kuliah 1 pembukaan farmasi

PENGANTAR KULIAH PENGANTAR KULIAH ANATOMIANATOMI

Dr. Thontowi Djauhari NS, M.KesDr. Thontowi Djauhari NS, M.KesLaboratorium AnatomiLaboratorium AnatomiProgram Studi FarmasiProgram Studi Farmasi

Univ. Muhammadiyah MalangUniv. Muhammadiyah Malang

Kuliah PerdanaKuliah PerdanaLaboratorium AnatomiLaboratorium Anatomi

PROGRAM STUDI FARMASIPROGRAM STUDI FARMASIUNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH

MALANGMALANG

Tanggal, Tanggal, 25 September 25 September 20201212

Sine Anatomi Nihil Medicine

Tidak Ada Ilmu Kesehatan Tanpa Anatomi

ANATOMIANATOMI

Asal Kata. Greek “ temnein”Asal Kata. Greek “ temnein” artinyaartinya “ “memotong”memotong” ( dissecting )( dissecting )Pengertian. Pengertian. Adalah ilmu yang mempelajari struktur tubuh Adalah ilmu yang mempelajari struktur tubuh melalui pemotongan ( dissecting )melalui pemotongan ( dissecting )--------- Ilmu Urai.--------- Ilmu Urai.

Approaches to Studying AnatomyApproaches to Studying Anatomy

Systemic AnatomySystemic AnatomyUndergraduate courses Undergraduate courses are taught systemically, are taught systemically, mainly because mainly because physiology is taught physiology is taught along with anatomy.along with anatomy.

Regional AnatomyRegional AnatomyMedical school courses Medical school courses are taught regionally. are taught regionally. Dissection of a cadaver Dissection of a cadaver is best done in this is best done in this manner.manner.

Regional AnatomyRegional Anatomy

This course will be divided This course will be divided into 4 units:into 4 units:

1. Back and Upper Limb1. Back and Upper Limb

2. Thorax and Abdomen2. Thorax and Abdomen

3. Pelvis and Lower Limb3. Pelvis and Lower Limb

4. Head and Neck4. Head and Neck

SISTEM TUBUH MANUSIASISTEM TUBUH MANUSIA

Atoms

Molecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

The The urinary systemurinary system, made up of kidneys, urinary , made up of kidneys, urinary bladder, and tubes that convey urine, rids the body bladder, and tubes that convey urine, rids the body of nitrogenous wastes, and regulates fluid balance of nitrogenous wastes, and regulates fluid balance and pH.and pH.

Nama RegioNama Regio Nama Anatomi.Nama Anatomi.

CephalicCephalic CephalonCephalon

CervicalisCervicalis CervicisCervicis

ThoracalisThoracalis ThoraxThorax

BrachialisBrachialis BrachiumBrachium

AbdominalisAbdominalis AbdomenAbdomen

GluteusGluteus GluteaGlutea

FemoralisFemoralis FemurFemur

CrurisCruris CruralCrural

PedisPedis PesPes

Regio-regio Dalam Tubuh Regio-regio Dalam Tubuh manusiamanusia

Regional TermsRegional Terms

Terminologi Terminologi AnatomiAnatomi

Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical TerminologyDirectionalDirectional..– Anterior = front ---- navel is on the anterior the trunk.Anterior = front ---- navel is on the anterior the trunk.– Ventral = belly side ---- navel is on the ventral surface.Ventral = belly side ---- navel is on the ventral surface.– Posterior = behind ---- spine is on the posterior of the body.Posterior = behind ---- spine is on the posterior of the body.– Dorsal = back = behind.Dorsal = back = behind.– Cranial = toward the head --- Chest is cranial to the abdomen.Cranial = toward the head --- Chest is cranial to the abdomen.– Superior = above ( when referring to standing human body superior is Superior = above ( when referring to standing human body superior is

equivalent to cranial)equivalent to cranial)– Caudal = toward the tail ----- the hips are cudal to the waist.Caudal = toward the tail ----- the hips are cudal to the waist.– Inferior = below; at a lower level. --- the knees are inferior to hips.Inferior = below; at a lower level. --- the knees are inferior to hips.– Medial = toward the mid lineMedial = toward the mid line– Lateral = away from midlineLateral = away from midline– Proximal = toward the central of the bodyProximal = toward the central of the body– Distal = away from the central of the body.Distal = away from the central of the body.– Superficial = toward body surface.Superficial = toward body surface.– Profundus = away from body surface. Profundus = away from body surface.

AbreviationAbreviation

a. = arteri = arterya. = arteri = arteryv. = vena = veinv. = vena = veinn. = nervus = nerve n. = nervus = nerve m.m. = musculus = muscle= musculus = muscleaa.aa. = arteriae = arteries= arteriae = arteriesav.av. = venae = veins= venae = veinsaw.aw. = musculi = muscles= musculi = musclesax.ax. = nervi = nerves= nervi = nerves..

Terms of Terms of Relationship and Relationship and

ComparisonComparison

• Superficial vs. deep• Medial vs. lateral• Superior vs. inferior• Cranial vs. caudal• Anterior vs. posterior• Proximal vs. distal• Dorsal vs. palmar• Dorsal vs. plantar

Be able to use each termin a sentence. (See figure.)

Anatomic PositionsAnatomic Positions

ProneProne

SupineSupine

Anatomic PositionsAnatomic Positions

Trendelenburg’s positionTrendelenburg’s position

Fowler’s positionFowler’s position

Cabang Lain AnatomiCabang Lain Anatomi

Anatomi PerkembanganAnatomi Perkembangan– Embryology. Ilmu yang mempelajari anatomi Embryology. Ilmu yang mempelajari anatomi

sebelum lahir . Disebut juga morphogenesis sebelum lahir . Disebut juga morphogenesis – Ontogeny. Ilmu yang mempelajari perkembangan Ontogeny. Ilmu yang mempelajari perkembangan

mahluk dari fertilisasi sampai dewasa mahluk dari fertilisasi sampai dewasa – Anthropology Ragawi. Adalah bagian dari Anthropology Ragawi. Adalah bagian dari phylogeny yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari phylogeny yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari terjadinya suatu phylum--- ras.terjadinya suatu phylum--- ras.

Comparative AnatomiComparative AnatomiRadiographic AnatomiRadiographic Anatomi

Sistem PerkuliahanSistem Perkuliahan

Kuliah Semi PBL (Problem Base Learning)Kuliah Semi PBL (Problem Base Learning)

- Kuliah Klasikal- Kuliah Klasikal

- Presentasi- Presentasi

PraktikumPraktikum

No Tanggal

Topik KuliahTopik Praktikum

Selasapkl. 07.00 – 09.00 WIB

Selasapkl.13.00-17.00 WIB

1 15 Sept 2015PENGANTAR KULIAH ANATOMI

dan Musculoskeletal TJ

Extremitas 1

2 22 Sept 2015 Musculoskeletal TJ Extremitas 2

3 29 Sept 2015 Thorax - Respirasi dan Jantung TJExtremitas 3

4 6 Okt 2015 Pencernakan TJReview

5 13 Okt 2015 Urogenital TJ Ujian Praktikum 1

6 20 Okt 2015 Endocrinologi TJ Thorax

7 27 Okt 2015 Embriologi umum TJ Abdomen

8 3 Nov 2015 Saraf TJ Urogenital

9 10 Nov 2015 UTS

10 17 Nov 2015Mata - THT

TJReview

11 24 Nov 2015 Dr Anisa TJ Ujian praktikum 2

12 1 Des 2015Dr Anisa

13 8 Des 2015 Dr Anisa




EvaluasiEvaluasi Jenis UjianJenis Ujian : :

– Teori :Teori :UTS 1UTS 1UTS 2UTS 2

– Praktikum :Praktikum : Ujian Praktikum 1Ujian Praktikum 1 Ujian Praktikum 2Ujian Praktikum 2 Pre Test Pre Test

Sistim PenilaianSistim Penilaian

Nilai Teori :Nilai Teori :Nilai Praktikum :Nilai Praktikum :Nilai Pre test : Nilai Pre test : Untuk nilai < 55 mahasiswa tidak Untuk nilai < 55 mahasiswa tidak boleh mengikuti praktikumboleh mengikuti praktikum

Nilai Akhir : Nilai Akhir : 2 (UTS1+UTS2) + UP1 + UP2 +2 (UTS1+UTS2) + UP1 + UP2 +

66

Nilai Akhir SemesterNilai Akhir Semester

0 – 45 0 – 45 = E= E

>45 – 50 >45 – 50 = D= D

>50 – 55 >50 – 55 = D= D

>55 – 60 >55 – 60 = C= C

>60 – 65 >60 – 65 = C+= C+

>65 – 76 >65 – 76 = B= B

>76 – 80 >76 – 80 = B+= B+

>80 >80 = A= A

Buku ajarBuku ajar

Martini,F.H.,et al., Human Anatomy.Martini,F.H.,et al., Human Anatomy. Bannister. Lawrence H., Gray’s Anatomi.Bannister. Lawrence H., Gray’s Anatomi. Moore, ANATOMY HUMAN STRUCTUREMoore, ANATOMY HUMAN STRUCTURE Langman’s, MEDICAL EmbryologyLangman’s, MEDICAL Embryology Yakochi, HUMAN ANATOMYYakochi, HUMAN ANATOMY Spalteholz, HANDATLAS der ANATOMIESpalteholz, HANDATLAS der ANATOMIE Sobotta, ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMISobotta, ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMI Internet/Belajar MandiriInternet/Belajar Mandiri

Ketentuan lainKetentuan lain

Tidak ikut Ujian/Pretest tanpa Tidak ikut Ujian/Pretest tanpa keterangan diberi nilai = 0keterangan diberi nilai = 0

Surat Keterangan Sakit tidak berlakuSurat Keterangan Sakit tidak berlaku TIDAK ADATIDAK ADA Ujian Susulan Ujian Susulan Presensi <80% -> tidak diijinkan ikut Presensi <80% -> tidak diijinkan ikut

ujianujian

PraktikumPraktikum

Menghargai preparat/cadaverMenghargai preparat/cadaverJas Praktikum Rapi + Tanda PengenalJas Praktikum Rapi + Tanda PengenalMembawa alat-alat praktikum sendiriMembawa alat-alat praktikum sendiriKuku dipotong pendekKuku dipotong pendekMasuk Tepat WaktuMasuk Tepat WaktuDimulai dengan doa bersama Dimulai dengan doa bersama Keluar Lab. Harus Seijin DosenKeluar Lab. Harus Seijin DosenTempat Sholat disediakan Tempat Sholat disediakan

SISTEM TUBUH PERMUKAAN SISTEM TUBUH PERMUKAAN MUSCULOSKELETALMUSCULOSKELETAL

Thontowi Djauhari NS M.KesThontowi Djauhari NS M.KesLaboratorium AnatomiLaboratorium Anatomi

Program Pendidikan DokterProgram Pendidikan DokterUniv. Muhammadiyah MalangUniv. Muhammadiyah Malang

SKELETON (Kerangka Tulang)

Axial skeleton :Skull 22Auditory ossicles 6Hyoid bone 1Vertebral column 26Ribs and sternum 25

----80

Appendicular skeleton :Upper extremity 64Lower extremity 62

----126

Total 206

Axial Skeleton – merupakan tulang axis dari tubuh :

Contoh : cranium, vertebrae, sacrum, costae

Appendicular Skeleton – berbungan dengan penyusun tubuh :

Contoh : extremitas atas bawah dan pelvis

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Structure: Structure: – BonesBones

– CartilageCartilage

FunctionFunction– ProtectionProtection

– SupportSupport

– MovementMovement

– Storage for salts (e.g., calcium)Storage for salts (e.g., calcium)

– Supply of new blood cellsSupply of new blood cells

PartsParts

Axial skeleton Axial skeleton (skull, hyoid, vertebrae/sacrum, ribs, (skull, hyoid, vertebrae/sacrum, ribs,

sternum)sternum)

Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton(bones of limbs including pectoral/pelvic (bones of limbs including pectoral/pelvic

girdles)girdles)

KOMPOSISI TULANGKOMPOSISI TULANG

Water (25%)Water (25%)

Organic Constituent (~25%)Organic Constituent (~25%)

– Collagen. Collagen.

A fibrous protein that provide flexibility.A fibrous protein that provide flexibility.

Inorganic Constituent (~50%)Inorganic Constituent (~50%)

– Calcium phosphate and calcium Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. carbonate.

Mineral salts that provide hardness.Mineral salts that provide hardness.

Structure of Long BoneStructure of Long Bone

Figure 6.3

Bone Growth in LengthBone Growth in Length

Epiphyseal plateEpiphyseal plate– Cartilage cells in this plate divide Cartilage cells in this plate divide

rapidly.rapidly.

– Zone of proliferating cartilage.Zone of proliferating cartilage.

Between ages 18-25, the Between ages 18-25, the epiphyseal plates close.epiphyseal plates close.– Cartilage cells in the plate stop Cartilage cells in the plate stop

dividing and bone replaces the dividing and bone replaces the cartilage.cartilage.

Growth in length stops at age Growth in length stops at age 25.25.

Long Bone Formation and GrowthLong Bone Formation and Growth

Slide 5.14a

Aging and Bone TissueAging and Bone Tissue

Demineralization-Demineralization- loss of minerals. loss of minerals. – Very rapid in women 40-45 as estrogen levels Very rapid in women 40-45 as estrogen levels

decrease. decrease. – In males, begins after age 60, but is gradual.In males, begins after age 60, but is gradual.

Decrease in protein synthesisDecrease in protein synthesis– Decrease in growth hormone.Decrease in growth hormone.– Decrease in collagen production, which gives bone its Decrease in collagen production, which gives bone its

tensile strength, this causes bone to become brittle tensile strength, this causes bone to become brittle and susceptible to fracture.and susceptible to fracture.

Cold spots Cold spots indicateindicate– Decreased Decreased

metabolism of metabolism of decalcified decalcified bone.bone.

– Fracture.Fracture.– Bone Bone

infection.infection.

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Stages in the Healing of a Bone FractureFracture

Slide 5.19

Figure 5.5

Skeletal Muscle & Muscle ArchitectureSkeletal Muscle & Muscle Architecture

Anatomi PermukaanAnatomi Permukaan

Vena-vena superfisialVena-vena superfisial

Getah beningGetah bening

Saraf-2 KulitSaraf-2 Kulit

V. basilica

V. cephalica

V. Mediana cubiti

V.Mediana antebrachii

Arcus venosus dorsalis

V. axillarisV.brachialis

V. subclavia

Getah beningGetah bening

Regio :Regio : I. Regio Humeri et AxillarisI. Regio Humeri et Axillaris II. Regio Brachii & CubitiII. Regio Brachii & Cubiti III. Regio AntebrachiiIII. Regio Antebrachii IV. Regio ManusIV. Regio Manus

Tiap Regio mengandung :Tiap Regio mengandung :A. Struktur OtotA. Struktur OtotBB. Struktur Pembuluh Darah. Struktur Pembuluh DarahC. Struktur SarafC. Struktur SarafE. Struktur Kelenjar Getah BeningE. Struktur Kelenjar Getah Bening

I. RegioI. Regio

Humeri et AxillarisHumeri et Axillaris

I. RegioI. Regio

Humeri et AxillarisHumeri et Axillaris

A. Struktur OtotA. Struktur OtotA. Struktur OtotA. Struktur Otot

1.1. Otot-2 PectoralisOtot-2 Pectoralis

2.2. Otot-2 Punggung superfisialOtot-2 Punggung superfisial

3.3. Otot-2 BahuOtot-2 Bahu

Otot-2 Regio PectoralisOtot-2 Regio Pectoralis

m. Pectoralis Majorm. Pectoralis Majorm. Pectoralis minorm. Pectoralis minorm. Subclaviusm. Subclaviusm. Serratus Anteriorm. Serratus Anterior

M. Pectoralis MajorM. Pectoralis Major

OrigoOrigo

InsertioInsertio

M. Pectoralis MinorM. Pectoralis Minor

OrigoOrigo

InsertioInsertio

Subclavius

Pectoralis minor

Pectoralis major

Serratus anterior

Otot - ototOtot - otot Punggung SuperfisialPunggung Superfisialm. Trapeziusm. Trapeziusm. Latisimus dorsim. Latisimus dorsim. Levator scapulaem. Levator scapulaem. Rhomboideus majorm. Rhomboideus majorm. Rhomboideus minorm. Rhomboideus minor

M. Trapezius M. Trapezius dan dan

m. Latisimus dorsim. Latisimus dorsi

OrigoOrigo

InsertioInsertio

InsertioInsertio

M. Levator scapulaM. Levator scapula

OrigoOrigo

InsertioInsertio

M. Rhomboideus Major dan M. Rhomboideus Major dan MinorMinor

OrigoOrigo

InsertioInsertio

Levator Scapulae

Latissimus dorsi

Trapezius

RhomboideusDeltoideus

Infraspinata

Teres minor

Teres major

Minor

Major

Supraspinata

Otot-2 BahuOtot-2 Bahu

m. Deltoideusm. Deltoideusm. Supraspinatam. Supraspinatam. Infraspinatam. Infraspinatam. Teres Majorm. Teres Majorm. Teres minorm. Teres minorm. Subscapularism. Subscapularis

M. DeltoideusM. Deltoideus

OrigoOrigo

InsertioInsertio

M. Sub scapularisM. Sub scapularis

OrigoOrigo

InsertioInsertio

M. supraspinatusM. supraspinatus

OrigoOrigo

InsertioInsertio

M InfraspinatusM Infraspinatus

OrigoOrigo

InsertioInsertio

M. Teres majorM. Teres major

OrigoOrigo

InsertioInsertio

M. Teres minorM. Teres minor

OrigoOrigo

InsertioInsertio

B. Arteria AxillarisB. Arteria Axillaris B. Arteria AxillarisB. Arteria Axillaris

Kelanjutan dari Kelanjutan dari A. subclaviaA. subclavia

DibawahDibawah M.pectoralis major M.pectoralis major menjadi menjadi A. brachialisA. brachialis

Terdiri dari 3 bagian : Terdiri dari 3 bagian : diatas, dibelakang, dibawah diatas, dibelakang, dibawah M. pectoralis minorM. pectoralis minor

Cabang-2 A. AxillarisCabang-2 A. AxillarisDiatas M.pectoralis minorDiatas M.pectoralis minor

A. thoracalis supremaA. thoracalis suprema

Dibelakang M.pectoralis minorDibelakang M.pectoralis minor A.thoracoacromialis :A.thoracoacromialis :

R. acromialisR. acromialis R. deltoideusR. deltoideus R. clavicularisR. clavicularis R. pectoralisR. pectoralis

A.thoracalis lateralisA.thoracalis lateralis

Dibawah M.pectoralis minorDibawah M.pectoralis minorA.subscapularis :A.subscapularis :

A. circumflexa scapulae A. circumflexa scapulae anastomose dengan anastomose dengan A. transversa scapulaeA. transversa scapulae A.thoracodorsalisA.thoracodorsalis

A. circumflexa humeri anteriorA. circumflexa humeri anteriorA. circumflexa humeri posteriorA. circumflexa humeri posterior

A

B

C

A. Subclavia

A. AxillarisA.thoracoacromialis

A.Thoracalissuprema

A. Thoracalis lateralis

A. subscapularis

A. Circumflexa humeri anterior et posterior

A. Brachialis

A. Diatas M.pectoralis minorB. Dibelakang M.pect.minorC. Dibawah M. pect.minor

C. Plexus BrachialisC. Plexus BrachialisC. Plexus BrachialisC. Plexus Brachialis

Plexus Plexus cervicaliscervicalis

R. R. ventralisventralis

TruncusTruncus DivisiDivisi FasciculuFasciculuss

NervusNervus

C5C5 SuperiorSuperior AnteriorAnterior LateralisLateralis N. MusculoN. Musculo

cutaneuscutaneus

C6C6 PosteriorPosterior N. N. MedianusMedianus

C7C7 MedialisMedialisAnteriorAnterior N. UlnarisN. Ulnaris

PosteriorPosterior

PosteriorPosteriorN. AxillarisN. Axillaris

C8C8 InferiorInferiorPosteriorPosterior N. RadialisN. Radialis

AnteriorAnterior MedialisMedialis N. N. MedianusMedianus

Th1Th1 N. UlnarisN. Ulnaris

Plexus cervicalisPlexus cervicalisR. ventralisR. ventralis

TruncusTruncus

DivisiDivisi

FasciculusFasciculus

NervusNervus

N. UlnarisN. Ulnaris

N. MedianusN. Medianus

N. MusculocutaneusN. Musculocutaneus

N. RadialisN. Radialis

N. AxillarisN. Axillaris

Cabang RamiCabang Rami ( tapi tak membentuk Pl.brachialis )( tapi tak membentuk Pl.brachialis )

C5 C5 N. dorsalis scapulae & n. PhrenicusN. dorsalis scapulae & n. PhrenicusC5,6,7 C5,6,7 N. thoracalis longusN. thoracalis longus

Cabang TruncusCabang Truncus ( tapi tak membentuk Pl.Brachialis )( tapi tak membentuk Pl.Brachialis )Truncus superior : Truncus superior : N. subclavius & N.suprascapularisN. subclavius & N.suprascapularis

Truncus medialis : --Truncus medialis : --Truncus inferior : Truncus inferior :

Cabang FasciculusCabang Fasciculus ( tapi tak membentuk Pl.brachialis )( tapi tak membentuk Pl.brachialis )

Fasc. lateralis : Fasc. lateralis : N.pectoralis lateralisN.pectoralis lateralisFasc. posterior : Fasc. posterior : N. subscapularis, N.thoracodorsalisN. subscapularis, N.thoracodorsalisFasc. medialis : Fasc. medialis : N.pectoralis med, N.cut. brachii N.pectoralis med, N.cut. brachii

medialis, N. cut. antebrachii medialis, N. cut. antebrachii medialismedialis

RegioBrachii et Cubiti

M. coracobrachialis

M. Biceps brachii

M. brachialis

M. Bicepsbrachii

M. coracobrachialis

M. brachialis M. Triceps brachiiM. Triceps brachii

M. brachialis

M. coracobrachialis

M. Bicepsbrachii

Setelah M.Biceps diangkat

Spina scapulae

M. deltoideus

Caput longum

Caput lateralis

Caput medialis

M. Tricepsbrachii

3. Arteria : 3. Arteria : A. BrachialisA. Brachialis

Lanjutan Lanjutan A.axillarisA.axillaris distal batas bawah M.teres major distal batas bawah M.teres major

Pada lengan atas bersama Pada lengan atas bersama V.basilicaV.basilica

Pada Pada Fossa cubitiFossa cubiti : : Terletak Terletak centralcentral

DiDilaterallateralnyanya : tendon M. biceps brachii : tendon M. biceps brachii

DiDimedialmedialnyanya : N. medianus : N. medianus

DiDisuperficialsuperficialnyanya : : Lacertus fibrosusLacertus fibrosus, memisahkan , memisahkan

A.brachialis dari V.mediana A.brachialis dari V.mediana cubiticubiti

Berakhir sebagai : Berakhir sebagai : A. radialis & A. ulnarisA. radialis & A. ulnaris

Percabangan A.BrachialisPercabangan A.Brachialis

A. profunda brachii :A. profunda brachii : R.deltoideaR.deltoidea A.collateralis radialisA.collateralis radialis A.collateralis medialisA.collateralis medialis

A. collateralis A. collateralis ulnaris superiorulnaris superior A. collateralis A. collateralis

ulnaris inferiorulnaris inferior Menjadi A. radialisMenjadi A. radialis Menjadi A. ulnarisMenjadi A. ulnaris

A.brachialis

A.Profunda brachii

A.Collateralis ulnaris superior

A.Collateralis ulnaris inferior

A. radialis A. ulnaris

Pre testPre test

1.1. Otot-2 PectoralisOtot-2 Pectoralis

2.2. Otot-2 Punggung superfisialOtot-2 Punggung superfisial

3.3. Otot-2 BahuOtot-2 Bahu

4. Otot Brachii et Cubiti bagian ventral

5. Otot Brachii et Cubiti bagian Dorsal

6. Perjalanan arteri dari lengan ke bawah

7. Plexus brachialis

Benarkah Neil Amstrong adalah manusia pertama yang menginjakkan kakinya di bulan dengan selamet ? Baru Baru ini telah terungkap fakta yang mengejutkan tentang keaslian foto di NASA Inilah bukti barunya ....

Inilah yang dunia lihat tentang foto tersebut

Tetapi sadarkah anda ada bayangan yang tertutup dalam foto tersebut ?????????... ....

kuliah 1 pembukaan farmasi

Documents