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for the twelfth graders

compiled by: Dra. Wulandari

PHRASE BUILDING

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Standar Kompetensi:

Membaca :

Memahami makna dalam teks tulis fungsional pendek dan esei sederhana dalam

berbagai jenis teks dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari

Kompetensi Dasar: Merespon makna dan langkah retorika dalam esai yang menggunakan bahasa tulis secara akurat, lancar dan berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dan untuk mengakses ilmu pengetahuan dalam berbagai bentuk teks.

Tujuan Pembelajaran:

Setelah melaksanakan pembelajaran dengan tertib, penuh tanggung jawab dan tidak

mudah putus asa, siswa dapat:

- Menentukan bentukan frasa yang tepat

Conceptual Map

Glossary

A phrase is a group of words without a finite verb, especially one that forms part of a sentence.

PHRASE BUILDING

Collocation

Phrasal Verbs

Idioms

Verb or Adjective + preposition

Preposition + Noun

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COLLOCATION (Word Partners)

If you want to use a word naturally, you need to learn the other words that often go with it (word partners). These can be very different from language to language. For example:

- I missed the bus. (= I didn’t catch the bus) => NOT: I lost the bus. - She made a mistake. => NOT: She did the mistake. - It was a serious illness. => NOT: a strong illness or a big illness - He was a heavy smoker. => NOT: a strong smoker or a big smoker

Here are some examples of collocations. Verb + Noun

- start the car (= turn on the engine) - start a family (= think about having your first child) - tell a story - tell a joke - tell the truth (≠ tell a lie) - run a shop/ company (=manage/ control it0 - get on a bus (≠ get off) - get in (to) a car (≠ get out (of) a car) - miss a person (= be unhappy because that person is not there) - miss a lesson (= when you don’t come to a lesson)

Adjective + Noun

- a soft drink (= a non alcoholic drink) a soft voice (≠ a loud voice) - dry wine (≠ sweet wine) dry weather (≠ wet weather) - strong coffee (≠ weak coffee) a strong accent (≠ a slight accent) - heavy traffic (= a lot of cars) heavy rain (= raining a lot) - hard work (= hard physically/ mentally) - a great success (= very successful)

Adverb + Adjective

- I was terribly sorry to hear about your accident. - He’s highly unlikely to come now. (= I’m almost sure he will not come) - She is fully aware of the problem. (= She knows all about the problem) - It is vitally important that you make a note.

Exercise: A. Find a suitable adjective, verb or adverb to complete these sentences.

1. I’m ___________ sorry I’m late, but I _________ the bus and had to wait ages for another one.

2. He ___________ everyone the same joke, and nobody laughed. 3. We had lots of snow in the night and I had a problem _________ the car this morning.

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4. Michael is the owner, but his brother John _________ the company, and he has about 50 employees working for him.

5. I think they want to get married and ________ a family. 6. That’s the third mistake she has __________ today. 7. It’s __________ important that we finish this work by the end of the week. 8. If this _________ rain continues, I think he’s _________ unlikely to come. 9. I don’t drink ________ coffee at night because it keeps me awake. 10. I really _________ my family when I stayed in Australia on my own last year.

B. The adjectives on the left can all mean ‘very big’, but we often use them specifically with the nouns on the right. You may use a dictionary to find the correct collocations.

1. I used to be medium but I need a ________________ now because I’ve put on weight. 2. Fortunately the shop I go has a _________________ of shirts and jumpers to choose

from. 3. I’ve also got very _______________, but my waist is quite small. 4. A few men can’t find clothes to fit them, but the _____________ are small, medium or

large.

PHRASAL VERBS

A phrasal verb is a verb combined with an adverb or preposition, and occasionally with an adverb and preposition. Sometimes the meaning of a phrasal verb is very similar to the base verb, and the adverb just emphasizes the meaning of the base verb, e.g. stand up, wake up, save up, hurry up. On other occasions, the adverb add the idea of completing the action of the verb, e.g. drink up, eat up, finish off. But more often, the meaning of a phrasal verb is very different from the base verb, e.g. go up ≠ go, look after ≠ look. An adverb or preposition can therefore change the meaning of a verb a great deal. Here are some more examples of this type of phrasal verbs:

- It took her a long time to get over (= get better/ recover from) her illness. - He told me to carry on (= continue) as far as the traffic lights. - I persuaded my wife to give up (= stop) smoking.

wide broad large vast

shoulders majority range size

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- I can’t make any sandwich because we’ve run out of bread. (= the bread is finished/ all used, so we have no more bread)

- In the end my next-door neighbour had to come and put out (= extinguish/ stop) the fire.

Many phrasal verbs have more than one meaning, so you must be careful when you see a phrasal verb you think you know, or look up the meaning in a dictionary. In the examples marked *, the phrasal verb is much more natural than the explanation in brackets.

- It was hot so I decided to *take off (= remove) my jacket. - I am always nervous when the plane *takes off (leaves the ground). - I don’t think I’ll get through (= finish) this report before 5 o’clock. - I think she’ll get through (= pass) the exam. - I *picked up (=took it from the ground or a low place) the rubbish and put it in the bin. - I had to go to the shop to pick up (= collect) my photos. - My alarm clock didn’t go off (= ring) this morning. - The bomb could go off (= explode) at any minute. - The fish will *go off (go bad) if you don’t put it on the fridge.

Exercise: A. Fill the gaps to complete the phrasal verb in each sentence.

1. We went round the school and _________ up all the rubbish. 2. I don’t think they ever _________ out how the man escaped. 3. This milk smells horrible. I think it has ___________ off. 4. Do you think they will __________ through the exam next week? 5. They had a bad relationship at first, but she _______ on very well with him now. 6. The price has _______ up three times this year. 7. I agreed to ________ after my sister’s cat when she goes to France. 8. We can ________ on until the teacher tells us to stop. 9. Why didn’t your alarm clock ________ off this morning? 10. I’m afraid this photocopier has _______ out of paper, but you can use the other one in

my office.

B. Complete these sentences in a logical way. 1. It will take her a long time to get over __________________. 2. I’m afraid we’ve run out of __________________. 3. He had to look it up ________________. 4. I don’t really get on with __________________. 5. She came in and took off __________________. 6. I had to put out __________________. 7. Who is going to look after _____________? 8. I went to garage to pick up ________________. 9. The plane took off ___________________.

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10. My rent is going up ______________. 11. I’m not very good at making up ______________. 12. Two men tried to break into _______________. 13. Can you get by _________________? 14. We have asked an engineer to come and sort out __________________. 15. Are you going to stay in ______________?

IDIOMS

An idiom is a group of words with a meaning that is different from the individual words, and often difficult to understand from the individual words. We have to familiarize ourselves to use idioms correctly. It is not an easy thing to do since there are so many idioms out there. Below are just a few examples of them:

- The teacher told us to get a move on. (= hurry, be quick) - My wife and I take it in turns to cook. (= I cook one day, she cook the next, etc) - I don’t know the answer off-hand. (= without looking it up or asking someone) - It’s not far. We’re taking a short cut (= a quick way) through the park. - I’m not very good at small talk. (= social talk, not about serious things) - I’m sorry I can’t make it (= come) on Friday. - I asked her to keep an eye on (=watch/ look after) my suitcase while I went to the toilet.

Idioms are important, but they can be difficult to use correctly.

With many idioms, if you make just a small mistake, it can sound strange, funny or badly wrong. For example: get a move, a small talk, put an eye on, off-hands, etc.

Idioms often have special features: they may be informal or funny or ironic; they may only be used by certain people (e.g. Young children, or teenagers, or elderly people); they may only appear in limited contexts; they may have special grammar. For these reasons, you can often ‘learn’ the meaning of an idiom but then use it incorrectly. For example: After her husband died, she was down in the dumps. (This idiom means ‘sad and depressed’ but it is completely wrong here: the situation is too serious and the idiom is too informal).

Idioms describing people

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People in the classroom

Exercise:

A. Complete these sentences using the idioms above. 1. She does a lot of voluntary work; she has a heart ________ 2. Don’t expect any sympathy from the boss; she’s as hard as __________. 3. I’m sure Gerry will help you; he’s as good as __________. 4. I was too late to get on that course; I was a bit slow ________. 5. You won’t find him very friendly; he’s rather cold ________. 6. Tell him to hurry up! He’s such a ____________.

B. What do we call ……….. 1. an irritating people who know everything? 2. the person who is the teacher’s favourite? 3. someone who thinks they are the best and says so? 4. the one who gets the best marks? 5. a person who is very lazy?

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Idioms describing feelings or mood

Exercise: A. How would you probably feel if ……………

1. you were told you had just won a sum of money. 2. your boss said you had to do again a piece of work you’d already done three times 3. you were told you’d got a very high mark in an exam 4. you had a bad toothache and your neighbour was making a lot of noise late at night 5. nothing seemed to have gone right for you that day 6. someone you were secretly in love with told you he/ she is in love with you

B. Complete the idioms in these sentences.

1. Don’t creep behind me like that! You frightened the ________. 2. I don’t need a doctor, I just feel a bit under _____________. 3. As long as he has his car to work on, he’s as happy as __________. 4. Last year, when I won that medal, I really was on _________. 5. I wasn’t expecting such a loud bang; I nearly jumped ___________. 6. I’ve had nothing since lunch; I could __________. 7. I feel a bit down this week; last week I felt on top ___________.

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Idioms connected with praising and criticism

Exercise: A. Using the idioms above, rewrite these sentences without changing the basic meaning.

1. The hotel we were staying was absolutely superb. 2. Joe is a long way above the other kids when it comes to doing hard sums. 3. This restaurant is much, much better than all the other restaurants in town. 4. You’re a long way ahead of me in understanding all this new technology; I‘m impressed.

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B. Which of the idioms is most suitable for: 1. praising someone’s knowledge/ ability in their profession? 2. saying that something is a real mess? 3. saying someone has a very high opinion of themselves? 4 praising someone’s gardening skills?

C. Express the opposite meaning to these sentences using the idioms above. 1. She was dressed beautifully, just right on the occasion. 2. Penny has such an inferiority complex. 3. She is hopeless at DIY; just look at those bookshelves he made. 4. He is no good at talking to people at all. 5. Mick doesn’t get on with the secretaries; just look at how they react when he wants

something done. 6. He wants a new office, a secretary and a new computer. But compared to what Geoff

wants he isn’t expecting much. 7. She said I was the best boss they’d ever had. It was obvious she was praising me

sincerely. I wonder what she wants? 8. He often says how wonderful his school is. 9. She always praises everything I say. 10. He’s a third-rate athlete.

VERB or ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION

Verb + Preposition Here are some common examples of verbs which are usually followed by a particular preposition:

- I often listen to the radio. - My brother never agrees with me. - He suffers from a type of diabetes. - That dictionary belongs to Rolf.

Sometimes a verb may be followed by different prepositions, and the meaning changes, e.g. - He threw the ball to me. (= for me to catch it) - He threw the ball at me. (= in order to hit me; perhaps he was angry) - She shouted to me. (= in order to communicate with me) - She shouted at me. (= he was angry with me)

Adjective + Preposition - I was never very good at mathematics. - She is afraid of flying. - She is similar to her old sister, but different from her brother. - He’s very interested in antique furniture.

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Exercise:

A. Finish these questions with the correct preposition, then write a short answer for each one.

B. Match the sentence beginning on the left with the endings on the right.

PREPOSITION + NOUN

There are many expressions formed by a preposition + noun, and sometimes a preposition is used with a particular meaning in a number of expressions, so they are very common, e.g.:

- You can go for a walk, for a drive, for a run, for a swim. - You can go in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, and at night. - You can travel by car or on foot. - You can hear it on the radio or read it in the newspaper.

Sometimes it is difficult to know why a particular preposition is used, and you must learn these as fixed expressions.

- I took his pen by mistake. (+ I thought it was my pen) - I did all the work by myself. (= on my own without help from others) - The shoes are made by hand. (= not by machine)

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Exercise:

A. Complete these sentences with the correct preposition.

B. Respond to these questions with a negative answer and a suitable prepositional phrase. Look

at the example first.

Bibliography

Redman, Stuart. English Vocabulary in Use, Pre-Intermediate & Intermediate. 1997. Cambridge: Cambride University Press. Thomas, B.J. 1986. Intermediate Vocabulary. 1986. Hong Kong: Nelson and Sons Ltd.