semua animalia-pakek bahasa inggris
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Phylum Porifera Halichondria panicea, Breadcrumb sponge
Belonging to the phylum Porifera, and
really not much of an animal, is the
bread crumb sponge, so called becauseit crumbles easily when pried off the
rocks. Sponges are really a loose
collection of cells, which carry out the
basic functions of animal life almost
independently of one another. They are
the only animals to correspond to the
cell aggregate plan.
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Phylum Porifera Halichondria panicea, Breadcrumb sponge
Bread crumb sponge is often
camouflaged by green algae, which
provides the sponge with nutrients in
return for protection. For a long time,
nobody even knew if the sponge was an
animal. Then it was discovered that
water 7was entering through tiny pores,
oxygen and food was being removed,
and waste was being expelled through
much larger pores, which on the bread
crumb sponge resemble volcanoes.
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Phylum Porifera Haliclona oculata
This sponge reaching up from the ocean
floor is appropriately named deadman¶s
fingers. Sponges, because they are filter
feeders, live in water. Many phyla are
totally aquatic, and many are largely
marine, that is most members are found
in salt water. Sponges are permanently
attached to the bottom and do not draw
away when touched, as they have no
nervous system nor distinct tissues or
organs.
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Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)T ealia felina, Dahlia anemone
Again, it is hard to believe that this is an
animal. Sea anemones are commonly
called the flowers of the sea. Their
tentacles resemble petals. Sea
anemones, jellyfish and hydroids all
belong to the phylum Coelenterata.
They are more complex animals than
the sponge, and their design conforms
to that of the blind sac plan. These
animals have a single opening to take in
food and expel waste.
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Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)T ealia felina
Small animals that come within range of
the tentacles are quickly enveloped, and
the captured prey drawn into the sac
where it is digested. While digesting,
the anemone resembles a stewed
tomato. Can you think of any
disadvantages in having a single
opening serving as both a mouth and an
anus?
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Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)T ubularia sp.
Hydroids also belong to the phylum
Coelenterata, but are relatively small
and inconspicuous. Like most
coelenterates, hydroids have special
stinging cells called cnidocytes at the
tip of their tentacles. Prey brushed
against the tentacles is impaled by a
barb ejected from the cnidocyte.
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Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)S olitary hydroid
Hydroids usually form delicate bush-
like colonies, but solitary forms do
exist. Reproductive structures resemble
clusters of grapes.
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Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)C yanea capillata
The lion¶s mane is the world¶s largest
jellyfish. Unlike the hydroids, some
jellyfish deliver a powerful sting. With
the sac opening located in the center
and encircled by tentacles, jellyfish can
be considered upside down sea
anemones.
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Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria) Aurelia aurita
The moon jelly, a jellyfish, it is almost
transparent as it drifts along with the
currents. It¶s four circular gonads, the
reproductive structures, are the most
visible parts of the jellyfish. All
coelenterates are radially symmetrical,
that is their parts are arranged around
the center, like spokes on a wheel.
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Phylum Nemertina
(Rhynchocoela) Amphiporus angulatus
A ribbon worm, belonging to the
phylum Nemertina, moving over the
bottom using hair-like cilia. Though
relatively primitive, these animals are
not radially, but bilaterally
symmetrical, an important
development.
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Phylum Nemertina
(Rhynchocoela) P h. Nemertina
These worms are remarkably elastic,
and this contorted position shows the
underside of this worm. With bilateral
symmetry come the beginnings of
features more developed in higher
phyla.
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Phylum Mollusca Lunatia heros
The moon snail outdoes itself exhibiting
one of the characteristics of the phylum
Mollusca, the strong muscular foot used
for locomotion. When foraging, the foot
and the head extend out from the shell.
The shell provides protection for the
soft-bodied mollusk inside. And
believe it or not, the moon snail is able
to completely withdraw its head and
large foot when threatened.
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Phylum Mollusca Littorina littorea
A party of periwinkles feed on the slimy
algae covering the rocks. Mollusca is a
large phylum and an important one. It
is the first phylum to fully exhibit thetube within a tube body plan.
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Phylum Mollusca Aeolida sp.?
This is a nudibranch, commonly called a
sea slug. Think of it as a snail removed
from the shell and untwisted. With a
nudibranch, the bilateral symmetry isevident; there is a definite head with
tentacles, where the mouth is located,
and at the tail end, an anus.
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Phylum MolluscaC oryphella rufibranchialis
Nudibranchs are beautiful animals,
despite their close relation to the
common garden slugs. Internally, they
exhibit the tube within a tube body plan, common to the majority of
bilaterally symmetrical animals. The
inside tube is a digestive system; the
outside tube is a fluid filled body cavity
called the coelem. The coelem is of
great significance in animal evolution.
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Phylum Mollusca M ytilus edulis
Within the phylum mollusca, is a class
of animals called the bivalves, that is,
having two shells compared to the one
shell carried by the snails. In certainareas, these blue mussels completely
cover the bottom.
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Phylum Mollusca P lacopecten magellanicus
A large bivalve, the scallop, a large
circular muscle that holds the two
halves of the shell together, and it is
this muscle that is the edible part of thescallop.
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Phylum Mollusca Bathypolypus arcticus, Little octupus
The octopus is a most unlikely mollusc,
but it along with the squid, nautilus and
cuttlefish, are grouped within the
phylum Mollusca. With the squid andcuttlefish, the shell remains, but is
internalized. The octopus has lost its
shell entirely.
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Phylum Annelida Nereis virens
The clam worm, a worm with a
difference. Its body is divided into
similar rings or segments, which places
it in the phylum Annelida, thesegmented worms. Segmentation has
improved the annelid¶s ability to
burrow and swim. When swimming, the
clam worm is continually rewriting the
letter ³S´.
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Phylum AnnelidaT omopteris sp.
Some annelids are very effective
swimmers, and spend their whole life in
the open water. Segmentation has
obviously not affected the digestivetube of these worms, but the encircling
tube, the fluid-filled coelem, is
segmented.
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Phylum Annelida Amphitrite johnstoni
Other annelids build tubes for
themselves. This annelid is normally
obscured by its tube, which it constructs
with the use of its long, orangetentacles. The red tentacles are for
respiration.
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Phylum Annelida P ectinaria gouldii
The delicate trumpet worm ± another
tubeworm. It uses quartz sand grains to
construct its tube. The segmented body
is only visible when the worm isremoved. Like many tube-dwelling
annelids, it feeds by ingesting sand,
extracting food particles and excreting
the dirt, hence the coiled castings.
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Phylum Arthropoda P andalus borealis
This shrimp is a member of the largest
and most diverse phylum ± Arthropoda.
Three quarters of all animal species are
arthropods. A distinguishing feature of all members is a jointed or segmented
outer skeleton, known as an
exoskeleton. Segmentation of the
shrimp¶s muscular abdomen allows for
quick backward movement as well as
being a delicacy for seafood fans.
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Phylum ArthropodaGammarus oceanicus
The amphipod¶s body is completely
segmented. If seaweed is pulled aside
or a rock lifted up at low tide, these
animals demonstrate their flexibility asthey hop into the air or scoot across the
rocks to escape.
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ClassificationC arcinus maenas
The green crab exhibits the jointed legs
from which the phylum derives its
name, and all members share.
³Arthron´ for jointed as in arthritis,³pod´ for leg as in tripod.
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Phylum ArthropodaC aprella sp.
A caprellid, a delicate crustacean, on a
sponge. Phylum Arthropoda is also
extremely diverse. Along with the
largely aquatic crustaceans, it includesthe largely terrestrial insects, scorpions
and spiders. All arthropods exhibit the
tube within a tube body plan, along
with bilateral symmetry, segmentation,
and a well-developed head.
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Phylum Arthropoda P agurus acadianus
The hermit crab has taken to inhabiting
the vacated homes of molluscs, the
shell of the moon snail.
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Phylum Arthropoda P agurus acadianus
The hermit crabs soft abdomen is well
adapted for wrapping around the spiral
interior of the snail¶s shell.
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Phylum Arthropoda Balanus balanoides
At first glance, an unlikely member of
the phylum arthropoda, the barnacle,
can be easily mistaken for a mollusc.
However, when submerged, these top plates move apart and the animal begins
to feed.
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Phylum Arthropoda Balanus sp.
Barnacles extend from 3 to 6 pairs of
segmented feathery legs, which trap
minute food particles and then are
withdrawn. A 19th century biologistdescribed the barnacle as nothing more
than a little shrimp-like animal standing
on its head in a limestone house and
kicking food into its mouth.
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Phylum EchinodermataS trongylocentrotus droebachiensis
These are the needle-like spines of the
sea urchin, which belongs to the
phylum Echinodermata.
Echinodermata is translated ashedgehog or spiny skin. Another
common feature of this phylum, are
tube feet, seen here extending between
the spines.
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Phylum EchinodermataS trongylocentrotus droebachiensis
The tube feet are primarily used for
locomotion, but may be used for
feeding and respiration. The tube feet of
the sea urchin are arranged in five rowsrunning from the mouth on the
underside to the anus on top. Sea
urchins are closely related to sand
dollars and sea buns.
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Phylum Echinodermata A sterias forbesii
A common seastar moving slowing
using tube feet on the underside of each
arm. The echinoderms are a confusing
bunch, are well developed structurally,thought to extend from a bilateral
ancestor, and the larvae are bilaterally
symmetrical, but the adults are radially
symmetrical, with no head or brain.
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Phylum EchinodermataO phiopholis aculeata
The brittle stars are another group of
echinoderms. As the name implies,
their arms break off easily. The arms of
the brittle star are sharply set off fromthe central disc.
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Phylum EchinodermataGorgonocephalus arcticus
Another brittle star ± the basket star.
Though beautiful, the arms signify
death for many small prey. Sometimes
these animals form entangled massesand the net is spread even wider.
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Phylum EchinodermataC ucumaria frondosa
One group of echinoderms not sought
after by shell collectors, the sea
cucumbers. Although bearing no
obvious resemblance to the seastars, seaurchins or brittle stars, the 5 rows of
longitudinally arranged tube feet
provide the necessary clue to indicate
their relationship to other echinoderms.
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Phylum Echinodermata P solus fabricii
When undisturbed, the crown of
tentacles surrounds the mouth. Food
particles are collected by the tentacles,
which are then placed in the mouth andwiped off, as they are withdrawn. The
anus is located at the opposite end of
the animal.
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Phylum Chordata Halocynthia pyriformis
This is a sea peach, a tunicate. The
name tunicate is suggested by the tough
leathery tunic that covers these animals.
Tunicates are filter feeders, and have anincurrent and excurrent siphon.
Internally, they have a well-developed
circulatory and digestive system, and
therefore possess the tube within a tube
body plan.
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Phylum Chordata Boltenia ovifera
Not a fruit, but a vegetable, the sea
potato. Like a sea peach, but on a stalk.
Tunicates are one of the most unlikely
animals to bridge the gap betweeninvertebrates and the vertebrates. But
zoologists have placed the tunicates in
the phylum Chordata that is, with those
animals possessing a backbone. Among
other similarities, tunicates in their
larval stages develop the beginnings of
a backbone, which later disappears.
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Phylum ChordataS culpin
The fish is no borderline invertebrate,
possessing a well-developed vertebral
column. There is much debate as to
which invertebrate phylum, theinvertebrates evolved from. The phyla
Annelida, Echinodermata and even
Nemertina have been suggested.
Whatever their origin, the invertebrates,
those spineless, are an immensely
fascinating and diversified group.