kesadaran akan signifikansi karya historis tni guna mendukung tugas tni...
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Diplomasi Militer dlm. Perspektif historis: “
Kesadaran akan signifikansi karya Historis TNI
guna Mendukung Tugas TNI dlm.
Mensinkronkan Gelar Kekuatan TNI dg.
Kepentingan Nasional
Mayjen TNI Purn. Dr. I Gede Sumertha KY.PSC,MscRAKORNIS SEJARAH TNI, APR 2018
MAYJEN TNI (PURN) I GEDE SUMERTHA
I Gede Sumertha (lahir di Singaraja, Buleleng, Bali, 16 November 1958; adalah seorang purnawirawan perwiratinggi TNI Angkatan Darat berpangkat Mayor Jenderalyang terakhir sebelumnya menjabat sebagai ketua KepalaSatuan Pengawas Unhan. Sumertha mengawali kariermiliternya pada tahun 1981 setelah ia lulus dari Akabribagian darat, ia berasal dari kecabangan zeni. Dalamkarier militernya pernah menjabat Kepala Pusat MisiPemeliharaan Perdamaian TNI, sebuah satuan tugas yang merencanakan dan menyiapkan personel TNI untukbertugas dalam operasi pemelihara perdamaian PBB.
Sejarah perkembangan diplomasi
OUTLINE
I. DIPLOMASI & POLITIK LUAR NEGERI
II. TRADITIONAL & MODERN DIPLOMACY
III. INSTRUMEN DIPLOMASI
IV. DEFENCE DIPLOMACY
V. INTERNATIONAL PEACE
VI. INDONESIA PEACE KEEPING OPERATION
VII. CONCLUSION
diplomasi menurut para ahli
• Diplomasi adalah “management of international relations by negotiations” atau “manajemen hubungan internasional melalui negosiasi”.
• Oxford Dictionary
Diplomasi sebagai seni mengedepankan kepentingan suatu negara dalam berhubungan dengan negara lain.
KM Panikkar, “The Principle and Practice of Diplomacy”
Dalam arti luas:
“Diplomasi adalah
pembentukan dan pelaksanaan politik luar negeri dalam segala tingkatnya, dari yang tertinggi hingga yang terendah”
Dalam arti sempit:“Diplomasi adalah suatu
medium, channel, atau cara dimana hubungan resmi antara pemerintah itu terjadi”Hans J. Morgenthau
Sir Earnest SatowDalam bukunya Guide to
Diplomatic Practice• Diplomasi adalah “the
application of intelligence and tact to
conduct of official relations between the
government of independent states”
• atau • “penerapan kepandaian
dan taktik pada pelaksanaan hubungan
resmi antara pemerintah negara-negara
berdaulat”.
Perang merupakan kelanjutan diplomasi dengan melalui sarana lain.
ClausewitzFilsuf Jerman,Mayor General PasukanLeguin Russia-Jerman
Diplomasi dan politik luar negeri
DINAMIKA GEO-POLITIK
DUNIA MASIH DIWARNAI KONFLIK
KEKUATAN DEMOKRASI TERBESAR KETIGA DI DUNIA
INDONESIA SEBAGAI NEGARA MUSLIM TERBESAR DI DUNIA
DAMAI DAN TOLERAN
CERAMAH MENLU RI DI UNHAN, DES, 2017
INDONESIA ADALAH PEMIMPIN ASEAN
INDONESIA SEBAGAI BRIDGE-BUILDER
Diplomasi & politik luar negeri
Polugri =
“SUBSTANSI”
Diplomasi =
“METODE” / “INSTRUMEN”
Kepentingan nasional
Military power
Economic power
Intelligence-gathering & operations
Cultural & information
“Soft-power”
National unity
TRADITIONAL & MODERN DIPLOMACY
Perkembangan diplomasi
Masa 4-16 MKautilya, Romawi,
Yunani Kuno
Perjanjian Westphalia
1648
(Lahirnya Nation-state)
Kolonialisasi
1648-1900an
Perang Dunia I
1914-1918
Perjanjian Versailles 1919
Liga Bangsa-Bangsa
1920
PBB 1945
Revolusi Sosialis Rusia
Kejayaan AS
Kebangkitan Negara
Berkembang
ORTHODOX/TRADITIONAL DIPLOMACY MODERN DIPLOMACY
HUTABARAT
Traditional diplomacy
Negara adalah aktor utama1Negosiasi hanya berfokus pada masalah wilayah, perang dan kekuasaan2
Lebih kepada European Centris3
Diplomasi pada ranah Bilateral4
Bersifat rahasia dan tertutup5
Modern diplomacy
Diplomasi modern
berkembang pasca Perang
Dunia I
Era keterbukaan karena
perkembangan teknologi
komunikasi
Peran media massamenguat
Demokrasi & peran publik berkembang
Digital computing
Teknologi Radar
Radio
Perkembangan moda transportasi dan teknologi komunikasi mempengaruhi
ways and means of diplomacy.
Pertemuan antar pelaku diplomasi lebih mudah dan sering dilakukan; di sisi lain pertemuan langsung sering kali tergantikan dengan komunikasi per email, telepon, teleconference
Komunikasi langsung antar K/L teknik antarnegara dapat berdampak
“uninformed diplomats”.
Modern diplomacy
Banyak aktor yang terlibat1Negosiasi dan masalah yang dirundingkan lebih luas, mencakup budaya, lingkungan, pendidikan2
Bersifat global3Diplomasi mencakup bilateral, regional, multilateral4
Mulcul berbagai organisasi internasional5HUTABARAT
Instrumen diplomasi
• Instrumen diplomasi adalah NEGOSIASI.
• Negosiasi formal atau informal, pada tataran berbeda (Bilateral, Multilateral, Summitry)
• Diplomasi dilakukan berdasarkan common set of practices:
• Formal channels of communication
• Pemanfaatan pihak ketiga(third parties) atau jasa baik (good offices)
• Extreme actions: Penarikan duta besar, pemutusan hubungan diplomatik, perang
Penarikan Dubes RI untuk Brazil pasca kasus hukuman mati WNA
Pemutusan Hubungan Diplomatik Saudi-Iran pascaEksekuti Mati Sheikh Nimr
Tataran diplomasi
BILATERAL
•Dilakukan oleh dua negara dalam hubungan internasional tanpa melibatkan aktor-aktor lain dalam hubungan internasional
MULTILATERAL
•Berkembang pasca 1945
•Tantangan: multiaktor & multikepentingan, efficiency & speed decision-making, cross-sectoral issues
•Diplomasi multilateral dapat menjadi peluang bagi negara yang tidak atau memiliki sedikit hubungan diplomatik & awal “kick start” bagi diplomasi bilateral
SUMMITRY
•Serial Summit: pertemuan tingkat tinggi regular yang terkait dengan lembaga internasional (G20, European Council, ASEAN, Arab League, dsb)
•Ad-hoc Summit: pertemuan tingkat tinggi yang diselenggarakan untuk mengatasi krisis (Kyoto Summit 1999) atau konflik antarnegara
•High-level Exchange of Views: Pertemuan tingkat tinggi dalam rangka kunjungan kenegaraan
Diplomasi bilateral
Two-plus-Two Dialogue RI-Australia, 2015 Pertemuan Bilateral RI-Malaysia
Two-plus-Two Dialogue RI-Jepang Perundingan perbatasan RI-Filipina
Diplomasi REGIONAL
China-ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting
European Union
Gulf Cooperation Council African Union
Diplomasi multilateral
Paris Climate Talks 2015 World Trade Organization (WTO)
UN Security Council Trans Pacific Partnership Negotiations
Channels of diplomacy
1st Track
2nd Track
Multi-track
HUTABARAT
1st Track diplomacy
1st Track
Bersifat rahasia & tertutup
G-to-G
(Goverment-to-Goverment)
Diplomasi untuk mengakhiri konflik atau
perang
2nd Track diplomacy
2nd Track
Bersifat umum &
komprehensif
Goverment-to-People
Cakupan isu lebih luas
(poleksosbud-hankam)
Multi-track diplomacyKonsep multi-track diplomacy dikembangkan oleh Louise Diamond & John McDonald.
Konsep ini merupakan pengembangan dari pendekatan track one dan track two terhadap resolusi konflik.
Terdiri dari 9 TRACKS:• government• professional conflict resolution• business• private citizens• research, training and education• activism• religious• funding• public opinion/communication
Peran diplomat
Diplomat adalah agen/perwakilan pemerintah yang ditugaskan untuk menjalankan misi negara.Tugas Diplomat:
• Reporting (Information-gatherer & analyst)
• Promoting• Negotiating• Representing (Spokesman of the country)• Protecting
Diplomats are counselors to national leaders. They are regional, global, issue-based experts.
NEGOTIATING
Negosiasi antara Presiden Jokowi dengan Deputy Prime Minister &Coordinating Minister for National Security Teo Chee Hean dari Singapura,
membahas permasalahan kabut asap dan counter terrorism antara kedua negara
November 2015
REPRESENTING
Penerimaan perwakilan Duta BesarLuar Biasa dan Berkuasa Penuh
(LBBP) Republik Filipina, Maria Lumen Banzon Isleta.
Jakarta, 19 Maret 2015
PROMOTING
Paviliun Indonesia “World Expo”, Milan, 18 Maret
“Hello Indonesia”di Trafalgar Square, London, 2015
Paviliun Indonesia di Pameran Pariwisata di New York
PERLINDUNGAN WARGA NEGARA
Penyelamatan WNI dari Yaman tiba di Indonesia, 5 April 2015.
2
The term of “defence diplomacy” became fashionable only after the end of the Cold War. Over the
past two decades, a new form of defence interactions, which involve the peacetime cooperative use
of military forces and related infrastructures to serve broad foreign policy objectives, has grown in
significance.3 Many scholars have listed a number of relevant activities that a government could
undertake in conducting the country’s defence diplomacy (see Table 1). Broadly understood, defence
diplomacy turns the military establishment into an instrument of “soft power” or persuasion to achieve
various diplomatic agenda.4
Table 1
Defence Diplomacy Activities
Bilateral and multilateral contacts between civilian defence officials and senior
military officers
Appointment of defence attachés to foreign countries
Bilateral defence cooperation agreements
Training of foreign civilian and military personnel
Provision of advice and expertise on democratic civilian control over the
armed forces, defence management and military technical areas
Contacts and exchanges between military personnel and units, port calls
Placement of liaisons officers in defence and military establishment of partner
countries
Deployment of training teams
Provision of military equipment and other material assistance
Bilateral or multilateral military exercise or training
Source: Andrew Cottey and Anthony Foster, Reshaping Defence Diplomacy: New Roles for Military Cooperation and
Assistance, Adelphi Paper No. 365 (London: IISS, 2004), p. 7.
The growing profile of defence diplomacy has been attributed to the expanding range of actors
involved in international relations and its level of institutionalisation. Today, it could be undertaken by
Track-1 personnel (such as ministerial-level officials, parliament members, military and police officers)
and Track-2 channels (including think tanks and civil society). In terms of military-to-military
engagement, defence diplomacy involves either dyadic interaction between two countries or
multilateral meeting among defence professionals in a sub-regional or regionally-focused framework.5
In East Asia, defence and military personnel have met, consulted and interacted for decades. Not
surprisingly, the practice of defence diplomacy reflects the prevailing regional security architecture. In
the view of a seasoned regional expert, there are four major patterns of security cooperation in the
region. The first pattern includes multilateral defence cooperation between Southeast Asian countries
and external powers to address specific security concerns. The second pattern is the U.S.-led
defence and security cooperation with treaty allies and strategic partners in the region. The third
3 See Andrew Cottey and Anthony Foster, Reshaping Defence Diplomacy: New Roles for Military Cooperation and
Assistance, Adelphi Paper No. 365 (London: IISS, 2004), p. 6. 4 Alice Hills, “Defense Diplomacy and Security Sector Reform,” Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2000), pp.
46-67. 5 David Capie, “The Bilateral-Multilateral Nexus in Asia’s Defense Diplomacy,” in William T. Tow and Brendan Taylor,
Bilateralism, Multilateralism and Asia-Pacific Security: Contending Cooperation (New York: Routledge, 2013), p. 118-119.
DEFENCE DIPLOMACY
IIS GINDARSAH
3
pattern centres on China’s multilateral efforts to bind ASEAN to a structure of regional security
cooperation with a major focus on non-traditional security issues. The final pattern involves ASEAN-
centred multilateral frameworks to promote security cooperation among its members and dialogue
partners.6
Much of the scholarly literatures on defence diplomacy focus on confidence building and conflict
prevention. It is considered as a low-cost and low-risk instrument for building amicable defence and
security relations, thereby reducing the likelihood of international conflicts.7 According to a regional
analyst, this notion finds its relevance in Southeast Asian context where “equally weak” regional
countries conduct defence diplomacy for different rationale and policy direction.8 Often referred as a
process of “strategic engagement”, defence diplomacy for conflict prevention encompasses a
spectrum of military cooperative engagements that works in various ways and operates on different
levels (see Table 2).
Table 2
Defence Diplomacy as A Means of Conflict Prevention
Military cooperation can act as a symbol of willingness to pursue broader
cooperation, mutual trust and commitment to work to overcome or manage
differences
Military cooperation can be a means of introducing transparency into defence
relations, particularly with regard to states’ intentions and capabilities
Defence diplomacy can be a means of building or reinforcing perceptions of
common interests
Military cooperation may change overtime the mind-sets of partner states’
militaries
Military cooperation can support specific, concrete defence reforms in partner
countries
Defence assistance may be used as an incentive to encourage cooperation in
other areas
Source: Andrew Cottey and Anthony Foster, Reshaping Defence Diplomacy: New Roles for Military Cooperation and
Assistance, Adelphi Paper No. 365 (London: IISS, 2004), p. 15-17.
The Indonesian government have recently picked up the essence of defence diplomacy. With the
notion that diplomacy is the country’s first line of defence, it implies that defence diplomacy is a key
means of conflict prevention. The 2008 Defence White Paper further highlights the layers of
Indonesian defence diplomacy. The first layer is military-to-military ties with ASEAN countries. The
second layer involves defence and military cooperation with external powers, including Australia,
China, Russia, South Korea and the United States. The White Paper also considers the Indonesian
6 Carlyle A. Thayer, Southeast Asia: Patterns of Security Cooperation (Canberra: ASPI, 2010), p. 13. 7 See International Institute for Strategic Studies, Strategic Survey 1998/99 (London: Oxford University Press, 1999), p.
40-41. 8 Evan A. Laksmana, “Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia: Trends, Prospects and Challenges,” in Bhubindar Singh
and See Seng Tan, From ‘Boots’ to ‘Brogues’: The Rise of Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia, RSIS Monograph No. 21 (Singapore: RSIS, 2011), p. 75.
DEFENCE DIPLOMACY AS CONFLICT PREVENTION
IIS GINDARSAH
CHART
IIS GINDARSAH
CHART
IIS GINDARSAH
FIGURE
IIS GINDARSAH
TABLE
IIS GINDARSAH
FIGURE
IIS GINDARSAH
FIGURE
IIS GINDARSAH
Tujuan Politik Luar Negeri IndonesiaAlinea 4 Pembukaan UUD 1945
Melindungi bangsa & negara
Memajukan kesejahtera-an
Mencerdas-kan bangsa
Menjaga ketertiban dunia
49
Hubungan Diplomasi, Kebijakan Luar Negeri dan Kepentingan Nasional
Perubahan dan keberlanjutanNO ASPEK SBY JOKOWI-JK
1. LandasanKonstitusional
UUD 1945; Pembukaan Alinea1 & 4
UUD 1945; PembukaanAlinea 1 & io4
2. Prinsip Bebas Aktif Bebas Aktif
3. Operasional A million friends,and zero enemies
Down-to-earth diplomacy
4. Orientasi Internationalism Populism
5. Pendekatan Moderat & toleran Tegas & bermartabat
6. Isu prioritas Politik & demokrasi
Ekonomikerakyatanberbasis maritim
52
DOWN-TO-EARTH-DIPLOMACY
“Diplomasi memberi SOLUSI & membuka PELUANG untuk kepentingan negara & rakyat Indonesia.”
“Diplomasi TERKONEKSI dengan KEPENTINGAN RAKYAT.”
“Diplomasi yang TEGAS & BERMARTABAT.”
“Diplomasi MEMBERI MANFAAT LANGSUNG untuk RAKYAT”
Prioritas Polugri Indonesia
Menjaga kedaulatan Indonesia
Perlindungan WNI & BHI
Diplomasi ekonomi untuk menopang kemandirian ekonomi nasional
Meningkatkan peran aktif Indonesia di kawasan dan dunia internasional
53
The theme for 2017 is “Together for Peace: Respect, Safety and Dignity for
All.”• TOGETHER
• On 15 September 2017, from 9:00 a.m. to 9:30 a.m., the Secretary-General already had celebrated the Day in the Peace Garden at United Nations Headquarters by ringing the Peace Bell and observing a minute of silence. United Nations Messengers of Peace will participate in the ceremony. The United Nations Education Outreach Section will hold a global student videoconference on the same day, from 9:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m., also at United Nations Headquarters
• Indonesia menganut politik bebas aktif dalamdiplomasi internasional. Selain itu dalampembukaan UUD Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 pun tertulis tujuan untukmewujudkan perdamaian dunia.
• "...ikut melaksanakan ketertiban dunia yang berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadidan keadilan sosial," bunyi kutipan alineakeempat pembukaan UUD 1945.
WHO CONTROL WORLD PEACE ?
THE SECURITY COUNCIL OF THE UNITED NATIONS
• Under the Charter, the Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It has 15 Members, and each Member has one vote. Under the Charter, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council decisions.
• The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement. In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security.
• The Security Council also recommends to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and the admission of new Members to the United Nations. And, together with the General Assembly, it elects the judges of the International Court of Justice.
ICJ and ICC
• The International Court of Justice (ICJ) main office is in The Hague, The Netherlands and is responsible for settling arguments between member countries and give its opinions on legal matters (Example : Ukraine vs Russia)
• The International Criminal Court (ICC) also has office in the Hague, Netherlands and is responsible for punishing people for crimes that the UN SC wants the ICC to investigate (Example : war criminals from the Congo conflict)
MEMBERSHIP
PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONPBB didirikan setelah Perang Dunia II berakhir, dengan tujuan untuk selamatkan generasi berikutnya dari kekejaman perang. Dengan perjalanan waktu, kemudian jadikan Operasi Pemeliharaan Perdamaian (Peacekeeping Operation) sebagai alat utama untuk mencapai tujuan ini (United Nations, 2008)
Keterlibatan Indonesia Dalam UNPKO
Konflik Sinai, Mesir, 1957
Kontingen Garuda 1
Kontingen Terakhir, KONGA XXXVII-C MINUSCA ( Kompi Zeni ) Central Africa
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
ANNUAL CHART of INDF PEACEKEEPERS
SINCE 1957
P
E
R
S
O
N
N
E
L
YEARS OF DEPLOYMENT 2019??
3457
3128
1063
1833
1673
2686
Sumber; PMPP TNI
4000 ?
Africa
Asia
Europe
EGYPT,1957, 1974,1975
LEBANON2006
NEPAL2007)MILOBS
VIETNAM1973, 1974,1975
CAMBODIA1992
PHILIPPINES1995, 2012
MINUSMA2015/HELI
LIBERIA 2004/ MILOBS
CONGO1961, 1963 ,2002-2015
SUDAN2006/ MILOBS
DARFUR2008,MILOBS/STAF
MOZAMBIQUE1994/ MILOBS
NAMIBIA1989/ MILOBS
SOMALIA1993/ MILOBS
SIERRA LEONE1999/ MILOBS
IRAQ1989/ MILOBS
KUWAIT 1992/ MILOBS/STAF
SYRIA2012/MILOBS
BOSNIA:1993, 1996/MILOBS
CROATIA1995/ MILOBS
GEORGIA1995/MILOBS
MACEDONIA1997/ MILOBS
SLOVANIA1997/ MILOBS
PREVLAKA1997/ MILOBS
TAJIKISTAN1998/ MILOBS
HAITI2011-2014 KIZI
South America
North America
CAR2014/ KIZI &
MILSTAFF
LOCATIONS OF DEPLOYMENTS32.181 PERSONNELS (1957 – 2015)
Sumber; PMPPTNI
SNAPSHOOT PELUANG SIGNIFIKANSI KARYA HISTORITAS TNI
MARITIME TASK FORCE ( MTF)
How to winning the heart and mind of the peole
“I Leave My Heart In Lebanon “ Film Tentang TNI Penjaga Perdamaian
Lebanon
• Film yang mengambil shooting di Indonesia dan Lebanon tersebutmenyampaikan pesan bahwa BangsaIndonesia melalui Pasukan Garuda dapat mengukir prestasi dalamforum internasional dan dicintaibukan saja oleh bangsa sendiritetapi juga bangsa lain. Selain itu, juga untuk memperkenalkan budayaBangsa Indonesia yang berbudiluhur, dapat diterima dan membawanama baik dalam kancahinternasional.(penkostrad|red)
• Post Views: 341
PERNYATAAN PALING TERKENAL DR. DAG HAMMARSKJÖLD
• \\
PEACEKEEPING IS NOT A SOLDIERS JOB,BUT ONLY SOLDIERS CAN DO IT
DR. DAG HAMMARSKJÖLD75
CONCLUSION
Diplomasi adalah salah satu mekanisme untuk mencapai kepentingan nasional dan melindungi keamanan nasional.
(Reed J. Fendrick)
Metode diplomasi antarnegara dapat berbeda karena faktor budaya, idiosinkratik, dan sejarah, namun memiliki tujuan yang sama.
Defence diplomacy has been instrumental to harness the agenda of hedging strategy and Military diplomacy as Operational level
International peace need supporting and maintenanning all nations and states to promote peace and security as part of historical armed forces on mission
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• "Diplomasi itu jangka panjang, hasilnya tidak hariini Anda bicara langsung kelihatan hasilnya. Tapiialah menjaga sinergi, menjaga koordinasi, menjaga memperlihatkan sikap dan juga tentumemberikan suatu partisipasi dalam konstalasikeamanan, perdamaian dunia dan jugabagaimana menjaga kepentingan Indonesia. Padaakhirnya harus kita menomorsatukankepentingan kita," tutur Wapres JK di MarkasPBB, 1st Avenue, New York, Amerika Serikat, Jumat (23/9/2016).
