Banjir / flood

DR. HARYATI SHAFIIKULIAH 5

Flood causes• Heavy rainfall due to monsoon or local climate• Extreme events such as La Nina• Low lying topography of the area• Poor drainage system • Floating logs and debris blocking free flow of river• Lack of upstream impoundment to regulate flow• Coastal areas located below high tide level• Formation of spit s and bars at river mouths which prevent

free flow• Loss of natural potential retention ponds due to filling up for

housing and other developments• Excessive sedimentation due to upstream activities

Flood impacts• Impact on Malaysian society, especially those

occupying flood-prone areas as the east coast of the peninsula and the west of Sabah dan Sarawak.

• Flood losses in terms of loss of life and damages to properties are substantial.

• The annual costs incurred by the Malaysian government in flood disaster preparedness, rescue and relief operation, and post-flood rehabilitation of victims and public utilities are nevertheless significant (Table 1)

Flood Solution• A) structural measures - river improvement - embankments / penambakan - flood barriers - tidal gates - urban drainage - diversion / relief channels - underground drainage - retention pond

- Installation water pumps- Multi-purpose Dams

b) Non-structural measures- Legislation- Employment of multidisciplinary approach- Master plans for drainage- Gazettement of forest reserve, river reserves and

parks- Improvement of flood forecasting- Improvement of flood warning system- Public education and awareness campaigns- Relocation of riverine communities- Control development of hill land

- Mandatory green belts- Macro EIA

• Thank you!