P15M 277-M

51 - - -

Proyek Penelitian -aa1~ o~e a t~~ Daya Laut dlP-r Por~ceara Laut

xj Pi2ZITT7A LZ7Gj -TI

Talepon 22416 diam 21038

Pertemua I SnKPCSijL-i PLMTL L3CIS 2J1rr i-~L~~ prSISIa fleartemen 3iolCe 1 1tte-nzoi3~~

3andung 26 - 27 Januari 1976

2VECOLOGICAL 3-3IS FOR CCASZ CUZONE IXL-IT

INTTROPICZI ARZEAS

by

ixthux J Far=o

Proyek Pc-ndijkan dcm Pcneliplusmnian Lingp-anua IMr

on specli-ic ~ ~~n~rrt

zn~ vvvzec r-er~t iiAontriesTrate~les --

j o-n O tanpo to =ri1 =raz- an -en luz- - nce - -3 anr~thei utlzntc dfr 7-- cultural

crco1c~y of ruzal coaotal izahabit rZ is fet n~t- irnt o-- diflerence

Ferrnaps zh most Izroadly aloabgfnt-pent v

strateiea ae the -rund r-ues wrich Eshould -vern dceveiopmert of

cosa ranchror an 1=4-zria-I or larce-s~mle infrashy

sTuoature -le-ei-oomnt3s 2ut no otanaard a rr apliedamp~~1

Withocut cd Tc1r---at2on of natlral and tzar f actorz ostm~

ix~ortawt factors axe =rsid-red tn ancr

~c1o -~ d ~~iyi - L-ien~t reshycplusmn u aa are

quired t z Crzure -Tiai ciereli nitt f n c ~eaA3 we ll as

sectoraj ncea I x --ni -- ~ch as

~ snc~r r 7i and

id watier uz- i L str for - withj-ared

and ear~~~~~a~~~i sr 1ct4~-1 in

ztaizo I~e cornsli-ed tz2 i SirXe tiie co-tta zn receives

Project secialist in Resources rplusmnditn

rz-3yak Penididikan don PcnlitianLnkuaf Inztituit Pertanian 3oer

on specli-ic ~ ~~n~rrt

zn~ vvvzec r-er~t iiAontriesTrate~les --

j o-n O tanpo to =ri1 =raz- an -en luz- - nce - -3 anr~thei utlzntc dfr 7-- cultural

crco1c~y of ruzal coaotal izahabit rZ is fet n~t- irnt o-- diflerence

Ferrnaps zh most Izroadly aloabgfnt-pent v

strateiea ae the -rund r-ues wrich Eshould -vern dceveiopmert of

cosa ranchror an 1=4-zria-I or larce-s~mle infrashy

sTuoature -le-ei-oomnt3s 2ut no otanaard a rr apliedamp~~1

Withocut cd Tc1r---at2on of natlral and tzar f actorz ostm~

ix~ortawt factors axe =rsid-red tn ancr

~c1o -~ d ~~iyi - L-ien~t reshycplusmn u aa are

quired t z Crzure -Tiai ciereli nitt f n c ~eaA3 we ll as

sectoraj ncea I x --ni -- ~ch as

~ snc~r r 7i and

id watier uz- i L str for - withj-ared

and ear~~~~~a~~~i sr 1ct4~-1 in

ztaizo I~e cornsli-ed tz2 i SirXe tiie co-tta zn receives

Project secialist in Resources rplusmnditn

rz-3yak Penididikan don PcnlitianLnkuaf Inztituit Pertanian 3oer

2 r

~ ~ LZ -

_cachics r IZ -nr-ral c-

_edimral rd rLc n -ci s2zalysis into --- n y

-eazurcf t-c

he -oastal -- lo _an t-in-r ac Cc

2 vironenTal c Cosn-al Ie

Coshy

3eque-tly may ~iLrenzcec Cia 11 a

mall area This can Jlexty crevtes ~1tiz i since

x_ e-lii r- i t0to 22~l - cacaciTy

f=r ifferent -arl

2rom apiys--al vaaani ciwi ucua2ly

satcntn airwac vpound~c~

n~-rplusmnscruvser te w stx--e

i u- r - ct -xltr Ys~caL

Corzcua-ly the~ phyL2cal basis Of a z ctcl

l y by di0trutction n-e oi ~s

actiVtis ha n a- i L- 1 ma -be subiect

tcpricdi c suracc - i- and canOr ntwt ls~ izr4na

be iit knd flood rzast 3ZLUC-- ~ ~ ivz hampVe

very diaparc-te svsoall ilow paserns t- vcater roam Lrc- increased

zz xwsp aa~imilative ca -c4itY fr ac3-L1~~~b~

1aI3ie lorcihore poliut-oplusmn posjibib-ie hvamp-o~ a - Jmc fampctor

strer~es

in creut i

If O

rc wA increzi in 2

zone ar c~ m~a tplusmni1 ZEc-rrL T-die iarzrant x - Z

t

Lnu ii energy

an7 th t e

~dal pe- 4 -4Erplusmnit L-

oxa2ps of jrocses W1-1i S--

1-4 -shytic

uCric uy

ro1r

ire f ^ur

a eorergy

4)rity

0 -

The czzaa - x zona f~r

tplusmnrnjto fromn zL n tzn~niczrd~d is I ely to e h4z in he ioWn-a zj cr oother

nzD tats3 ~ti hszonp rtzweir -Jr 1 -1-tF cLts divershyzz lplusmn~ely tc De io-r Z 27rz3C ~ ecoiuze of

unusual stress conditioru Lx~o~ w t peat forest l~l 1-3 ~~1- T th gtrest than tne tropical rainfor-zst in te t2aJ r ~~Or ncanagenert sucr a sitialior = i wIcL

The presU2e Of CC L_al dwinrc~ r~oibility

of utiquc Land or wnter rcscuz-cE -sc- a 2Llt~raI - i in rerposeto spcialized-I cond2tio ITh- rn n the caise of 4sland rulltres Lvx6L- nwi rc f shy t1mg shy d 4n 2rzisanal

boaz conztin-ctio fcrn- th cai s fu4c coa t r lany

areasth etccasc1pi is ourr p1irt 1y Lic it4

andO ir iutuCil a r- c ~~j

i s is mudrt tij co-C iron

eLa oicdl za

B 7- - shya a c c

w~0 12 e c- z r urce

diificult by tnc rtiat dcivc=o-ty

)rly one sr a f cw oayamp~~

s

n i-

f shy

-

-a- t

c

Z0

za

cn

all~~~ - bra-sai f=- u r L r -

~plusmn r t 0Jtd t~s

plusmn~U 0 a22n azt ~27 ~ t r ~

r - m2

7~

)n _4L - i r~~za 1~ tas~~

datr rplusmn~nd~ ie2~ zcr~c~ camp twotro z~~

3Ctie-a L l ~ ~tr rourt- 4 ~ ru-z an

r a 5 j ~ tafld h2smo~ b watueofi n tnariuvc Xplusmn1a 1at on 1 u tor z~ c ase

~~ n

e1c

u-tt 4-or-tcty r vter = rtctUstj

Rio f o t lodz

I ldcnco tl r -re -

IdL- ct 3z jutic rvd

1Zeis g l o l-c-r

r

)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t

21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t

3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs

~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to

~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov

rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat

2 7 2

s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -

7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~

1 y 1 4 cn (g

72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy

74Bcrrl 4 c r 7

c ~Lpc a c - shy

202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc

rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1

1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~

11 Pitrz

poundzt~t 0 ~ - -

ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az

1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -

A

ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ

c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd

ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr

their Cxtesion to rt gt

ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r

veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr

-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to

trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c

CCU -e

recenU foeven

pcczible ec--

basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~

A

2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow

The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy

ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost

productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv

fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy

action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior

in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus

derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=

phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment

of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients

More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a

in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich

est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the

stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie

dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy

shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of

detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established

and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove

or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges

likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration

of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy

sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci

swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar

soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy

trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent

dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy

logical management perspective several factors must corsidered

B 7- - shya a c c

w~0 12 e c- z r urce

diificult by tnc rtiat dcivc=o-ty

)rly one sr a f cw oayamp~~

s

n i-

f shy

-

-a- t

c

Z0

za

cn

all~~~ - bra-sai f=- u r L r -

~plusmn r t 0Jtd t~s

plusmn~U 0 a22n azt ~27 ~ t r ~

r - m2

7~

)n _4L - i r~~za 1~ tas~~

datr rplusmn~nd~ ie2~ zcr~c~ camp twotro z~~

3Ctie-a L l ~ ~tr rourt- 4 ~ ru-z an

r a 5 j ~ tafld h2smo~ b watueofi n tnariuvc Xplusmn1a 1at on 1 u tor z~ c ase

~~ n

e1c

u-tt 4-or-tcty r vter = rtctUstj

Rio f o t lodz

I ldcnco tl r -re -

IdL- ct 3z jutic rvd

1Zeis g l o l-c-r

r

)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t

21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t

3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs

~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to

~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov

rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat

2 7 2

s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -

7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~

1 y 1 4 cn (g

72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy

74Bcrrl 4 c r 7

c ~Lpc a c - shy

202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc

rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1

1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~

11 Pitrz

poundzt~t 0 ~ - -

ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az

1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -

A

ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ

c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd

ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr

their Cxtesion to rt gt

ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r

veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr

-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to

trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c

CCU -e

recenU foeven

pcczible ec--

basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~

A

2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow

The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy

ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost

productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv

fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy

action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior

in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus

derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=

phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment

of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients

More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a

in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich

est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the

stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie

dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy

shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of

detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established

and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove

or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges

likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration

of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy

sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci

swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar

soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy

trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent

dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy

logical management perspective several factors must corsidered

7~

)n _4L - i r~~za 1~ tas~~

datr rplusmn~nd~ ie2~ zcr~c~ camp twotro z~~

3Ctie-a L l ~ ~tr rourt- 4 ~ ru-z an

r a 5 j ~ tafld h2smo~ b watueofi n tnariuvc Xplusmn1a 1at on 1 u tor z~ c ase

~~ n

e1c

u-tt 4-or-tcty r vter = rtctUstj

Rio f o t lodz

I ldcnco tl r -re -

IdL- ct 3z jutic rvd

1Zeis g l o l-c-r

r

)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t

21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t

3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs

~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to

~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov

rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat

2 7 2

s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -

7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~

1 y 1 4 cn (g

72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy

74Bcrrl 4 c r 7

c ~Lpc a c - shy

202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc

rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1

1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~

11 Pitrz

poundzt~t 0 ~ - -

ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az

1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -

A

ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ

c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd

ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr

their Cxtesion to rt gt

ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r

veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr

-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to

trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c

CCU -e

recenU foeven

pcczible ec--

basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~

A

2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow

The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy

ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost

productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv

fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy

action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior

in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus

derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=

phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment

of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients

More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a

in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich

est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the

stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie

dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy

shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of

detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established

and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove

or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges

likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration

of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy

sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci

swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar

soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy

trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent

dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy

logical management perspective several factors must corsidered

~~ n

e1c

u-tt 4-or-tcty r vter = rtctUstj

Rio f o t lodz

I ldcnco tl r -re -

IdL- ct 3z jutic rvd

1Zeis g l o l-c-r

r

)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t

21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t

3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs

~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to

~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov

rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat

2 7 2

s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -

7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~

1 y 1 4 cn (g

72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy

74Bcrrl 4 c r 7

c ~Lpc a c - shy

202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc

rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1

1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~

11 Pitrz

poundzt~t 0 ~ - -

ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az

1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -

A

ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ

c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd

ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr

their Cxtesion to rt gt

ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r

veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr

-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to

trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c

CCU -e

recenU foeven

pcczible ec--

basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~

A

2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow

The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy

ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost

productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv

fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy

action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior

in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus

derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=

phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment

of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients

More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a

in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich

est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the

stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie

dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy

shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of

detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established

and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove

or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges

likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration

of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy

sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci

swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar

soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy

trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent

dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy

logical management perspective several factors must corsidered

I ldcnco tl r -re -

IdL- ct 3z jutic rvd

1Zeis g l o l-c-r

r

)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t

21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t

3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs

~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to

~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov

rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat

2 7 2

s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -

7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~

1 y 1 4 cn (g

72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy

74Bcrrl 4 c r 7

c ~Lpc a c - shy

202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc

rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1

1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~

11 Pitrz

poundzt~t 0 ~ - -

ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az

1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -

A

ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ

c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd

ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr

their Cxtesion to rt gt

ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r

veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr

-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to

trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c

CCU -e

recenU foeven

pcczible ec--

basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~

A

2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow

The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy

ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost

productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv

fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy

action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior

in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus

derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=

phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment

of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients

More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a

in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich

est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the

stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie

dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy

shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of

detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established

and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove

or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges

likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration

of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy

sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci

swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar

soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy

trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent

dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy

logical management perspective several factors must corsidered

)24 Iodcte o 0tO - ro~ rgoi-n2 t

21 gsltmala-ru~ wtia 2rA 2- ~ao c r~ aic~t

3 tcplusmn1racramsttcs

~uj 2plusmnr s 2t f 0 o Itertiowna to

~co- s2 r sz 21 rI 1= -c n - tcrJr- 1 2ov

rizinq proce-ds Lid dilution of rin7 j-drmp =d soamp iwat

2 7 2

s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -

7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~

1 y 1 4 cn (g

72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy

74Bcrrl 4 c r 7

c ~Lpc a c - shy

202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc

rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1

1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~

11 Pitrz

poundzt~t 0 ~ - -

ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az

1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -

A

ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ

c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd

ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr

their Cxtesion to rt gt

ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r

veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr

-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to

trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c

CCU -e

recenU foeven

pcczible ec--

basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~

A

2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow

The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy

ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost

productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv

fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy

action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior

in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus

derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=

phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment

of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients

More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a

in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich

est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the

stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie

dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy

shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of

detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established

and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove

or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges

likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration

of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy

sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci

swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar

soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy

trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent

dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy

logical management perspective several factors must corsidered

2 7 2

s ati r t t( r asa r t I C -

7-- vjrcrnl rw2 nur-o~

1 y 1 4 cn (g

72 Ce -xi3tctz -shy

74Bcrrl 4 c r 7

c ~Lpc a c - shy

202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc

rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1

1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~

11 Pitrz

poundzt~t 0 ~ - -

ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az

1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -

A

ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ

c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd

ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr

their Cxtesion to rt gt

ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r

veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr

-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to

trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c

CCU -e

recenU foeven

pcczible ec--

basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~

A

2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow

The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy

ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost

productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv

fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy

action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior

in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus

derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=

phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment

of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients

More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a

in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich

est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the

stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie

dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy

shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of

detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established

and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove

or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges

likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration

of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy

sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci

swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar

soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy

trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent

dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy

logical management perspective several factors must corsidered

c ~Lpc a c - shy

202 Ynrntcn f QrplAv plusmnc

rtstcu 0plusmn - - -Q I - 0 rA Lr rv crrarcos 1

1C~5 5cplusmn nreict ~

11 Pitrz

poundzt~t 0 ~ - -

ii ~ ~ j0rc 2 Az

1plusmntoro~J t~u 00 0 zr -

A

ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ

c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd

ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr

their Cxtesion to rt gt

ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r

veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr

-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to

trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c

CCU -e

recenU foeven

pcczible ec--

basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~

A

2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow

The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy

ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost

productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv

fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy

action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior

in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus

derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=

phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment

of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients

More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a

in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich

est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the

stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie

dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy

shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of

detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established

and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove

or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges

likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration

of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy

sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci

swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar

soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy

trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent

dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy

logical management perspective several factors must corsidered

A

ce- n frlta nte-- rom~ 14rcoJ

c i-they czr tr-st ifJava tne him - ~ - Iha~it1a~cnd

ve~ietatior in~ dulPa ~ - izrr

their Cxtesion to rt gt

ncaotr fro-~th z-rZa-z= ~ ~ r

veg~-azar-r an Catc rvtc 7y=c ~z reletiVely anr

-Iithin their ozztia-1 zcnt rLon- a a c t in the conouniLty in crntras- t a Spc ds rit ton InnosS rplusmnc~ 7 ~ sotC points Tzu vq ncr rvr n to

trees Sucl zz i-a palm ztc= i~~ r x poentia1 or c i3gta1s c

CCU -e

recenU foeven

pcczible ec--

basicall1y 1 si of rnsectrcc Ln p environe-t al radientcafcxt tzCzur o~1 e~

A

2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow

The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy

ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost

productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv

fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy

action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior

in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus

derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=

phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment

of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients

More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a

in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich

est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the

stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie

dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy

shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of

detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established

and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove

or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges

likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration

of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy

sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci

swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar

soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy

trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent

dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy

logical management perspective several factors must corsidered

A

2 3ioloical productivity an- rI ent ow

The rattr jrient -nvrr-ent-_Related to of re he peculiarshy

ities of productivity and nutrient flow in delta-estuarinm systes These coastal zones are frequertly t o the ost

productve yecloists Yet are indced otei marinal lands 4( r -- erA forestri -O of leculture d tarbo sfe rurv

fishery ait s kno -- t- blac-wateanpz To utnderstand the paradox tie susystem elements e c as tell linkagesconsicerc1 as between those elements in Table 3 thises e2enens nd -i intershy

action are showm for coastal swam7pland in Str-a untJat ve measurements are needed to detE-Un- at n 3 t-f-ci prouctior

in the systn is allocshhnou9 cUrcn ru vtreazi suroec such as the upland swamp vegezation weed and wha fracon autochthoncus

derived from the very efficient nutrienta-o- mud byoxtracticn- o=

phytes in the marrove forest he crganui depositicnal -nvi_--nment

of the swampland creates a tinze loa in 1 -ax ofe orS-n nutrients

More attention should be paid tc The rol- of - a

in fertilizirj the estuary 8 ow dependont fr example are the rich

est-arine and coaztal fisheries of Last Swuratra =a Kaliu cn the

stoc of organic nutrients leached from the peaty soils Or is tlie

dependerce mainly on organic pariLlate matter carrid from the waTershy

shed and from tho ra-nprovo litter production Thc importanco of

detritus in tropical estuarine fish roduc tizn is nov well established

and therefore a cause fo crnc_r in an- action -which renovcc D -ove

or reduces tho 1ut of allochthoncuz crC-ic nutrients 9 It is very clear that feasibility 2tLALS fIr -projcts invoilii esuarino charges

likely Lo have s impact on productivity must o boyond consid-ration

of in situ phytoplaoratcn nczures of primary productivity to conshy

sider the role cfdetritus food chains Li4iatator-- in th-e deltaPlant crop -rod_ctiyitvo 2basIlLittoeintedlaX 1ci

swamplandarcas4 (1) susceptibilt to zalt iatrsion (2 peculiar

soil conditicns (acid sulphate eato- ny) w)( ater level conshy

trel (too much or too little) These problcms 1 1 tae or lifferent

dimensions according to the rnature of The waterched From an ecoshy

logical management perspective several factors must corsidered

l Nk r s - Ir

G tac Id= H d- 7Ivt~

4cN st f

cla GIit

K ~sI--i- shy a-t-I - wi______

+4-shy+zdoae = mz shy

I - -K ~~ =C -il

-

a3 r L Z

q uc- z-

Z S es

I On

r

3u Olerv1 -c c~ S

aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~

pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e

an

nLJ~

2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc

i~nne

s andz~wt

or sri~in~~~

-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --

c 1 Zc C Cshy

anpr too-

Izsuch

ii ~ be ze = -n shy

hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch

Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~

- in -- -614shy

int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e

inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -

use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t

coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n

expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i

-----

- -

d C vA- -- th

rouc - ---

___________-- ___ -- -___ i -

Z C

C o -c u ea

c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -

cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -

V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i

h r c -nii L _ _

117

- --

2- - v - -v- 4 - -

4 [ - -L - l-- -_

on axnew 1rz

Ff1astflacturJin

populazirn ircm-LL

I -z 2L

or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4

I~ AVC t

Domand for =ncflstion

(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t

drsL-mgj cryWOs

dom~nds

evclctnctn

=E Ix

- 2

U

Distance

S

5

from coast kmn

II-n e

nn ioer0Pd

I V jr b n

20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn

potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-

which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia

pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt

fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds

form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant

TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to

view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3

or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet

Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun

to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and

sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well

21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications

Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi

fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori

of~ exploitGr -- shy -

rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i

dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c

opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy

reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C

arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za

crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~

otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd

incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7

-

a3 r L Z

q uc- z-

Z S es

I On

r

3u Olerv1 -c c~ S

aepo~t~n ~ t~costa zco~

pound2dvxia~lly~~Li-tr chE-e

an

nLJ~

2~-~ t-ilydo ~~~~Ch~~c~a Lotc

i~nne

s andz~wt

or sri~in~~~

-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --

c 1 Zc C Cshy

anpr too-

Izsuch

ii ~ be ze = -n shy

hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch

Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~

- in -- -614shy

int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e

inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -

use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t

coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n

expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i

-----

- -

d C vA- -- th

rouc - ---

___________-- ___ -- -___ i -

Z C

C o -c u ea

c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -

cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -

V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i

h r c -nii L _ _

117

- --

2- - v - -v- 4 - -

4 [ - -L - l-- -_

on axnew 1rz

Ff1astflacturJin

populazirn ircm-LL

I -z 2L

or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4

I~ AVC t

Domand for =ncflstion

(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t

drsL-mgj cryWOs

dom~nds

evclctnctn

=E Ix

- 2

U

Distance

S

5

from coast kmn

II-n e

nn ioer0Pd

I V jr b n

20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn

potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-

which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia

pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt

fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds

form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant

TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to

view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3

or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet

Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun

to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and

sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well

21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications

Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi

fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori

of~ exploitGr -- shy -

rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i

dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c

opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy

reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C

arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za

crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~

otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd

incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7

-~ - ~ I -I - - shy~-~ --

c 1 Zc C Cshy

anpr too-

Izsuch

ii ~ be ze = -n shy

hci -ecr5 V~~~ZZ~are t oofn o ~ ~o~ hch

Iinr-I rocuc Cith cqater - I ~z1-r n Tr i t~ i~

- in -- -614shy

int~3abfzsha r ze c sis1-aa -_ e

inefrs cdh wcc- i2co2 crat i-zo urr a -

use oicr~ t~lr s ociplusmn~o caro Ic1~t

coz on Pout -i o h oeo oetzd1n

expl ci -tos =uc iA- scdt ~ate=q~~tc-~t i

-----

- -

d C vA- -- th

rouc - ---

___________-- ___ -- -___ i -

Z C

C o -c u ea

c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -

cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -

V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i

h r c -nii L _ _

117

- --

2- - v - -v- 4 - -

4 [ - -L - l-- -_

on axnew 1rz

Ff1astflacturJin

populazirn ircm-LL

I -z 2L

or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4

I~ AVC t

Domand for =ncflstion

(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t

drsL-mgj cryWOs

dom~nds

evclctnctn

=E Ix

- 2

U

Distance

S

5

from coast kmn

II-n e

nn ioer0Pd

I V jr b n

20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn

potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-

which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia

pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt

fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds

form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant

TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to

view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3

or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet

Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun

to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and

sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well

21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications

Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi

fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori

of~ exploitGr -- shy -

rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i

dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c

opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy

reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C

arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za

crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~

otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd

incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7

-----

- -

d C vA- -- th

rouc - ---

___________-- ___ -- -___ i -

Z C

C o -c u ea

c cz zh c - ri - r- - - bull bull -

cf o-- ----- - -- U i - _ -

V c -- clt12 c r- plusmn f i

h r c -nii L _ _

117

- --

2- - v - -v- 4 - -

4 [ - -L - l-- -_

on axnew 1rz

Ff1astflacturJin

populazirn ircm-LL

I -z 2L

or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4

I~ AVC t

Domand for =ncflstion

(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t

drsL-mgj cryWOs

dom~nds

evclctnctn

=E Ix

- 2

U

Distance

S

5

from coast kmn

II-n e

nn ioer0Pd

I V jr b n

20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn

potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-

which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia

pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt

fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds

form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant

TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to

view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3

or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet

Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun

to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and

sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well

21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications

Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi

fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori

of~ exploitGr -- shy -

rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i

dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c

opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy

reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C

arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za

crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~

otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd

incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7

117

- --

2- - v - -v- 4 - -

4 [ - -L - l-- -_

on axnew 1rz

Ff1astflacturJin

populazirn ircm-LL

I -z 2L

or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4

I~ AVC t

Domand for =ncflstion

(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t

drsL-mgj cryWOs

dom~nds

evclctnctn

=E Ix

- 2

U

Distance

S

5

from coast kmn

II-n e

nn ioer0Pd

I V jr b n

20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn

potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-

which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia

pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt

fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds

form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant

TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to

view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3

or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet

Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun

to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and

sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well

21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications

Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi

fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori

of~ exploitGr -- shy -

rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i

dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c

opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy

reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C

arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za

crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~

otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd

incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7

on axnew 1rz

Ff1astflacturJin

populazirn ircm-LL

I -z 2L

or otheor dudcte arois --- c d c e -shy + 4

I~ AVC t

Domand for =ncflstion

(eg flood cnntrol decrndz not t

drsL-mgj cryWOs

dom~nds

evclctnctn

=E Ix

- 2

U

Distance

S

5

from coast kmn

II-n e

nn ioer0Pd

I V jr b n

20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn

potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-

which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia

pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt

fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds

form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant

TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to

view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3

or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet

Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun

to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and

sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well

21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications

Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi

fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori

of~ exploitGr -- shy -

rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i

dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c

opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy

reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C

arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za

crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~

otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd

incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7

=E Ix

- 2

U

Distance

S

5

from coast kmn

II-n e

nn ioer0Pd

I V jr b n

20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn

potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-

which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia

pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt

fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds

form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant

TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to

view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3

or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet

Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun

to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and

sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well

21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications

Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi

fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori

of~ exploitGr -- shy -

rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i

dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c

opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy

reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C

arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za

crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~

otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd

incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7

20 Small 13lnd Clust~rn

potantial for rcnz v~t-t a ZEc Ox-2tazu~y comrlcxe di-crX I - za~ II o rnrt t injL- th-

which trornotes spoci it cto ature ocear wazr nutri nvt poundi tplusmn v~ tu -vi~ornt and coincidntally covidiig nsmt fo i1 Ia

pri~rily frori reof depczitj xi2A1-por--d by a cznpIltx tnrt- plusmn~ d in c -f flt

fill id by the r~irzof calzax-cuZ t Tl )in ndcnesa is the T custfl cf iolaPds

form a r~lated kind of ecocyTd cnli in ctructure and di by corL r- t I1 vcj fluctuations P-id tzctoidice -k -n r r-r-zi21land 1xidscaocs The rcob of u~n n~r island massas i-- imnortant

TIL originZ anc1t tiC char-Ct r-4ZtiQC GI ~c are refscna-iy wcll unat-rzitood in - ny ci Wnuric tC1y --Eshydefined =aaegtitnt Sttra arL- tho xcopticn-wiz- thLn =rle Part of tha pprc 1m pound t Z L tc trx a -it-pro~to

view~vc~It ~o~refd - fTor rc cZtIctcn -tcria3

or to orcn harbor c r Qz-uTh jcl-utoi-i trnictimr1 ivor-ity Ind xysi cal jrotecticn Lroz lou-t fiio n whicn nutrients re lfix~sr fx 1 -corzrly ~~ Oolunn declinus a~nd thLu io fcx i 1 Zet

Stra-Lcgis to tax-ior the oaiiliti f cc-of 01 artificially crvi-F ujwoili ~rtogtc ~Iav c~ldy ~ beun

to arampfC HiU~an t1nn~r~uc a~r f isolation an~d low carrying cp ityl -)f )L-I Vf specialized -raptreciatiur of th-irti~ ~ t 1nont of ranrrt Sornc of the lcn tLrn plusmn1z o~urcc iLu and

sutl~c~ pttrn are d13cuos d elow L of -at is izcuzjzd would hold for lagoons rand reef cornplcxc~ absociatcd with lar je land mass as well

21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications

Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi

fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori

of~ exploitGr -- shy -

rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i

dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c

opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy

reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C

arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za

crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~

otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd

incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7

21 Rcoource use 1lad ccmsi-rvation i-lications

Use3s in zz-all 2plusmnnareaS r -rz-s uoi

fish ri - v- OnE iz - rx zrjio f fish sTock3 to o7-~-nilkZfsh (Cha-noc chsunos) ~~~r c-zar-o taken fron ~l~ o~o c UW~o v-4i mnlata to islanld ao - -- T- atori

of~ exploitGr -- shy -

rhe catc- SezCnO z1=i~ r ar-i ar1 i

dincl wi-m tnfr rrJ The cru tcitn o =td whicl cavie fdctr0tion of a0tt~nr~ 5 ao f stock cLia - rr=a~ h- is relatead to tho ijielatizn of iZlln n ron -c erv2~fir roductz will not move from tnrs ara sinjo- rrria co~t h and storage Conerealy poor Foc a e-o-~t~rcti- t-z c

opporunties~~~ I -0o( hic vrl x 4u rearing 36wbcd c- I turi-r~ r~ o Trr ampCshy

reprooets anoth--ind3 o-w2 amp C

arc ic-or the =i-- of --shy - Za

crop oseil GOccnuts)z~o~- ~

otrty ro ooloical - rI e--o a adzy-itceo shculd bo relaeciv~iy r t ==n-c Th ocii- -~2toOdd

incposta 13 a amp~r ii6ou3 oto czz~r i~~iyt biufound LnvradLn spoes ccn quickly c~i1 - 7

22

an v r C c lsin

c~~t~rc zt

t

c V

as for

zrzzn i B-~j p Ct

lnczr

yv ft

inrt~C

cc cryc

_

c ~i

c -

n

0

plusmn i h

--

t~ zu3-- ~ 0S

a )Z3 - L-- n13

Hi carit71 z Ti

nU~Co4b-n iacj

---I-7- - shy- I--

omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7

iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu

ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn

wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s

C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr

rite- -Z

-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i

I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -

X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV

i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i

24

studn Tzcir a r -ic z na

Ln r two

Zct-Z

of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1

race - y

I I

I -rg

ICS- C i i tJ rdegct

pac

I- -__________________

A3plusmnc

zcr-plusmnz r co

3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49

14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn

orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f

zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L

17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o

F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~

15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93

upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n

21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra

hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar

o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt

Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl

of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl

tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z

22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H

r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7

236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~

24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts

Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-

25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn

fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc

26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton

7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp

27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press

ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos

for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington

uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199

(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt

4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-

te+e L

--

t~ zu3-- ~ 0S

a )Z3 - L-- n13

Hi carit71 z Ti

nU~Co4b-n iacj

---I-7- - shy- I--

omAAvalu1 i en ~iv nS 7

iostt~tsincv nau---iZficu

ishy~ izz that LCT mcn tLn

wa tc~-48i cntv- t -f t ia2---CC za J -- -ire-- -rt Tl--t ~ ~ =s

C0iz 1 -- Ondz it plusmnAI-rkishazr

rite- -Z

-ilu t h -i -bi a oricb i

I 4r l~ W c i~~~~~~~~~~ oc n r reh -

X~~ _uo~ j2It~~~C ~ tjV

i i-cloitsJc~icaiy tt-ta tO~tz~~i

24

studn Tzcir a r -ic z na

Ln r two

Zct-Z

of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1

race - y

I I

I -rg

ICS- C i i tJ rdegct

pac

I- -__________________

A3plusmnc

zcr-plusmnz r co

3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49

14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn

orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f

zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L

17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o

F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~

15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93

upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n

21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra

hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar

o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt

Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl

of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl

tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z

22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H

r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7

236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~

24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts

Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-

25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn

fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc

26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton

7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp

27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press

ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos

for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington

uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199

(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt

4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-

te+e L

24

studn Tzcir a r -ic z na

Ln r two

Zct-Z

of ~ ~oam ~ h ~-- ~T- ~xs~ ~ - I1lo 1

race - y

I I

I -rg

ICS- C i i tJ rdegct

pac

I- -__________________

A3plusmnc

zcr-plusmnz r co

3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49

14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn

orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f

zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L

17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o

F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~

15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93

upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n

21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra

hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar

o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt

Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl

of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl

tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z

22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H

r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7

236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~

24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts

Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-

25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn

fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc

26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton

7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp

27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press

ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos

for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington

uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199

(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt

4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-

te+e L

I -rg

ICS- C i i tJ rdegct

pac

I- -__________________

A3plusmnc

zcr-plusmnz r co

3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49

14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn

orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f

zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L

17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o

F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~

15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93

upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n

21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra

hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar

o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt

Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl

of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl

tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z

22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H

r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7

236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~

24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts

Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-

25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn

fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc

26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton

7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp

27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press

ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos

for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington

uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199

(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt

4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-

te+e L

A3plusmnc

zcr-plusmnz r co

3cna of~o the wet cFz of X 0rOf 7 49

14 Cetrrccre bit- r pc cplusmn

orry culi for j~zzp - r H7rzl- 3-f

zii - nkn~CbrisynrVc 1F _ at L

17r c-tc - w nit r r ~ t-et g ~z~ f~o

F-sescurcss Su axtadfo Develonnt ~

15 xop o iat S rt 1 hvfrLpC CfL~ V rpn S 93

upr tMtZt41 ndwau rcPo--IlwrN C A r 1975ebr(~nusa pit jobC n

21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra

hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar

o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt

Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl

of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl

tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z

22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H

r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7

236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~

24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts

Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-

25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn

fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc

26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton

7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp

27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press

ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos

for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington

uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199

(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt

4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-

te+e L

21 T dtw2 hi- xpz=4 t- Io ft thce -itm f- _tii tra

hban sr Lr7 pIL= ml rnizza peich c0LLP-m1 tar

o corrtltoi the =Or~plusmnyiht~ 0Ixt

Focfifc i fl the h~z 2tn corprxoJ to teew tc ~ sl

of am accuultplusmno ci rolict eiots 2t ofsl

tropical orrmic oos Izriz =cnc 7vntz pound ~ Z

22 Sag r opp er 1553 oit t A r nbwovk J H

r so- 1 irtrelerz ieoA t3 27 2-7

236 3hepsr-d r Lt~ormt cz~4 o-por -te urx 4 Lplusmn~

24 Vorny7 J 1931 orti zrid stue-plusmn45 it=rxelL otz7 v9coral relts

Of 5c~i Treublaxa7-

25 Jomnes E paper a cordl roaf rLutn n 7 oz ol-atiorzrn

fiobiogc 0wI 3ooc

26 Mae -th= R3 -d lL 1067 7hr t~ecr Lti L t dnqeoapi Princeton

7isutCarlquitt 2 6 Zbn2 if -n it - ro pp

27 Yotcrn=3 1 zatrl M~gt- CritieU prohflz -1 o ^cnz3Z lone i= Press

ltmatusetts 3ss Llra 4 lariIV Ccaacl tojoyacca -oln -donidertioos

for antJ jaunt fr3 ccrtd no Ix c~ttca 5 r~iL ht~ington

uatiozg Zstuarxine Pollution Ztud US Suso 199

(L2e 2rkt oatdm ampoonjnt

4q soe sxtwplc S Lkzrt plusmnn 14c--j 7u-

te+e L