMUS MATEMATIKA DAN
SEJENISNYA
TIDAK PERLU DIBERI NOMOR NAMUNDISESUAIKAN DENGAN TUJUANPENELITIAN
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LAMPIRAN
BERUPA TABEL HASIL OLAHAN DATA
BERUPA PETA-PETA PENDUKUNG, FOTO DLL
TABEL STATISTIK (UJI HIPOTESIS, SPSS,STATGRAPH, DLL), ANOVA
HASIL ANALISIS LABORATORIUM YANG SYAH
FOTO PENGAMBILAN SAMPEL LAPANGAN DANINSTRUMENTASINYA (LAP. ATAU LAB.)
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INTISARI
TIDAK LEBIH DARI 250 KATA, SATUSPASI, KEYWORDS/KATA KUNCI, JUDULTESIS, NAMA PENELITI
MEMUAT :
1. TUJUAN PENELITIAN
2. METODE PENELITIAN
3. HASIL PENELITIAN (KESIMPULAN)
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The Research Process
MSc /PhDresearch is one small part of the scientificenterprise. It must be grounded in the scientific methodand follow a logical research plan.
In this chapter we first discuss the scientific method, i.e. howto approach true knowledge. This involves logical
thinking, and an understanding of what we mean byknowing. Then we go through the steps of the researchprocess, emphasising how to prepare a good researchproposal.
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2.1. Types of sciences
Experimental: controlled conditions under which measurements
are made (e.g. laboratory experiments in physics or chemistry);variable level of control of the context, but always quantifiable (e.g.temperature can be controlled to a certain precision) Observational: uncontrolled or semicontrolled conditionse.g. we cant order up an earthquake or extreme rainfall evente.g. we cant manufacture survey respondents with certainCharacteristics.
Historical: we have evidence from the past, which can never bere-created experimentally (e.g. geology, archaeology)can relate to current processes, assuming that the laws ofphysics etc. have not changed in the meantimerelies heavily on inference and weight of evidence
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A simplified view of thescientific method
1. Observe
2. Invent a theory to explain the observations induction
3. Use the theory to make predictions deduction
4. Design experiments to test these
5. Modify the theory in the light of results
6. Repeat from step 3 until you cant think of any newpredictions that might falsify or modify the theory
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2.2 Levels of certainty
Fact: something directly observable and measurable (but alwayswith some uncertainty!). Hypothesis: a tentative theory, not yet tested Theory: a conceptual framework:
which explains existing facts;
allows predictions;
and is in principle falsifiable (some experiment could contradictit).
Law: a theory with overwhelming evidence including the boundaryconditions under which it is true.For example, Newtons laws of motion are valid in cases whererelativistic effects are not important (velocities low compared tothe speed of light)
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2.3 Logical thinking
In science we use a combination of strict deductive logic and probabilisticinductive reasoning. How we actually think logically in scienceis a fascinating topic [9]; here we give only a simplified view.Induction vs. deduction Induction: generalise from observations to theoriesLogical process of inferencethis is how we make theories and laws
Deduction: specialise from a general law to a specific caseprovides ideas for experiments or observationsIf this theory is true, then the following should occur or beobserved
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Assumptions
Taken as true in the context of this research;
Can not be tested within the time, budget or experimental design; If they are not true, the research is not valid; Often difficult to express, taken for granted at many levels; Establish laws are often taken as assumptions, without explicitmention (e.g. we dont repeat the laws of universal gravitation eachtime we model landslide hazard);
The more problematical should be made explicit; Could an assumption be a good research question? I.e. maybe theassumption should be tested!
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2.4 The research process
This can be broken down into six sequential steps:1. Identify a research problem; Original: contributes something new to what we know or toour techniques; Within the competence of your study programme2. Decide how to attack the problem; Research objectives; Research questions; Hypotheses; Experimental / observational design.
3. Carry out the experiment or observation; Good technique, clear documentation; Must be replicable by others/4. Data processing (mechanical, just reported and summarised);5. Data analysis (inferential, discuss and draw conclusions);6. Reporting (thesis writing).
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2.5 Research problem,
objectives, questions, andhypotheses
The sequence is:
Problem ) Objectives QuestionsHypotheses
Following these concepts in order is a systematic way to approach yourresearch. It must first fit a known problem (so that it is important), then
you must have a defined objective (so that you know what you want todo), which is then specified as a list of questions that the research shouldanswer. For each question, you must have a hypothesis, i.e. what youthink the answer will be.
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2.5.1 Research problem
A general statement of why the research shouldbe done
Something that is not well-understood or solvedand can be addressed by research
Not a social problem (poverty, environmentaldestruction, war,. . . ), but social problems canmotivate research (relevance)
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2.5.2 Research objectives
These are statements of what is expected as theoutput of the research.
Each of the objectives must be at least partiallymet at the end of the project.
There is usually a single general objective which is
not operational,which is then broken down intoa list of specific objectives which can beaddressed by operational research methods.
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2.5.3 Research questions
These specify what the research will actually address.
Each research question must be answered by the thesis,therefore it must be a specific question to which ananswer can be given.
Questions are of two types: observational (what orwhere questions) and analytical (why questions).Questions follow objectives and may be simple re-statements in operational form, i.e. where an experimentor sample can answer it.
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2.5.4 Hypotheses
These are your ideas on what the research willshow, before you do it.
They are statements that can be proved or dis-proved by your research.
They are based on previous work, usuallydiscovered in the literature review.
They should match the research questions one-to-one.
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The hypothesis must be specific, not a general statement.
For example,given the research question What is theeffect of grazing intensity onvegetation density? we canformulate the corresponding hypotheses:
Wrong: Grazing affects vegetation density Right: Above a threshold (to be determined), vegetation
densityis reduced linearly (coefficient to be determined)with grazing intensity,measured as animal-months.
The first hypothesis is too general, affects could beanything.
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Badan air terbukaPertumbuhahn tebu rawa
(Hanguana malayana) ke
tengah badan air
Meningkatkan biomassa dan
berkembang menjadi gambut
Rumput pisau, menginvasi lahan
gambut
Diikuti semak, herba, Melaleuca
yang tumbuh di lahan gambut
Pemanfaatan lahan
untuk pertanian
tradisonal
Badan rawa
menjadi kering
Proses Perubahan Ekosistem di Rawa Biru
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ZONE/
landscapeDIRECT
IMPACT
INDIRECT IMPACT
MANGROVE
UNCONTROLLEDEXPLOITATION A
AND DEVELOPMENT
UNCONTROLLED
EXPLOITATION A
AND DEVELOPMENT
UNCONTROLLED
EXPLOITATION A
AND DEVELOPMENT
UNCONTROLLED
DEVELOPMENT
UNCONTROLLED
EXPLOITATION
MOUNTAINS
STEEP HILLS
LOW HILLS
LOW LANDS
Mangrove
destruction
Increase
sedimentation
Reduce
tourism
Reduce
Income/
unemployment
Coral
destructio
Reduce
Mangrove
production
???
???
???
???
DEVELOPING THE ENVIRONMENT L PROBLEMS UNDER PRESENT TRENDS
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Watershed
Practices
To improveWater quality
Effect on Production of
Wood, Foods, etc.
Reduce
Disease
Reduce
BOD
Reduce
Nutrient
Concentration
Reduce
Input of
Chemical
Improve
Stream
temp
Reduce
Sediment
loading
Improve
Quality of
Drinking
water
Changes
In aquatic
organism
Improve
Fish spawning
habitat ImproveQualityof
Irrigation
water
Improve
Health
Increase in
Waterbased
recreation
Increased
Fish
production
Increased
Crop
production
PHYSICAL EFFECTS AND BENEFITS FROM IMPROVEMENT WATER QUALITY
(WITH AND WIHOUT PROJECT)
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ZONE/
landscapeDIRECT
IMPACT
INDIRECT IMPACT
MANGROVE
UNCONTROLLEDEXPLOITATION A
AND DEVELOPMENT
UNCONTROLLED
EXPLOITATION A
AND DEVELOPMENT
UNCONTROLLED
EXPLOITATION A
AND DEVELOPMENT
CORAL
PROTECTION
MANGROVE
CONSERVATION
MOUNTAINS
STEEP HILLS
LOW HILLS
LOW LANDS
Sustain
production
Tourism
development
Habitat
protection
increasing
Income/
employment
Sustain
develop
Genetic
conservation
???
???
???
???
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