plagiat merupakan tindakan tidak terpuji - core.ac.uk · ini, gangguan kepribadian menjadi objek...

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER AS SEEN

THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN KESEY’SONE

FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO’S NEST

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

DedhyApriantoPamungkas

Student Number: 084214105

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2015

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i


THROUGHTHE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN KESEY’SONE


AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

Dedhy Aprianto Pamungkas

Student Number: 084214105

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2015


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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama: Dedhy Aprianto Pamungkas

Nomor Mahasiswa: 084214105

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul


THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN KESEY’S ONE


Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan

data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau

media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya

maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya

sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal 30 Januari 2015

Yang menyatakan,

(Dedhy Aprianto Pamungkas)


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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been

previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,

to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate contains no material previously

written by any other person except due reference is made in the context of the

undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, January 30, 2015

Dedhy Aprianto Pamungkas


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IT ALWAYS SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE UNTIL IT'S DONE

-Nelson Mandela-


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the last few years there are have been many people who have helped me

in my life and within the process of accomplishment of this study. I would like to

thank to Jesus Christ who gives me in this life, blessing, health, strength and spirit

to finish this study. I would like to express my gratitude to my undergraduate

thesis advisor, Dr. F.X.Siswadi, M.A. who has willingly spent the time guiding

me in this research and also for all of the advice, corrections, and encouragements

toward myself for all of this time. I also would like to thank my co-advisor Maria

Ananta Tri Suryandari,S.S.,M.Ed. for the correcting this thesis carefully and for

giving me meaningful advice.

My thanks go to my dear parents, Mom and Dad, who give me prayer and

unlimited support, my brothers Drajat and Andreas who also give me support

morally and materially and my lovely nephew Dika, I hope only the best for

them.To my besties Matias Mamet, Yoga Gaplek, Ianno Akhmenrah, Artantya TJ,

Dimas Dimdir, I am thankful for the companion, advice, sincerity, courtesy and

countless favors through all these years. I am more than lucky to have them in my

life. Friends of English Letters Class 2008 and friends from other various classes

also Lens Club LC, thanks for all of the knowledge and togetherness through

these years, Hog Bless. May God protect and bless them all!


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ......................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................... ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE .......................................................................................... iii

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ....................... iv

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .......................................................... v

MOTTO PAGE ........................................................................................... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………….... viii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. x

ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1

A. Background of the Study .......................................................... 1

B. Problem Formulation................................................................ 5

C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................. 5

D. Definition of Terms ................................................................... 5

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ............................................. 7

A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................ 7

B. Review of Related Theories ...................................................... 9

1. Theory of Character and Characterization ...................... 9

2. Relation between Literature and Psychology ................... 12

3. Theory of Antisocial Personality Disorder ....................... 14

C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................ 18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 19

A. Object of The Study .................................................................. 19

B. Approach of The Study ............................................................. 20

C. Method of The Study ................................................................ 22

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 23

A. The Characteristic of Randle McMurphy .............................. 23

1. Ruthless ................................................................................ 24

2. Rebellious ............................................................................. 28

3. Ambitious ............................................................................. 31

4. Persuasive ............................................................................ 32

5. Deceitful ............................................................................... 34

6. Remorseless .......................................................................... 37

B. The Antisocial Personality Disorder reflected through

Randle McMurphy .................................................................... 39

1. Failure to Conform to Social Norms ................................. 39

2. Deceitfulness ........................................................................ 42

3. Irritability and Aggressiveness .......................................... 43


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4. Lack of Remorse .................................................................. 45

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .................................................................. 47

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 50


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ABSTRACT

DEDHY APRIANTO PAMUNGKAS. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY

DISORDER AS SEEN THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN

KESEY’S ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO’S NEST. Yogyakarta:

Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University,

2015.

Each person has the need to socialize and build harmonic relationship with others.

If someone cannot build a harmonic social relationship with others, that person

might have a personality disorder. In this research, the personality disorder

becomes the object for the researcher to get the understanding about personality

disorder of the main character in the novel. In this novel the main character named

Randle Patrick McMurphy is identified with symptoms of antisocial personality

disorder.

There are two problems in this research, first is to find the characteristics of

Randle Patrick McMurphy in the novel, while second is to find how the antisocial

personality disorder is reflected through Randle McMurphy in the novel.

In this study, the researcher uses library research in order to complete this study.

The researcher uses library research because the study uses a novel as the main

data and some psychological books as the sources of theories.

The researcher uses some theories to support this study, they are the theory of

character and characterization, the relation between literature and psychology, and

thetheory of anti-social personality disorder. The researcher applies the theories to

analyze the data and then the conclusion is formulated.

After analyzing the data, the researcher finds out the answer of the problems.

Firstly, the characteristics of the main character are presented in six points, which

are ruthless, rebellious, ambitious, persuasive, deceitful and remorseless.

Secondly, the characteristic of the main character then matched into the features

of antisocial personality disorder. The result is that the main character fulfilled

four out of seven features of antisocial personality disorder. The results indicate

that Randle McMurphy is indeed having the antisocial personality disorder.


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ABSTRAK

DEDHY APRIANTO PAMUNGKAS. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY

DISORDER AS SEEN THROUGH THE MAIN CHARACTER OF KEN

KESEY’S ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO’S NEST. Yogyakarta: Jurusan

Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.

Setiap orang mempunyai kebutuhan untuk bersosialisasi serta membangun

hubungan yang harmonis dengan sesama. Apabila seseorang tidak sanggup untuk

membangun hubungan sosial yang harmonis dengan sesamanya maka

kemungkinan orang tersebut memiliki gangguan kepribadian. Dalam penelitian

ini, gangguan kepribadian menjadi objek penelitian untuk memahami tentang

gangguan kepribadian antisosial yang dialami karakter utama pada novel. Dalam

novel ini, karakter utama, yang bernama Randle Patrick McMurphy,

diidentifikasikan memiliki gejala gangguan kepribadian antisosial.

Terdapat dua pertanyaan dalam penelitian ini, pertama adalah menemukan

karakteristik apa saja yang dapat diidentifikasikan dari Randle Patrick McMurphy

pada novel, kemudian yang kedua adalah menemukan bagaimana gangguan

kepribadian antisosial tercermin melalui karakter utama pada novel.

Pada penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka untuk merampungkan

penelitian ini. Peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka oleh karena penggunaan

sebuah novel sebagai data utama dan beberapa buku mengenai psikologi sebagai

sumber beberapa teori yang digunakan.

Peneliti menggunakan beberapa teori untuk mendukung penelitian ini, yakni teori

karakter dan karakterisasi, hubungan antara sastra dengan psikologi dan teori

gangguan kepribadian antisosial. Peneliti mengaplikasikan teori-teori tersebut

untuk menganalisis data kemudian pembuatan formulasi kesimpulan.

Setelah menganalisis data, peneliti menemukan jawaban dari permasalahan diatas.

Pertama adalah karakteristik dari karakter utama dipresentasikan dalam enam

poin, yakni kejam atau tidak kenal belas kasih, suka memberontak, ambisius,

persuasif atau suka menghasut, suka berbohong dan tidak mempunyai rasa

bersalah. Kemudian yang kedua adalah karakteristik dari karakter utama

kemudian dicocokkan kedalam fitur-fitur gangguan kepribadian antisosial. Hasil

dari penelitian tersebut adalah si karakter utama memenuhi empat dari tujuh fitur

gangguan kepribadian antisosial. Hasil dari penelitian tersebut mengindikasikan

bahwa Randle McMurphy memang memiliki gangguan kepribadian antisosial.


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

A literary work is a medium for people to express their ideas and feelings.

What is pictured there is generally based on the fact and experience which

happened in the past or the dreams about the future. The literary work is a door in

one’s consciousness, an opportunity to see the world, to see life as it might

appear. Through literary work people have the opportunity to see human

experience from a different perspective, not only from psychological research.

Literary work also can be the medium to reveal human characters from another

person's point of view or the author.

Literature is human creation in certain time to say something or

events in certain period or year. It is intended to share some idea or

issue to other human beings, because the greatness of the literature

work is brought out by the wisest and the most sensitive mind in

the form of information, experience, knowledge or non-aesthetic

values (Guerin, 1979:18)

Literature and psychology are subjects that explore human’s life. The

relationship between the two studies has one common purpose which is to

describe the human condition. In a literary work, the author depicts the human

condition into a dramatic story while in psychology, the researcher studies human

characteristic scientifically.

Jonathan Culler stated in Literary Theory; A Very Short Introduction, “The

literary work is a linguistic event which projects a fictional world that includes

speaker, actors, events, and an implied audience (an audience that takes shape


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through the work’s decisions about what must be explained and what the audience

is presumed to know)”(2000:29).

Hudson stated in An Introduction to the Study of Literature that instead of

their function of giving emotional and intellectual pleasure to its reader, literature

through their medium of languanges, is also a media to represent some aspects of

human life such as history, social, moral, psychology and so on (1960:10). When

reading a literary work such as novel, poetry, prose or play, the reader not only

create imagination of what happened in the novel, but also they will have the

chance to explore human life and problems throughout human history. Literature

can reveal the morality of a person or society and some particular social issues in

human life at a particular time. Literature is the representation of the reality of

human life, it reflects the social reality, confront us with life varieties, problems,

attitude, feelings and relationship among others.

The novel is the author's work during his shift at mental health facility in

California. The setting of the novel takes place at the end of the 1950s, when

many of the America’s younger generation began to challenge conformity. The

novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest was included in “100 Best English

Language Novel from 1923-2005” list by Time Magazine.

However, Leon Mann in his book Social Psychology states that through the

process of socialization the individual becomes the member of society, endowed

with the social attitudes and role behaviors appropriate to his particular society

and his place in it. The individual adjusts himself to the society by learning

behavior which meets with society’s approval. At any age a person in the society


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expected to acquire the values in his society. Hence, the aim of socialization is to

induce person to conform willingly to the ways of the society to which he belongs

(1969:6)

Besides the above issues the novel presented, the novel is interesting to be

analyzed because the author Ken Kesey presents the main character, Randle

McMurphy, with the characteristic of a person with the symptoms of antisocial

personality disorder. As a charming and friendly man, Randle McMurphy was

also impulsive, irritable, violent, lack of responsibility, lack of guilt, and disregard

for laws in other side. Through the characteristic of Randal McMurphy above, the

researcher can see that Randle McMurphy is qualified to be considered as a

person with the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder.

According to Abnormal Psychology, the types of personality disorder are

paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal

personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic (historical)

personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, avoidant personality

disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality

disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Among many of the personality

disorders mentioned above, the main character of the novel, Randle McMurphy is

included into a person with the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder.

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder show an almost total disregard for

the rights and well-being of others. In addition, they demonstrate several

characteristics that make them dangerous to others. Rules and regulations are not

for them, so they often have a history of antisocial behavior. They are often


4

irritable and aggressive, highly impulse, seemingly fearless in the face of danger,

and highly deceitful - they will lie to anyone, anytime, if they perceive this as

advantageous. And after performing actions that harm others, they typically show

no remorse (Davidson and Neale, 1986:233)

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest tells about the story of an outlaw named

Randle McMurphy, who was convicted of rape and sentenced to work at the

Pendleton Work Farm but he requested to be transferred to the mental institution

to avoid the drudgery at the farm. While Randle McMurphy stayed in the mental

institution he incited rebellion among the patients who suffered under the

overbearing Nurse Ratched, the head nurse at the mental institution. She had a

complete control over every aspect of the mental institution. Randle McMurphy

tried to fight the oppressive power that Nurse Ratched had with rebellion and

disobedience toward the rules of the mental institution.

The personality disorder which Randle McMurphy has is interesting to be

analyzed in order to get a better understanding and knowledge about the antisocial

personality disorder and also there are still few who have discussed the topic

antisocial personality disorder. Hence the researcher collects the data from the

novel entitled One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey and use the

psychological approach as the ground to build the analysis and reveal the

antisocial personality disorder through the main character’s reactions, saying and

behavior toward another person in the society.


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B. Problem Formulation

In order to get the understanding and explanation of the topic, the researcher

formulated two questions to be answered:

1. What are the characteristics of Randle McMurphy in One Flew Over The

Cuckoo’s Nest?

2. How is the antisocial personality disorder reflected through Randle

McMurphy in the novel?

C. Objectives of The Study

The aim of this study is to answer the research questions above. The analysis

is aimed at discovering the personality of Randle McMurphy and how the

antisocial personality disorder of the main character is reflected in the novel.

Since the research questions above are formulated into two parts, the

analysis is divided into two parts also. The first part is to find out the description

of Randle McMurphy as the main character of the novel, and in the second part is

to identify how the main character can be said to have antisocial personality

disorder.

D. Definition of Terms

1. Character

According to Abrams & Harpham in A Glossary of Literary Terms, Ninth

Edition, character is the person represented in a dramatic or narrative work,

who are interpreted by the reader as possessing particular moral, intellectual,


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and emotional qualities by inferences from what the person say and his or her

distinctive ways of saying it-the dialogue-and from what they do-the action.

Being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in

their dialogue and their action. (2009:42)

2. Antisocial Personality Disorder

According to Robert A. Baron in Psychology, Third Edition defines that

antisocial personality disorder as a personality disorder involving a lack of

conscience and sense of responsibility, impulsive behavior, irritability, and

aggressiveness. (1995:569)


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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

In this chapter the researcher discusses on related studies on the same novel.

The related studies from other work gives more understanding of the novel from

the other point of view. Through the review of related studies, the other study will

complete the understanding of the novel.

An article from the website www.thenation.com states as follows;

―Randle P. McMurphy, a bright and impetuous jailbird, feigns

lunacy and gets himself transferred to a state hospital, where, he

hopes, living conditions will be more to his liking. He is assigned

to a minimum security ward that is presided over by Nurse

Ratched‖(http://www.thenation.com/article/one-flew-over-

cuckoos-nest)‖

The quotation from online article www.thenation.com shows that Randle

McMurphy is a smart, spontaneus ex-criminal who fake his lunacy in order to get

himself transferred into a state mental institution expecting to get a better living

condition than he had before. The article also described McMurphy as a man who

has a rebellious spirit and has a serious problem with the authority or in this case

is the character of Nurse Ratched or Big Nurse. The statement from the online

article above gives the understanding of the main character as a man who was a

criminal and has personality issue which then asked to be transferred to the mental

asylum by the authority of the Pendleton Work farm.


http://www.thenation.com/article/one-flew-over-cuckoos-nest


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The essay from Thomas H.Fick, The Hipster, the Hero, and the Psychic

Frontier in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest described McMurphy as follows;

―A footloose westerner, he ostentatiously transgresses the limits

of society, much like Kesey himself, whose destination—Furthur

[sic]—was emblazoned on the Pranksters‘bus. McMurphy teaches

the inmates of the insane asylum to create their own truths and

identities, but to do so he must share himself and inevitably

compromise his own.(p.138)‖

The previous quotation shows that McMurphy disapproved and tried to

break the limitation of society by taking over the bus and went fishing with

friends from the mental institution. He also ‗teaches‘ his friends in the mental

institution to find themselves, their true identity. Eventually, because of Randle

McMurphy‘s ‗kindness and wisdom‘ toward his friends in the mental institution,

there will be something that McMurphy has to sacrifice, which is his sanity ripped

off by the authority or the mental institution officer. The above quotation also

shows that McMurphy committed a rebellious act toward society and law in

particular.

The study from Thomas H. Fick described the main character,Randle

McMurphy as follows;

Committed to the asylum as a psychopath, McMurphy is a down-

home hipster who vitalizes the sterile ward with the energy of his

language. ―some thief in the night boosted my clothes‖, he

explains to Nurse Ratched when he appears the first morning

wrapped in a towel (with his white whale undershorts beneath).

The Nurse‘s confusion inspires McMurphy to more elaborate jive,

a burst of verbal energy that cuts through the inert institutional

vocabulary: ‗Pinched. Jobbed. Swiped. Stole,‘ he says happily.

‗You know, man, like somebody boosted my threads.‘ saying this

tickles him so he goes into a little barefooted dance before her.

(p.138).


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The quotation above from Thomas H. Fick mentioned the term ‗down-home

hipster‘ which is meant as simple and informal person who value independent

thinking, counter culture, intelligence and witty banter. The spirit of counter

culture is the most recognized idea of hipster, they conform the idea of

mainstream culture. This idea of conform also shows up in the character of Randle

McMurphy, his love of struggle toward the rules and conflicts shows his

conformist spirit of the hipster. The study from Thomas H. Fick gives the

researcher insight of how McMurphy has the conformist spirit.

This research tries to prove that Randle McMurphy has symptoms of anti-

social personality disorder by observing his characteristic and behavior based on

the novel. The previous studies give a brief explanation about the main character

and can be used as references. The researcher chooses this topic to get

understanding on how the main character is described and the symptoms of

antisocial disorder reflected through the main character, and also through this

research aim that the readers able to see the motives of the main character in the

novel, Randle McMurphy, behaves in such way and the impact toward the society.

A. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

Characters are defined as ―the person presented in a dramatic or narrative

work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and

dispositional qualities that are expressed in their dialogue and their action‖

(Abrams, 2009:20). The grounds in character‘s temperament and moral nature of

his speech and actions constitute his motivation. A character may remain


10

essentially stable or unchanged in his outlook and dispositions from the beginning

to the end of the work, or he may undergo a radical change, either through a

gradual development or as a result of an extreme crisis.

Abrams states that character can be interpreted by the reader through what

they say, the dialogue, and what they do and from the action (2009:21). From this,

a character can be known by the reader through their attitudes and language. The

reader also plays an important role to decide whether he or she in the novel is

good or bad.

Furthermore, Sylan Barnet explained in Literature for Composition that the

character can be understood as follows:

1. What the character (the figure) says.

2. What the character does.

3. What other characters (including the narrator of the story) say about the

main character.

4. What other characters do (others may illuminate the figure you are writing

about in the work, figures who do or do not engage in actions resembling the

actions of your figure) (1988:71-72).

In the book, Understanding Unseen (1972:161-173) by M.J Murphy also

explain the method to define the character, Murphy said that there were ―Nine

Ways to Present the Character‖

1. Personal description: The author can describe a person‘s appearance and

clothes.


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2. Character as seen by another: Instead of describing a character directly

the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another. The readers

get, as it were, a reflected image.

3. Speech: The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the

persons in the book through what that person says. Whenever he is in

conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving us

some clue to his character.

4. Past life: By letting the reader learn something about a person‘s past life,

the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person‘s

character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person‘s

thought, his conversation or the medium of another person.

5. Conversation of other: The author can also give us clues to a person‘s

character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about

him. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give us a clue

to the character of the character spoken about.

6. Reaction: The author gives us a clue to a person‘s character by letting us

know how that person reacts to various situations and events.

7. Direct comment: The author describes or comments on a person‘s

character directly.

8. Thoughts: The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is

thinking about. In this respect he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He

can tell us what different people are thinking. In the novel the researcher is able to


12

accept this. The reader then is in a privileged position: he has, as it were, a secret

listening device plugged-in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel.

9. Mannerism: The author can describe a person‘s mannerism, habits, and

idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about the character.

2. Relation between Literature and Psychology

Literature and psychology are two different fields of study, what makes

them can be related is that in both fields of study explore human‘s life. Both field

of studies have one common purpose which is to describe the human condition. In

a literary work, the author depicts the human condition into drama while in

psychology, the researcher studies human characteristic systematically and

scientifically.

Psychological approach is perfect for analyzing the topic since the

researcher talks about the motives behind every act and saying about the main

character. In the book, The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism: Volume II)

stated about the relation between the two studies as follows, ―These connections

arise from the fact that the practice of art is a psychological activity and as such,

can be approached from a psychological angle. Considered in this light, art like

any other human activity deriving from physic motives is a proper subject for

psychology‖. The term art in the above quotation refers to the literary work since

literature from the basic is inspired from daily human activity, behavior and

thought. In that way psychological approach can be applied to analyze literary


13

work and in particular to the analysis of the intrinsic element of the novel such as

the character in the novel or even the author.

By using psychological approach, the researcher tries to understand the

motives of Randle McMurphy‘s behavior, and then collecting the fact that the

main character in the novel matches to the figure of anti-social personality

disorder.

Psychology is the science that attempts to understand, describe,

predict, and influence – particularly human behavior.

(Kalish.1974:4)

The quotation above from Kalish explains the general term of psychology

which can be related to the literature. Since literature also observes the human

behavior as well, the field of psychology also can be used to analyze literary

works especially the author and the characters in the novel.

While the contribution literature can give to psychology is that through

literary works, the author describes humans in the present time and also to predict

the human characteristic and motives in the future. Since human characteristic is

complex and developed along the time, the relation and contribution of literary

work to the field of psychology is to predict human motives and characteristic in

the future.

Using the psychological approach, the researcher tries to reveal the main

character‘s personality and get a clear explanation about how the personality

disorder is reflected through the main character. In literature, the researcher is not

studying literature only, but also another field of study, in this case the researcher

also learns about psychology as well.


14

3. Theory of Antisocial Personality Disorder

According to James C. Coleman in Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life

said that their outstanding characteristic is a marked lack of ethical or moral

development, with an inability to follow approved modes of behavior (1964:361).

In other words the characteristic of a person with anti social personality disorder

can be seen through their unusual or abnormal behavior. An explanation about

abnormal behavior, according to Anne Anastasi and John P. Foley, Jr in

Differential Psychology: Individual and Groups Differences in Behavior are as

follows;

Abnormality is the normal consequence of certain stimulating

conditions and structural characteristics. Behavior is abnormal only

in the sense that it deviates from a norm. This norm is determined by

the specific conditions of life within a given group. Thus it follows

that behavior which considered abnormal in one culture may be

normal in another. (Anne Anastasi & John P. Foley.1956:566)

From the quotation above, the term abnormality here depends on the norms of the

related society or group. When a person is said to have abnormal behavior in a

certain group or society, another group may say it as normal for it depends on the

cultures adopted he or she lives in.

In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition,

text revision by Frances Allen as editor (2000:706). A person is said to have

antisocial personality disorder when the person at least at the age of 18 years old,

and has shown a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of

others occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three or more of the following

indications:


15

1. Failure to Conform to Social Norms

People with anti-social personality disorder lack respect for other persons.

They often disregard the feelings, rights, and welfare of others and extreme

egocentricity, these people also included as tough mindedness and arrogance.

They disregard or disobeyed the rules created by society instead they often break

the social norms and the result of their acts they are frequently arrested.

2. Deceitfulness

People whose diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder often lie,

cheat, con, defraud, and manipulate others for particular intention, which basically

only they get the benefit, in other words they always keep the truth hidden. This

item describes an individual for whom lying is a typical part of everyday

discourse.Individuals at the extreme are characteristically deceptive,

unscrupulous, manipulative and dishonest.

3. Impulsivity or Failure to Plan Ahead

They often act spontaneously without considering the risk and they are

not able to think about something to do in the future.This item refers to the

tendency to act without premeditation or forethought, corresponds to the

impulsiveness facet of neuroticism. However, neurotic impulsiveness has more to

do with the experience of strong cravings and an inability to resist temptations,

frustrations, and urges. The symptoms also indicate that they lack life plan, fails to

learn from experience, and also they have poor judgement toward value.


16

4. Irritability and Aggressiveness

These people often attack people physically or emotionally. Concerned

with the expression of irritability, annoyance, impatience, threats, and aggression,

this symptom reflects poor behavioral control. A person with this symptom often

act spontaneously and unprovoked that lead to the reflection of the person which

failure to consider future consequences, acting hastily, or acting first and thinking

later.

5. Reckless Disregard for safety of Self or Others

People with the symptom of antisocial personality disorder do not posses

the ability to feel remorse after committing something bad, in fact they are not

aware or even do not care that they are in danger after commiting their action.

They do not worry to think about their own safety or others, their disregard act

about safeness can dangered people‘s lives.

6. Consistent Irresponsibility

They are usually unemployment for long periods, and do not have a

realistic plan for getting another job. Hare (1991) described the irresponsible

individual as one who has little sense of duty or loyalty to family, friends, or

employers and who habitually fails to fulfill obligations in a variety of areas. Low

scores on dutifulness are described as casual about ethical principles,

undependable, and unreliable.

7. Lack of remorse

It can be said that these people have lost their compassion. They rarely

feel regret for what they have done, either having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from


17

another. This item represents an explicit assessment of the psychopath‘s lack of

concern for the losses, pain, and suffering of his or her victims. This item would

seem to describe the extreme variant of tough mindedness, as described above.

The indications above are seven criteria of anti-social personality disorder to

analyze the main character. A person is claimed to suffer from anti-social

personality disorder when he or she is indicated by three or four of the above

indications and are at least 18 years old. A source from Abnormal Psychology by

Davidson and Neale, stated as follows;

The adult antisocial personality disorder shows iresponsible and

antisocial behavior, by not working consistently, breaking laws,

lying, being irritable, and physically aggressive, defaulting on debt

and being reckless. He or she is impulsive and fails to plan ahead.

In addition, he or she shows no regard for truth nor remorse for

misdeeds. (Davidson and Neale.1993:271)

According to Personality Disorder and The Five-Factor Model of

Personality, the diagnostic criteria for anti social personality disorder essentially

provide a set of behavorial examples of excessively low conscientousnesss (e.g,

irresponsible and delinquent acts, inability to sustain consistent work behavior,

failure to honor obligations, failure to plan ahead) and low agreableness (eg,

deceitfulness, failure to conform to the law, fights and assaults, disregard for the

safety and welfare of others, and lack of remorse).

The antisocial personality disorder person, however, is also manipulative,

exploitative, vengeful, criminal, and ruthless. They display more tendencies to be

tough minded and ruthlessly exploitative, vengeful, criminal, and ruthless, which

are aspects of antagonism.


18

D. Theoretical Framework

In order to answer the problem of this study, some applicable theories are

provided. They are theory of character and characterization, theory of the relation

between psychology and literature and also the theory of anti-social personality

disorder. Theory of character and characterization used to answer problem number

one. By using this theory, the researcher is able to identify what kind of character

Randle McMurphy is by seeing through his attitude, speeches, behavior and his

way of thinking.

Theory of the relation between psychology is used to give deeper

comprehension that literature is related with another field of study, such as

psychology. Since the study is about revealing main character‘s anti-social

disorder, psychological approach is the best approach to be used to solve the

problem formulation.

Theory of anti-social personality disorder is used to answer the second

research question, how the antisocial personality disorder is reflected through the

main character. The indications of anti-social personality disorder are matched to

the Randle McMurphy characteristics and behaviors. By using this theory, the

researcher has the capability to know whether the main character fulfills the

requirement of having anti-social behavior or not.


19

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of The Study

One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest is a novel by Ken Kesey, an American

writer. He was born in La Junta, Colorado and raised in Springfield, Oregon. He

graduated from the University of Oregon and later studied at Stanford. In 1959, at

work on a novel but in need of cash, he became a subject in government

sponsored studies of LSD, mescaline, and other drugs being conducted at the

Veterans Administration Hospital in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He later worked as

a night attendant in the hospital’s psychiatric ward, an experience that led to the

writing of One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest (1962), his acclaimed first novel.

His second novel, Sometimes A Great Notion, followed in 1964. By this

time, Kesey was the leader of a group friends called the Merry Pranksters, who

embraced LSD and gave it to the people at both private parties and public events

(sometimes without their knowledge) to observe their reactions. He set out across

the country in a psychedelically painted bus with the Beat hero Neal Cassady at

the wheel, evens later chronicled by Tom Wolfe in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid

Test.

Kesey himself described, in words and pictures, his experiences in the

counterculture movement in Kesey’s Garage Sale (1973). Other books by him

include the novels Demon Box (1987), Sailor Song (1992) and Last Go Round

(1994).


20

One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest tells about a man called Randle

McMurphy, he was convicted of rape and sentenced to work at Pendleton Work

Farm but he requested to be transferred to the mental institution to avoid the hard

work at the farm. Because the character of McMurphy incited rebellion among the

fellow patients who suffered under the overbearing Nurse Ratched, the head nurse

at the mental institution. Randle McMurphy tries to fight the oppressive power

that Nurse Ratched had with his basic instinct which was rebellion and

disobedience toward the rules of the mental institution.

B. Approach of the Study

To get the understanding of the main character and his motives behind his

behaviours in One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, the researcher uses

psychological approach as the tool to analyze the character of Randle McMurphy.

David Daiches states in Critical Approaches to Literature that, “Such a use of

psychology is appropriate to critics who believe that the function of literature is to

provide “a just and lively image of human nature” or at least who agree on the

general proposition that the end of literature is some kind of illumination of the

human situation” (1981:338) The application of psychological approach to

analyzing literary work is appropriate because the results of the application of the

approach is to find out human psychological condition.

According to Richard Kalish in The Psychology of Human Behaviour,

“Psychology is the science that attempts to understand, describe, predict, and

influence – particularly human behavior.” (1974:4). The statement from Richard


21

Kalish explains the general understanding of psychology which can be related to

literature. Since literature is also observing the human behavior as well,

psychology is able to be used to analyze literary works, especially in analyzing the

author and the characters in the novel.

Another addition from The Norton Anthology of Theory an Criticism:

Volume II states that, “These connections arise from the fact that the practice of

art is a psychological activity and as such, can be approached from a

psychological angle. Considered in this light, art like any other human activity

deriving from physic motives is a proper subject for psychology”.(p:990). The

term art here refers to the literature work since literature from the basic is inspired

from human activity, behavior and thought. The above quotation supports the idea

of analyzing work of fiction using psychological approach.

Psychological approach is appropriate to be used to analyze the topic for the

researcher will talk about the character, the motives behind every act and saying

of the main character. Therefore the use of this approach supports the researcher’s

aim to get the understanding of the motives behind Randle McMurphy’s

behaviours and thoughts. The researcher uses theory of antisocial personality

disorder to analyse the symptom that Randle McMurphy shows through his

behaviours and thoughts toward other people and then the symptom must fulfilled

at least three out of seven criteria of being antisocial.


22

C. Method of the Study

In this study, the researcher used library research in order to complete this

study. Library research is used because the study was using novel as the main data

and some psychological books as the source of theories used in this study. The

primary data used in this study were the novel by Ken Kesey entitled One Flew

Over The Cuckoo’s Nest. Some theoretical books were used such as Abnormal

Psychology, Critical Approaches to Literature, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

of Mental Disorder, Theory of Literature, Social Psychology and A Glossary of

Literary Terms. Some more web based references are also used to give additional

information about the novel.

Few steps were taken to analyze the data. Firstly, the primary data were read

to get the understanding of the story and to get more information about the story

and then the researcher decided what the issue that worth analyze is. From here,

the researcher decided to present the main character’s personality disorder as the

problem formulation. Secondly, the researcher reads some theoretical books about

literature and psychology. Since the problem formulation is about personality

disorder, the theory of antisocial personality disorder was used to analyze. Last

but not least, the researcher applied theory of character and also the theory of

antisocial personality disorder to analyze the main character and then the

conclusion of the research was formulated.


23

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In this chapter the researcher discusses on the analysis of the primary data.

The main issues formulated in the previous chapter are analyzed in this chapter

using the psychological theory. The problem formulations being discussed in this

chapter are how the portrayal or the characterization of Randle McMurphy in the

novel and how the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder are being

portrayed through the main character.

A. The characteristics of Randle McMurphy

Firstly, the researcher tries to find the characteristics of the main character

based on his action, saying and the other character‟s description about Randle

McMurphy. The researcher uses the theory from A Glossary of Literary

Term;Ninth Edition by M.H Abrams and G.G Harphams as the main tool to

analyze the characteristic of McMurphy in the novel. Specifically, in order to get

evidence of McMurphy characteristic, the researcher uses the showing method

from M.H Abrams and G.G Harpham.

The researcher uses the method from M.H.Abrams to analyze the

characteristic of the main character. The „showing‟ method is the author simply

presents the character talking and acting and also the character‟s inner thoughts,

feelings, and responsiveness to events while in „telling‟ mode, the author

intervenes authoritatively in order to describe, and often to evaluate, the motives


24

and dispositional qualities of the character. As the tool to analyze the main

character of the novel the researcher uses showing method.

1. Ruthless

Randle McMurphy is a person who has activities such as drinking,

gambling and using prostitute service in his list of daily activities. These kind of

activities McMurphy has included as harmful activities, whether to individual or

to the society. The ideas of theft, rape, assault and battery are forbidden and

punishable by law and included into crime. To be classified as a crime, the act of

doing something bad must be usually accompanied by the intention to do

something bad. Because of these abnormal and harmful activities he did, Randle

McMurphy is categorized as a ruthless person.

Since ruthless characteristic that Randle McMurphy has, a lot of his

activities which is considered hard and cruel and not caring of hurting other

people can be classified as criminal activities because these activities are against

the law or rules in the society. Before McMurphy gets transferred to the mental

institution, he went to many prisons for his criminal activities, one of which is

fighting: “Ever since I found my callin‟ I done time in so many small-town jails I

could write a brochure. They say I‟m a habitual hassle. Like I fight some.

Sheeut”[p.16]. Applying the method showing by Abrams and Harpham in the

book A Glossary of Literary Terms Ninth Edition, the researcher is able to know

that McMurphy is a person whose fighting becomes his daily routine and then end

up into many prisons.


25

McMurphy also committed assault and battery in the past before he went to

Pendleton Farm: “But that was just for a period of time. I learned the ropes. To

tell the truth, this „sault and battery I was doing in Pendleton was the first hitch in

close to a year. That‟s why I got busted. I was outta practice; this guy was able to

get up off the floor and get to the cops before I left town. A very tough

individual..”[p.16]. Randle McMurphy often show his ruthlesness such as assault

and battery which make him end up in the jail. One day he gets caught and sent to

the prison because he attack and smack someone down back in the Pendleton

Farm which unfortunately that person able to call the police. Before McMurphy

able to run away from the town the police succeed arrested and sent him to the

prison. Other event related to his criminal activity is when the staff of the mental

institution read the past record folder about Randle McMurphy and find out the

criminal activity he committed.

“McMurry, Randle Patrick. Committed by the State of Pendleton

Farm for Correction. For diagnosis and possible treatment. Thirty-

five years old. Never married. Distinguished Service Cross in

Korea, for leading an escape from a Communist prison camp. A

dishonourable discharge, afterward for insubordination. Followed

by a history of street brawls and barroom fights and a series of

arrests for Drunkenness, Assault and Battery, Disturbing the Peace,

repeated gambling, and one arrest-for Rape.”[p.28]

Randle McMurphy‟s achievement in the military, the Distinguished Service Cross

gives an evidence for his extreme courageous behavior and risk of life in combat.

Even though he achieved such high honors in military, McMurphy has a bad

record for acts of indiscipline and then discharged from military service. Later on

McMurphy involved in many fights, gamble, arrested for drunkenness, assault


26

and battery, disturbing the peace and also for raped a fifteen year old girl. The

researcher applies the theory by Abrams, showing method on how the other

character in the novel present McMurphy‟s record and the result is that he

performed many criminal activities in the past.

There is also an event when Randle McMurphy and the group from consist

of nine patients, a doctor and a girl having a trip to go deep-sea fishing, he is the

one who has the idea to steal a boat.

“Don‟t you think, Randle, we‟d better wait… until the captain…”

McMurphy caught him by the lapels and lifted him clear of the

dock into the boat like he was a small boy. Yeah, Doc, “he said,

wait till the captain what?” He commenced to laugh like he was

drunk, talking in an excited, nervous way.“Wait till the captain

comes out and tells us that the phone number I gave him is a

flophouse up in Portland? You bet. Here, George, damn your eyes;

take hold of this thing and get us out of here! Sefelt! Get that rope

loose and get on, George,come on.” [p.136]

The idea to go rent a boat and fishing at sea is Randle McMurphy‟s idea and

he also persuades fellow patients and the doctor in the mental institution to join

the trip. At first the group wants rent the ship because McMurphy already paid the

captain of the ship for some amount of money beforehand. Knowing that the

passengers is a group of patients and doctor from the mental asylum and that they

do not have the signed paper with proper authorities, the captain cancels the trip

due to risk of having sued if something gone wrong during the trip.

McMurphy does not want to cancel the trip and lose his money so he takes

the chance to steal the ship while the captain at the bar and keep his plan going.

At first the doctor hesitates before climbing aboard but McMurphy insists to keep

going and sail the ship. The showing method applied in this analysis, the result is


27

that McMurphy is the one who has the idea to steal the boat. Stealing or theft is

included in the act of criminal activity and therefore include McMurphy as a

criminal. Another evidence is that McMurphy raped an underage girl in the past.

“Rape? The doctor perks up. Statutory, with a girl of-“ Whoa.

Couldn‟t make that stick,” McMurphy say to the doctor. Girl

wouldn‟t testify.” “With a child of fifteen.” “Said she was

seventeen, Doc, and she was plenty willin‟.” “A court doctor

examination of the child proved entry, repeated entry, the record

states-““So willin‟, in fact, I took to sewing my pants shut.” “The

child refused to testify in spite of the doctor‟s findings.”[p.28]

The previous quotation shows that McMurphy committed the rape of an underage

girl, according to the report from the doctor. However, McMurphy insists that he

did not rape the girl and state that the girl willingly makes love with McMurphy.

But the report from the court prove different fact, that the girl was raped many

times and she did not want to testify in the court about what happened to her

because of the presumption of intimidation she gets. This rape case proves one of

many criminal record committed by McMurphy and also prove that Randle

McMurphy is indeed a ruthless person. Using the showing method by Abrams, the

result is that McMurphy committed rape as prove of his cruelty to others. The

researcher finds out that through McMurphy‟s past record in military and events

happened while in the mental institution he often committed criminal activity

such as theft, fighting, assault and battery, rape and went to many prisons become

the proves that Randle McMurphy is a ruthless person.


28

2. Rebellious

One characteristic of Randle McMurphy has is his rebellious action. He

often performs acts of rebellion toward the staff in the mental institution and also

having conflict with some mental institution staffs especially with the Big Nurse.

A rebellious person always refuses to obey to any rules or order given. People

who rebel shows range of behaviors aimed at destroying or taking over the

position of an established authority. The forms of behaviors can include non-

violent methods such as civil disobedience while in violent methods include with

armed rebellion aimed to destroy the authority.

The event when the Big Nurse told him to follow the rule in the mental

institution but he answers that he is having a problem about the rule:

“..I‟m sorry to interrupt you and Mr. Bromden, but you do

understand; everyone…must follow the rules.” He tips his head

back and gives wink that she isn‟t fooling him any more than I did,

that he‟s onto her. He looks up at her with one eye for a

minute.“Ya know, ma‟am”, he says, “ya know-that is the ex-act

thing somebody always tell me about the rules..” He grins. They

both smile back and forth each other, sizing each other up.”…just

when they figure I‟m about to do the dead opposite”[p.18]

Applying the theory by Abrams & Harpham in A Glossary of Literary Terms

Ninth Edition, the result from the dialogue above is that Randle McMurphy is a

type of a person who will not follow any kind of rule or from whoever it comes

from. Moreover, if anyone told him or enforce him to do so McMurphy will incite

rebellion instead.

As in the following events in the mental institution a debate between

McMurphy and the nurse: “I said McMurphy, that you are supposed to be

working during these hours. Her voice has a tight whine like an electric saw


29

ripping through pine. Mr.McMurphy, I‟m warning you! You committed, you

realize. You are…under the jurisdiction of me…the staff. Under jurisdiction and

control.” [p.83].

Rarely did Randle McMurphy obeyed the rule the staff gives to him, such as

in the above event when the Big Nurse did not allow him to watch the television,

he turned on the television and watch the game instead. Immediately the staff

turned the television off but Randle McMurphy keeps watching it as if the game is

still played. Even when the Big Nurse tries to threaten McMurphy, he completely

ignored her as nothing happened around him. Moreover, McMurphy makes other

fellow patients in the ward follow his little rebellion to watch the blank screen

television. Applying the theory by Abrams and Harpham in A Glossary of

Literary Terms, the researcher able to know that Randle McMurphy ignored the

rule and even the threat from the authority, in this case is the Big Nurse, instead

he committed a little act of rebellion in front of the authority or the staffs trying to

mock the staffs.

McMurphy‟s confrontation toward the staffs and the way he always refuses to

conform to the rules of the ward results in McMurphy receives a number of shock

treatments and then lobotomy, a medical procedure for removing some parts of

the brain in order to punish him.

“The Big Nurse talks to McMurphy, soft and patients, about the

irresponsible thing he did, the childish thing, throwing tantrum like

a little boy-aren‟t you ashamed? He says guesses not and tells her

to get on with it. She talks to him about how they, the patients

downstairs on our ward, at a special group meeting yesterday

afternoon, agreed with the staff that it might be beneficial that he

receive some shock therapy-unless he realize his mistakes. All he

has to do is to admit he was wrong, to indicate, demonstrate


30

rational contact, and the treatment would be cancelled this

time.”[p.155]

An event when McMurphy fight the staffs of the mental institution make him

encountered quite big problem, the Big Nurse threat him to enter the electroshock

treatment, a special treatment for those who cannot obey the rules and the likes

that making hullabaloo in the mental institution, for what he did in the bathroom

beating up the staffs and making turmoil. The nurse gives McMurphy a chance to

confess his mistake and he can skip the chance of his head being electrified by the

staffs. Instead of confessing and admit that he is wrong McMurphy said as

follows:

“Yeah? He says, You got paper I can sign? Well, no, but if you

feel it nec..And why don‟t you add some other things while you‟re

at it and get them out of the way-things like, oh me, being part of a

plot to overthrow the government and like a how I think life on

your ward is the sweetest goddamned life in this side of Hawaii-

you know that sort of crap. I don‟t believe that would- Then, after I

sign, you bring me a blanket and a package of Red Cross

cigarettes. Hoeee, those Chinese Commie could have learned a few

things from you, lady.”[p.155]

In the quotation above Randle McMurphy does not want to confess his mistake

even after the Big Nurse offer him an agreement that can save his life. The

quotation above indicates that McMurphy is a person who always confront with

the authorities, in this case McMurphy disobey and fight the staffs and also make

a little rebellion in the mental institution. Using the showing method from Abrams

and Harpham, reveals the quotations above that McMurphy has a passion to rebel

toward the authority, that he does not obey any rules given to him.


31

3. Ambitious

Beside Randle McMurphy‟s immoral and rebellious characteristic, he is

also an ambitious person. This characteristic can be seen from his gambling

activities as he always eager to win the gamble he participates. An example when

he makes a bet with the other patients that he will bring down the authority in the

mental institution or the Big Nurse, head nurse at the mental institution.

Ironically, the way his ambition steers his goal to defeat Big Nurse‟s authority in

the mental institution eventually bring him to his suffering until the end of his life.

He is confident and also ambitious about the game he participates that he

is going to defeat the Big Nurse. When McMurphy enters the mental institution

for the first time he makes a bet that he can bring down the authority in that place.

This event happened when McMurphy challenges the Big Nurse for the first time

in the mental institution, after he knows that Big Nurse will trouble him with her

strict rules, he makes a bet with the fellow patients at there that he is going to

defeat Big Nurse and win the game he made.

“The hell with that. What I want to know is am I safe to try to beat

her at her own game? If I come on nice as pie to her, whatever else

I in-sinuate, she ain‟t gonna get in a tizzy and have me

electrocuted?” Here‟s what I‟m thinkin. You birds seem to think

you got quite the champ in there, don‟t you? Quite the-what did

you call her?-sure, impregnable woman. What I want to know is

how many of you are dead sure enough to put a little money on

her?” [p.43]

At this point, McMurphy shows that he is making a bet with the fellow patients on

how he will beat the authority of Big Nurse in the mental institution, he is

confident that he can win the game. McMurphy knows that the game he


32

participates is dangerous, for the bet of this gamble is not a sum of money but

himself being at stake.

Despite the high risk of the game, McMurphy insists to continue that he

will beat the game. His ambition makes him oblivious to the fact that he is

unlikely able to bring down the authority of Big Nurse: “I‟m a gambler and I‟m

not in the habit of losing. And I‟ve never seen a woman I thought was more than

me, I don‟t care whether I can get it up for her or not. She may have the element

of time, but I got a pretty long winning streak goin‟ myself.”[p.43] Applying the

theory from Abrams and Harpham, the showing method, the above quotations

reveals that McMurphy is an ambitious person seen from McMurphy‟s ambition

to defeat Big Nurse which apparently in the end of the story bring him to his

suffering.

4. Persuasive

Persuasive also one of the characteristics that McMurphy has and as a

person with a smooth-tongued characteristic he can easily persuade and convince

the fellow patients and the doctor at a mental institution for the sake of his

personal interest. Often McMurphy in many chances persuades the fellow patients

to do the thing he want for example the event happened in the conversation

between McMurphy and Big Nurse in a group meeting therapy below:

“...remember that vote we had a day or so back-about the TV

time? Well, today‟s Friday and I thought I might just bring it up

again, just to see if anybody else has picked up a little guts.

Mr.McMurphy, the purpose of this meeting is therapy, group

therapy, and I‟m not certain these petty grievances. Yeah, yeah, the

hell with that, we‟ve heard it before. Me and some of the rest of the


33

guys decided.. One moment Mr.McMurphy, let me pose a question

to the group: do any of you feel that Mr.McMurphy is perhaps

imposing his personal desires on some of you too much?” [p.80]

Randle McMurphy with his personal interest trying to influence the fellow

patients to agree on the permission to watch the television as if the interest is

paramount to the fellow patients, but actually this is Randle McMurphy own

interest. The quotation above shows that Randle McMurphy performs persuasion

in order to get his personal interest to watch television realized. A persuasive

person often uses expressive use of language and gesture to attract the feeling of

the interlocutor in order to change their mind or behavior.

In the case of Randle McMurphy, his ability to talk smoothly affects many

people in the mental institution, he can change people‟s mind in order to complete

his personal interest. This is reflected through following event McMurphy trying

to get the permission to go deep-sea fishing from the doctor after the Big Nurse

does not allow McMurphy to go:

“He was watching the doctor. And the doctor was eying the blond

girl‟s t-shirt like nothing else existed. McMurphy‟s loose smile

spread out on his face as he watched the doctor trance, and he

pushed his cap to the back of his head and strolled to the doctor‟s

side, startling him with a hand on the shoulder. “By God Doctor

Spivey, you ever see a Chinook salmon hit a line? One of the

fiercest sights on the seven seas. Say Candy honeybun, whyn‟t you

tell the doctor here about deep-sea fishing and all that. Working

together, it didn‟t take McMurphy and the girl but two minutes and

the little doctor was down locking up his office and coming back

up the hall, cramming papers in brief case”.[p.131]

The trip Randle McMurphy held is part of his plan to escape the routine in the

mental institution and to get laid with his lady friend, Cindy. Randle McMurphy

finally succeeds in persuading the doctor to approve the trip permit to go to the


34

sea with the fellow patients. The way he talks and asks Cindy to persuade the

doctor play big role which results in doctor approval. Later on the doctor even

join the trip to sea and let the lady come along. The persuasive characteristic

Randle McMurphy has closely related to his manipulative or deceitful

characteristic in the next explanation below.

5. Deceitful

The narrator previously describes McMurphy as a person who have the

quality as a car salesman. The term car salesman here closely related to a bad

person, for a car salesman often deceives the customer about the quality of the car

he sells. A small research on the internet found that the majority of people in

America ranked car salesmen as a profession which rated very low based on

honesty and ethical standard among any other profession in other words car

salesmen is the least person that people can trust

http://www.gallup.com/poll/1654/honesty-ethics-professions.aspx

According to Phillip Reed, senior consumer advice editor in the

automotive website stated that “Salesman aren‟t your friends,Phillip says. By and

large they‟re manipulative and deceitful-and they will do whatever it takes to get

you in a car that day, whether it‟s the right deal for you or not”

http://www.cnbc.com/id/26011623#. Based on previous research, the personality

of a car salesman is believed by a majority of people as a manipulative or

deceitful.



http://www.cnbc.com/id/26011623

35

Randle McMurphy is described by the narrator in the novel as a person

who has the quality of a car salesman which shows that McMurhy has the quality

of manipulative or deceitful characteristic. A manipulative or deceitful person

often lies in order to get what he wanted, to achieve his goal. As long as he can

get what he wanted, he does not care about the others. He or she has a purpose

whether it may to pursue the comfort and an easy life, for instance, the feeling of

power and respect or monetary gain. Sometimes a manipulator‟s own purpose is

simply the actual disruption of the target for the sake of disruption in the place he

or she lives. Randle McMurphy is described to have the quality of manipulative or

deceitful person in the story;

“What Miss Ratched, your opinion of this new patient? I mean, gee

,he‟s good looking and friendly and everything, but in my humble

opinion he certainly takes over “I‟m afraid that is exactly the new

patients is planning; to take over. He is what we called

„manipulator‟, Miss Flinn, a man who will use everyone and

everything to his own ends. A manipulator can influence the other

patients and disrupt them to such an extent that it may take months

to get everything runs smooth once more”[p.19]

Using the theory from Abrams and Harphams, the showing method reveals that

Big Nurse noted the personality of McMurphy as a person who is manipulative,

that he has a plan to take over the system in the mental institutions. Through Big

Nurse‟s observation she can state what type of person McMurphy is by looking

the conversation in the meeting and the way McMurphy interacts with other

patients. The fact is that McMurphy does not have the quality of a lunatic, crazy

person but rather he is trying to manipulate the system for the sake of his

advantage. Another fact which proves McMurphy that he is a deceitful person is

when he feigning his insanity in order to escape the drudgery of Pendleton Farm;


36

“Another thing: I‟m in this place because that‟s the way I planned

it, pure and simple, because this is a better place than a work farm.

As near as I can tell you I‟m no loony or never knew it if I was.

Your nurse don‟t know this; she‟s not going to be looking out for

somebody coming at her with a trigger-quick mind like I obviously

got. These things give me an edge I like. So I‟m saying five bucks

to each of you that wants it if I can put a betsy bug up that nurse‟s

butt within a week.”[p.44]

The researcher then applies the showing method from Abrams and Harpham‟s

theory in A Glossary of Literary Terms. Ninth Edition, the research reveals that

McMurphy is already planning to get himself moved to the mental institution back

when he still at the Pendleton Farm. McMurphy wants to escape the labor in the

farmer and enjoy the comfort and luxury in the mental institution. Previously in

the Pendleton Farm he declared himself as lunatic in order to get himself

transferred to the mental institution. With his ability to manipulate other person he

can easily get himself transferred to the mental institution. Through the other

character description of Randle McMurphy and also his speech in the above

quotations shows that quality of manipulative person he has.

When McMurphy planned the trip to the sea, he starts to collecting money

from other fellow patients, but then the Big Nurse tries to cancel the trip and told

McMurphy to refund the money;

“I‟ve already rented the boat; the man got seventy bucks of mine in

the pocket right now!” Seventy dollars? So? I thought you told the

patients you‟d need to collect a hundred dollars plus ten of your own

to finance the trip, Mr.Murphy. I was putting gas in the cars over and

back. That wouldn‟t amount to thirty dollars, though would it? She

smiled so nice at him, waiting. He threw his hands and looked at

ceiling. Hoo boy, you don‟t miss a chance do you Miss District

Attorney. Sure, I was keepin‟ what was left over. I don‟t think any of

the guys ever thought any different. I figured to make a little for the

trouble I took get..”[p.131]


37

Using the method from Abrams and Harphams, the quotation reveal that

from Big Nurse saying McMurphy manipulate the fellow patients to pay the trip a

little more, when actually the amount of money needed is less than McMurphy

asked before. Big Nurse realized that McMurphy had something behind his plan

to go fishing, turn out McMurphy keep a little amount of money for himself.

At first McMurphy does not admit that he lied and stated that the rest of

the money is used to pay the gas, eventually he admit that he committed such

action and stated that he deserve to get a little payoff for what he has done

arranging the trip. The action McMurphy did show that he is indeed a

manipulative or deceitful person.

6. Remorseless

In the novel, McMurphy is described as a man who repeatedly imprisoned

in many country jails for his crimes. McMurphy is said to repeatedly commit

assault and battery, disturbing the peace, drunkenness, rape and gambling. His

track record shows that McMurphy does not have any feeling of guilt or remorse

for the crimes he has done. For example, when McMurphy assaulted a man back

in the Pendleton Farm and then when he caught for rape an under-aged girl, he

shows no remorse whatsoever.

“To tell the truth, this „sault and battery I was doing in Pendleton

was the first hitch in close to a year. That‟s why I got busted. I was

outta practice; this guy was able to get up off the floor and get to

the cops before I left town. A very tough individual..”[p.16]


38

From the quotation above, the researcher found out that McMurphy is a person

who like to harmed other people and make it as a hobby since he repeatedly did

this kind of action. The characteristic of McMurphy is analyzed using the theory

from Abrams and Harphams, the showing method. The researcher found that

McMurphy did not show any feeling of guilt or remorse after harming another

person. This action McMurphy did is considered extreme and abnormal while any

normal person will have the feeling of guilt or remorse after committed such

harmed action. According to the McMurphy‟s record, he also committed rape

toward an under aged child of fifteen. The way he done such action against the

moral value and harmed other person shows that he did not regret his action.

“Rape? The doctor perks up. Statutory, with a girl of fifteen. A

court doctor‟s examination of the child proved entry, repeated

entry, the record states. The child refused to testify in spite of

doctor‟s finding. There seemed to be intimidation.” [p.28]

Using the showing method by Abrams and Harpham, the quotation above

describes how McMurphy committed such immoral action toward a child of

fifteen and not showing any regret or remorse. The child rejects to testify in the

court without any reason which probably because of the intimidation from

McMrphy. Through the analysis of his behavior McMurphy is indeed a person

with lack of remorse and has abnormal behavior that harmed others.


39

B. The antisocial personality disorder reflected through Randle

McMurphy

In this second problem formulation, the researcher analyzes how the

symptoms of antisocial personality disorder are being portrayed through Randle

McMurphy in the novel. The researcher uses the main theory based on

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition,

text revision by Frances Allen as editor (2000:706).

The symptoms that Randle McMurphy has are described in the following

analysis based on the main character sayings and actions. The application of the

theory of antisocial disorder is used to find out how the symptoms are reflected

through the main character. The researcher then found out few symptoms which

are the evidences of the antisocial personality disorder Randle McMurphy has.

The following are few symptoms the researcher found throughout the application

of the theory from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth

Edition on the main character and matched his characteristic to the symptoms of

anti-social personality disorder.

1. Failure to Conform to Social Norms

In a social environment, there are written and unwritten rules which have

to be followed by anyone who lives within the society, the rules of which is made

and agreed by the people within the society and must be followed by them. If in

any case there is any member of the society failed to conform to the social norms,

that person will be punished according to the applicable law within the society.


40

In the novel One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, Randle McMurphy is

described as a person who commits many criminal acts for many times over and

over again, he has been gone to many prisons for his criminal activities such as

fighting, gambling, theft, manipulates and rape. Considering from McMurphy‟s

past criminal activities, McMurphy is included as a person who cannot obey the

rule or social norms. There is an example when McMurphy said that he often got

caught by the officer in the past;

“Ever since I found my callin‟ I done time in so many small-town

jails I could write a brochure. They say I‟m a habitual hassle. Like

I fight some.Sheeut”[p.16]

The above quotation shows that Randle McMurphy has many records in prison,

he often ends up in so many jails for what he did in the past often disobey the

social norms and disrupt other people with assault and battery. The officer even

called him as a habitual hassle for what he did, which means that McMurphy

really like to fight over and over again.

“But that was just for a period of time. I learned the ropes. To tell

the truth, this „sault and battery I was doing in Pendleton was the

first hitch in close to a year. That‟s why I got busted. I was outta

practice; this guy was able to get up off the floor and get to the

cops before I left town. A very tough individual..”[p.16]

McMurphy caught by the officer back where he was in the Pendleton

Farms because in that year he started to fight again for the first time. He tried to

run out from the city but the victim already called the officer before McMurphy

tried to leave the city. Randle McMurphy‟s action toward other people shows

McMurphy violates the social norms by fighting and harmed other people.


41

Evidence showing how McMurphy behavior conform the rules in the mental

institution.

“Didn‟t you see the way the man acted out there today? When one

of his schemes was thwarted he was up out of his chair, on the

verge of violence.There is marked disregard for discipline and

authority”, the doctor says.His history shows that time and again

he has acted out his hostilities against authority figures, in school,

in service, in jail!”[p.87]

From the quotation above the doctor stated that in his observation toward

Randle McMurphy. The doctor states that from McMurphy‟s action when one of

his plan is rejected by the staff, he spontaneously shows his violence gesture.

From that action the doctor stated that McMurphy has disregard for discipline and

authority to the rules of the mental institution. The doctor also stated about

McMurphy‟s history about his aggressiveness or confrontation toward any figures

related to authority in many places such as in school, in public service and even in

the prison as well.

McMurphy‟s ambition to bring down the Big Nurse or the authority and

rule the mental institution in order to make it comfortable for him to live in,

makes him use any actions which are necessary to achieve his goal, whether it is

bad or not. Because McMurphy‟s ambition, it leads him to commit some actions

which is included into failure to conform to social norms. The characteristics of

McMurphy also play big role in the way he fails to conform to social norms,

which are immoral, rebellious and also ambitious.


42

2. Deceitfulness

Another characteristic from McMurphy is manipulative behavior, he tried

to manipulate others for the sake of his own benefit. An example is about his

condition in the Pendleton Farm, where the doctor stated that McMurphy is

having mental disorder but actually it was McMurphy‟s plan in order to avoid

drudgery in the farmer. Later on McMurphy told another fellow patient about his

condition and what is his purpose when he asks to be transferred into the mental

institution.

“Another thing: I‟m in this place because that‟s the way I planned

it, pure and simple, because this is a better place than a work farm.

As near as I can tell you I‟m no loony or never knew it if I was.

Your nurse don‟t know this; she‟s not going to be looking out for

somebody coming at her with a trigger-quick mind like I obviously

got.”[p.44]

The quotation above shows that McMurphy is indeed had a plan toward his move

to the mental institution. McMurphy is avoiding the hard work on the farm and

choose to have a more comfortable place like in the mental institution, “Don‟t

overlook the possibility that this man might be feigning psychosis to escape the

drudgery of the work farm.”[p.115] The previous quotation is the doctor‟s note

from the Pendleton Farm, which notice the idea of McMurphy asked to be sent to

the mental institution.

The note from the doctor gives the researcher insight that McMurphy

indeed has a plan to escape from the farm by manipulating his condition to get the

permission to be transferred to the mental institution. With his ability to speak

smoothly and persuade other fellow patients McMurphy easily influences them to


43

rebel against the mental institution which succeed and some of the patients follow

McMurphy ideas to do stuff against the rules of the mental institution.

3. Irritability and Aggressiveness

McMurphy has the history of brawling, assault and battery, thus

McMurphy can be classified into a person with the symptom of irritability and

aggressiveness because he often attacks people and ended up in jails. The

following quotation shows the event where McMurphy unexpectedly breaks the

glass at the staff office;

“He stopped in front of her window and he said in his slowest,

deepest brawl how he figured he could use one of the smokes he

bought this mornin‟, then ran his hand through the glass. “The

glass came apart like water splashing and the nurse threw he hands

to her ears. He got one of the cartons of cigarettes with his name

on it and took out a pack, then put it back and turned to where the

Big Nurse was sitting like a chalk and very tenderly went to

brushing the slivers of glass off her hat and shoulders [p.114]

Using the theory from M.H Abrams, showing method, the researcher finds that

the main character, Randle McMurphy performs a poor behavioral control by

breaking the window at the staff office. McMurphy spontaneously breaks the

glass in the staff office window and take a pack of cigarette then back to his chair

like nothing happened while leaving Big Nurse stood still afraid of his action. The

way McMurphy acts toward the staff show that he has the symptom of irritability

and aggressiveness which support the idea of McMurphy having the personality

disorder as in the quotation below;

. “I‟m sure sorry, ma‟am, he said Gawd but I am. That window

glass was so spick and I com-pletely forgot it was there.” It took

just a couple of seconds. He turned and left her sitting there with


44

her face shifting and jerking and walked back across the day room

to his chair, lighting up a cigarette.”[p.114]

Another event showing McMurphy‟s poor behavioral control in the mental

institution is when McMurphy asked permission from Big Nurse to let him bring

her friend named Cindy Starr to accompany the fishing trip McMurphy held, but

Big Nurse blatantly denied his request. When he heard what they are saying,

McMurphy suddenly performed the action of irritability and aggressiveness as in

the following quotation;

“..after the request had been turned down on the grounds that this

Miss Starr didn‟t seem like the most wholesome person for a

patient to go pass with, he shrugged and said that‟s how she

bounces I guess, and got up and walked to the nurses‟ station , to

the window that still had the sticker from the glass company down

in the corner, and ran his fist through it again-explained to the

nurse while blood poured from his fingers that he thought the

cardboard had been left out and the frame was open. “When did

they sneak that danged glass in there? Why that thing is a menace”

[p.116]

The quotation above shows that McMurphy performs a poor behavioral

control when the nurse denied his proposal to bring his lady friend. McMurphy

spontaneously breaks the window glass in the nurse's station in an attempt to

show his anger and disappointment toward Big Nurse. At first, McMurphy‟s

attempt is to attack or punch Big Nurse before he realized that the glass has been

replaced and failed his attempt to attack her.

After he heard what Big Nurse said before, McMurphy immediately walks

toward Big Nurse and break the door at the office followed by McMurphy‟s

horrible action when he ripped off Big Nurse‟s clothes as if what he aim to do is

to rape and embarrassed her in front of the patients and staffs and then strangled


45

her neck trying to kill her. Using the method from Abrams and Harpham, the

researcher can be able to conclude that McMurphy is having poor behavioral

control and included to a person who have the symptom of irritability and

aggressiveness according to the quotations of McMurphy‟s actions above.

4. Lack of remorse

The last symptom of anti-social personality disorder found from Randle

McMurphy is lack of remorse. Person with antisocial personality disorder rarely

regrets for what they have done so does what happened to Randle McMurphy in

this novel. He rarely regrets for his action which harmed other people which

makes him considered as a person who have lost his compassion.

The way Randle McMurphy‟s characteristic matched to the symptom of

antisocial personality disorder is that he lacks of concern of pain, suffering of the

victim that normal people would have after committing mistakes or done

something terribly wrong. It is proven when McMurphy caught by the police for

repeated assaults and battery, rape an under aged girl, two attempts to attack the

staff by breaking into the office windows and also the last action he did in the

mental institution toward the Big Nurse when he ripped off Big Nurse‟s clothes

and tried to kill her which also shows no sign of regret after done such action

toward other people.

“Only at the last-after he‟d smashed through that glass door, her

face swinging around, with terror forever ruining any other look

she might ever try to use again, screaming when the two nippled

circles started from her chest and swelled out and out, bigger than

anybody had ever imagined, warm and pink in the light...doctors

and supervisors and nurses prying those heavy red fingers out of


46

the white flesh of her throats as if they were her neck bones,

jerking him backward off of her with a loud heave of

breath.”[p.175]

When Randle McMurphy finally attacked and ripped-off Big Nurse clothes in

front of the staffs and all other patients is the last thing he could do in the mental

institution and because later the action resulted in lobotomy. The cruel attack is an

evidence of how Randle McMurphy is such a remorseless person, without any

regret attack, humiliated and almost killed Big Nurse.

Since the beginning of the novel McMurphy is described as a person who

had no family and no fixed job other than military service which is meaning that

he does not have responsibility toward anything or to other people. He also has

been around into many places and country jails, making so many problems to

others and commits ruthless acts without any regret become the clue of his

personality of being remorseless.


47

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In this last chapter the researcher comes to the conclusion of the analysis

of the main character and matched those characteristics to the symptom of

antisocial disorder. The researcher has two problems which have been discussed

in the previous chapter. The first problem is what the characteristics of the main

character are, Randle McMurphy is described in the novel and the second problem

is how the antisocial personality disorder reflected through the main character.

Several theories applied here aim to answer the problems. Theory of character and

characteristics is used to investigate the characteristics of Randle McMurphy. The

application of psychological theory in this research helps the researcher gets the

understanding of antisocial personality disorder.

The researcher has identified the characteristics of Randle McMurphy,

namely ruthless, rebellious, ambitious, persuasive, deceitful and remorseless. The

way McMurphy repeatedly committed ruthless actions toward other people can be

seen from the doctor’s finding through McMurphy’s record. Randle McMurphy

was often caught by the police and were jailed in many country prisons. Randle

McMurphy considered as a rebellious person seen from the way he always breaks

the rules in the mental institution, in the society and even rules which should be

obeyed in the prison. The way he tries to achieve his goal in order to win the game

to defeat Big Nurse’s authoritative duty forces him to use any possible actions

which shows how ambitious McMurphy is.


48

As a smooth-tongued person, McMurphy can easily persuade someone to

follow and influence his idea to others in order to get what he wants. Since he is a

persuasive person, McMurphy used this advantage to manipulate other people for

many times in order to take advantage from other people. His remorseless

characteristic can be seen clearly through his actions toward other person since

McMurphy often harmed others, moreover he does not show any feeling of guilt

Regarding the characteristics of Randle McMurphy explained in the above

paragraphs the researcher aims to answer the next question, which is how the

characteristics of Randle McMurphy related to the symptoms of anti-social

personality disorder. Previously the researcher mentioned seven features defined

from psychologists about people who suffer from antisocial personality disorder

that become the standpoint of the determination on antisocial personality disorder

criteria. The researcher already figured out five out of seven features which

matched.

The first feature is failure to conform to social norms. This feature is

identified by the characteristic of being ruthless. Randle McMurphy has shown his

disregard of the rights of others by committing assault and battery and rape, which

become the mark of being ruthless person.

The second feature is deceitfulness. This feature is identified by the

characteristic of being manipulative or deceitful. Randle McMurphy often

deceives others to get things he wants which makes McMurphy included as

deceitful person. The next feature is irritability and aggressiveness. McMurphy

often attack others in many places, this poor behavioral control marked his


49

irritable characteristic and is matched to the feature of irritability and

aggressiveness. Another feature is consistent responsibility. Being jobless,

homeless and without any relationship to anybody makes him a person who has

very little sense of loyalty and duty in the job and relationship.

The last feature is lack of remorse which is identified by Randle

McMurphy’s remorseless characteristic. The finding that Rande McMurphy lacks

the feeling of guilt and cannot feel any remorse after committing immoral actions

becomes prove that Randle McMurphy is a remorseless person.

Based on the conclusion above, it can be said that the main character,

Randle McMurphy, suffers from anti-social personality disorder as has been

confirmed by five out of seven features of antisocial personality disorder

indications from the book Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder.

The researcher’s questions are answered after analyzing the description of the

main character and matched his characteristics to the criteria of being anti-social.

The conclusion above reveals that based on the analysis of the main

character’s abnormal behavior turns out Randle McMurphy is in fact having

antisocial personality disorder. The researcher also can identify whether a person

is having antisocial personality disorder through a person characteristic and the

application of psychological approach to the analysis. Through the case of Randle

McMurphy in the novel One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, the researcher hopes

that the readers also able to identify if there are a person around that behave as

Randle McMurphy does.


50

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Barnet, Sylan,Morton Barnet and William Burto. Literature for Composition:

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Baron, Robert A and Michael J Kalsher. Psychology,Third Edition. Toronto:

Allyn & Bacon.1995.

Coleman, James C. Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life, Third Edition.

Glenview:Scott, Foresman, and Company, 1964.

Costa, P.T, Jr and Widiger, T.A. Personality Disorder and the Five-Factor Model

of Personality. Washington D.C: American Psychological Association,

1994.

Culler, Jonathan. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford

University Press, 2000.

Daiches,David. Critical Approaches to Literature.New York. Longman Inc. 1981.

Davidson, Gerald C and John M. Neale. Abnormal Psychology. New York: John

Wiley & Sons, 1993.

Fick, Thomas. H. The Hipster, the Hero and the Physic Frontier in One Flew

Over the Cuckoo’s Nest:Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations New

Edition.New York: Infobase, 2007.

Frances, Allen.ed. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth

Edition, Text Revision. Washington D.C: American Psychiatric

Association, 2000.

Guerin, Wilfred L. A Handbook of Critical to Literature. New York: Harper and

Row Publisher, 1979.

Hudson, William Henry. An Introduction to The Study of Literature. London:

Harrap, 1960.


51

Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. New York: The Viking Press,

1962.

Kalish, Richard. The Psychology of Human Behavior, Third Edition. Berkeley:

Wadworth Publishing Company, 1973.

Mann, Leon. Social Psychology. New York: John Willey & Sons, 1969.

Murphy, M.J. Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and

English Novel. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1972.

Norton, W.W. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism:Volume II. New

York: W.W Norton & Company, 2001.


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