konverter thyristor (kuliah ke 5) - elektronika daya itb · tetapi juga parameter beban. ... arus...

3/12/2010

1

Konverter Thyristor

Pekik Argo Dahono

Konverter Satu-Fasa Setengah-Gelombang

( ) ( )

( )απ

ωωπ

π

α

cos12

2

sin22

1

:rata-ratakeluaran Tegangan

+=

= ∫

s

so

V

tdtVV

sv

+

R ov

oi

Skema (a)

sv

tω

tω

ov

oi

0 π π2

gelombang. Bentuk (b)

si

0π π2

Tsi

α

Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter thyristor 2

3/12/2010

2

Gate Signal Generation

Generator

tooth-Saw

logic and

Comparatorline AC

synv

cv

swv signal Gate

0

synv

swv

cv

signal Gate


Linearizing the Phase-Control Characteristic

∫+

+

tωsin

1

−

+FF


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3


sv

+

oi

R ovdv

si

T Lv

sv

tω

tω

dv

0π π2

0π π2

si

oi

α

•Arus masukan dan keluaran mempunyai

bentuk yang sama dan diskontinyu

•Harmonisa arus masukan mengandung

komponen dc dan semua orde harmonisa

•Nilai rata-rata tegangan keluaran tidak

hanya ditentukan oleh sudut penyalaan

tetapi juga parameter beban.



sv

+

si

T

oi

R ov

Lv

dvFD

sv

tω

tω

dv

0π π2

0π π2

si

oi

α

Nilai rms arus masukan lebih kecil dibanding

arus keluaran

Arus masukan mengandung semua orde

harmonisa termasuk komponen dc

Nilai rata-rata tegangan keluaran hanya ditentukan

oleh sudut penyalaan


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4

Konverter Satu-Fasa Setengah Gelombang

sv

+

si

T

oi

R ov

Lv

dvFD

sv

tω

tω

dv

0π π2

0π π2

si

oi

α



T

dvFDsv

+

si

oI

sL

sv

tω

tω

dv

0π π2

0π π2

si

oi

α µ

( ) oss

d IfLV

V −+= απ

cos12

2

Induktansi sumber menyebabkan

nilai rata-rata tegangan keluaran

berubah sebagai fungsi arus beban


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5


sv

+

oi

dv

si

T Lv

oVsv

tω

tω

dv

0π π2

0π π2

si

oi

α

oV

oVNilai rata-rata tegangan keluaran

dipengaruhi oleh emf beban


Konverter Satu-Fasa Jembatan

Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter

thyristor

10

3/12/2010

6

Konverter Satu-Fasa Jembatan

( ) ( )

( )απ

ωωπ

π

α

cos12

sin21

:keluaran tegangan rata-rata Nilai

+=

= ∫

s

so

V

tdtVV

Arus sumber hanya mengandung

harmonisa orde ganjil

Tegangan dan arus beban mempunyai

jumlah pulsa dua dan hanya mengandung

harmonisa orde genap


Konverter Thyristor Satu-Fasa

Tegangan keluaran rata-rata:

απ

cos22

so VV =

Arus thyristor rata-rata:

2/oT II =

Arus rms sumber :

os II =

PF sumber :

απ

cos22

==ss

oo

IV

IVPF

sv

+

si

oi

R

1T 3T

2T 4T

dL

ov

sv

tω

tω

ov

0 π π2

si

α

4&1 TT 3&2 TT

oiTegangan keluaran bisa diatur dari minus maksimum sampai plus maksimum

tetapi arus selalu positip.


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7

Konverter Thyristor Satu-Fasa

sv

+

si

1T 3T

2T 4T

ov oI

sv

tω

tω

ov

0

π2

si

α

π

oI


Output Voltage


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8

Konverter Thyristor Satu-Fasasv

tω

tω

ov

0 π2

si

π

oI

4

πα =

1Tvtω

sv

tω

tω

ov

0π2

si

π

oI

2

πα =

tω1Tv

sv

tω

tω

ov

0 π2

si

π

oI

4

3πα =

1Tvtω

πα =

sv

tω

tω

ov

0π2

si

πoI

1Tv

Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter thyristor15

Analisis Daya dan Harmonisa

( )

( ) ( )

( )[ ]

kII

II

kk

tdtkII

tkIi

IVQ

IVP

k

o

ok

nk

ks

ss

ss

/

22

2/cos12

4I

sin2

4

sin2

:Masukan Arus Harmonisa Analisis

sin

cos

:Aktif Daya

1

1

o

2/

0

12

1

1

=

=

−=

=

=

=

=

∫

∑∞

−=

π

ππ

ωωπ

ω

α

α

π

απ

2

π0

Q

P


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9

Pengaruh Induktansi Sumber

si

1T 3T

2T 4T

ov oIsv

+sL

sv

tω

tω

ov

0 π2

si

π

oI

α µ

osso IfLVV 4cos22

−= απ


thyristor

17

Sudut Pemadaman

sv

tω

tω

ov

0 π2

si

π

oI

α µ

osso IfLVV 4cos22

−= απ

1Tv

sv

tω

tω

ov

0 π2

si

π

oIα µ

osso IfLVV 4cos22

−= απ

1Tv

γ


thyristor

18

3/12/2010

10

Konduksi Tak Kontinyu

sv

+

si

oi

1T 3T

2T 4T

dL

ov oV

sv

tω

tω

ov

0 π π2

si

α

oioV


thyristor

19

Output voltage characteristic


3/12/2010

11

Penyearah Satu-Fasa Setengah-Terkendali


sv

+

si

1T 3D

ov

oi

R

dL

2T 4D


Tegangan keluaran rata-rata:

( )απ

cos12

+= so VV

Arus thyristor rata-rata:

π

απ

2

−= oT II

Arus rms sumber :

2/1

−=

π

απos II

PF sumber :

2/1

cos12

−

+==

π

απ

α

πss

oo

IV

IVPF


3/12/2010

12



Konverter Thyristor Tiga-Fasa Setengah-Gelombang

sou

rce

A

C

R

S

T

u

vw

n

1T

2T

3T

ov

Load

oiui

vi

wi

π0π2 tω

unvvnv wnv


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13

Persamaan Tegangan

( ) ( )

( )[ ]6

5

6cos1

2

6

60cos

2

23

sin22

3

: teganganrata-rata Nilai

6

ln6

5

6

πα

πα

π

παα

π

ωωπ

π

α

α

π

π

≤≤++=

≤≤=

= ∫+

+

llso

llso

so

VV

VV

tdtVV



sou

rce

A

C

R

S

T

u

vw

n

1T

2T

3T

ov

oiui

vi

wi

Load

tω

Ri

wi

vi

ui

π0π2 tω

unv vnv wnvα

Jumlah pulsa tegangan keluaran sama dengan tiga

Arus sekunder trafo mengandung komponen dc.

απ

cos2

23

teganganrata-rata Nilai

llso VV =


3/12/2010

14


tω

π0π2 tω

unv vnv wnvα

1Tv

1T 2T 3T

tω

π

0

π2 tω

unv vnv wnv

1Tv

1T 2T3T

α


Konverter Thyristor Tiga-Fasa

n

u

v

w

R

ui

vi

wi

ov

oi

1T 3T 5T

2T 4T 6Ttω

π0

π2 tω

unv vnv wnv

ui

dv

α

Jumlah pulsa tegangan keluaran sama dengan

enam.

Harmonisa arus masukan adalah 5,7, 11, 13,…


3/12/2010

15

Konverter Thyristor Tiga-Fasa Beban Resistif

α


Konverter Thyristor Tiga-Fasa Beban Resistif

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

3

2

33cos1

23

sin23

30cos

23

sin23

:rata-rataTegangan

3

6

26

πα

πα

π

π

ωωπ

παα

π

ωωπ

π

α

απ

α

π

π

π

≤≤

++=

=

≤≤=

−=

∫

∫

+

+

+

ll

llo

llo

llo

V

tdtVV

VV

tdtVV


3/12/2010

16

Konverter Tiga-Fasa Jembatan Beban Induktif

π0

π2 tω

unv

ui

π0

π2 tω

unv

ui

π0

π2 tω

unv

ui

π0

π2 tω

unv

ui


thyristor

31

Analisis

( )

( ) ( )

3/2

3. kelipatan untuk 0

/

6

sin22

sinI2

:masukan Arus

cosV23

:output tegangan rata-rata Nilai

1

1

2/

6/1

1-2nk

k

lls

ou

k

k

o

o

u

o

II

kI

kII

II

tdtII

tki

V

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

∫

∑∞

=

π

ωωπ

ω

απ

π

π

απ

cos3

:dayaFaktor

=PF


3/12/2010

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Input current


thyristor

33

Input current characteristic


thyristor

34

3/12/2010

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u

1T

2T

3T

4T

v

5T

w

6T

ui

vi

wi

n

sL




thyristor

36

π0

π2 tω

unv

ui

uvv uwv

osllo IfLVV 6cos23

−= απ

3/12/2010

19

Half-Controlled Thyristor Converters

u

1T

1D

2T

2D

v

3T

w

R

3T

ui

vi

wi

oi

ov

Lu

1T

2T

3T

4T

v

5T

6T

ui

vi

wi

R

oi

ov

L

w

1D

2D


Penyearah A Penyearah B

Half-Controlled Rectifier (A)

tω

π0π2 tω

unv vnv wnv

ui

dv

α

tω

wi

Ri

tω

π0π2 tω

unv

vnv wnv

ui

dv

α

tω

wi

Ri


3/12/2010

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Konverter Tiga-Fasa Jembatan Half-Controlled (B)

tω

ui

tω

wi

Ri

tω

ui

tω

wi

Ri


Application Considerations

• Single-phase rectifiers generate input harmonics at the order of 2p±1, where p is the pulse number.

• The displacement power factor is reduced when the output voltage is reduced.

• Commutation generates voltage notches across the source.

• Input harmonics can be reduced by increasing the pulse number.


3/12/2010

21

Current Controller

• A thyristor converter is usually operated as a current source

• A thyristor converter cannot be controlled faster than the thyristor can respond

• After a thyristor is turned on, the thyristor can only be turned off by the input line voltage.

• By operating as a current source, the thyristor converter is inherently overcurrent protected.

• A current source can paralleled easily with other current sources


Current controller for Phase-Controlled Rectifiers

Load

driver Gate

1cos−PID+

−current

Reference

current

Actual

L

sLse

dv

oi


3/12/2010

22

Current-Controlled Phase-Controlled Rectifiers

+

−

)(* sI L PIDsL

1

)(sVo

+ − )(sIL

dsT+1

1

llVπ

23


Current Control of Phase-Controlled Rectifiers


3/12/2010

23

Dual Thyristor Converter

controller

Current 1cos−

−

+*ai

ai


Application Considerations

• At present, thyristor converters are used only for large power applications.

• The AC side always need reactive power under both rectifier and inverter operations.

• The AC side current has high harmonic content. The harmonic order is pk±1 where p is pulse number and k is integer. The harmonic current can be reduced by increasing the pulse number.

• Thyristor converter also generates voltage nothches due to the commutation.

• It is recommended to use a special feeder (or it is better if using a dedicated transformer) to supply a thyristor converter.


3/12/2010

24

High-Current Rectifiers




3/12/2010

25



High-Current Rectifiers (PWM)


3/12/2010

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DC Arc Furnace Applications


HVDC Applications

• Environmental advantages

• Economical advantages

• Asynchronous interconnections

• Power flow control

• Added benefits to the existing

transmission system


3/12/2010

27

HVDC History• Hewitt’s mercury-vapour rectifier, 1901

• Experiments with thyratrons in US and mercury-arc valves in

Europe in 1940s.

• First commercial HVDC operation, Gotland, Sweden in 1954.

• First solid-state semiconductor switches, 1970.

• First microcontroller applications for HVDC in 1979.

• Highest DC voltage operation (600 kVdc) for Itaipu, Brazil, in

1984.

• First dc active power filter, 1994.

• First capacitor commutated converter for Argentina-Brazil

interconnection, 1998.

• First Voltage Source Converter for HVDC in Gotland, 1999.Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter

thyristor

53

HVDC Topology


3/12/2010

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HVDC Systems


HVDC Operation


3/12/2010

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HVDC Station


AC and DC Comparison


3/12/2010

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HVDC Technologies


HVDC Applications


3/12/2010

31

HVDC System


thyristor

61

+/- 500 kV, 2800 MW, Kii Chanel, Japan

Thyristors for HVDC


thyristor

62

3/12/2010

32

The End

konverter thyristor (kuliah ke 5) - elektronika daya itb · tetapi juga parameter beban. ... arus...

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