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OBITUARI

Redaksi Jurnal Biologi Indonesia telah kehilangan seorang editor penelaah Dr. Ir Sri Sulandari, M.Sc.

yang telah berpulang kerahmat Allah SWT pada tanggal 18 Agustus 2015 Jam 16.10 di RSCM,

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Jurnal Biologi Indonesia yang diterbitkan oleh PERHIMPUNAN BIOLOGI INDONESIA bekerjasama

dengan PUSLIT BIOLOGI-LIPI. Edisi volume 11 No. 2 tahun 2015 memuat 15 artikel lengkap dan

satu artikel tulisan pendek. Penulis pada edisi ini sangat beragam yaitu dari Balai Besar Penelitian

Veteriner-Deptan, Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik

Pertanian, Bogor, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran Lembang, Bandung, Departemen Konservasi

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Sumberdaya Perairan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, IPB. Program Studi Manajemen

Sumberdaya Perairan, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan-Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji-

Tual, Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya–LIPI, Puslit Biologi-LIPI, Puslit Bioteknologi-LIPI.

Jurnal Biologi Indonesia mengucapkan terima kasih dan penghargaan kepada para pakar yang telah

turut sebagai penelaah dalam Volume 11 No 2, Desember 2015:

Dr. Niken Tunjung Murti Pratiwi, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan IPB

Dr. Agus Prijono Kartono, Fakultas Kehutanan IPB

Ir. Drs. Eko Harsono MSi, Puslit Limnologi-LIPI

Dra. Donowati Tjokrokusumo M.Phil, Pusat Teknologi Bioindustri, BPPT

Ir. M. Syamsul Arifin Zein MSi, Puslit Biologi LIPI

Drh. Anang S. Achmadi MSc, Puslit Biologi LIPI

Dr. Yuyu S. Poerba, Puslit Biologi LIPI

Ir. Dwi Agustiyani MSc, Puslit Biologi LIPI

Dr. Apon Zaenal Mustopa, Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI

Dr. Yopi Puslit Bioteknologi LIPI

Dr. Joeni S. Rahajoe, Puslit Biologi LIPI

Dr. Wartka Rosa Farida, Puslit Biologi LIPI

BIOLOGI

Halaman

Efikasi Vaksin Inaktif Bivalen Avian Influenza Virus Subtipe H5N1 (Clade 2.1.3. dan Clade

2.3.2) di Indonesia

169

NLP. Indi Dharmayanti & Risa Indriani

Klon-klon Kentang Transgenik Hasil Persilangan Terseleksi Tahan terhadap Penyakit

Hawar Daun Phytophthora infestans Tanpa Penyemprotan Fungisida di Empat Lapangan

Uji Terbatas

177

Alberta Dinar Ambarwati, Kusmana, & Edy Listanto

Penambahan Inokulan Mikroba Selulolitik pada Pengomposan Jerami Padi untuk Media 187

Tanam Jamur Tiram Putih (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Iwan Saskiawan

Identifikasi Molekular dan Karakterisasi Morfo-Fisiologi Actinomycetes Penghasil Senyawa

Antimikroba

195

Arif Nurkanto & Andria Agusta

Populasi dan Kesesuaian Habitat Langkap (Arenga obtusifolia Mart.) 205

di Cagar Alam Leuweung Sancang, Jawa Barat

Didi Usmadi, Agus Hikmat, Joko Ridho Witono, & Lilik Budi Prasetyo

Optimasi Produksi Enzim Amilase dari Bakteri Laut Jakarta (Arthrobacter arilaitensis )   215

Awan Purnawan, Y. Capriyanti, PA. Kurniatin, N. Rahmani, & Yopi

Pengaruh Antioksidan Eksopolisakarida dari Tiga Galur Bakteri Asam Laktat pada Sel

Darah Domba Terinduksi tert-Butil Hidroperoksida (t-BHP)

225

Fifi Afiati, Nina Ainul Widad, & Kusmiati

Ekosistem Lamun sebagai Bioindikator Lingkungan di P. Lembeh, Bitung, Sulawesi Utara 233

Agustin Rustam, Terry L. Kepel, Mariska A. Kusumaningtyas, Restu Nur Afi

Ati, August Daulat, Devi D. Suryono, Nasir Sudirman, Yusmiana P. Rahayu,

Peter Mangindaan, Aida Heriati, & Andreas A. Hutahaean

Identification of Bioactive Compound from Microalga BTM 11 as Hepatitis C Virus RNA 243

Helicase Inhibitor

Apon Zaenal Mustopa, Rifqiyah Nur Umami, Prabawati Hyunita Putri, Dwi

susilaningsih, & Hilda Farida

Kemampuan Cerna Protein dan Energi Metabolisme Perkici Pelangi (Trichoglossus

haematodus )

253

Rini Rachmatika & Andri Permata Sari

Optimasi Enzim α-Amilase dari Bacillus amyloliquefaciens O1 yang Diinduksi Substrat

Dedak Padi dan Karboksimetilselulosa

259

Yati Sudaryati Soeka, Maman Rahmansyah, & Sulistiani

Kajian Aspek Ekologis dan Daya Dukung Perairan Situ Cilala 267

Niken T.M. Pratiwi, Sigid Hariyadi, Inna Puspa Ayu, Aliati Iswantari,

Novita MZ, & Tri Apriadi

Halaman

Penanda Genetik Tarsius (Tarsius spp.) dengan Menggunakan Gen Cytochrome Oxidase I

(COI) DNA Mitokondria (mtDNA) Melalui Metode Sekuensing

275

 Wirdateti, Sri Wijayanti Wulandari, & Paramita Cahyaningrum Kuswandi

Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrolyzing Yeast Isolated from South East Sulawesi, Indonesia 285

Atit Kanti

Uji Bakteri Simbiotik dan Nonsimbiotik Pelarutan Ca vs. P dan Efek Inokulasi Bakteri pada

Anakan Turi (Sesbania grandiflora L. Pers.)

295

Sri Widawati

TULISAN PENDEK 309

Mating behavior of Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang ) at Captivity

Wartika Rosa Farida & Andri Permata Sari

Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrolyzing Yeast Isolated from South East Sulawesi,

Indonesia

Khamir Penghidrolisa Selulosa Karboxymethil yang Diisolasi dari Sulawesi Tenggara

Indonesia

Atit Kanti

Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong Science Centre, Jl.Raya Bogor-Jakarta Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia

atityeast@gmail.com

Received: May 2015, Accepted: May 2015

ABSTRACT The objective of study was to isolate, identify and characterize the CMC-ase producing yeast from South East Sulawesi, Indonesia. We isolated 142 strains and obtain 53 strains (37.32%) were CMC-ase producer consist of 26 species residing within 10 genera. Candida was the most diverse genus consisting of 15 species. It is important to note that several strains residing within this genus could be candidate for new taxa, among others Candida aff. cylindracea PL2W1, Candida aff. insectorum PL3W6, Candida aff. friedrichii MKL7W3, Candida aff. lessepsii, Candida aff. tenuis. Five new candidates for novel species of cellulolytic yeast close to Yamadazyma mexicana: were Yamadazyma aff. mexicana (5 strains). Pichia, Pseudozyma, Sporodiobolus, and Sporobolomyces were other cellulolytic yeasts found in South East Sulawesi. It is obvious, that leaf litter was a good source for cellulolytic yeasts. This CMC-ase producing yeasts dominate this biome, and production of extracellular cellulase is critical strategy for such yeast to survive in cellulose rich ecosystem such as leaf-litter. This finding would suggest that yeasts play key role on hydrolyzes of cellulose and important resources for sustainable energy research. Keywords: cellulolytic yeasts, secondary forest, South East Sulawesi, leaf-litter

ABSTRAK Penelitian bertujuan untuk melakukan proses isolasi, identifikasi, dan karakterisasi khamir yang mempunyai kemampuan untuk memproduksi CMC-ase dari Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia. Sebanyak 142 strain telah diseleksi dan 53 strain merupakan penghasil CMC-ase (37,32%), yang terdiri dari 26 jenis yang tergolong dalam 10 marga. Candida merupakan marga yang paling beragam, terdiri dari 15 jenis. Hal penting yang perlu dicatat adalah beberapa strains yang termasuk marga tersebut merupakan kandidat taksa baru, diantaranya Candida aff. cylindracea PL2W1, Candida aff. insectorum PL3W6, Candida aff. friedrichii MKL7W3, Candida aff. lessepsii, Candida aff. tenuis. Lima kandidat jenis baru yang merupakan khamir selulolitik yang berkerabat dekat dengan Yamadazyma mexicana: adalah Yamadazyma aff. mexicana (5 strains). Pichia, Pseudozyma, Sporodiobolus, dan Sporobolomyces adalah khamir selulolitik lain yang ditemukan di Sulawesi Tenggara. Berdasarkan dari hasil yang didapat, sangat jelas bahwa serasah merupakan sumber yang potensial untuk mendapatkan khamir selulolitik. Khamir penghasil CMC-ase ini mendominasi bioma tersebut, dan produksi dari selulase ekstraseluler merupakan strategi kunci agar dapat bertahan hidup di ekosistem yang kaya selulosa seperti serasah. Dari penemuan ini maka dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa khamir memegang peranan penting pada proses hidrolisis selulosa dan merupakan sumber penting bagi penelitian energi terbarukan. Kata Kunci: khamir selulolitik, hutan sekunder, Sulawesi Tenggara, serasah

INTRODUCTION

Up to date ecological studies of yeast

from natural habitats have been conducted

extensively mostly in temperate regions (Wang

& Bai 2004; Butinar et al. 2005). Taxonomy

and ecology data indicate a need for additional

studies in tropical ecosystems, particularly in

Asia (Nakase et al. 2006; Takashima et al.

2012). Indonesia is a tropical nation comprised

of over 17,000 islands is rich in biodiversity,

having unique flora and fauna (Allend 2009),

and presumably microbes as well. Rifai 1995

estimated Indonesia has more than 200,000

species of fungi. However, little information

on species diversity of Indonesia indigenous

yeast and yeast-like fungi has been published.

Studies of Indonesian yeasts primarily related

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Atit Kanti

to their role in fermented foods (Abe at al.

2004; Kuriyama et al.1997). Early studies of

yeast from natural environment in Indonesia

include Deinema in 1961, who found Candida

bogoriensis from the surface of leaves of the

flowering shrubs Randia melleifera (Rubiaceae)

in Bogor. In recent years, more studies have

been performed to explore yeast diversity in

Indonesia (Sjamsuridzal et al. 2010; Sudiana &

Rahmansyah 2002).

While microorganisms are very important

sources for bioindustry however few study

conducted to assess the important of forest as

genetic resources for many interest. Cellulase

are primarily obtained from cellulolytic fungi:

Trichoderma reseei, T. viride, T. lignorum

(Fahrurrozi et al. 2010), T. koningi, Chrysosporium

lignorum, C. pruinosum, Fusarium solani,

Neusrospora crassa, Aspergillus (Golddbeck et al.

2013a), Penicelllium, Acremonium strictum

(Golddbeck et al. 2013b), including that from

several group of cellulolytic bacteria: Cellulomonas,

Cellulosimicrobium cellulans (Lo et al. 2009)

Clostridium clariflavum, Bacillus group,

Flavobacterium, and Paenibacillus (Zhanga et al.

2013), and Fermicutes and Actinomycetes group

(Zainudin et al. 2013). On the other hand the

role of yeast on biodegration of cellulose is few

explored, particularly using yeast from tropical

forest (Jimenez et al. 2007; Kanti et al. 2014).

Sulawesi has high biodiversity, and

reported to have high biodiversity of flora

(Cannon 2007) and fauna (Koch 2011). At the

microbial diversity level, further study is needed

to verify the species richness of this area,

particularly cellulolytic yeast. We evaluated two

areas in South East Sulawesi that have different

covering vegetation. Leaf litter, soil and leaf

surfaces are common habitats for yeast (Takashima et

al. 2002; Chang et al. 2012). This paper is concerned

with the isolation of cellulolytic yeast from natural

habitats in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia and their

phylogenetic affiliation based on partial 26S

rDNA and ITS1/5.8S/ITS2 region.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Leaf and leaf litter samples were

aseptically collected from two sites that differ in

elevation, forest type, and land use type.

Papalia Protected Forest is a tropical lowland

monsoon wet forest dominated by evergreen

tree, with a high humidity and high rain fall.

Papalia, located in South Konawe, GPS S 04◦

13’ 526”, E 122 44 301”, having altitude <1000

m asl. Whereas Mekongga Protected Forest

covers lowland and upland rain forest sites

included hill forest, montane forest with

elevation gradient ranges from 100 m to 2500 m

asl. Land use type is dominated by cocoa

plantations. Mekongga rain forest is located

near Tinukari, North Kolaka, GPS S 03◦ 38’

085”, E 121 04 311”. Leaf and leaf litter

sampling were conducted in 2009 and 2010.

Six leaves and 6 leaf litter samples were

collected in Papalia, and six leaves and 10 leaf

litter were collected from Mekongga Protected

Forest.

Yeasts were isolated from leaf, leaf litter,

and soil. One g of soil or leaf litter was added to

25 mL of saline/Tween (0.85% NaCl, 0.01%

Tween 80, v/v) buffer in a 7 oz Whirl-Pak filter

bag (Cat. B01385WA, Nasco, Salida, CA,

USA) and shaken to suspend the microbes. The

bag had two separated compartments which

allowed separation of suspension from debris.

Two hundreds μL of suspension were plated on

Rose Bengal Chlorampenicol Agar (RBCA)

plates supplemented with chloramphenicol.

Leaves were plated using two methods, washing

and direct plating. For washing, leaves were

added to 10 mL of saline/Tween buffer in a 7

oz. Whirl-Pak filter bag and processed as

detailed previously. Aliquots of 200 μL and 50

μL of these samples were plated on RBCA,

which prevents growth of bacteria and slows

down the spread of molds. For direct plating,

the leaf and leaf litter were weighed and cut into

small pieces of about 2cm2. The leaf and leaf

litter were washed with 30 ml of sterile distilled

water and vortexed for 5 min. Washed materials

were placed directly onto RBCA plates.

Ballistospore-producing yeasts were

isolated from leaves using the ballistospore-fall

method. Briefly, aseptically collected segments

of leaves were attached to the underside of a

Petri dish lid using Vaseline, and the plate was

incubated lid-side up. Ballistospores ejected

onto the surface of the agar germinated, and

yeasts were cultivated. Incubation of the plates

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Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrolyzing Yeast Isolated From South East Sulawesi

was done for 5 days at room temperature. Strain

purification was done at least twice by selecting

the different type of yeast colony and plated on

potato dextrose agar (PDA, CM0139, OXOID)

at room temperature.

Yeast DNA template was prepared from

freshly-grown cells on the PDA plate and used

for colony PCR. Five uL of lysed yeast cell

suspension was used for PCR amplification of

the partial 26S rDNA sub unit with primers NL1

and NL4 (O’Donnel, 1992), using GoTaq

master mix (Promega, M7122). PCR products

were visualized on 2% agarose and sequenced

with both primers using Big Dye terminator

v3.1. Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit

(Applied Biosystems) following the manufacturer’s

instructions. The partial 26S sequences determined in

this study were compared to those in the EMBL/

GenBank/DDBJ databases using the nucleotide

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTn).

The ITS1/5.8S/ITS2 region of selected strains

was also amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4

Kurztman and Robnett, 1998 when species

identifications were ambiguous.

Sequences were aligned using CLUSTALX

(Altschul et al. 1997). The distance matrix for

the aligned sequence was calculated using the

two-parameter methods of Kimura, 1980. The

neighbor-joining (NJ) method & Nei (1987) was

used to construct all phylogenetic trees.

Cellulolytic yeast is defined as yeasts grow

on CMC as the sole carbon sources, and

produce CMC-ase. To obtain the cellulolytic

each yeast was grown on CMC agar containing

3 g L-1 yeast extract, 5 g L-1 peptone ,10 g L-1

CMC, K2HPO4 5 g L-1,(NH4)2SO4 0,5 g L-

1,MgSO4.H2O 0,2 L-1, FeCl3.6H2O 0,01 g L-1,

MnSO4.H2O 0.001 g L-1. ,20 g L-1 agar (pH 6.2

± 0.2) and incubated for 5 days at room

temperature. Cellulolytic yeast was determined

by pouring 2 mL congo red 1 M solution into

grown colonies, and kept for 10 minutes.

Observing clear zone was done by pouring the

congo red solution and replaced with NaCl

0.1N. Cellulolytic yeast was indicated by

formation of clear zone surrounding colonies

and the ratio between clear zone divided by

colony’s size indicating cellulolytic capacity

Yeast isolates were preserved by two

methods, in 20 % glycerol solution at -80°C,

and by lyophilization. Yeasts were deposited in

the Indonesian Culture Collection (InaCC,

www.biologi.lipi.go.id) at the Indonesian Institute of

Sciences, Research Center for Biology; the Forest

Microbes Collection (FORDACC, http://forda-

mof.org/) at the Forestry Research and Development

Agency, Indonesian Ministry of Forestry; and the

Phaff Yeast Culture Collection, Department of Food

Science and Technology, University of California

Davis (UCDFST, phaffcollection.ucdavis.edu).

RESULTS

Diversity of CMC-ase producing yeast

Numerous of yeasts were isolated from two

sites (Mekongga and Papalia) in South East

Sulawesi. The cellulolytic yeast was defined as

yeast grow on CMC used as the sole carbon

sources and produce CMC-ase (Endoglucanases

EG1, EC. 3.2.1.4) hydrolyze soluble, substituted

celluloses such as Carboxymethyl Cellulose

(CMC) by attacking the carbohydrate chain (1-

4,β glucosidic bond) internally and randomly.

This can be visualized by culturing yeast both

on liquid and solid media contain CMC.

Formation of clearing zone on CMC-media

poured with 1 % congo red and production of

CMC-ase were used to screen cellulolytic yeast.

We obtained numerous species of yeasts (Figure

1). Of 142 strains tested 43 strains were

cellulolytic yeasts consist of 10 genera and 26

species, of whose Candida was the most diverse

genus consisting of 15 species. Sporidiobolus

runiaes were most prevalent CMC-ase producing

yeast from South East Sulawesi represented by

10 isolates (Figure.1). Candida intermedia,

Pseudozyma aphidis and Asterotremella humicola

were second predominating CMC-ase producing

yeast.

The most frequently isolated yeast genus

from Mekongga and Papalia was Candida.

Candida was isolated from both locations and

sample types. Candida is a polyphyletic genus,

with species placed in 14 families within the

class Saccharomycotina. In fact, over 400 of the

1600 known species of yeasts have been placed

in the genus Candida (Fell & Boekhout 2011).

Due to its taxonomic diversity, it is not

surprising that Candida is ecologically diverse

also, occupying niches including human infections,

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Atit Kanti

Figure 1. Diversity of CMC-ase producing yeast from South East Sulawesi

Figure 2. Phylogenetic placement of yeast from South East Sulawesi within Yamadazyma clade based on D1/D2 region of the nLSU rDNA sequences

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Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrolyzing Yeast Isolated From South East Sulawesi

soil (Amprayna et al. 2012), insect frass, fruit

(Wilson & Chalutz 1989), and many other habitats.

Some yeasts isolated in this study are

ecologically important for sustainable agriculture

(Fracchia et al. 2003). Sporiodiobolus pararoseus

shows promise for biocontrol of the fungal plant

pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Huang et al. 2012).

Novel taxa of CMC-ase producing yeast

Comparison of the D1/D2 region of LSU

rDNA data showed 14 strains belonging to 11

different species had homology values less than

99%, indicating that they may be novel species.

A number of potential novel species were

collected in this study, as indicated by 1% or

higher sequence divergence from previously

known species in the D1D2 domain. The results

of ITS sequence analysis of these isolates

confirmed that they are likely novel species.

Our molecular analysis revealed that these yeast

isolates are phylogenetically diverse and distributed

within the phyla Ascomycota (Yamadazyma clade

and Metschnikowia clade) (Figure 2 and Figure 3).

The novel species candidates were mostly

residing within genus Candida (13 species: Candida

aff. cylindracea PL2W1, Candida aff. insectorum

PL3W6, Candida aff. friedrichii MKL7W3,

Candida aff. lessepsii PLE3W1, MKL7W4, Candida

aff. tenuis PL3DP3, MKL6W4. We isolated 5

strains of cellulolytic yeast close to Yamadazyma

mexicana: Yamadazyma aff. mexicana MKL6DP1,

MKL6DP2, MKL8W2, MKL6W2, MKL6W1), and

our study reveal detection of many undescribed yeast

from Indonesia (Figure.4). Further study is needed to

describe the novel taxa found in this study.

Phylogeography of CMC-ase producing yeast

Sample sources were collected from secondary

forest in Mekongga and Papalia, South East

Sulawesi. Both places harbor numerous species of

Cellulolytic yeast (Figure. 4 and 5). There were 15

species including 6 candidates for novel species (3

Figure 3. Phylogenetic placement of yeast from South East Sulawesi within Metschnikowia clade based on D1/D2 region of the nLSU rDNA sequences

290

Atit Kanti

Figure 4. Candidate for novel species of CMC-ase producing yeast

Figure 6. Cellulolytic yeast isolated from Papalia Figure 5. CMC-ase producing yeast isolated from Mekongga

strains of Yamadazyma aff. scolyti, Y. aff. mexicana ,

Candida aff. tenuis, C. aff. lessepsii, C. aff.

friedrichii, and C. aff. endomychidarum ) Figure. 4.

Eleven species including 3 candidates for novel

species of cellulolytic yeast (Candida aff. tenuis, C.

aff. insectorium, C. aff. cylindracea) were found in

Papalia (Figure. 6). Yamadazyma were only isolated

from Mekongga, and Asterotremella and Sporodio-

bolus were only cultivated from Papalia.

CMC-ase yeast producer on Litter

Litter are good sources for cellulolytic

yeast, as indicated by numerous cellulolytic

yeasts obtained from litter collected both from

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Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrolyzing Yeast Isolated From South East Sulawesi

Mekongga (Figure. 5) and Papalia ( Figure. 6).

This study supports other studies that concluded

that leaf litter and plant leaf surfaces are good

sources of a diversity of yeast cultures for

research (Wang et al. 2004, Nasase et al. 2002,

Fungsin et al. 2002).

CMC-ase yeast producer on leaf

Seven species of cellulolytic yeasts were

isolated from Papalia leaf, and none was from

Mekongga. Sporodiobolus were common genera,

and Sporodiobolus ruineneniae and Candida

intermedia were dominant in leaf (Figure. 7 ,8 and 9).

Sporodiobolus ruineneniae seem to be a

tropical yeast because only found in tropical region. It

was first found in Indonesia by Ruinen in (1963) then

it was also isolated in Thailand but not in the

temperate zone (Nakase et al. 2006).

DISCUSSION

Little information was previously available

about yeasts on the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, one

of the five largest islands that makes up this richly

biodiversity and biogeographically significant region

(Sihotang et al. 2012). We found a broad taxonomic

diversity of cellulolytic yeast species from this

exploratory survey. Because plant surfaces and

leaf litter have been sampled extensively (Amprayna

et al. 2012; Wilson & Chalutz, 1989), novel taxa

were not expected. However, numerous potentially

novel species of cellulolytic yeast were obtained.

Novel strains of known species were obtained,

expanding the known geographic and habitat

range of these known species.

A variety of ascomycetous and basidiomycetous

yeasts were cultivated. Basidiomycetous yeasts

are more likely to utilize a broader range of

carbon sources than ascomycetes, and have

been cultivated more frequently from low-

nutrient habitats such as leaf surfaces (Joo et al.

2008). The most frequently cellulolytic yeast

isolated from South East Sulawesi were

Yamadazyma, Pseudozyma and Candida.

Candida was isolated from both locations and

Figure 7. Mekongga CMC-ase producing yeast from litter

Figure 9. CMC-ase producing yeasts obtained from Papalia leaf

Figure 8. Papalia CMC-ase producing yeast from litter

292

Atit Kanti

ubiquitous on litter. Candida is a polyphyletic

genus, with species placed in 14 families within

the class Saccharomycotina. In fact, over 400 of

the 1600 known species of yeasts have been

placed in the genus Candida (Junyapate et al.

2013). Due to its taxonomic diversity, it is not

surprising that Candida is ecologically diverse

also, occupying niches including human

infections, soil, insect frass, fruit. Important

applications using Candida species include agent

for bioremediation, Candida catenulata, and

biofertilizer, Candida tropicalis HY. Yamadazyma,

Pseudozyma and Candida, isolated repeatedly in

this study, is a well known species having wide

distribution and having high xylose transport

capacity.

This study supports other studies that

concluded leaf litter and plant leaf surfaces are

good sources of a diversity of yeast cultures for

research (Wang & Bai. 2004; Altschul et al.

1997). We found leaf litters are good sources for

cellulolytic yeast. The strains isolated in this

study were deposited in Indonesian Culture

Collection (InaCC). Isolation of numerous

species of yeasts include novel taxa reaffirm

that South East Sulawesi are rich in biodiversity

of flora, fauna and microorganism, and potential

genetic resources for sustainable development.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Yeasts used in this study were isolated and

identified as part of a collaborative project

between the University of California Davis and

the Government of the Republic of Indonesia,

funded by Grant Number U01TW008160 from

the US National Institutes of Health Fogarty

International Center. The content is solely the

responsibility of the authors and does not

necessarily represent the official views of the

Fogarty International Center or the National

Institutes of Health, the Office of Dietary

Supplements, the National Science Foundation,

the Department of Energy, or the Department of

Agriculture. The author acknowledge Kyria

Boundy-Mills, Ph.D and Dr. Irnayuli Sitepu for

manuscritps editing. Yeni Yuliani for laboratory

work.

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