sweet basil ref bwt bab 2

7/29/2019 Sweet Basil Ref Bwt Bab 2

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Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Synonyms / Common Names / Related Terms

Apigenin, basil, citral, common basil, estragole, eugenol, geraniol, Lamiaceae

(family), linalol, linolen, methylchavikol, methylcinnamat, Ocimum, Ocimumbasilicum, Ocimum basilicum var. citratum, rosmarinic acid, Thai basil, ursolic

acid.

Bioactive products found in Ocimum basilicum

Mechanism of Action

Pharmacology:

Constituents: Based on one laboratory study, Ocimum basilicum L. contains linalol(54.95%), methylchavikol (11.98%), methylcinnamat (7.24%), and linolen (0.14%).15

Essential oil is also found in sweet basil16, along with rosmarinic acid17,4, citral, eugenol,

and geraniol1.

Antibacterial activity: In a laboratory study, Ocimum basilicum var. citratum showed

promising antibacterial activity against Salmonella spp.,Escherichai coli O157,

Campylobacter jejunii, and Clostridium perferingens.3 The essential oil of basil, obtained

from the aerial parts ofOcimum basilicum L., also showed activity against multidrugresistant clinical isolates from the genera Staphylococcus,Enterococcus, and

Pseudomonas.15 The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were reported between

0.0030% and 0.0007% (v/v). Minyak atsiri selasih menunjukan aktivitas antibakteri isolatdari beberapa genus Staphylococcus,Enterococcus, danPseudomonas. KOnsentrasi

hambat minimal dilaporkan antara 0.0030% and 0.0007% (v/v).

Antimicrobial activity: Sweet basil has been studied for its antimicrobial effects inlaboratory studies with good results.18,5 In India, sweet basil is used for dental ailments

due to its proposed antimicrobial effects; the mechanism of action is unclear.11 Penelitian

di India , selasih digunakan untuk sakit gigi ringan dengan tujuan selasih sebagai efek

antibakteri; mekanisme tersebut belum diketahui (Patel, V. K. and Venkatakrishna-Bhatt,H, 1988).

Antioxidant activity: In a study of patients with chronic bronchitis, exposure to essential

oils of basil caused lowering of plasma levels of dienic conjugates and ketons andactivation of catalase in red cells characteristic of antioxidant effects.10 Niture et al. report

that the extracts from sweet basil were able to raise O6-methylguanine-DNA-

methyltransferase (MGMT) levels.9 Increased levels of MGMT mRNA accounted atleast, in part, for the increased activity of the DNA repair protein. Sweet basil also

increased glutathione S-transferase-pi (GSTP1) expression, albeit to a lesser extent than

MGMT. The authors concluded that plant constituents upregulate human MGMT and
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raise the possibility of rational dietary approaches for attenuating alkylation-induced

carcinogenesis. Further, they reveal the putative antioxidant responsiveness of the

MGMT gene in human cells.

Antiproliferative activity: Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) oil had an IC50 value of

0.0362mg/mL (12.7 times less potent than 5-FU) in P388 cell lines.7

Antiviral activity: Several laboratory studies have been conducted investigating sweetbasil's antiviral activity; however, each study posits different compounds responsible for

its antiviral effects. Based on in vitro study, Ocimum basilicum cv "cinnamon" showed

significant inhibitory effects against HIV-1 induced cytopathogenicity in MT-4 cells.12

The active components in the extract samples were found to be water-soluble polar

substances, not nonpolar compounds such as essential oils. In addition, these aqueous

extracts inhibited giant cell formation in co-culture of Molt-4 cells with and without HIV-

1 infection and showed inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. In asecond laboratory study, Chiang et al. found that crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of

Ocimum basilicum and components such as apigenin, linalool, and ursolic acid exhibit a

broad spectrum of antiviral activity.6 Of these compounds, ursolic acid showed the

strongest activity against herpes viruses (EC50=6.6mg/L; selectivity index (SI)=15.2),adenoviruses (EC50=4.2mg/L; SI=23.8), coxsackievirus B1 (EC50=0.4mg/L; SI=251.3),

and enterovirus 71 (EC50=0.5mg/L; SI=201), whereas apigenin showed the highestactivity against herpes viruses (EC50=9.7mg/L; SI=6.2), adenoviruses (EC50=11.1mg/L;

SI=5.4), hepatitis B surface antigen (EC50=7.1mg/L; SI=2.3), and hepatitis B e antigen

(EC50=12.8mg/L; SI=1.3), and linalool showed the strongest activity against AVD-II(EC50=16.9mg/L; SI=10.5). No activity was noted for carvone, cineole, beta-

caryophyllene, farnesol, fenchone, geraniol, beta-myrcene, or alpha-thujone. The action

of ursolic acid against CVB1 and EV71 was found to occur during the infection process

and the replication phase. The authors concluded that with SI values greater than 200, thepotential use of ursolic acid for treating infection with CVB1 and EV71 merits further

investigation.

Cytoprotective effects: Rosmarinic acid is a natural phenolic compound contained inmany Lamiaceae herbs, such as basil, that inhibits complement-dependent inflammatory

processes.4 Based on in vitro study, rosmarinic acid was able to reduce radical oxygen

species production, protein and DNA synthesis inhibition, and apoptosis caused by thetwo mycotoxins. Rosmarinic acid dose dependently attenuated radical oxygen species

production and DNA and protein synthesis inhibition induced by both of the toxins.

Similarly, apoptosis cell death was prevented, as demonstrated by reduction of DNA

fragmentation and inhibition of caspase-3 activation (p


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Insecticidal effects: Culex pipiens is usually the most common pest mosquito in urban

and suburban settings. Sweet basil has been studied for its repellent effects on Culex

pipiens.19

Spermicidal effects: Based on a study of human spermatozoa in vitro, sweet basil has

potent spermicidal action.13In one study, it was found that oil of cinnamon showed the

highest activity, followed by eugenol, clove oil, oil of basil, oil of ajowan, oil ofpeppermint, and dill.

Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics:

Metabolism: Iyer et al. reported that estragole (4-allyl-1-methoxybenzene), a natural

constituent of sweet basil, and its metabolite, 1'-hydroxyestragole (1'-HE), arehepatocarcinogens in rodent models.14 Laboratory study has shown that glucuronidation

of 1'-HE is a major detoxification pathway for estragole and 1'-HE, accounting for as

much as 30% of urinary metabolites of estragole in rodents. The formation of theglucuronide of 1'-HE (1'-HEG) followed atypical kinetics and the data best fit to a Hill

equation, resulting in apparent kinetic parameters of Km=1.45mM,

Vmax=164.5pM/min/mg protein, and N=1.4. There was a significant intersubject variation

in 1'-HE glucuronidation in 27 human liver samples, with a CV of 42%. A screen ofcDNA expressed UGT isoforms indicated that UGT2B7 (83.94 0.188pM/min/mg),

UGT1A9 (51.36 0.72 pM/min/mg), and UGT2B15 (8.18 0.037 pM/min/mg) were

responsible for 1'-HEG formation. Glucuronidation of 1'-HE was not detected in cellsexpressing UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, and

UGT1A10. 1'-HE glucuronidation in 27 individual human liver samples significantly

(p


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5. Yano, Y., Satomi, M., and Oikawa, H. Antimicrobial effect of spices and herbs on Vibrio

parahaemolyticus.Int J Food Microbiol8-15-2006;111(1):6-11. 167977606. Chiang, L. C., Ng, L. T., Cheng, P. W., Chiang, W., and Lin, C. C. Antiviral activities of

extracts and selected pure constituents of Ocimum basilicum. Clin Exp Pharmacol

Physiol2005;32(10):811-816. 16173941

7. Manosroi, J., Dhumtanom, P., and Manosroi, A. Anti-proliferative activity of essential oilextracted from Thai medicinal plants on KB and P388 cell lines. Cancer Lett4-8-

2006;235(1):114-120. 15979235

8. Duran, M. J., Sabatier, F., Pieroni, G., Gerber, G., Sampol, J., and Maixent, J. M.Omegacoeur, a Mediterranean nutritional complement, stimulates Na,K-ATPase activity

in human endothelial cells. Cell Mol Biol(Noisy.-le-grand) 2001;47(2):313-318.

113550069. Niture, S. K., Rao, U. S., and Srivenugopal, K. S. Chemopreventative strategies targeting

the MGMT repair protein: augmented expression in human lymphocytes and tumor cells

by ethanolic and aqueous extracts of several Indian medicinal plants.Int J Oncol

2006;29(5):1269-1278. 17016661

10.Siurin, S. A. [Effects of essential oil on lipid peroxidation and lipid metabolism inpatients with chronic bronchitis].Klin Med (Mosk) 1997;75(10):43-45. 9490339

11.Patel, V. K. and Venkatakrishna-Bhatt, H. Folklore therapeutic indigenous plants inperiodontal disorders in India (review, experimental and clinical approach).Int J Clin

Pharmacol Ther Toxicol1988;26(4):176-184. 3042642

12.Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., Mori, H., Otake, T., Ueba, N., Oishi, I., Inami,R., Yamane, M., Nakamura, M., Murata, H., and Nakanishi, T. Anti-HIV-1 activity of

herbs in Labiatae.Biol Pharm Bull1998;21(8):829-833. 9743251

13.Buch, J. G., Dikshit, R. K., and Mansuri, S. M. Effect of certain volatile oils on

ejaculated human spermatozoa.Indian J Med Res 1988;87:361-363. 316988914.Iyer, L. V., Ho, M. N., Shinn, W. M., Bradford, W. W., Tanga, M. J., Nath, S. S., and

Green, C. E. Glucuronidation of 1'-hydroxyestragole (1'-HE) by human UDP-

glucuronosyltransferases UGT2B7 and UGT1A9. Toxicol Sci 2003;73(1):36-43.12657745

15.Opalchenova, G. and Obreshkova, D. Comparative studies on the activity of basil--an

essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L.--against multidrug resistant clinical isolates ofthe genera Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas by using different test

methods. J Microbiol. Methods 2003;54(1):105-110. 12732427

16.Satoh, T. and Sugawara, Y. Effects on humans elicited by inhaling the fragrance of

essential oils: sensory test, multi-channel thermometric study and forehead surfacepotential wave measurement on basil and peppermint.Anal Sci 2003;19(1):139-146.

1255803817.Rady, M. R. and Nazif, N. M. Rosmarinic acid content and RAPD analysis of in vitro

regenerated basil (Ocimum americanum) plants.Fitoterapia 2005;76(6):525-533.

16112496

18.Suciu, G., Hodisan, V., Ban, I., Chiorean, V., and Pop, D. [Pharmaceutical preparationsfrom plant products employed in stomatologic diseases]. Rev Chir Oncol Radiol O.R.L.

Oftalmol Stomatol Ser Stomatol1988;35(3):191-194. 2978706

19.Erler, F., Ulug, I., and Yalcinkaya, B. Repellent activity of five essential oils against

Culex pipiens.Fitoterapia 2006;77(7-8):491-494.16890387
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16797760http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16797760http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16173941http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15979235http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11355006http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17016661http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9490339http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9490339http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3042642http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9743251http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3169889http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12657745http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12732427http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12558038http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16112496http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2978706http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890387http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890387http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16797760http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16173941http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15979235http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11355006http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17016661http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9490339http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3042642http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9743251http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3169889http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12657745http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12732427http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12558038http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16112496http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2978706http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890387


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http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/nutrition-research/learning-center/plant-

profiler/ocimum-basilicum.html

Dashputre,N.L dan Nilofer S.Naikwade.Preliminary Immunomodulatory Activity of Aqueous

and Ethanolic Leaves Extracts ofOcimum basilicum Linn in Mice. IJPRIF CODEN (USA) 2010

Vol. 2, No. 2, pp 1342-1349
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sweet basil ref bwt bab 2

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