l.1. sistem dan berpikir sistem

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1Pemodelan Sistem (TKI 128)

SISTEM DAN

BERPIKIR SISTEM

Oleh

M. Imron Mustajib, S.T., M.T.

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Referensi

1. Daellenbach, H. G., (1994), “Systems and Decision Making”, John

Wiley & Sons, Chichester-England.

2. Murthy, D.N.P., Page, M.W., and Rodin,E.Y., Mathematical

Modelling, Pergamon Press, 1990

3. Ristono, A., (2010), “Pemodelan Sistem”, Graha Ilmu

4. Senge, P. M., (1990), “The Fifth Discipline”, New York: Currency &

Dobleday.

5. Simatupang, T.M., (1995), “Pemodelan Sistem”, Nindita: Klaten.

6. Simatupang, T.M., (1995), “Teori Sistem: Suatu Perspektif Teknik

Industri”, Penerbit Andi Offset Yogyakarta.

7. Tunas, B. (2007), “Memahami dan Memecahkan Masalah dengan

Pendekatan Sistem”, PT Nimas Multima.

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• Pengertian sistem tergantung pada latar

belakang cara pandang orang yang

mendefinisikan.

Beberapa Pengertian Sistem (1)

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Beberapa Pengertian Sistem (2)

• Sudut pandang engineering

mendefinisikan sistem sebagi proses

masukan (input) yang ditransformaikan

menjadi keluaran (output) tertentu.

• Deallenbach (1994): A system is understood to

be a whole composed of elements that are

related to each other.

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Model Input-Output

sebagai Sistem Terbuka

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Sistem (1)

System

Dunia nyata (real world)

Batasan sistem

(Boundary system)

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Ciri dari suatu sistem

1. Terdiri atas sekumpulan elemen

2. Terdapat interaksi dan interdependensi

3. Terdapat mekanisme umpanbalik

4. Memiliki tujuan bersama

5. Terdapat hubungan antara lingkungan

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Sistem?

• Teori sistem pertama kali dikemukakan dalam “General Systems Theory (GSS)” tahun 1956 oleh ahli biologi Hongaria: Ludwig V. Bertalanffy.

• Perkembangan studi tentang sistem:

1. Bertujuan mengembangkan teori sistem, seperti yang dilakukanLudwig V. Bertalanffy.

2. Bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efektifitas pendayagunaan berpikir sistem untuk pemecahan masalah,sperti dilakukan oleh Peter M. Senge.

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Berbagai Macam Studi Sistem (1)

1. General Systems Theory (GSS)

Merupakan pemikiran untuk pengembangan model teori sistem

yang dasaranya terletak pada teori umum matematika murni dan

teori disiplin tertentu. Studi tentang sistem dalam konteks ini lebih

berorientasi pada pengenalan dan pengembangan sistem.

2. Cybernatics

Berpikir kesisteman yang didasarkan pada ilmu pengendalian

dan komunikasi pada hewan dan mesin. Konsep kotak hitam

(black box) dan negative feedback yang dapat digunakan untuk

memahami dan memperbaiki sistem komplek, seperti: teori

otomatisasi, teori kontrol, terori keputusan dan teori informatika.

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3. Sytems Approach• Merupakan aplikasi dari berpikir kesisteman (systems thinking)

bagi perancang atau perbaikan sistem dan untuk pemecahan masalah yang didasrkan pada karakteristik sistem.

• Pendekatan yang dilakukan ada dua, hard systems approachdan soft systems approach .

• Hard systems approach digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah dengan rumusan dan tujuannya jelas dan terukur. Operation Research (OR) merupakan model yang paling banyak digunakan dalam hard systems approach .

• Soft systems approach digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah dengan rumusan dan tujuan tidak jelas atau yang memerlukan usaha besar untuk dapat disepakati bersama oleh pihak yang berkepentingan. Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) dikembangkan oleh Peter Checkland tahun 1990


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4. System Design

Merupakan perkembangan General Systems Theory (GSS) dan

Operation Research (OR) dengan penekanan terhadap

pengembnagan kreatifitas dalam penciptaan atau perancangan

sistem baru, yang khas dan berbeda dari sistem sebelumnya.

5. System Engineering

Merupakan perancangan atau pengembangan suatu sistem yang

lebih baik, seperti manusia, sistem manusia-mesin, maupun

sistem mekanis.


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General System Theory

(L.V Bertalanffy,1956)

• Symbolization of the concept system

– –Inner-System Boundary-Outer (Environment)

• Open system vs. Closed system

• Content of the system:

– The complete collection of all elements without the interrelations of these elements being taken into consideration

• Structure of the system

– Consists of the pattern of these relations

• Subsystem

– A partial collection of the elements of the system

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System (Inner-Outer)

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Sub Sistem

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Contoh suatu sistem: Sistem stasiun pompa bahan bakar

Mesin pompa

Operator

MobilSepeda Motor

Pedagang asongan

Sepeda, becak

Area stasiun

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Pendekatan Sistem

• Pendekatan sistem (system approach)

– Masalah sebagai suatu sistem

– Sistem : Masalah yang sedang dipelajari

(problem understudy)

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Landasan Berpikir Sistem

(systems thinking)

1. Emergence dan hirarki (hierarchy)

2. Komunikasi dan umpan balik (control)

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Emergence dan Hirarki (1)

• Hirarki

– Adanya hirarki dalam level organisasi,satu sama lain

lebih komplek dari level yang terendah, satu sama

lain dicirikan oleh sifat-sifat yang muncul (emergent

properties) yang tidak ada pada level lebih rendah.

– Contoh: Tubuh manusia. Pada level terendah: atom,

molekol, sel; selanjutnya jaringan dan organ;

kemudian tubuh.

– Hubungan antar sistem: misalnya memunculkan

sistem respirasi sirkulasi pada level tertinggi tubuh.

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• Emergence

– The idea of emergent properties states that at all

levels a system exhibits properties that are mare than

the sum of its parts.

– An example: the properties of the complex substance

water (H2O) – one of which is its ability to extinguish

fire – are not found in either of its molecular

components Hydrogen (which is combustible and

explosive) and Oxygen (without which combustion

cannot take place) –Vyotsky, Soviet psychologist.

Emergence dan Hirarki (2)

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Komunikasi dan Umpan Balik

• Open systems interact with their environment: they take

in things from it –system inputs – and export things to it –

system outputs.

• The boundary determines the interface between the

system and the environment in which it operates.

• The basic concept of communication and control in

systems is that, in order to achieve its purpose or goal

and to remain in equilibirium with its environment a

system uses information about its performance –

feedback –to adjust its activities.

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Elemen-Elemen dan

Hubungan antar Elemen

• Elemen sistem dicirikan oleh fitur-fitur tertentu

– fisik, geometri, estetika, social-psychological atau

ekonomi

• Jika terdapat hubungan antara satu atau beberapa

elemen kemudian karakteristik elemen-elemen tersebut

berubah maka elemen-elemen lain ikut berubah.

• Relations between the elements are indicated by means

of a simple line.

• Hubungan antar elemen dapat berupa: aspek teknik,

ekonomi, socio-psychological.

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Sistem: Hubungan antar Elemen

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Berpikir Sistem

• Thinking in terms of systems -as opposed to seeing

snapshots or discrete events with little or no

interrelationship.

• Peter Senge, in his bestselling book The Fifth Discipline:

describes how our mental models, or personal

paradigms, are often developed from our tendency to

break down large problems into smaller manageable

parts.

• In doing this, we end up mentally isolating events and

actions, mostly because their causes and effects are

often widely separated in time and space.

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Why we need Systems Thinking

• Senge views the problem as systemic in natureand not easily or quickly overcome in organizations.

• The core of the problem is that our world is one of dynamic complexity, the mastery of which cannot be achieved by focusing on details alone without systems fluency.

• Senge describes a simulation, called The Beer Game. The game clearly demonstrates how experienced decision-makers can fall into a trap of thinking of their actions as isolated and helps

them to better understand their roles within systems.

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System thinking

• System thinking: Thinking in terms of

systems

• System thinking: A problem methodology

approach

• System thinking: Observing is viewed as

mental activity –Mental Model

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Sistem: Model Mental

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Aspects System

• Represents a partial collection of the system relation

• There are various aspects of system –e.g. technical, economic, socio-psychological aspects

• The various aspects have been connected together by means of what are termed interrelations (A multi-aspect system)

• Interrelations are seen as the relations between the different aspect systems distinguishable within the original system

• In a multi-aspect system: We need to put together the partial problem analyses to form one integral problem analysis

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Multi-Aspect System: 3 Independent

Aspects

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Integrated System

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Multi-Disciplinary Approach

• A mono-disciplinist is seen as someone with specialist knowledge in the area of a single –mono-discipline (He will only be able to construe a mono-aspect view)

• With increasing complexity of technical system and increase in the number of relevant aspects – This needs A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

• A Multi-Disciplinary Approach demands integrative skills from the problem solver or project manager

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Example-1: Multi Disciplinary Approach

For A Multi-Aspect Problem

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Example-2: Multi Disciplinary Approach


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Example-3:

An Interdisciplinary Approach


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Industrial Engineering (IE)

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What Does IE Do?

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Typical IE Questions

• Is the system providing the best possible economic return to its owners?

• Are some products not economically viable? Which ones?

• Are resources being utilized appropriately? Where is capacity excessive or inadequate?

• Is the mix of resources appropriate? Are new technologies needed?

• Are the resources organized and managed properly?

• Are suppliers' prices, terms, delivery, and qualityappropriate?

• Are the products/services meeting customers' needs? How could they be improved?

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Needs A Comprehensive

Approach: Systems Modelling

l.1. sistem dan berpikir sistem

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