pert 1
TRANSCRIPT
Manajemen Operasi & Produksi (Managing Operations) / Pertemuan I
Pokok Bahasan
• Fungsi Operasi dalam Organisasi
– Teknologi Konversi
• Operasi Manufaktur Vs Operasi Jasa
• Sejarah Manajemen Operasi & Produksi
• Pandangan Kesisteman dari Operasi
– Organisasi Sebagai Suatu Sistem
• Manajemen Sub-Sistem Operasi
– Definisi Manajemen Operasi
– Manajemen Klasik
– Manajemen Tingkahlaku
– Pemodelan Sebagai Manajemen
• Kerangka Kerja untuk Manajemen Operasi
– Perencanaan, Pengorganisasian, Pengendalian, Tingkahlaku, Model
• Masalah-Masalah dari Manajer Operasi
• Peran Strategis dari Operasi
– Perspektif Strategi, Tujuan Operasi
• Kecenderungan dalam Manajemen Operasi
• Karier dalam Manajemen Operasi
Fungsi Operasi dalam Organisasi
Beberapa Terminologi
• Sistem operasi : bagian dari organisasi yang menghasilkan produk barang dan jasa organisasi
• Proses konversi : proses yang merubah input menjadi output
• Nilai tambah : peningkatan nilai karena proses konversi dimana output > input
• Random fluctuations : pengaruh lingkungan yang tidak dapat dikendalikan
• Umpan balik : informasi dlm proses kontrol yg memungkinkan bagi manajemen untuk memutuskan apakah kegiatan organisasi memerlukan penyesuaian
• Technology : tingkat kecanggihan pengetahuan dlm proses konversi (pabrik, peralatan dan ketrampilan)
Sistem Operasi pada Toko Swalayan
Sistem Operasi pada Usaha Pertanian
Perubahan Paradigma : Manajemen Proses
Perubahan Paradigma : Manajemen Proses Belajar-Mengajar
Operasi Manufaktur Versus Jasa : Produksi Versus Operasi
Perbedaan Barang dgn Jasa
Ciri-Ciri Barang
• Produk berwujud
• Produk bisa dijual kembali
• Produk bisa disimpan
• Produksi terpisah dgn konsumsi
• Aspek mutu mudah diukur
• Penjualan terpisah dgn produksi
• Produk bisa diangkut
• Fasilitas penting utk biaya
• Mudah melakukan otomatisasi
• Penerimaan dihasilkan dariproduk
Ciri-Ciri Jasa
• Produk tidak berwujud
• Jasa sulit dijual kembali
• Banyak jasa tdk bisa disimpan
• Produksi dan konsumsi bisa secara simultan
• Banyak aspek mutu sulit diukur
• Penjualan menjadi bagian dari jasa
• Interaksi pelanggan tinggi
• Penyedia, bukan produk, bisa diangkut
• Fasilitas penting untuk kontak pelanggan
• Sulit untuk melakukan otomatisasi
• Penerimaan dihasilkan dari kumpulan jasa
Barang Versus Jasa
Sejarah
Tahun Kontribusi Kontributor
1776 Spesialisasi tenaga kerja di pabrik Adam Smith
1832 Pembagian tenaga kerja; penugasan berds ketrampilan Charles Babbage
1900 Scientific management; time study and work Frederick W Taylor
1900 Motion study of jobs Frank B Gilberth
1901 Schedulling techniques for employee, machines and job Henry L Gantt
1915 Economic lots sizes for inventory control F.W. Harris
1927 Human relations; the Hawthorne studies Elton Mayo
1940 Operation research applications in WW-II PMS Blacket, dkk
1946 Digital computer John Mauchly & JP Eckert
1947 Linier programming GB Dantizg, dan lainnya
1950 Mathematical programming, non linier & stochastic A.Chanrnes, WW Cooper
1951 Commercial digital computer; large-scale are available Sperry Univac
1960 Organizational behaviour; Study people at work L. Cumming; L.Porter
1970 Integrating operation into overall strategy & policy W. Skinner
1980 Quality and productivity application from Japan WE Deming & J. Juran
Pandangan Kesisteman
Manajemen Sub-Sistem Produksi
Klasik Asumsi-Asumsi Fokus Utama Kontribusi terhadap Manajemen
Scientific Management
• People motivated by economic alone
• Mangerial
• Economic efficiency
• Physical aspecs of work environment
Demonstration of benefits from specialization of labor, division of labor, job analysis, separation of
rationality
• Organization a closed system
• Scientific analysis of work task
• Application of techniques to work tasks
planning and doing
Process Orientation
Management activities separable
Management processes Indentification of principles and function of management
Manajemen Sub-Sistem Produksi
Behavioral
Asumsi-Asumsi Fokus Utama Kontribusi terhadap Manajemen
Human Relations
People complex; possess multiple needs
Behavior of individual in work environment
Awareness of individuals
Behavioral Science
Human being sosial creatures
Interpersonal and social aspects of work environment
Indentification of behavioral variables that relate to organisational behavior
Social Systems Organisation an open system
Interactive relationships of organisation with its environment
Development of theories relating oragnisational behavior to human characteristics and organisational variables
Manajemen Sub-Sistem Produksi
Modelling Asumsi-Asumsi Fokus Utama Kontribusi terhadap
Manajemen
Decision making
Decision making process are the primary managerial behaviors
Information acqusition, utilisation and choice processes
Development of guides for improving decision making
System theory
• Organisation an open system
• Organisation an complex interrelated subcomponents
Identification of organisation boundaries, interrelationships among subsystems and organisation and larger environment
Devel;opment of approaches for predicting and explaining system behavior
Mathematical modelling
Main elements of organisation can be abstracted, interrelated and expressed matehematically
• Quantification of decision problems and systems
• Optimizing of small set of situations
• Development of explicit rules for management decisions
• Development of methods for analysing organisation systems or subsystems
Pendekatan Klasik
• Efisiensi Organisasi (%) : Output/Input x 100%
• Process Management
Kerangka Kerja untuk MOP
• Planning : activities that establish a cource of action and guide future decision making
• Organising : activities that establish a structure of tasks and authority
• Controlling :activities that assure that actual performance is in accordance with planned performance
• Behavior : how planning, organising and controlling affect human behavoir
• Modelling : use to simplify real-world
Kerangka Kerja untuk MOP
Masalah-Masalah dalam MOP
% Activity % Activity
90.6 Production planning 48.1 Lead time reduction
76.9 Supervisor training 47.5 Quality circles
66.3 Capacity expantion 46.9 Developing new processes for old product
63.1 Worker safety program 46.3 Automating jobs
58.8 Defining manufacturing strategy 44.4 Developing new process for new product
57.5 Motivating direct labor employees 43.1 Vendor relations, procurement
55.0 Value analysis-product redesign 42.5 Focusing factories
54.4 Improved maintenance practices 41.3 Narrowing product line
53.1 Changing manufacturing organisation 39.4 Making existing system work better
51.3 Changing labor/management relationship 35.0 Giving workers a broader range of tasks to perform
50.0 Developing integrated infrormation system 33.1 CAD
Peran Strategis MOP
Model Umum Manajemen Operasi