MANAJEMEN STRATEGIK Formulasi, Implementasi dan Pengendalian

DAFTAR ISI

halaman Kata Pengantar ......................................................................................................................................................... v Daftar Isi ...................................................................................................................................................................... vii Daftar Gambar .......................................................................................................................................................... xi Daftar Tabel ............................................................................................................................................................... xii

BAB 1 KONSEP DASAR MANAJEMEN STRATEGIK......................................................................... 1 Pendahuluan ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Pengertian Manajemen Strategik .................................................................................................... 3 Karakteristik Manajemen Strategik ............................................................................................... 5

Perkembangan Analisis strategi Bisnis ........................................................................................ 6 Evolusi Manajemen Strategis ........................................................................................................ 7 Awal Perubahan Strategis ............................................................................................................... 8 Model Manajemen Strategis .......................................................................................................... 9 Proses Manajemen Strategik ......................................................................................................... 12 Faktor-faktor yang Berpengaruh dalam Manajemen Strategik ................................... 16 Konsep Dasar dalamManajemen Strategi ................................................................................ 17 Manfaat Manajemen Strategi ......................................................................................................... 18 Istilah-istilah Kunci dalam Manajemen Strategi .................................................................. 19 Mengapa Perusahaan tidak Melakukan Perencanaan Strategis .................................. 23 Risiko dan Bahaya Manajemen Strategik ................................................................................ 25 Prinsip-prinsip untuk Mensukseskan strategi ...................................................................... 26 Etika Bisnis dan Manajemen strategi ......................................................................................... 26 Membandingkan Bisnis Dengan Strategi Militer .................................................................. 27 Panduan Untuk Melakukan Manajemen Strategi yang Efektif ..................................... 28 Model Alternatif Meraih Keunggulan Kompetitif ................................................................ 28 Rangkuman. ............................................................................................................................................ 31 Pertanyaan. ............................................................................................................................................. 31

BAB 2 VISI DAN MISI PERUSAHAAN .................................................................................................... 33 Apakah Visi Perusahaan .................................................................................................................. 34 Apakah Misi Perusahaan .................................................................................................................. 41 Merumuskan Misi. ............................................................................................................................... 44 Perbedaan Misi dan Visi. .................................................................................................................. 51 Dewan Direksi. ...................................................................................................................................... 52 Rangkuman. ............................................................................................................................................ 53 Pertanyaan. ............................................................................................................................................. 54

BAB 3 PENILAIAN LINGKUNGAN EKSTERNAL ................................................................................ 55 Definisi Lingkungan Eksternal ...................................................................................................... 56 Analisis Lingkungan Eksternal ...................................................................................................... 56 Faktor-faktor Lingkungan Eksternal .......................................................................................... 58 Analisis Industri dan Pesaing ........................................................................................................ 60 Matriks Evaluasi Faktor Eksternal. ............................................................................................. 67

Matriks Profil Kompetitif. ................................................................................................................ 69 Rangkuman. ............................................................................................................................................ 70

BAB 4 PENILAIAN LINGKUNGAN INTERNAL ................................................................................... 71

Definisi Lingkungan Internal ........................................................................................................ 72 Faktor-faktor Lingkungan Internal ............................................................................................ 72 Pandangan Berbasis Sumber Daya dari Perusahaan ......................................................... 77 Penilaian Internal ............................................................................................................................... 78 Rangkuman. ............................................................................................................................................ 82 Pertanyaan .............................................................................................................................................. 82

BAB 5 STRATEGI BISNIS UNIT .................................................................................................................. 84 Pengertian Strategi ............................................................................................................................ 85 Keunggulan Kompetitif .................................................................................................................... 85 Pilihan Strategi Bersaing ................................................................................................................. 86 Perspektif Baru dalam Strategi Bersaing ................................................................................ 93 Mengevaluasi dan Memilih Strategi Bisnis: Mencari Keunggulan Kompetitif yang Berkesinambungan ................................................................................................................. 96 Tahapan Evolusi dan Pilihan Strategi Bisnis ......................................................................... 96 Alternatif Strategi Utama ................................................................................................................. 98 Alternatif Strategi dan Batasan Bisnis ....................................................................................... 98 Rangkuman. ............................................................................................................................................ 102 Pertanyaan. ............................................................................................................................................. 102

BAB 6 DINAMIKA PERSAINGAN ............................................................................................................... 104 Pengertian Persaingan ..................................................................................................................... 104 Posisi-posisi dalam Persaingan ..................................................................................................... 105 Variabel dalam Menyusun Strategi Perusahaan ................................................................... 109 Dinamika di dalam Persaingan...................................................................................................... 112 Strategi-strategi dalam Persaingan ............................................................................................. 113 Macam-macam Model Persaingan dalam Manajemn Strategik..................................... 114 Analisis Persaingan ............................................................................................................................. 115 Dinamika di dalam Persaingan...................................................................................................... 116 Rangkuman ............................................................................................................................................. 119 Pertanyaan. ............................................................................................................................................. 119

BAB 7 STRATEGI TINGKAT PERUSAHAAN........................................................................................ 120

Pengertian Strategi Tingkat Perusahaan ................................................................................. 121 Sejarah Diversifikasi .......................................................................................................................... 121 Tingkat Diversifikasi ......................................................................................................................... 122 Alasan-alasan untuk Melakukan Diversifikasi ....................................................................... 122 Bentuk Diversifikasi ........................................................................................................................... 124 Diversifikasi Berhubungan .............................................................................................................. 125 Diversifikasi tidak Berhubungan ................................................................................................ 127 Diversifikasi Insentif dan Sumber Daya ................................................................................... 128 Sumber Daya dan Diversifikasi ..................................................................................................... 130 Ruang Lingkup Diversifikasi........................................................................................................... 131 Motif Manajerial dalam Melakukan Diversifikasi................................................................. 131

Tingkat untuk Menganalisis Portfolio Perusahaan Terdiversifikasi........................... 133 Kelemahan Teknik Matriks ............................................................................................................. 134 Rangkuman. ............................................................................................................................................ 134 Pertanyaan. ............................................................................................................................................. 135

BAB 8 STRATEGI AKUISISI DAN RESTRUKTURISASI................................................................... 137 Pengertian Akuisisi ............................................................................................................................ 138 Penggolongan Akuisisi ...................................................................................................................... 138 Alasan Melakukan Akuisisi.............................................................................................................. 139 Akuisisi Sebagai Alternatif Strategi Pengembangan Dimensi Bisnis Perusa-haan ............................................................................................................................................................ 141 Masalah dalam Mencapai Keberhasilan Akuisisi .................................................................. 142 Akuisisi yang Efektif ........................................................................................................................... 146 Restrukturisasi Organisasi .............................................................................................................. 147 Jenis-jenis Strategi Restrukturisasi ............................................................................................. 149 Faktor Pendorong restrukturisasi Organisasi ....................................................................... 152 Faktor Penghambat Restrukturisasi........................................................................................... 155 Hasil Restrukturisasi .......................................................................................................................... 156 Rangkuman. ............................................................................................................................................ 157 Pertanyaan. ............................................................................................................................................. 158

BAB 9 STRATEGI INTERNASIONAL ........................................................................................................ 159 Motif dan Dorongan Diversifikasi Internasional .................................................................. 160 Peluang Diversifikasi Internasional ........................................................................................... 161 Keunggulan Lokasi ............................................................................................................................. 162 Strategi Internasional ........................................................................................................................ 163 Alternatif Memasuki Pasar Internasional ................................................................................ 171 Dinamika Alternatif Memasuki Pasar Internasional ......................................................... 173 Hasil Daya Saing Strategis ............................................................................................................... 174 Diversifikasi dan Inovasi Internasional .................................................................................... 174 Rangkuman. ............................................................................................................................................ 175 Pertanyaan. ............................................................................................................................................. 176

BAB 10 KEKUASAAN KORPORAT ............................................................................................................ 177

Kekuasaan Korporat .......................................................................................................................... 178 Pemisahan Kepemilikan dan Kontrol Manajerial ................................................................. 178 Mekanisme Kekuasaan Korporat ................................................................................................. 181 Perbandingan Mekanisme Kekuasaan Korporat: Jepang dan Amerika Serikat..... 188 Kekuasaan dan Perilaku Etis .......................................................................................................... 189 Rangkuman. ............................................................................................................................................ 190 Pertanyaan. ............................................................................................................................................. 190

BAB 11 STRUKTUR DAN PENGAWASAN ............................................................................................... 192

Pengertian Struktur dan Pengawasan ...................................................................................... 193 Pola Evolusioner Penerapan Strategi dan Struktur ............................................................ 193 Penerapan Strategi Tingkat-Bisnis: Struktur dan Kontro ................................................ 198 Penerapan Strategi Tingkat-Korporat ....................................................................................... 202 Pola Evolusioner Strategi dan Struktur Internasional ....................................................... 208

Penerapan Strategi Internasional ................................................................................................ 210 Rangkuman. ............................................................................................................................................ 214 Pertanyaan. ............................................................................................................................................. 215

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................................................................................. 216