history of jakarta

8/13/2019 History of Jakarta

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History of Jakarta 1

History of Jakarta

Image of Batavia, capital of the Dutch East Indies in what is now North Jakarta,circa 1780

The first mention of Jakarta in the

historical records was during the 4th

century; at this time it was a Hindu

settlement and port. Since this time, the city

had been variously claimed by the

Indianized kingdom of Tarumanegara, the

Hindu Kingdom of Sunda, the Muslim

Sultanate of Banten, the Dutch East Indies,

the Empire of Japan and finally, Indonesia.

Jakarta has been known under several

names: Sunda Kelapa, during the Kingdom

of Sunda period; Jayakarta, Djajakarta or

Jacatra, during the short period of theBanten Sultanate; Batavia, under the Dutch

colonial empire; and Djakarta, or Jakarta,

during the Japanese occupation and the modern period.[1][2][3]

Early kingdoms (4th century AD)

The earliest historical record discovered in Jakarta is also one of the oldest inscription in Indonesian history. The

coastal area around Jakarta was recognised as a port and the area was founded as a Hindu settlement around the

4th-century as part of the Indianized kingdom of Tarumanagara. The Tugu inscription, discovered in Tugu

sub-district, North Jakarta, confirming that the area around vicinity of modern Jakarta was an ancient settlement backin 4th-century.

In AD 397, King Purnawarman established Sunda Pura, located on the northern coast of West Java, as the new

capital city for the kingdom. The capital of Tarumanagara kingdom was estimated to be located somewhere between

Tugu sub-district North Jakarta, and Bekasi Regency, West Java. Purnawarman left seven memorial stones across

the area, including the present-day Banten and West Java provinces, consisting of inscriptions bearing his name.
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Kingdom of Sunda (6691527)

Padro of Sunda Kalapa (1522), a stone

pillar sealing the SundaPortuguese

treaty, Indonesian National Museum,

Jakarta.

After the power of Tarumanagara declined, its territories became part of the

Kingdom of Sunda. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written by

Chou Ju-kua in the early 13th Century, Srivijaya ruled Sumatra, the Malay

peninsula, and western Java (known as Sunda). The port of Sunda was

described as strategic and thriving, with pepper from Sunda renowned for its

supreme quality. The people of the area worked in agriculture and their

houses were built on wooden piles.

One of the ports at the mouth of a river was renamed Sunda Kelapa (or

Kalapa, as written in Hindu Bujangga Manik, manuscripts from a monk's

lontar and one of the precious remnants of Old Sundanese literature.[4]

The

port served Pakuan Pajajaran (present day Bogor), the capital of the Sunda

Kingdom. By the fourteenth century, Sunda Kelapa became a major trading

port for the kingdom.

In 1522, the Portuguese secured a politics and economic agreement with the

Sunda Kingdom, the authority of the port. In exchange for military assistance

against the threat of the rising Islamic Javan Sultanate of Demak, Prabu

Surawisesa, king of Sunda at that time, granted them free access to the pepper

trade. Portuguese who were in the service of the sovereign, made their homes

in Sunda Kelapa.

Banten Sultanate (15271619)

Jayakarta in 1605 prior the establishment of

Batavia.

To prevent Portuguese gaining foothold on Java, in 1527, Fatahillah,on behalf of the Demak attacked the Portuguese in Sunda Kelapa and

succeeded in conquering the harbour on June 22, 1527, after which

Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta. Later, the port became a part

of the Banten Sultanate, located west from Jayakarta.

By the late 16th century, Jayakarta was under the rule of the Sultanate

of Banten. Prince Jayawikarta, a follower of the Sultan of Banten,

established a settlement on the west banks of the Ciliwung River,

erecting a military post to control the port at the mouth of the river.

In 1595, merchants from Amsterdam embarked upon an expedition to the East Indies archipelago. Under the

command of Cornelis de Houtman, the expedition arrived in Bantam and Jayakarta in 1596 with the intention of

trading spices; similar to the intentions of the Portuguese.

Later, in 1602, the English East India Company's first voyage, commandeered by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in

Aceh and sailed on to Bantam, the capital of the Sultanate of Banten; there he was allowed to build a trading post

that became the centre of English trade in Indonesia until 1682.[5]

In 1610, Dutch merchants were granted permission to build a wooden godown and houses opposite to Prince

Jayawikarta's settlement on the east bank of the river. As the Dutch grew increasingly powerful, Jayawikarta allowed

the British to erect houses on the West Bank of the Ciliwung River, as well as a fort close to his customs office post,

to keep his strength equal to that of the Dutch. Jayawikarta supported the British because his palace was at threatfrom the Dutch cannons. In December 1618, the tense relationship between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch
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escalated; Jayawikarta's soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress that covered two strong godowns, namely Nassau and

Mauritius. A British fleet, consisting of 15 ships, arrived under the leadership of Sir Thomas Dale, an English naval

commander and former governor of the Colony of Virginia (present State of Virginia).

After the sea battle, the newly appointed Dutch governor, Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1618), escaped to the Moluccas to

seek support (the Dutch had already overtaken the first of the Portuguese forts there in 1605). Meanwhile, the

commander of the Dutch army, Pieter van den Broecke, along with five other men, was arrested during thenegotiations, as Jayawikarta believed that he had been deceived by the Dutch.

[6]Later, Jayawikarta and the British

entered into a friendship agreement.

The Dutch army was on the verge of surrendering to the British when, in 1619, a sultan from Banten sent a group of

soldiers to summon Prince Jayawikarta; a request was made for the establishment of a closed, exclusive relationship

with the British, without prior approval from Banten authorities. The conflict between Banten and Prince

Jayawikarta, as well as the tense relationship between Banten and the British, presented a new opportunity for the

Dutch. Relieved by the change in the situation, the Dutch army, under the leadership of Coen, attacked and burned

the city of Jayakarta, including its palace, on May 30, 1619, without any opposition; the population of Jayakarta was

thereby expelled. Jayakarta was completely destroyed and only the remnants of the Padro of Sunda Kelapa

remained; these were later discovered in 1918 during an excavation in the Kota area, on the corner of Cengkeh street

and Nelayan Timur Street, and are stored at the National Museum in Jakarta. It is possible that the location of

Jayakarta was in Pulau Gadung. Prince Jayawikarta retired to Tanara, the eventual place of his death, in the interior

of Banten. The Dutch established a closer relationship with Banten and assumed control of the port, thus allowing

the Dutch East Indies to rule the entire region.

Dutch East India Company (17th 18th century)

A map of Batavia showing the transformation of the city from Jayakarta in 1619

into Batavia in 1667.

The Dutch fortress garrison, along with

hired soldiers from Japan, Germany, Scotia,

Denmark and Belgium, celebrated itstriumph

[citation needed], while the godowns of

Nassau and Mauritius were expanded with

the erection of a new fort extension to the

east on March 12, 1619, overseen by

Commander Van Raay. Coen wished to

name the new settlement "Nieuw-Hoorn"

(after his birthplace, Hoorn), but was

prevented from doing so by the central

government of the Netherlands East

IndiesWikipedia:Please clarify, the HeerenXVII; instead, Batavia, became the new

name for the fort and settlement. The name

was derived from the Germanic tribe of the

Batavi and it was believed that the tribe's

members were the ancestors of the Dutch people during that time. Jayakarta was then called "Batavia" for more than

300 years.
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Coat of arms of Batavia

The Javanese people were made to feel unwelcome in Batavia from the time of its

foundation in 1619, as the Dutch feared an insurrection. Coen asked Willem

Ysbrandtszoon Bontekoe, a skipper for the Dutch East India Company, to bring

1000 Chinese people to Batavia from Macao;[citation needed]

however, only a small

segment of the 1000 survived the trip. In 1621, another attempt was initiated and

15,000 people were deported from the Banda Islands to Batavia; on this occasion,only 600 survived the trip.

[citation needed]

Siege of Batavia by Sultan Agung in 1628.

On August 27, 1628, Sultan Agung, king of the Mataram Sultanate

(16131645), launched his first offensive on Batavia. He suffered

heavy losses, retreated, and launched a second offensive in 1629. The

Dutch fleet destroyed both his supplies and ships, located in the

harbours of Cirebon and Tegal. Mataram troops, starving and

decimated by illness, retreated again. Later, Sultan Agung pursued his

conquering ambitions in an eastward direction and attacked Blitar,

Panarukan and the Blambangan principality in Eastern Java, a vassal of

the Balinese kingdom of Gelgel.

Following the siege, it was decided that Batavia would need a stronger

defense system. Simon Stevin, a Flemish mathematician and military

engineer, was employed to design a walled city. Stevin responded with a design representative of a typical Dutch

city, criss-crossed with canals that straightened the flow of the river Ciliwung. Jacques Specx developed the design

further, by creating a moat and city wall that surrounded the city; extensions of the city walls appeared to the west ofBatavia and the city became completely enclosed. Only the Chinese people and the Mardijkers were allowed to settle

within the walled city of Batavia.

In 1656, due to a conflict with Banten, the Javanese were not allowed to reside within the city walls and

consequently settled outside Batavia. In 1659, a temporary peace with Banten enabled the city to grow and, during

this period, more bamboo shacks appeared in Batavia. From 1667, bamboo houses, as well as the keeping of

livestock, were banned within the city. Meanwhile, the city progressively became an attraction for many people and

suburbs began to develop outside the city walls.

The area outside the walls was considered unsafe for the non-native inhabitants of Batavia. The marsh area around

Batavia could only be fully cultivated when a new peace treaty was signed with Banten in 1684 and country houses

were subsequently established outside the city walls. The Chinese people began with the cultivation of sugarcane and

tuak, with coffee a later addition.

The large-scale cultivation caused destruction to the environment, in addition to coastal erosion in the northern area

of Batavia. Maintenance of the canal was extensive due to frequent closures and the continuous dredging that was

required. In the 18th century, Batavia became increasingly affected by malaria epidemics, as the marsh areas were

breeding grounds for mosquitos. The disease killed many Europeans, resulting in Batavia receiving the nickname,

"Het kerkhof der Europeanen" ("the cemetery of the Europeans"). Wealthier European settlers, who could afford

relocation, moved to southern areas of higher elevation. Eventually, the old city was dismantled in 1810.

Batavia was founded as a trade and administrative center of the Dutch East India Company; it was never intended to

be a settlement for the Dutch people. Coen founded Batavia as a trading company, whereby a city's inhabitants

would take care of the production and supply of food. As a result, there was no migration of Dutch families and,
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instead, a mixed society was formed.

There were few Dutch women in Batavia. Relationships between Dutch men and Asian women did not usually result

in marriage, as the women could not return to the Dutch Republic. This societal pattern created a mixed group of

mestizo descendants in Batavia. The sons of this mixed group often travelled to Europe to study, while the daughters

were forced to remain in Batavia, with the latter often marrying VOC officials at a very young age. The women's

position in Batavia developed into an important feature of the social network of Batavia; they were accustomed todealing with slaves and spoke the same language, mostly Portuguese and Malay. Eventually, many of these women

effectively became widows, as their husbands left Batavia to return to the Netherlands, and their children were often

removed as well. These women were known as snaar (string).

As the VOC preferred to maintain complete control over its business, a large number of slaves was employed.

Batavia became an unattractive location for people who wanted to establish their own businesses.

A Balinese slave in Batavia. To avoid a revolt of

the people of Java, many slaves were employed

from places outside Java, such as Bali.

Most of Batavia's residents were of Asian descent. Thousands of slaves

were brought from India and Arakan and, later, slaves were brought

from Bali and Sulawesi. To avoid an uprising, a decision was made to

free the Javanese people from slavery. Chinese people made up the

largest group in Batavia, with most of them merchants and labourers.

The Chinese people was the most decisive group in the development of

Batavia. There was also a large group of freed slaves, usually

Portuguese-speaking Asian Christians, that was formerly under the rule

of the Portuguese. The group's members were made prisoners by the

VOC during numerous conflicts with the Portuguese. Portuguese was

the dominant language in Batavia until the late 18th century, when the

language was slowly replaced with Dutch and Malay. Additionally,

there were also Malays, as well as Muslim and Hindu merchants from

India.

Initially, these different ethnic groups lived alongside each other;

however, in 1688, complete segregation was enacted upon the

indigenous population. Each ethnic group was forced to live in its own

established village outside the city wall. There were Javanese villages

for Javanese people, Moluccan villages for the Moluccans, and so on.

Each person was tagged with a tag to identify them with their own

ethnic group; later, this identity tag was replaced with a parchment.

Reporting was compulsory for intermarriage that involved different ethnic groups.

The infamous massacre of the Chinese people in

Batavia on October 9, 1740

Within Batavia's walls, the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and canals.

Commercial opportunities attracted Indonesian and especially Chinese

immigrants, with the increasing population numbers creating a burden

upon the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government attempted to

restrict Chinese migration through deportations. On October 9, 1740,

10,000 Chinese were massacred and, during the following year,

Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok, outside the city walls.[7]
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Slaves employed for the VOC made up more than

60% population of Batavia.

In the 18th century, more than 60% of Batavia's population consisted

of slaves working for the VOC. The slaves were mostly engaged to

undertake housework, while working and living conditions were

generally reasonable.[citation needed]

Laws were enacted that protected

slaves against overly cruel actions from their masters; for example,

Christian slaves were given freedom after the death of their masters,while some slaves were allowed to own a store and made money to buy

their freedom. Sometimes, slaves fled and established gangs that would

roam throughout the area.

From the beginning of the VOC establishment in Batavia, until the

colony became a fully-fledged town, the population of Batavia grew

tremendously. At the beginning, Batavia consisted of approximately

50,000 inhabitants and, by the second half of the 19th century, Batavia consisted of 800,000 inhabitants. By the end

of the VOC rule of Batavia, the population of Batavia had reached one million.[8]

Modern colonialism (19th century 1942)

Batavia in 1840, showing the growth of the city

to the south of the old Batavia.

After the VOC was formally liquidated in 1800, the Batavian Republic

expanded all of the VOC's territorial claims into a fully-fledged colony

named the Dutch East Indies. From the company's regional

headquarters, Batavia evolved into the capital of the colony. During

this era of concurrent urbanisation and industrialisation, Batavia was

involved in the inceptive stage of most of the colony's modernising

developments.

In 1808, Daendels decided to quit the by-then dilapidated and

unhealthy Old Towna new town center was subsequently built

further to the south, near the estate of Weltevreden. Batavia thereby

became a city with two centers: Kota as the hub of business, where the

offices and warehouses of shipping and trading companies were

located; while Weltevreded became the new home for the government,

military, and shops. These two centers were connected by the

Molenvliet Canal and a road (now Gajah Mada Road) that ran alongside the waterway. This period in the 19th

century consisted of numerous technological advancements and city beautification initiatives in Batavia, earning

Batavia the nickname, "De Koningin van het Oosten", or "Queen of the East".

The city began to move further south, as epidemics in 1835 and 1870Wikipedia:Please clarify encouraged more

people to move far south of the port.
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Map of Batavia in 1897

By the end of the century, the population of the capital Batavian

regency numbered 115,887 people, of which 8,893 were Europeans,

26,817 were Chinese and 77,700 were indigenous

islanders.[9]

Wikipedia:Link rot Many schools, hospitals, factories,

offices, trading companies, and post offices were established

throughout the city, while improvements in transportation, health, andtechnology in Batavia caused more and more Dutch people to migrate

to the capitalthe society of Batavia consequently became

increasingly Dutch-like. The Dutch people who had never set foot on

Batavia were known locally as Totoks. The term was also used to

identify new Chinese arrivals, to differentiate them from the

Peranakan. Many totoks developed a great love for the Indies culture

of Indonesia and adopted this culture; they could be observed wearing

kebayas, sarongs, as well as summer dresses.

During the Indonesian National Revival era, Mohammad Husni

Thamrin, a member of Volksraad, criticized the Colonial Government

for ignoring the development of kampung ("inlander's area") while

catering for the rich people in Menteng. Thamrin also talked about the

issue of Farming Tax and the other taxes that were burdensome for the

poorer members of the community.

A significant consequence of these expanding commercial activities was the immigration of large numbers of Dutch

employees, as well as rural Javanese, into Batavia. In 1905, the population of Batavia and the surrounding area

reached 2.1 million, including 93,000 Chinese people, 14,000 Europeans, and 2,800 Arabs (in addition to the local

population). This growth resulted in an increased demand for housing and land prices consequently soared. New

houses were often built in dense arrangements and kampung settlements filled the spaces left in between the newstructures. However, such development proceeded with little regard for the tropical conditions and resulted in overly

dense living conditions, poor sanitation, and an absence of public amenities. In 1913, the plague broke out in Java

and during this period, the Old Batavia, with its abandoned moats and ramparts, experienced a new boom, as the

commercial companies were re-established along the Kali Besar. In a very short period of time, the area of Old

Batavia re-established itself as a new commercial center, with 20th-century and 17th-century buildings adjacent to

each other.

See also List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta

Technological advancement in 19th-century Batavia

On February 3, 1836, the first government steamboat, Willem I, arrived at the Batavia shipyard of Island Onrust. This

was followed by the arrival of another steamer from the "Nederland" Royal Mail line in September 1871. On

December 1, 1881, the first dock of the Netherlands Indian Dry Docks Company was opened on Pulau Amsterdam

(Eiland Amsterdam) in the roadsteads of Batavia.

By the end of 1853, the first exhibition of agricultural products and native arts and crafts was held in Batavia.

Commemoration of the first centenary of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences was held on June 1, 1878. In

November 1884, an exhibition of Javanese crafts and arts was held in the Zoological Gardens in what is now Taman

Ismail Marzuki. From August 12 to November 19, 1883, an exhibition of agricultural products and native arts and

crafts was held at Batavia's Koningsplein.

In 1860, the Willem III school was opened. On July 16, 1895, the Pasteur Institute was established. On January 15,1888, an anatomical and bacterial laboratory was established in Batavia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merdeka_Square%2C_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taman_Ismail_Marzukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taman_Ismail_Marzukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steamboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_colonial_buildings_and_structures_in_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Husni_Thamrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Husni_Thamrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_National_Revivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peranakanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABatavia_1897.jpg


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In March 1864, a concession was granted to the Netherlands Indian Railway Company for the construction of a

railway between Batavia and Buitenzorg; this line was completed on September 15, 1871. Gradually, the line would

be connected to Cicurug in 1881, to Sukabumi in 1882, to Cianjur in 1883, then to Bandung in 1884Batavia had

become connected to Bandung. With the opening of the railway section, Tasikmalaya-Maos, on November 1, 1894,

Batavia was also connected with Surabaya by railway.[10]

In 1869, the Batavia Tramway Company started the horse-tram line, 'nr 1: Old Batavia' (now Jakarta Kota). Theroute started at the Amsterdam Gate in the northern end of Prinsenstraat (now Jalan Cengkeh) and then reached

Molenvliet (Jalan Gajah Madah) and Harmonie. Following 1882, the horse-tram lines were reconstructed into

steamtram lines.[11]

Wikipedia:Link rot The electric train that commenced operating in 1899 was the first ever

electric train in the Kingdom of Netherlands.

The abolition of the Cultuurstelsel in 1870 led to the rapid development of private enterprise in the Dutch Indies.

Numerous trading companies and financial institutions established themselves in Java, with most settling in Batavia.

Jakarta Old Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, typically along the Kali Besar. These private

companies owned or managed plantations, oil fields, or mines. Railway stations were also designed during this

period, in a style that was characteristic of the period.

A boom occurred in the international trade activity with Europe and the increase of shipping led to the construction

of a new harbor at Tanjung Priok between 1877 and 1883. In 1886, the Tanjung Priok Station connected the harbor

with the city of Batavia.

In 1883, the Dutch Indies Telephone Company was established in Batavia.

Japanese Occupation

Sketch of the Japanese entry into Batavia

On March 5, 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch formally

surrendered to the Japanese occupation forces on March 9, 1942, and

rule of the colony was transferred to Japan. The city was renamed

"Jakarta" and the official name was "Jakarta Tokubetsu Shi" ("Special

Municipality of Jakarta"), in accordance with the "special" status that

was assigned to the city. This was a period of decline in

Bataviaduring three-and-a-half years of occupation, both the

economic situation and the physical condition of Indonesian cities

deteriorated. Many buildings were vandalized, as metal was needed for the war, and many iron statues from the

Dutch colonial period were taken away by the Japanese troops.

To strengthen its position in Indonesia, the Japanese government issued Act No. 42 1942 as part of the "Restoration

of the Regional Administration System". This act divided Java into several Syuu ("Resident Administration" or

Karesidenan) that were each led by a Bupati (Regent). Each Syuu was divided into several Shi ("Municipality" orStad Gemeente) that were led by Wedanas ("District Heads"). Below a Wedana was a Wedana Assistant

("Sub-district Head"), who, in turn, oversaw a Lurah ("Village Unit Head"), who, in turn, was responsible over a

Kepala Kampung ("Kampung Chief").

A Schichoo ("Mayor") was superior to all of these officials, following the law created by the Guisenken ("Head of

the Japanese Imperial Administration"). The effect of this system was a "one-man rule" structure with no councils or

representative bodies. The first schichoo of Jakarta was Tsukamoto and the last was Hasegawa.

In 1943, the Japanese Imperial administration slightly revised the administration of Jakarta by adding a special

counseling body. This agency was composed of twelve local Javanese leaders who were regarded as loyal to the

Japanese; among them were Suwiryo and Dahlan Abdullah.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACOLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schets_van_de_Japanse_intocht_in_Batavia_zoals_de_Japanners_het_zich_voorstelden_TMnr_10001766.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanjung_Priok_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ciliwung_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultuurstelselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam_Gate%2C_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakarta_Old_Townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surabayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tasikmalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cianjurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukabumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cicurughttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bogor


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National revolution era (19451950)

The first ceremony of raising the flag of

Indonesia in Jakarta

Following the eventual surrender of the Japanese, Indonesia declared

its independence on August 17, 1945. The proclamation was enacted at

Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56 (now Jalan Proklamasi), Jakarta, with

Suwiryo acting as the committee chairman. Suwiryo was recognized as

the first mayor of Jakarta Tokubetsu Shi and this name was soon

altered to read, Pemerintah Nasional Kota Jakarta ("Jakarta City

National Administration").

On September 29, 1945, Anglo-Dutch troops arrived in Jakarta for the

purpose of disarming and repatriation of the Japanese garrison. They

also planned on reasserting control over the colony. On November 21,

1945, Suwiryo and his assistants were arrested by members of the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration.

Following World War II, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Ally-occupied Jakarta during the fight for

Indonesian independence and established the capital in Yogyakarta.

Urban development continued to stagnate while the Dutch tried to re-establish themselves. In 1947, the Dutch

succeeded in implementing a set of planning regulations for urban developmentthe SSO/SVV

(Stadsvormings-ordonantie/Stadsvormings-verordening)that had been devised prior to the war.

On December 27, 1949, the Dutch finally recognized Indonesia as an independent country and sovereign federal

state under the name of "Republic of the United States of Indonesia". At this time, the Jakarta City Administration

was led by Mayor Sastro Mulyono.

In 1949, construction occurred for the urban planning of Kebayoran Baru, designed by Moh. Soesilo was started on

March 8, 1949, and was completed in 1955. Kebayoran Baru is considered the first urban planning design that was

created by an Indonesian.

Early independence era (1950s1960s)

Monas, or the national monument, symbolizing

the fight for Indonesian independence.

In 1950, the Dutch finally left and their residences and properties were

taken over by the Indonesian government in 1957. Once independence

was secured, Jakarta was once again made the national capital. The

departure of the Dutch caused a massive migration of the rural

population into Jakarta, in response to a perception that the city was the

place for economic opportunities. The kampung areas in Jakarta

swelled as a result.

Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno, envisaged Jakarta as a greatinternational city and instigated large government-funded projects that

were undertaken with openly nationalistic architecturea newly

independent nation's pride was on international display.[12]

To promote

nationalist pride among Indonesian people, Sukarno infused his

modernist ideas into the urban planning initiatives that he approved for

the capital city (eventually Jakarta).

Some of the notable monumental projects of Sukarno are: the

clover-leaf highway, a broad by-pass in Jakarta (Jalan Jenderal

Sudirman); four high-rise hotels, including the Hotel Indonesia; a new parliament building; a stadium; the largest

mosque in Southeast Asia; and numerous monuments and memorials, including The National Monument.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istiqlal_Mosque%2C_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istiqlal_Mosque%2C_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bung_Karno_Stadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DPR/MPR_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotel_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalan_Jenderal_Sudirmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalan_Jenderal_Sudirmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukarnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMerdeka_Square_Monas_02.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebayoran_Baruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_United_States_of_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yogyakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_National_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_National_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Netherlands%23British_involvementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AIndonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg


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Kampung improvement program (1970s)

Since 1970, the national development policy has been focused primarily on economic growth and achievement. This

situation encouraged the emergence of a large number of private housing projects, but government housing schemes

have also been implemented to cope with the growth of urban populations. During this period, kampung

improvement programs have been reintroduced to improve conditions in existing areas. The Kampung Improvement

Programme of Jakarta, enacted by Ali Sadikin, the governor of Jakarta (19661977), was a success; the program

won the Aga Khan Award for architecture in 1980. Sadikin was also responsible for rehabilitating public services,

banning rickshaws, and clearing out "slum dwellers" and "street peddlers". Despite the perceived success of this

policy, it was discontinued for its over-emphasis upon the improvement of only physical infrastructure.

Recent urban development (1980spresent)

During the 1980s, smaller land sites were acquired for high-rise projects, while larger parcels of land were

subdivided for low-key projects, such as the building of new shophouses. This period also saw the removal of

kampongs from the inner-city areas and the destruction of many historical buildings. One infamous case was the

demolition of the Society of Harmonie and the subsequent construction of a parking lot.The period between the late-1980s and the mid-1990s saw a massive increase in foreign investment as Jakarta

became the focus of a real estate boom. The investment of overseas capital into joint-venture property and

construction projects with local developers brought many foreign architects into Indonesia. However, unlike the

Dutch architects of the 1930s, many of these expatriate architects were unfamiliar with the tropics, while their local

partners had received similarly Modernist architectural training. As a result, downtown areas in Jakarta gradually

resembled those of the large Western cities; and often at a high environmental cost: high-rise buildings consume

huge amounts of energy in terms of air-conditioning and other services.

The economic boom period of Jakarta ended abruptly in the 1997 Asian financial crisis and many projects were left

abandoned. The city became a center of violence, protest, and political maneuvering, as long-time president, Suharto,

began to lose his grip on power. Tensions reached a peak in May 1998, when four students were shot dead at Trisakti

University by security forces; four days of riots ensued, resulting in damage to, or destruction of, an estimated 6,000

buildings, and the loss of 1,200 lives. The Chinese of the Glodok district were severely affected during the riot

period and accounts of rape and murder later emerged. In the following years, including several terms of ineffective

Presidents, Jakarta was a center of popular protest and national political instability, including a number of Jemaah

Islamiyah-connected bombings.

Since the turn of the century, the people of Jakarta have witnessed a period of political stability and prosperity, along

with another construction boom.

Notes and references[1] See also Perfected Spelling System as well as Wikipedia:WikiProject Indonesia/Naming conventions

[2] Indonesian alphabet, pronunciation and language (http://www.omniglot. com/writing/indonesian. htm). Omniglot.com. Retrieved on

2013-07-16.

[3] Lesson: Old Indonesian Spellings (http://www.studyindonesian. com/lessons/oldspellings/). StudyIndonesian. Retrieved on 2013-07-16.

[4] Bujangga Manik Manuscript which are now located at the Bodleian Library of Oxford University in England, and travel records by Prince

Bujangga Manik.()

[5] Ricklefs, Merle Calvin. (1993).A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, p. 29.

[6] Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia Brill Online (http://www.

kitlv-journals.nl/index. php/btlv/article/viewFile/5535/6302). Kitlv-journals.nl. Retrieved on 2013-07-16.

[7] Witton, Patrick (2003).Indonesia, p. 101. (http://books. google. com/books?id=eoMYUd6FsSkC& pg=PA897& dq=Indonesia+ lonely+

planet+ &+Patrick+Witton&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPA101,M1)

[8][8] Oosthoek's Gellustreerde Encyclopaedie (1917)[9] Teeuwen, DirkRendez Vous Batavia (Rotterdam, 2007) (http://www.rendez-vous-batavia. nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa. pdf)

[10][10] GEDENKBOEK, Staatsspoor en Tremwegen in Nederlandsch Indie 1875-1925
http://books.google.com/books?id=eoMYUd6FsSkC&pg=PA897&dq=Indonesia+lonely+planet+%26+Patrick+Witton&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPA101,M1http://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa.pdfhttp://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa.pdfhttp://books.google.com/books?id=eoMYUd6FsSkC&pg=PA897&dq=Indonesia+lonely+planet+%26+Patrick+Witton&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPA101,M1http://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa.pdfhttp://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa.pdfhttp://books.google.com/books?id=eoMYUd6FsSkC&pg=PA897&dq=Indonesia+lonely+planet+%26+Patrick+Witton&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPA101,M1http://books.google.com/books?id=eoMYUd6FsSkC&pg=PA897&dq=Indonesia+lonely+planet+%26+Patrick+Witton&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPA101,M1http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/article/viewFile/5535/6302http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/article/viewFile/5535/6302http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodleian_Libraryhttp://www.studyindonesian.com/lessons/oldspellings/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/indonesian.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiProject_Indonesia/Naming_conventionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfected_Spelling_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jemaah_Islamiyahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jemaah_Islamiyahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trisakti_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trisakti_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trisakti_shootingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suhartohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_Asian_financial_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_colonial_buildings_and_structures_in_Jakarta%23Colonialism_%E2%80%93_late_18th_century_to_1870http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture%23First_%281978-1980%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Sadikin


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[11] Teeuwen, DirkRendez Vous Batavia From horsepower to electrification. Tramways in Batavia-Jakarta, 18691962. (Rotterdam, 2007)

(http://www.rendez-vous-batavia. nl/colonial_institutions/passenger-transportation-services/tram-batavia.pdf)

[12] Schoppert, Peter et al. (1997).Java Style, p. _.

Further reading

Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993),A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, Stanford: Stanford University Press,

ISBN 0-8047-2194-7.

Schoppert, Peter; Damais, Soedarmadji & Sosrowardoyo, Tara (1998),Java Style, Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing,

ISBN 962-593-232-1.

Witton, Patrick (2003),Indonesia, Melbourne: Lonely Planet, ISBN 1-74059-154-2.

External links

Pictures and Map from 1733 (http://gauss.suub.uni-bremen.de/suub/hist/servlet/servlet.hmap?id=248214)

(Homannische Erben, Nuernberg-Germany)
http://gauss.suub.uni-bremen.de/suub/hist/servlet/servlet.hmap?id=248214http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1-74059-154-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/962-593-232-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8047-2194-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/colonial_institutions/passenger-transportation-services/tram-batavia.pdf


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Article Sources and Contributors 12

Article Sources and ContributorsHistory of Jakarta Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=583636778 Contributors: Afasmit, Agent 78787, Anotherclown, Aristophanes68, Arsonal, Bender235, Bkonrad, Bruce

Hall, CalicoCatLover, Chovin, Chris the speller, Ciserayu, Colonies Chris, Compfreak7, Crisco 1492, Crysb, Dave w74, Davidelit, DeVerm, Dekimasu, Delusion23, Denisarona, Doryofcastile,

Editfromwithout, Elekhh, English Bobby, Enkyo2, Eyesnore, Faizan, Fentener van Vlissingen, Frietjes, Funandtrvl, Gamgee, Giraffedata, Gunkarta, Hibernian, Hmains, HuskyHuskie, Insanity

Incarnate, Iridescent, Jackson Square, JamesAM, JdH, Jondel, Jusses2, KARL RAN, Kembangraps, Kintetsubuffalo, Kunderemp, LeoNomis, M.Satria Wirayudha, M2545, Mcoupal, Merbabu,

Michael Bednarek, Migvazaf, Miranche, Nikevich, Omnipaedista, Patrick, Per Honor et Gloria, PhnomPencil, PlaysInPeoria, Pomodoro Grasso, Prairielad4, Rochelimit, SatuSuro, SchreiberBike,

SelfQ, Senator Palpatine, Soulparadox, Speaker to Lampposts, Speednat, Sun Creator, TheGeekHead, Toussaint, Tucoxn, Wikitza, Woohookitty, 51 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Ville de Batavia c1780.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ville_de_Batavia_c1780.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: FA2010, Fluffystar

File:Padrao sunda kelapa.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Padrao_sunda_kelapa.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Original uploader was Hadiyana at

id.wikipedia

File:Iacatra year 1605-1608 drawn1675-1725.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Iacatra_year_1605-1608_drawn1675-1725.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors:

anonymous

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kaart voorstellende het Kasteel en de Stad Batavia in het jaar 1667 TMnr 496-2.jpg Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kaart_voorstellende_het_Kasteel_en_de_Stad_Batavia_in_het_jaar_1667_TMnr_496-2.jpg License: unknown

Contributors: -

File:Wapen-Batavia.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wapen-Batavia.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dutch Gouvernment. (Original uploader was Ron4 at

nl.wikipedia)

File:Siege of Batavia 1628.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Siege_of_Batavia_1628.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors: unknown

File:Balinese slave in Batavia in 1700 from Cornelis de Bruin Voyages de Corneille le Brun 1718.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:

Bennylin, Kilom691, Vincent Steenberg, World Imaging

File:Tableau de la Partie de Batavia, ou s'est fait proprement le terrible Massacre des Chinois, le 9 Octob. 1740.jpg Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tableau_de_la_Partie_de_Batavia,_ou_s'est_fait_proprement_le_terrible_Massacre_des_Chinois,_le_9_Octob._1740.jpg License: Public Domain

Contributors: (this etch) (original)

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een slavin (bediende) in Batavia TMnr 1574-23.jpg Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_slavin_(bediende)_in_Batavia_TMnr_1574-23.jpg License: unknown Contributors: 2 anonymous edits

File:Batavia-Wikipedia.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Batavia-Wikipedia.JPGLicense: Public Domain Contributors: Eduard Selberg (1878) Original uploader

was Geoethno at de.wikipedia

File:Batavia 1897.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Batavia_1897.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Elekhh, Fentener van Vlissingen, Hullie, Humboldt, 1

anonymous edits

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Schets van de Japanse intocht in Batavia zoals de Japanners het zich voorstelden TMnr 10001766.jpg Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schets_van_de_Japanse_intocht_in_Batavia_zoals_de_Japanners_het_zich_voorstelden_TMnr_10001766.jpg

License: unknown Contributors: Bdk, Docu, Humboldt, Oaktree b

File:Indonesian flag raised 17 August 1945.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors:

Frans Mendur (also Frans Mendoer)

File:Merdeka Square Monas 02.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Merdeka_Square_Monas_02.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0

Contributors: Gunawan Kartapranata

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