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CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT 1

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Pengelolaan dan Pembuangan Limbah Bahan Kimia/Industri (INDUSTRIAL/CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL)

CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

12Pengelolaan Limbah2Limbah tak berbahaya

Kategori khususLimbah logamLimbah radioaktif dan limbah campuranLimbah biologiLimbah yang tak dikenal

3Limbah tak berbahaya3APD (Alat Pelindung Diri) yang tidak terkontaminasi (sarung tangan)

Benda gelas yang dicuci tiga kali (botol, pipet)

Garam (KCl, NaCl, Na2CO3)

Gula Asam amino

Material inert (resin dan gel yang tidak terkontaminasi)

4Pengelolaan limbah: panduan umumAmankan dan kunci area penyimpanan limbahPasang tanda untuk mengingatkan orang lainBerikan ventilasi yang cukup pada area tersebutSiapkan alat pemadam api dan alarm serta perangkat pembersih tumpahan (spill kit)Siapkan APD yang sesuaiSiapkan tempat pencuci mata (eye wash) dan showerDilarang bekerja sendirian

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Chemical waste needs to be stored and handled correctly, too. 5Pengelolaan limbah : Petunjuk UmumMemastikan tidak terjadi kebocoran; area parit (dyke) bila memungkinkanBeri label pada semua bahan kimia, wadah, botolPisahkan bahan kimia yang berlawananJaga agar silinder gas tetap terpisahJaga agar bahan radioaktif terpisahKetahui berapa lama limbah dapat disimpanLakukan pengambilan tepat waktu5

Dyke area means to build up secondary containment to keep spills from spreading. Storage time mostly regulatory requirement in US. But some things dont age gracefully as waste, either (such as peroxides). 6Panduan penyimpanan limbah6Wadah tidak boleh bereaksi dengan limbah yang disimpan (misalnya, tidak boleh ada HF di dalam gelas).Limbah yang serupa dapat dicampur jika limbah tersebut tidak berlawananlimbah dari kelas bahaya yang tidak sama tidak boleh dicampur (misalnya pelarut organik dengan pengoksidasi).Wadah harus senantiasa tertutup kecuali pada saat pemindahan yang sebenarnya. Jangan meninggalkan corong pada wadah limbah berbahaya.

Kelompok penyimpanan yg kompatibelKelompok AnorganikKelompok Organik Logam, hidrida Halida, sulfat, sulfida, tiosulfat, fosfat, halogen Hidroksida, oksida, karbonat, carbon Klorat, perklorat, hipoklorit, peroksida, hidrogen peroksida Borat, kromat,permanganat Asam, anhidrid Alkohol, glikol, amina, amida, imida Hidrokarbon, ester, aldehid Eter, keton, hidrokarbon terhalogenasi, etilen oksida Phenol, kresol8Limbah Petunjuk Umum8Logam tertentu menyebabkan masalah pembuangan apabila bercampur dengan cairan mudah terbakar atau cairan organik lainnya

Tekanan dapat mengumpul pada bejana limbah

Korosi dapat terjadi pada bejana penyimpanan

Wadah limbah dari kaca bisa pecah

9Pengelolaan limbah berbahaya Apa yang salah?

9Barrels have clearly been sitting around too long. They are rusty, bulging, not labeled. Bulging indicates unknown chemistry is going on inside. Photo credit Doug WaltersVideo Kebakaran di Fasilitas Limbah Apex

1011Pollution Prevention HierarchyPrevention & Reduction(Source reduction)Recycling & Re-Use(in-process recycle, on-site-recycle, off-site recycle)TreatmentDisposalsecure disposal or direct release to the environment12Pengelolaan limbahDaur ulang, guna ulang, suling ulang, bila memungkinkanDibuang dengan cara dibakar (dengan insinerator), bila memungkinkanPembakaran (dengan insinerator) TIDAK sama dengan pembakaran terbuka12

Recycle/reuse depends on specific process, especially scale. 1313Pembakaran Terbuka(g/kg)Insinerator Limbah Kota(g/kg)PCDDs380,002PCDFs60,002Klorobenzena4241501,2PAHs6603517VOCs42775001,2Emisi dari insinerator vs pembakaran terbuka

Sumber: EPA/600/SR-97/134 Maret 1998Burn barrel temperatures rarely exceed 500 degrees F so combustion is incomplete. Municipal incinerators operate at 2,200 degrees F to insure complete combustion and they use efficient filters to reduce harmful emissions.Pound for pound-garbage burned in a burn barrel, gives off twice as many furans, 17 times as much dioxin, and 40 times as much ash as a municipal incinerator. A 1997 EPA study shows that two to forty households burning garbage produce as much dioxin as a 200 ton/day municipal incinerator.Wisconsin DNR

1414Kemasan lab terdiri atas wadah kecil limbah yang kompatibel, dikemas dengan bahan yang menyerap.

Kemasan lab dipisahkan di fasilitas limbah bebahayaLimbah laboratorium dikemas dalam wadah kecil15Pengelolaan limbah: Layanan pembuangan limbahApakah layanan pembuangan mempunyai izin?Bagaimana limbah akan diangkut?Bagaimana limbah dikemas?Ke mana bahan limbah dibuang?Bagaimana cara membuangnya?Simpan catatan tertulis

15I dont know how you generally dispose of chemicals, but you generally dont want to contribute to this sort of thing. 16Daur ulang dan pembuangan baterai16

Limbah berbahayaDaur ulang Lead acid (Pb) (90% baterai mobil)Daur ulang Sealed lead (Pb) Oksida Merkuri (HgO), oksida silver (AgO) didaur ulang oleh tukang emasDaur ulang Kadmium Nikel (NiCd)

Limbah tidak berbahayaDaur ulang Hidrida Logam Nikel (Ni-MH)Karbon sengseng

http://www.ehso.com/ehshome/batteries.php17Pembuangan logam merkuri17Kumpulkan mekuri cair murni di dalam wadah yang dapat disegel.Beri label sebagai "MERKURI UNTUK REKLAMASI" Tempatkan termometer pecah dan ceceran merkuri di dalam kantong plastik yang kuat yang dapat disegel, plastik atau toples. Beri label pada wadah Limbah Berbahaya BEKAS TUMPAHAN MERKURI". Jangan sekali-kali menggunakan vacuum yang biasa untuk membersihkan tumpahan merkuri karena akan mencemari vacuum, panas akan membuat merkuri menguapJangan sekali-kali menggunakan sapu untuk membersihkan tumpahan merkuri karena akan menambah tercecernya merkuri, selain itu akan mencemari sapu.

Special mercury spill kits should be used18Limbah Campuran (radioaktif bahan kimia)Limbah ini harus diminimalkan diatur sangat ketat

Universitas, rumah sakitRadioaktif level rendah dengan bahan kimiaLimbah gel elektrofores

Penelitian energi nuklirRadioaktif level tinggi dan rendah dengan bahan kimiaLead (timah hitam) terkontaminasi oleh radioaktif

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Mixed wastes are very highly regulated and should be minimized Several suggestions for this are:Use microscale chemical techniquesUse disposable plastic liners in lead containers to prevent lead contaminationSubstitute a nonhazardous scintillation fluid biodegradable or sewer disposableSubstitute enriched stable isotopes and use ICP-MS rather than counting methods (example 18O rather than 19O, 2H rather than 3H) Use nonradioactive assays (scintillation proximity assays)Substitute shorter half life radionuclidesFor a full set of techniques look in Multihazardous Waste Section 7C in Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals, National Academy Press, 199519Limbah Campuran (kimia-biologi)Limbah medisDarah dan jaringanBenda runcing jarum, pisau bedahBarang-barang kaca yang terkontaminasi, APDMembakar dengan insinerator19

Procedures for biological waste should be followed with special attention to infectious wastes. In the USA sewer discharge is permitted for some body fluids but close attention should be paid to hygiene and good laboratory practices. Tissues and animal carcasses are best disposed of by incineration. They should be kept refrigerated before disposal since they are putrescible. 2020Limbah yang tak diketahuiPenapis Awal (Pre-Screen)Ada kristal? (pembentukan peroksida potensial)Radioaktif (pencacah Geiger)Ada Bio limbah? (riwayat wawancara)PenapisBersiaplah menghadapi yang terburuk gunakan sarung tangan-kaca mataReaktivitas udaraReaktivitas airKemudahbakaranKorosivitas

Hindari bila memungkinkan memerlukan analisis sebelum dibuang!1. Air reactivityPour a small amount (a few drops or crystals) of the material into your container in the hood. If the material is air reactive, a reaction will be apparent within 30 seconds and should be labeled "UI#7078-Characterized Waste-Air Reactive." If not air reactive, proceed to step two. 2. Water reactivityPour a small amount (a few drops or crystals) of the material into your container in the hood. Using a wash bottle filled with water, add a few drops of water to the compound. If the material is water reactive, a reaction will be apparent within a few seconds. If reactive, label the container "UI#7079-Characterized Waste-Water Reactive"; if not, proceed to step three. Note: Steps 3 and 4 should both be performed if classification is not determined in steps 1 or 2. 3. Corrosivity Obtain the pH of the sample using pH paper or a pH meter. Record the pH to the nearest whole number on the container label. 4. Flammability (Perform only on liquids) Pour a few drops of the material into your container in the hood. Hold the dish over a Bunsen burner for a few seconds. If the material has not started burning, hold the flame from the burner in direct contact with the material. If the material has not started burning after 10 seconds of direct contact with the flame, it is considered to be not flammable. Labeling containersa. If steps 1 or 2 are positive, label container as instructed above. b. If steps 1 and 2 are negative, label the container according to the following: If flammable and pH = 3-11: "UI#7080- Characterized Waste-Flammable" If flammable and pH = 2 or less: "UI#7083- Characterized Waste-Flammable, Acid" If flammable and pH = 12 or more: "UI#7084- Characterized Waste-Flammable, Base" If not flammable (or solid) and pH = 2 or less: "UI#7081- Characterized Waste-Acid" If not flammable (or solid) and pH = 12 or more: "UI#7082-Characterized Waste-Base" If not flammable (or solid) and pH = 3-11: "UI#7085- Characterized Waste-Other" c. Any other information about the contents of the container should also be shown on the container. 2121Sifat limbah yang tak diketahui*Uraian fisik Reaktivitas air Solubilitas airpH dan informasi netralisasiAdanya:PengoksidasiSulfida atau sianidaHalogenBahan radioaktifBiobahayaToksik*Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals, National Academy Press, 1995 Section 7.B.1

4 criteriaignitability, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity

Disposal Parameters: RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act)

METHODS OF ANALYSISMetals byEPA Methods 6010/7000 Benzene by EPA Method 8021 on the TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) extract as prepared by EPA Method 1311; Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH); Ignitability (USEPA method 1030); Corrosivity (USEPA method 9045); and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's) (by USEPA method 8082).22Pengelolaan limbah: Dibuang?Jika diperkenankan secara legal:Nonaktifkan & netralkan sendiri sebagian limbah cairMisalnya, asam & basaJangan rusak pipa Encerkan dengan air yang banyak sambil menuang salurannyaPastikan bahwa Anda tidak menciptakan lebih banyak zat berbahayaPeriksa buku referensi, pustaka ilmiah, internet 22

So NaOH + HCl = salt water is safe, but dumping KCN down the drain probably isnt a good idea. Have been a number of incidents in which people poured solvent down the drain that have been dried with sodium metal, that unfortunately still had some sodium in it, resulting in fires. Another example of forming more hazardous substances could be the bleach + ammonia => chloramine reaction. 23Pengelolaan di tempat ( on site) pengurangan volume23Penguapan jika tidak berlebihanRotary evaporatorJangan uapkan zat korosif atau radioaktifHanya di lemari asam laboratoriumBerhati-hatilah terhadap racun dan bahan mudah terbakarAdsorpsiKarbon aktifResin pertukaran ionAlumina aktifEndapan Ekstraksi

Handbook of Laboratory Waste Disposal, Martin Pitt and Eva Pitt, 1986. ISBN 0-85312-634-8

Rotovap photo from Fisher Scientific catalog, http://www.fishersci.com24 Pengolahan di tempat konversi bahan kimia24Memerlukan keahlian kimiawan rambu-rambu oleh peraturan/PP spesifik untuk setiap bahan kimiaPengenceran untuk mengurangi bahayaH2O2, HClO4, HNO3Jangan sekali-kali menambah air pada asam pekatNetralisasi asam basa - perlahanHidrolisis (asam dan basa)Senyawa hologen aktif dengan NaOH

Handbook of Laboratory Waste Disposal, Martin Pitt and Eva Pitt, 1986. ISBN 0-85312-634-8

The requirement for chemical expertise cannot be stressed too much. Other techniques for hazard reduction involve extreme care.Alakali metal oxidation - (Na and Li- not K) Fine metal catalysts mix in water and spread on metal tray outdoorsRed and white phosphorous incineration or reaction with copper sulfateMetal hydrides (NaH, Kh, LiH, CaH2 convert to hydroxides by gentle exposure to water (humid nitrogen gas percolation)Carboxamides are often drugs or other bioactive chemicals25Contoh Limbah Bahan Kimia : Reagen Tollen25Reagen harus disiapkan yang baru/segar dan disimpan di lemari pendingin dalam wadah kaca yang gelap. Reagen mempunyai masa pakai hingga 24 jam jika di simpan dengan cara tadi.

Setelah tes dilakukan, campuran yang dihasilkan harus diasamkan dengan asam encer sebelum dibuang. Tindakan pencegahan ini adalah untuk mencegah terbentuknya perak nitrida yang mempunyai daya ledak tinggi.Ag(NH3)2NO3 (aq)

26Pengelolaan limbah: Penanganan di LabReferensi: Procedures for the Laboratory-Scale Treatment of Surplus and Waste Chemicals, Section 7.D in Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals, National Academy Press, 1995, available online: http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=4911Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory, 2nd Edition, George Lunn and Eric B. Sansone, Wiley Interscience, 1994, ISBN 978-0471573999. Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide, Third Edition, Margaret-Ann Armour, CRC Press, ISBN 978-1566705677Handbook of Laboratory Waste Disposal, Martin Pitt and Eva Pitt, 1986. ISBN 0-85312-634-8 26