akibat tipe flame holder stainless steel -...

Karakteristik Pembakaran Butana

di dalam Mesoscale – Combustor

Akibat Tipe Flame Holder Stainless Steel

TUGAS AKHIR

Diajukan Kepada

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Untuk Memenuhi Syarat Memperoleh Gelar

Sarjana (S-1) Teknik Mesin

Disusun Oleh :

MAHATMA PUTRA ARYANAMURTI

NIM : 201310120311134

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2017

ii

Poster

ix

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb

Segala Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT yang telah

melimpahkan segala rahmat-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini.

Shalawat beserta salam semoga senantiasa terlimpah curahkan kepada Nabi

Muhammad Shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam, kepada keluarganya, para sahabatnya,

hingga para umatnya hingga akhir zaman.

Penulisan skripsi ini diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh

Gelar Sarjana pada Program Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang. Judul yang diajukan penulis adalah “ Karakteristik

Pembakaran Butana di dalam Mesoscale – Combustor Akibat Tipe Flame

Holder Stainless Steel”.

Penulis menyadari kelemahan serta keterbatasan yang ada sehingga dalam

menyelesaikan skripsi ini memperoleh bantuan dari berbagai pihak, dalam

kesempatan ini penulis menyampaikan ucapan terimakasih kepada :

1. Bapak Ir. Sudarman, MT selaku dekan Fakultas Teknik Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah memberikan izin dalam penulisan skripsi

ini.

2. Bapak Ir. Daryono, MT selaku Ketua Jurusan Teknik Mesin UMM yang telah

memberikan kelancaran pelayanan dan urusan Akademik.

3. Bapak Ir. Achmad Fauzan HS, MT, selaku dosen Pembimbing I yang selalu

memberikan waktu bimbingan dan arahan selama penyusunan skripsi ini.

4. Ibu Iis Siti Aisyah, ST., MT., PhD, selaku dosen pembimbing II yang selalu

memberikan waktu bimbingan dan arahan selama penyusunan skripsi ini.

5. Seluruh Dosen Jurusan Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah memberikan ilmunya kepada penulis.

6. Seluruh Staf Tata Usaha Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang yang telah melayani segala urusan administratif dengan baik.

7. Bapak dan Ibu, serta saudara – saudara kandungku, atas jasa – jasanya,

kesabaran, doa yang tiada henti dan tidak pernah lelah dalam mendidik

memberi cinta yang tulus dan ikhlas kepada penulis sejak kecil.

x

8. Adik Septi yang selalu antusias memberikan semangat dalam mengerjakan

Tugas Akhir ini.

9. Teman-teman Teknik Mesin Angkatan 2013 khususnya kelas C yang telah

memberikan dukungan dan saran serta hiburan kepada penulis.

10. Ilham Fauzi, Arvan, Faris, Bagus, Khaliq, dan Anam sebagai rekan satu tim

yang juga telah membantu penulis menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir ini.

11. Teman – temanku yang ada di tanah kelahiran, Jombang, yang senantiasa

memberikan hiburan dan semangat dalam menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir ini.

Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih banyak kekurangan baik isi

maupun susunannya. Semoga skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat tidak hanya bagi penulis

juga bagi para pembaca.

Wassalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb

Malang, Oktober 2017

Penulis

xi

DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR JUDUL ........................................................................................... i

POSTER ........................................................................................................... ii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................................. iii

LEMBAR KONSULTASI / ASISTENSI ........................................................ iv

SURAT PERNYATAAN TIDAK PLAGIAT ................................................. vi

ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... vii

KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xiii

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ xvi

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................... 1

1.1. Latar Belakang .................................................................................. 1

1.2. Rumusan Masalah .............................................................................. 4

1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................... 4

1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................. 4

1.5. Batasan Masalah ................................................................................ 6

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ...................................................................... 7

2.1. Hasil Penelitian Sebelumnya ............................................................. 7

2.2. Jenis Aliran Fluida ............................................................................. 10

2.2.1. Laminar Flow ........................................................................... 10

2.2.2. Turbulence Flow ....................................................................... 10

2.2.3. Vortex Flow .............................................................................. 11

2.3. Perpindahan Panas ............................................................................. 12

2.3.1. Konduksi................................................................................... 12

2.3.2. Konveksi ................................................................................... 13

2.4. Flame Holder ..................................................................................... 14

2.4.1. Wire Mesh 60 ............................................................................ 14

2.5. Pembakaran ........................................................................................ 15

2.5.1. Jenis Pembakaran ..................................................................... 15

2.6. Karakteristik Pencampuran Pembakaran ........................................... 16

xii

2.6.1. Premixed Combustion .............................................................. 16

2.6.2. Non – Premixed Combustion .................................................... 17

2.7. Reaktan .............................................................................................. 18

2.7.1. Gas Propana .............................................................................. 18

2.7.2. Gas Butana................................................................................ 19

2.7.3. Oksidator .................................................................................. 19

2.8. Persamaan Kimia pada Pembakaran .................................................. 19

2.8.1. Persamaan Kimia Stoikiometri ................................................. 20

2.8.2. Air Fuel Ratio (AFR)................................................................ 21

2.8.3. Rasio Ekuivalen (ɸ) .................................................................. 23

2.9. Hipotesis ............................................................................................ 25

BAB III METODOLOGI ................................................................................. 26

3.1. Tempat dan Waktu Pelaksanaan ........................................................ 26

3.2. Variabel Penelitian ............................................................................. 26

3.3. Peralatan Penelitian ............................................................................ 28

3.4. Skema Instalasi Penelitian ................................................................. 38

3.5. Metode Pengambilan Data ................................................................. 39

3.6. Flowchart Penelitian .......................................................................... 41

BAB IV PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................ 42

4.1. Data Hasil Penelitian .......................................................................... 42

4.2. Pengolahan Data Flammability Limit ................................................ 46

4.3. Pembahasan Flammability Limit ........................................................ 51

4.4. Pengambilan Data Visualisasi dan Temperatur Nyala Api ................ 53

4.5. Visualisasi Nyala Api dan Temperatur .............................................. 58

4.6. Analisa Hasil Pembakaran pada Titik Visualisasi yang Sama ........... 63

4.7. Simulasi Aliran Mesoscale – Combustor ........................................... 68

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN .......................................................... 75

5.1. Kesimpulan ....................................................................................... 75

5.2. Saran ................................................................................................. 75

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .....................................................................................

LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................................

xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Hal

Gambar 2.1. Meso-scale dengan wire mesh ....................................................... 7

Gambar 2.2. Tipe nyala api di dalam mesoscale – combustor dengan wire

mesh ............................................................................................... 7

Gambar 2.3. Nyala api yang mampu distabilkan di dekat wire ......................... 8

Gambar 2.4. Flammability limit dari campuran bahan bakar C3H8 dan udara

di dalam meso – combustor menggunakan wire mesh dengan

inner diameter berbeda .................................................................. 9

Gambar 2.5. Laminar flow ................................................................................. 10

Gambar 2.6. Turbulent flow ............................................................................... 10

Gambar 2.7. Vortex flow..................................................................................... 11

Gambar 2.8. Free vortex flow ............................................................................. 11

Gambar 2.9. Ilustrasi analisis komponen konduksi panas.................................. 12

Gambar 2.10. Ilustrasi heat transfer secara konveksi dari sebuah benda ............ 13

Gambar 2.11. Wire mesh 60 (skala 5x) ................................................................ 14

Gambar 2.12. The fire triangle ............................................................................. 15

Gambar 2.13. Micro modular TPV power generator ........................................... 16

Gambar 2.14. Skema premixed – combustion ...................................................... 17

Gambar 2.15. Aliran campuran bahan bakar non – premixed pada meso –

combustor ...................................................................................... 17

Gambar 2.16. Bentuk api yang terjadi pada radial micro-channel dan berdasar

regime diagram untuk campuran metana dan udara ..................... 18

Gambar 3.1. Posisi probe thermocouple untuk pengambilan data temperatur

(Skala 3x)....................................................................................... 27

Gambar 3.2. Foto, section view (Skala 2x), dan explode view mesoscale –

combustor wire mesh 60 (Skala 2x) .............................................. 28


combustor holes perforated plate (Skala 2x) ................................ 29


combustor lines perforated plate (Skala 2x) ................................. 29

xiv

Gambar 3.5. Dimensi mesoscale – combustor flame holder wire mesh 60

(Skala 2,5x).................................................................................... 30

Gambar 3.6. Dimensi mesoscale – combustor flame holder holes

(Skala 2,5x).................................................................................... 30

Gambar 3.7. Dimensi mesoscale – combustor flame holder lines

(Skala 2,5x).................................................................................... 31

Gambar 3.8. Holes Perforated Plate .................................................................. 32

Gambar 3.9. Lines Perforated Plate ................................................................... 32

Gambar 3.10. Lem keramik .................................................................................. 33

Gambar 3.11. Gas Butana..................................................................................... 33

Gambar 3.12. Preheater ....................................................................................... 33

Gambar 3.13. Combustor holder (travers) ........................................................... 34

Gambar 3.14. Kompresor ..................................................................................... 34

Gambar 3.15. Flowmeter ...................................................................................... 35

Gambar 3.16. Thermocouple type K ..................................................................... 36

Gambar 3.17. Selang dan Y – connector .............................................................. 36

Gambar 3.18. Regulator tabung ........................................................................... 36

Gambar 3.19. Stopwatch ...................................................................................... 37

Gambar 3.20. Kamera dan reverese ring ............................................................. 37

Gambar 3.21. Skema instalasi penelitian ............................................................. 38

Gambar 3.22. Flowchart flammability limit ......................................................... 41

Gambar 3.23. Flowchart visualisasi nyala api ..................................................... 41

Gambar 4.1. Grafik kalibrasi debit bahan bakar (Qf) ......................................... 44

Gambar 4.2. Grafik flammability limit ............................................................... 51

Gambar 4.3. Flammability limit untuk titik pengambilan visualisasi dan

temperatur nyala api ...................................................................... 54

Gambar 4.4. Visualisasi nyala api mesoscale – combustor holes perforated

plate pada ɸ=1,28 dan U bervariasi (sisi depan) ........................... 59

Gambar 4.5. Visualisasi nyala api holes perforated plate pada ɸ=1,28 dan

U = 52,67 cm/s (sisi samping) ....................................................... 59

Gambar 4.6. Visualisasi nyala api mesoscale – combustor lines perforated

plate pada ɸ konstan (sisi depan) .................................................. 60

xv


plate pada ɸ konstan (sisi samping) .............................................. 60

Gambar 4.8. Visualisasi nyala api mesoscale – combustor holes perforated

plate pada U konstan (sisi depan) .................................................. 61


plate pada U = konstan (sisi depan) .............................................. 62

Gambar 4.10. Flammability limit dan analisa temperatur flame holder holes

dan lines pada titik yang sama akibat ɸ=1,28................................ 64

Gambar 4.11. Pengamatan temperatur titik T1, T2, dan T3 pada flame holder

holes dan lines pada ɸ=1,28 .......................................................... 64

Gambar 4.12. Flammability limit dan analisa temperatur flame holder holes

dan lines pada titik yang sama akibat U = 38 cm/s ....................... 66

Gambar 4.13. Pengamatan temperatur titik T1, T2, dan T3 pada flame holder

holes dan lines pada U = 38 cm/s .................................................. 66

Gambar 4.14. Penampakan mesh flame holder holes ........................................... 69

Gambar 4.15. Penampakan mesh flame holder lines ............................................ 69

Gambar 4.16. Penampakan mesh fluida pada flame holder holes ........................ 70

Gambar 4.17. Penampakan mesh fluida pada flame holder lines ......................... 70

Gambar 4.18. Grafik perhitungan pemodelan dengan skala residu 0,1 (flame

holder holes) .................................................................................. 71

Gambar 4.19. Grafik perhitungan pemodelan dengan skala residu 0,1 (flame

holder lines) ................................................................................... 71

Gambar 4.20. Isometric view pada inlet combustor flame holder holes .............. 72

Gambar 4.21. Isometric view pada inlet combustor flame holder lines ............... 72

Gambar 4.22. Penampakan sisi samping combustor flame holder holes ............. 73

Gambar 4.23. Penampakan sisi samping combustor flame holder lines .............. 74

xvi

DAFTAR TABEL

Hal

Tabel 1.1. Densitas energi dari berbagai sumber ................................................ 2

Tabel 2.1. Kandungan udara kering .................................................................... 20

Tabel 4.1. Data flammability limit untuk Qf konstan, sebagai referensi

(mesh 60) ............................................................................................ 42

Tabel 4.2. Pengambilan data flammability limit untuk Qf konstan

(holes perforated plate) ...................................................................... 43


(lines perforated plate) ....................................................................... 43

Tabel 4.4 Data kalibrasi dari C3H8 ke C4H10. ..................................................... 44


(setelah Qf dikonversi) (mesh 60) ...................................................... 45


(setelah Qf dikonversi) (holes perforated plate) ................................ 45


(setelah Qf dikonversi) (lines perforated plate) ................................. 46

Tabel 4.8. Hasil perhitungan data flammability limit untuk wire mesh 60 .......... 50

Tabel 4.9. Hasil perhitungan data flammability limit untuk holes perforated

plate .................................................................................................... 50

Tabel 4.10. Hasil perhitungan data flammability limit untuk lines perforated

plate .................................................................................................... 51

Tabel 4.11. Hasil perhitungan data visualisasi untuk holes perforated plate

dengan ɸ konstan ................................................................................ 58

Tabel 4.12. Hasil perhitungan data visualisasi untuk holes perforated plate

dengan U konstan ............................................................................... 58

Tabel 4.13. Hasil perhitungan data visualisasi untuk lines perforated plate

dengan ɸ konstan ................................................................................ 58

Tabel 4.14. Hasil perhitungan data visualisasi untuk lines perforated plate

dengan U konstan ............................................................................... 58

76

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