Silabus dan PendahuluanPertemuan 1

Matakuliah : M0232/Testing dan Implementasi SistemTahun : 2008

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Tujuan Instruksional Umum• Mahasiswa akan dapat menerangkan peranan

tahap pengujian dan tahap implementasi pada rangkaian siklus hidup pengembangan sistem perangkat lunak. (C2)

• Mahasiswa akan dapat menghasilkan perencanaan pengujian (test plan) suatu proyek pengujian perangkat lunak. (C3)

• Mahasiswa akan dapat menyimpulkan hasil proses pengujian yang dilakukan. (C6)

• Mahasiswa akan dapat mendesain laboratorium pengujian. (C6)

• Mahasiswa akan dapat menciptakan tim pengujian berdasarkan kualifikasi yang dibutuhkan. (C5)

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BUKU WAJIB

• Black, Rex. (2002). Managing The Testing Process. 2st Ed., Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington 98052-6399

• ISBN 0-7356-0584-X

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Referensi Lainnya• www.rexblackconsulting.com• (lihat SAP)

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Topik Bahasan1. Pendahuluan & Dasar2 Pengujian Software (Introduction

& Ch. 1) – Pert. 12. Kualitas Perangkat Lunak (Ch. 1) – Pert. 2 & 33. Test Plan (Ch. 2) – Pert. 44. Test System Architecture, Cases, & Coverage (Ch. 3) –

Pert. 55. The Bug Tracking Databases (Ch. 4) – Pertemuan 6 & 76. Test Tracking Spreadsheet (Ch. 5) – Pert. 87. Managing the Dynamic (Ch. 6) - Pert. 98. Stocking & Managing a Test Lab. (Ch.7) – Pert. 108. Staffing & Managing Test Team (Ch. 8) – Pert. 119. Organizational Challenges for Test Manager (Ch. 9) – Pert.

1210. Distributing a Test Project (Ch. 10) – Pert. 13

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PENDAHULUAN

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TIK• Mahasiswa akan dapat mendefinisikan pengertian

pengujian dan implementasi perangkat lunak. (C1) TIK-1• Mahasiswa akan dapat menerangkan peranan tahap

pengujian dan implementasi dalam siklus hidup pengembangan sistem perangkat lunak. (C2) TIK-2

• Mahasiswa akan dapat menjelaskan pentingnya pengelolaan proses pengujian. (C2) TIK-3

• Mahasiswa akan dapat menyebutkan sumber daya dan alat-alat bantu yang diperlukan untuk mengelola dan melaksanakan proses pengujian. (C1) TIK-4

• Mahasiswa akan dapat menjelaskan strategi pengujian (test granularity) yang akan menentukan kedalaman tingkat fokus pengujian. (C2) TIK-5

• Mahasiswa akan dapat menguraikan fase tingkatan pengujian. (C2) TIK-6

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Pengujian Perangkat Lunak

(Software Testing)

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Pengujian (Testing)• Pengujian perangkat lunak (Software testing)

adalah proses untuk mengukur kualitas dari perangkat lunak yang dikembangkan.

• Kualitas perangkat lunak (software quality) mengukur seberapa baik sistem perangkat lunak dirancang (quality of design), dan tingkat kesesuaian perangkat lunak dengan rancangan yang telah dibuat (quality of conformance).

• Standar internasional yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kualitas perangkat lunak adalah ISO 9126 yang mendefinisikan karakteristik perangkat lunak yang berkualitas.

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Why test software?

“Software bugs, or errors... ...cost the U.S. economy an estimated $59.5

billion annually...more than a third of these costs, or an estimated $22.2 billion ... could be eliminated by an

improved testing ...”

NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), 2002

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Why find bugs in software early?

A software defect left unfixed until late in the development cycle

costs 80 to 1000 times more to fix than it would if it was dealt with

earlier

Gartner Inc.

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Purpose of software testing• ”Software Testing is the process of executing a

program or system with the intent of finding errors” *

or• ”Any activity aimed at evaluating an attribute or

capability of a program or system and determining that it meets its required results” **

* Glenford Myers, The art of software testing

** William Hetzel, The Complete Guide to Software Testing

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When to stop testing?• Complete testing of a system is generally

unfeasible (too expensive)• Testing normally stops:

– when resources are exhausted or– when the software meets the requirements or– when the benefit of continued testing cannot

justify the added testing costs

• So, how do we know this?

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Implementasi Perangkat Lunak

(System Implementation)

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System Implementation• System Implementation or Adoption deals with

the transfer (conversion) between an old system to a target system in an organization. So if a company works with an old software system, it may want to use a new system which is more efficient, has more work capacity etc. So then a new system needs to be adopted, where after it can be used.

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Tahap Pengujian & Implementasi dalam Siklus Hidup Pengembangan

Sistem

(Testing & Implementation Phases in SDLC)

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Traditional SDLC

17

(1) Systems Investigation

(2) Systems Analysis

(3) Systems Design

(4) Programming

(5) Testing

(6) Implementation

(7) Operation

(8) Maintenance

Go Back to a previous Stage or Stop

An eight-stage systems development life cycle (SDLC)

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Testing & Implementation Phases in SDLC

• Testing (Pengujian)– Checks to see if the information system will produce the

expected and desired results under certain conditions

• Implementation (Implementasi)– The process of converting from the old system to the new

system– Four major conversion strategies

• Parallel conversion: the old and new systems operate simultaneously for a period of time

• Direct conversion: the old system is cut off and the new systems is turned on at a certain point in time

• Pilot conversion: introduces the new system in one part of the organization

• Phased conversion: introduces components of the new system in stages

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Purpose of test management• To devise and apply an effective and economic

test strategy

• Key elements:– Test planning– Test specifications– Test execution– Test monitoring and reporting– System evaluation

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The Tools You Need

• A thorough test plan: meramalkan dan menghindari masalah yg potensial.

• A well-engineered test system• A state-based bug tracking database• A comprehensive test tracking spreadsheet• A simple change management database

Diperlukan untuk pengelolaan proses pengujian.

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The Resources You Need• A practical test lab• Test Engineers and Technician• Contractors and Consultants• External test Labs and Vendors

Diperlukan untuk menjalankan proses pengujian.

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Dasar Sistem Pengujian• Suatu pengujian yang akan dilakukan harus

mempunyai fokus yang jelas.• Ada 3 pertanyaan yang harus dijawab sebelum

melakukan suatu pengujian:– What you might test ?– What you should test ?– What you can test ?

• Jawaban -> membantu menentukan fokus pengujian yang dilakukan.

• Fokus pengujian yang jelas akan menentukan kualitas dari sistem yang diuji.

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1. What you might test?

Usaha Pengujian yang Diperluas(The Extended Test Effort)

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Usaha Pengujian yang Diperluas

• Dalam suatu proyek pengembangan perangkat keras maupun perangkat lunak, sudah banyak proses pengujian yang dilakukan di luar organisasi.

• Ada 2 pandangan yang digunakan untuk menilai bagaimana kelompok diluar organisasi pengujian formal berkontribusi pada suatu proses pengujian:1. Test Granularity : level of focus of a test2. Test Phases : Jenis pengujian yg dilakukan

dalam berbagai macam tahapan pengujian.

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Test Granularity• Refers to the fineness or coarseness of a test’s focus• Can be thought of as running along a spectrum ranging

from structural to behavioural test

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Structural Test• Structural test find bugs in low level operations

such as those that occur down at the levels of lines of code, database schemas, chips, subassemblies, and interfaces.

• Structural tests are based on how a system operates

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Who did the structural test?• Expert Programmers can be good structural

testing• Testers develop most structural test by looking at

the code and data structures

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Behavioural Test• Behavioural tests are often used to find bugs in high-level

operations, at the level of features, operational profiles, and customer scenarios

• They are functional tests based on what a system should do• Behavioral testing involves a detailed understanding of the

application domain, the business problem being solved, and the mission the system serves

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Who did the behavioral test?• Testers who understand the design of the system, at least

at a high level, so that they can effectively find bugs common to that type of design.

• In addition to understand some of the technological issues surrounding the system under test, behavioral testers must understand the special behavioral test techniques that are most effective at finding such bugs

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What is Good Behavioral Test?• Structured• Methodical• Often repeatable sequences of tester-created

conditions

Behavioral testing is the primary test technique for most independent test organizations

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Live Testing• Live Test involve putting customers, content

experts, early adopters and other end users in front of the system

• In some cases, we encourage the testers to try to break the system

• Well-known form: Beta Testing

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Test Phases• Unit Testing• Component or Subsystem Testing• Integration or Product Testing• String Testing• System Testing• Acceptance or User Acceptance Testing• Pilot Testing

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Benefit of Phased Test Approach• Structural Testing can build product stability• Structural testing using scaffolding or stubs can start early• You can detect bugs earlier and more efficiently• You can gather better metrics and use best-practice

techniques in your testing effort• Phases provide real and psychological milestones against

which you can gauge the "doneness" of testing and thus the project

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Test Phase Sequencing