ASESMEN KLINIS:TES OBYEKTIF

Tes kepribadian objektif disebut juga self-report inventory

Objective personality measure involve the administration of a standard set of question or statement to which the examinee respond using a fixed set of options.

Pilihan jawaban: benar/salah, ya/tidak, skala dimensional

KEUNTUNGANEkonomisDapat dilakukan secara klasikal

2. Skoring & administrasi relatif sederhana dan objektifInterpretasi mjd lebih mudah & klinisi hanya mbutuhkan sedikit kemampuan interpretif

KERUGIANSame score on a measure may have several alternative interpretationsThe transparent meaning of some inventories questions, which can obviously facilitate faking on the part of some patient some test tend to dependheavily on the patients self-knowledgeThe forced-choice approach prevents individuals from qualifying or elaborating their responses so that some additional information may be lost or distorted The limited understanding or even the limited reading ability of some individuals may lead them to misinterpret question

Metode Konstruksi Tes ObjektifContent Validation Involve:a. Carefully defining all relevant aspects of the variable you are attempting to measureb. Consulting experts before generating itemsc. Using judges to assess each potential items relevance to the variable of interestd. Using psychometric analyses to evaluate each item before you include it in your measure

Potential Problem : 1. Can clinicians assume that every patient interprets a given item in exactly the same way? 2. Can patient accurately report their own behavior or emotions? 3. Will patient be honest, or will they attempt to place themselves in a good light? 4. Can clinicians assume that the expert can be counted on to define the essence of the concept they are trying to measure?

Empirical Criterion Keying No assumption are made as to whether a patient is telling the truth or the response really corresponds to behavior or feelings certain patient describe themselves in a certain ways Members of particular diagnostic group will tend to respond in the same way not necessary to select test item in a rational, theoretical fashion Problem: Difficulty of interpreting the meaning of a score

Factor Analysis/ Internal Consistency Examine the intercorrelations among the individual items from many existing personality inventories Exploratory:Atheoretical begins by capturing a universe of items & and the proceeds to reduce them to basic elements (personality, adjustment, diagnostic affiliation, etc) in attempt to arrive at the core traits and dimensions of personality Confirmatory:More theory driven, seeking to confirm a hypothesized factor structure (based on theoretical predictions) for the test item

The strength:The emphasis on an empirical demonstration that items purporting to measure a variable or dimension of personality are highly related to one another The limitations:The items are actually measuring the variable of interest; we only know that the items tend to be measuring the same thing

Construct Validity ApproachKombinasi 3 metode di atas

MMPI & MMPI-2Publikasi oleh Hathaway & McKinley th. 1943Contoh tbaik dari pendekatan empirical keying

MMPIBtujuan utk midentifikasi diagnosa psikiatrik individuItem2nya dirancang bdasarkan tes kepribadian sebelumnya, riwayat kasus, & pengalaman klinisKategori psikiatrik: hypocondriasis (Hs), depression (D), hysteria (Hy), psychopatic deviate (Pd), paranoia (Pa), psychasthenia (Pt), schizophrenia (Sc), & hypomania (Ma).Dua skala tambahan: masculinity-feminity (Mf) & social introversion (Si)MMPI yg original tdd dari 550 items yg harus dijawab pasien dgn true, false, & cannot say Digunakan utk usia 16 tahun ke atas, namun digunakan juga utk anak yg lebih muda

MMPI-2MMPI dikritik karena tidak mewakili populasi US secara umum partisipan hanya berasal dari area Mineapolis dgn karaketristik yg berbedaAdanya MMPI-2 dgn penyesuaian, jml item ada 704 itemDigunakan utk usia 13 thn ke atas atau yg dapat mbaca di kelas 8Bisa individual ataupun klasikalDapat diskor dgn komputerTdpt versi bahasa non-EnglishTelah dikembangkan MMPI-2 utk remaja, yaitu MMPI-A (adolescents)

Validitas skala

Problem: distortion through various tes-taking attitudes or response sets. Utk mdeteksi faking bad, test-taking attitudes, & carelessness atau misunderstanding, ada 4 skala validitas dalam MMPI:1. ? (Cannot say) scale. Item yg tidak dijawab2. F (Infrequency) scale. 60 item yg jarang dijawab. Nilai F yg tinggi mungkin ada penyimpangan respons, atau hipotesis lain ttg perilaku3. L (Lie) scale. 15 items whose endorsement places the respondent in a very positive light4. K (Defensiveness) scale. 30 item suggest defensiveness in admitting certain problems.

Tiga skala validitas yg baru dalam MMPI-25. Fb (Back-page Infrequency) scale. 40 items occuring near the end of the MMPI-2 are infrequently endorsed6. VRIN (Variable Response Inconsistency) scale. 67 pairs of item with either similar or opposite content7. TRIN (True Response Inconsistency) scale. 23 items pairs thar are opposite in content.

Ketujuh skala validitas di atas digunakan utk memahami motivasi & test-taking attitudes responden.

MMPI dpt digunakan ketika klinisi mbutuhkan informasi ttg bbrp masalah pasien, ketika klinisi harus membuat hipotesis ttg status diagnostik pasien, mengetahui kekuatan & kelemahan pasien