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Peralatan Pabrik

Meifal Rusli

Diagrammatic representations of theequipment, the sequence of oper tions, andthe expected perform nce of a proposedplant or the ctu l perform nce of an alreadyoperating one.

For clarity and to meet the needs of thevarious persons engaged in design, costestimating, purchasing, fabrication,operation, maintenance, and management,several different kinds of flowsheets arenecessary.

To provide   n overview of complex process or

pl nt, a drawing is made with rectangular blocks

to represent individu l processes or groups of

oper tions, together with quantities and other

pertinent properties of key streams between the

blocks and into and from the process as a whole.

Block flowsheets are made at the beginning of aprocess design for orientation purposes, for

discussions or later as a summary of the material

balance of the process.

For example, the coal carbonization processof Figure 2.1 starts with 100,000 lb/hr of coal and process air, involves six mainprocess units, and makes the indicatedquantities of ten different products.

When it is of particular interest, amounts of utilities also may be shown; in this examplethe use of steam is indicated at one point.The block diagram of 

Process flowsheets embody the material andenergy balances and include the sizes of majorequipment of the plant.

They include all vessels, such as reactors,separators, and drums; special processingequipment; heat exchangers; pumps; and so on.

Numerical data include flow quantities,compositions, pressures, and temperatures.

Major instrumentation essential for processcontrol and the completeunderstanding of theflowsheet without reference to other

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1. Process lines, but including only those bypasses essential

to an understanding of the process2. All process equipment. Spares are indicated by letter

symbols or notes3. Major instrumentation essential to process control and to

understanding of the flowsheet4. Valves essential to an understanding of the flowsheet5. Design basis, including stream factor6. Temperatures, pressures, flow quantities7. Mass and/or mol balance, showing compositions,

amounts, and other properties of the principal streams8. Utilities requirements summary9. Data included for particular equipment

Piping and instrument (P&ID) diagrams emphasize twomajor characteristics. They do not show operatingconditions or compositions or flow quantities, but they doshow all major as well as minor equipment morerealistically than on the process flowsheet.

Line sizes and specifications of all lines, valves andinstrumentation as well as codes for materials of construction and insulation are shown on the diagram.

In fact, every mechanical aspect of the plant regarding theprocess equipment and their interconnections isrepresented except for supporting structures andfoundations. The equipment is shown in greater detailthan on the process flowsheet, notably with respect toexternal piping connections, internal details, andresemblance to the actual appearance.

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