pertemuan 2_the history of life on earth.ppt

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    PowerPointLecture Presentations for

    BiologyEighth Edition

    Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

    Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp

    Pertemuan

    2he !istory o" #i"e on Earth

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    Outline Materi1. Kontrak Pembelajaran dan Pengantar (Pokok Bahasan Biologi

    Evolusioner)

    2. Sejarah Kehidupan di Bumi (The History of Life on Earth)

    3. Kepunahan dalam Evolusi (Extinction)

    4. agasan Biologi Evolusioner(Darwins Decent with Moification)

    !. Evolusi Populasi(The Evolution of Po!ulations)

    ". Konsep spe#ies dan Spesiasi (The "rigin of s!ecies)

    7. Presentasi Tugas Terstruktur dan Review Materi UTS

    $. %&S

    '. Konsep spe#ies dan Spesiasi (The "rigin of s!ecies)

    1(. Evolusi )olekular (#eno$es an Their Evolution)

    11. *ilogeni dan Pohon Kehidupan (Phylogeny an the Tree of Life)12. Evolusi pada &umbuhan (Plant Diversity %)

    13. Evolusi pada &umbuhan (Plant Diversity %%)

    14. Evolusi pada +e,an (&n %ntrouction to &ni$al Diversity)

    15. Presentasi Tugas Terstruktur dan Review Materi UAS

    1". %-S

    'onse! kunci

    *'onisi awal $ula +u$i $e$ungkinkan ter+entuknya

    kehiu!an

    ,*-eka$ fosil $enoku$entasikan se.arah kehiu!an

    /*Peristiwa kunci ala$ se.arah kehiu!an $encaku!

    ter+entuknya organis$e unisel0 $ultisel0 an kolonisasi aratan*1*'e$unculan an keruntuhan kelo$!ok organis$e o$inan

    terkait engan hanyutan +enua0 ke!unahan $asal0 an raiasi

    aa!tif*

    2*Evolusi tiak +erorientasi !aa tu.uan akhir*

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    Oeriew! Lost"orlds

    3 "rganis$e $asa lalu sangat +er+ea enganorganis$e sekarang

    3 4ossil $enun.ukkan aanya !eru+ahan

    ma#roevolusise!an.ang waktu ter$asuk$ Munculnya verte+rata aratan

    $ &anya fotosintesis

    $ Ter.ainya ke!unahan $assal

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    4ig* ,25

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    4ig ,2567

    Cryolophosaurus

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    Concept #$%&! 'ondisi awal mula bumi memun()in)anterbentu)nya )ehidupan

    3 Proses ki$iawi an fisika !aa awal ke+eraaanBu$i telah $enghasilkan sel sangat seerhana

    $elalui taha!an s++

    * 8intesis unsur a+iotik $en.ai $olekul

    organik kecil,* Pengga+ungan $olekul5$olekul organik

    kecil $en.ai $akro$olekul

    /* Penge$asan $olekul5$olekul ke 9!roto+ionts:

    1* &sal usul !er+anyakan iri $olekul5$olekul

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    7/133Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    Synthesis of Or(anic Compounds on EarlyEarth

    3 Bu$i ter+entuk kira5kira 1*; $iliar tahun lalu0+ersa$a engan ter+entuknya tata surya

    3 &t$osfer +u$i !aa saat awal ke$ungkinan

    +erisi ua! air an +ahan5+ahan ki$ia yangile!askan oleh eru!si vulkanis (nitrogen0 nitrogen

    oksia0kar+onioksia0 $etana0 a$onia0 hirogen0

    hirogen sulfia)

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    8/133Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3 "!arin $enge$ukakan +ahwa asal $ula kehiu!anter.ai +ersa$aan engan evolusi ter+entuknya +u$iserta at$osfirnya*

    3 &t$osfir +u$i $ula5$ula $e$iliki air0

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    9/133Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3 Mono$er 5 $ono$er lalu +erga+ung $e$+entuk !oli$er0$isalnya !rotein an asa$ nukleat* 'e$uian agregasi ini$e$+entuk $olekul ala$ +entuk yang ise+utprotobion* Proto+ion ini $e$iliki ciri ki$ia yang +er+eaengan lingkungannya*

    3 'onisi at$osfer $asa kini tiak lagi $e$ungkinkan untukter+entuknya sintesis $olekul organik secara s!ontan

    karena oksigen i at$osfer akan $e$ecah ikatan ki$iaan $engekstraksi elektron*

    3 Poli$erisasi atau !engga+ungan $ono$er ini a!ati+uktikan oleh 8yney 4ox*

    3 8yney 4ox $elakukan !erco+aan engan $e$anaskanlarutan kental $ono$er organik yang $enganung asa$a$ino !aa suhu titik le+urnya* 8aat air $engua!0ter+entuklah la!isan $ono$er 5 $ono$er yang+er!oli$erisasi* Poli$er ini oleh 8yney 4ox ise+utproteinoid*

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    10/133Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3 Dala$ !enelitian i la+oratoriu$ +ila !roteinoiica$!ur engan air ingin akan $e$+entuk

    ga+ungan !roteinoi yang ise+ut mikroser*3 Mikrosfer iselu+ungi oleh $e$+ran selektif

    !er$ea+el*

    3 Tahun @2Aan hi!otesis tentang evolusi ki$ia$ena!at ukungan ari 8tanley Miller angurunya Harol 6rey (@2/)*

    3 Teori 6rey iasari atas !e$ikiran +ahwa +ahan

    organik $eru!akan +ahan asar organis$e yang!aa $ulanya i+entuk se+agai reaksi gas yangaa i ala$ enan +antuan energi*

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    11/133Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3 8tanley Miller an Harol 6rey $elakukan!erco+aan i la+ yang $enun.ukkan +ahwa

    ala$ $ensintesis +ahan organik $en.ai

    $olekul organik sangat $ungkin ter.ainya

    reuksi at$osfer

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    12/133Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3 7a$un e$ikian0 fakta5fakta +elu$ cuku!

    $e$+uktikan aanya reuksi at$osfer awal

    3 8e+aliknya +ahwa ko$!onen +ahan organik !erta$a

    telah isintesis i ekat gunung +era!i an laut ala$

    3 &sa$ a$ino .uga telah ite$ukan ala$ +e+era!a

    $eteor

    3 Poli$er $olekul organik kecil terkonsentrasi !aa

    !asir0 tanah liat0 atau!un +atuan !anas

    , ,

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    4ig* ,25,

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    14/133Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    *rotobionts

    3 -e!likasi an $eta+olis$e $eru!akan sifatasar ari kehiu!an

    3 Protobionts$eru!akan aggregat yang

    i!rouksi ari unsur a+iotik yang ikelilingioleh $e$+ran atau struktur se$aca$

    $e$+ran

    3 Proto+ionts a!at $elakukan re!rouksiseerhana0 $eta+olis$ an $e$elihara

    lingkungan ki$ia tu+uhnya

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    15/133Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3 Hasil !erco+aan $enun.ukkan +ahwa!roto+ionts a!at i+entuk secara s!ontan ari

    +ahan a+iotik an ko$!onen organik

    3

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    4ig* ,25/

    /a0 Simple reprodu#tion by liposomes

    /b0 Simple metabolism

    Phosphate

    )altose

    Phosphatase

    )altose

    -mylase

    Star#h

    lu#osephosphate

    lu#osephosphate

    2( m

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    17/133Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    Self+Replicatin( RN and the -awn of NaturalSelection

    3 Materi genetik awal aalah -7& +ukan D7&3 Molekul -7& ise+ut riboymes yang dapat

    mengkatalisa banyak ma#am reaksi.

    $

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    18/133Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3 Proto+iont awal $e$iliki ke$a$!uan$e$!er+anyak iri an $a$!u $engkatalisis

    -7& se+agai $ateri genetik* Dengan e$ikian

    $aka akan le+ih efektif ala$ $enggunakan

    su$+eraya an ala$ $enghaa!i se.u$lahseleksi ala$*

    3 Materi genetik awal yang ter+entuk terse+ut

    ise+ut engan 9-7&:

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    19/133Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    Concept #$%#! .he fossil record documents thehistory of life

    3

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    4ig* ,251Present

    i!etrodon

    Co""osteus "uspidatus

    *ossilied

    stromatolite

    StromatolitesTappania# auni#ellulareukaryote

    i"kinsonia"ostata

    $allu"igenia

    asts oammonites

    Rho!aleosaurus vi"tor#a plesiosaur

    1((millionyearsago

    2((

    15!

    3((

    25(

    4((

    35!

    !((

    !2!

    !"!

    "((

    36!(

    (

    16!((

    2.!#m

    4.! #m

    1 #m

    4ig ,2515

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    4ig* ,2515

    *ossilied

    stromatolite

    StromatolitesTappania# a

    uni#ellular

    eukaryote

    i"kinsonia

    "ostata

    $allu"igenia

    !

    ((

    !2

    !

    !"

    !

    "(

    (

    36!

    ((

    16!(

    (

    2.!#m

    4.! #m

    1 #m

    4ig ,251a5,

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    4ig* ,2 1a ,

    Present

    i!etrodon

    Co""osteus "uspidatus

    asts o

    ammonites

    Rho!aleosaurus vi"tor#

    a plesiosaur

    1((milliony

    earsago

    2((

    15!

    3

    ((

    25

    (

    4((

    35!

    4.!#m

    4ig ,251+

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    4ig* ,2 1+

    Rho!aleosaurus vi"tor#a plesiosaur

    4ig* ,251c

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    4ig* ,2 1c

    i!etrodon

    4ig* ,251

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    4ig* ,2 1

    asts o ammonites

    4ig* ,251e

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    g

    Co""osteus"uspidatus

    4.! #m

    4ig* ,251f

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    g

    $allu"igenia1 #m

    4ig* ,251g

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    g g

    i"kinsonia "ostata 2.! #m

    4ig* ,251h

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    g

    Tappania# a uni#ellular eukaryote

    4ig* ,251i

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    Stromatolites

    4ig* ,251.

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    *ossilied stromatolite

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3 Be+era!a iniviu telah $e$fosil0 an

    +e+era!a yang lainnya $asih ala$ !encarianoleh !ara ahli geologi

    3 4akta fosil telah +ias !aa +e+era!a se!sies

    yang

    $ Telah eksis se.ak .utaan tahun yang lalu0

    $ Cu$lah !o!ulasinya +anyak an terse+ar

    ke$ana5$ana0 serta

    $ Me$iliki +agian yang kuat

    -nimation7 &he eologi# 8e#ord-nimation7 &he eologi# 8e#ord

    / R ) d 0 il - d

    http://25_14geologicrecord_a.html/
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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    /ow Roc)s and 0ossils re -ated

    3 8trata sei$en $enun.ukkan u$ur relatif suatu

    fosil

    3 6$ur fosil a!at itera $elalui raio$etric

    3 %soto! 9!arent: isaningkan engan isoto!9aughter:

    3 8etia! isoto! $e$iliki waktu !aruh0 isoto! inuk

    kehilangan waktu se+esar se!aruhnya

    4ig* ,252

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    &ime /hallives0

    -##umulating

    9daughter: isotope

    8emaining

    9parent: isotope*ra#tiono

    .pa

    rent

    is

    oto

    perema

    ining

    1 2 3 4

    1;2

    1;41;$ 1;1"

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3 -aiocar+on a!at igunakan untuk $enata

    fossil yang +eru$ur le+ih ari 20AAA tahun3 6ntuk fossil yang le+ih tua0 +e+era!a isoto! a!at

    igunakan untuk $enata la!isan +atuan sei$en

    i+awah $au!un i atas fosil yang ite$ukannya

    3 Batuan $agnetik a!at .uga $e$+erikan

    infor$asi*

    3 Berasarkan +atuan $agnetik iketahui +ahwa

    antara kutu+ utara an selatan telah ter.aikesa$aan !erke$+angan

    3 Buktinya aa !aa +atuan seluruh unia

    .h O i i f N 1 f

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    .he Ori(in of New 1roups ofOr(anisms

    3Ma$$alia ter$asuk kelo$!ok hewan yangise+ut tetra!oa

    3 Evolusi fitur $a$alia ter.ai $elalui $oifikasi

    secara !erlahan5lahan yg a!at itelusuri$ulai ari nenek $oyangnya yakni syna!si

    sa$!ai saat ini

    4ig* ,25;

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3

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    Ta+le ,25a

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    Ta+le ,25+

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3 Phanero=oicu$ $eli!uti kehiu!an eukariota $ultiseluler

    3 Phanero=oicu$ i+agi $en.ai tiga eras

    $ Paleo=oiku$0

    $ Meso=oiku$0 an

    $

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    -nimals

    oloniation

    o land

    Paleo

    3oi#

    )eso1

    3oi#

    +umans

    4eno

    3oi#

    ?rigin o solarsystem andEarth

    ProkaryotesProterooi# -r#haean

    Billion

    so. years

    ago

    1 4

    32

    )ulti#ellulareukaryotes

    Single#elledeukaryotes

    -tmospheri#

    oCygen

    .he 0irst Sin(le Celled

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    .he 0irst Sin(le+CelledOr(anisms

    3 4osil tertua yang telah ikenal aalah

    stro$atolites0 strukturnya se!erti +atu yang

    la!isannya teriri atas +anyak +akteri an

    ena!an

    3 8tro$atolites aa se.ak /*2 $iliar tahun lalu

    3 8aat itu Prokaryotes $eru!akan !enghuni

    tunggal +u$i se.ak /*2 5 ,* $iliar tahun lalu

    4ig ,2567,

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    Prokaryotes

    Billio

    n

    so. ye

    arsag

    o

    4

    32

    1

    Photosynthesis and the Oxygen

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    Photosynthesis and the OxygenRevolution

    3 'ehiu!an i$ungkinkan karena aanya ", i

    at$osfer

    3 ", ihasilkan ari fotosintesis yang ke$uian

    +ereaksi engan 4e terlarut an $e$+entuk

    for$asi 4e +erla!is

    3 8u$+er ", !aa awal kehiu!an $ungkin aalah

    +akteri yang seru!a engan siano+akteri $oern

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3 8ekitar ,* $ilyar tahun yang lalu0 ",$ulai

    teraku$ulasi i at$osfer an $ela!ukan

    +atuan aratan

    3 9-evolusi oksigen: ari ,* 5 ,*, $iliar tahun lalu$eru!akan +ahan uta$a untuk kehiu!an hingga

    organis$e a!at $engeks!loitasi ekosiste$ +aru

    4ig ,2567/

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    -tmospheri#

    oCygen

    Billio

    nso

    . y

    ears

    ago

    4

    32

    1

    4ig* ,25

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    The First

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    The FirstEukaryotes3 4osil tertua ari sel eukariotik aalah ,* $ilyar

    tahun

    3 Hi!otesis enosi$+iosis $enyatakan +ahwa

    $itokonria an !lastia (kloro!las an

    organel lainnya) +erasal ari !rokariotik kecilyang hiu! i ala$ sel inang

    $ Endosymbiontaalah sel yang hiu! i

    ala$ sel inang

    4ig ,25671

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    Single#elledeukaryotes

    Billio

    n

    so. ye

    arsag

    o

    4

    32

    1

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3 7enek $oyang Prokariot ari $itokonria an

    !lastis $ungkin $asuk ke ala$ sel inang

    se+agai !arasit internal

    3 Dala$ !rosesnya ke$uian enosi$+iotik

    terse+ut $en.ai saling ketergantungan anakhirnya enosy$+ionts akan +ersatu $en.ai

    organis$e yang utuh

    3 Dala$ enosi$+iosis serial seharusnya$itokonria +erke$+ang terle+ih ahulu

    se+elu$ !lastia $elalui se+uah urutan ke.aian5

    ke.aian enosy$+iotic

    4ig* ,25@5

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    Du#leus

    ytoplasm

    @D-Plasma membrane

    Endoplasmi# reti#ulum

    Du#lear envelope

    -n#estralprokaryote

    4ig* ,25@5,

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    -erobi#heterotrophi#prokaryote

    )ito#hondrion

    -n#estralheterotrophi#

    eukaryote

    4ig* ,25@5/

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    -n#estral photosyntheti#eukaryote

    Photosyntheti#prokaryote

    )ito#hondrio

    n

    Plastid

    4ig* ,25@51

    ytoplasmPlasma membrane

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    -n#estral photosyntheti#

    eukaryote

    Photosyntheti#prokaryote

    )ito#hondrion

    Plastid

    Du#leus

    y p

    @D-Plasma membrane

    Endoplasmi# reti#ulum

    Du#lear envelope

    -n#estralprokaryote

    -erobi#heterotrophi#prokaryote

    )ito#hondrion

    -n#estralheterotrophi#eukaryote

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    3 Bukti kunci yang $enukung ter.ainya

    enosi$+iotik $itochonria an !lastia

    $ 'esa$aan struktur an fungsi $e$+ran

    $ 'e$iri!an ala$ !e$+elahan organel g+e+era!a !rokariota

    $ "rganel !t $entranskri!si an $entranslate

    D7& $ereka seniri$ -i+oso$nya le+ih $iri! engan !rokariotik ari

    !aa ri+oso$ eukariotik

    .he Ori(in of

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    .he Ori(in ofMulticellularity

    3 Perke$+angan sel eukariotik $enun.ukkan

    rentang +entuk5+entuk uniselular yang le+ih +esar

    3 Diversifikasinya ter.ai ketika organis$e

    $ultiseluler +erke$+ang an $unculnya

    ganggang0 tana$an0 .a$ur0 an hewan

    The Earliest Multicellular

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    The Earliest MulticellularEukaryotes

    3 Per+aningan rantai D7& $enun.ukkan +ahwa

    eukaryotes $ulticellular telah aa sekitar *2

    $ilyar tahun yang lalu

    3 4osil eukariot $ultiseluler tertua yakni algakecil telah hiu! sekitar *, $ilyar tahun yang

    lalu

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    Hi!otesis 9snow+all Earth:

    3 Hy!othesis $enun.ukkan +ahwa !erios of

    extre$e glaciation $e$+atasi kehiu!an

    region euatorial atau!un laut ala$ ari 2A >2A .uta tahun yang lalu

    3 Biota Eiacarian (organis$e +ertu+uh lunak)

    telah hiu! antara 2;2 5 2/2 .uta tahun yanglalu

    4ig ,25672

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    )ulti#ellular

    eukaryotes

    Billio

    nso. ye

    arsag

    o

    4

    32

    1

    The Cambrian

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    Explosion

    3 Leakan 'a$+riu$ $eninggalkan fosil

    $enyeru!ai filu$ $oern ! !erioe

    'a$+riu$ (2/252,2 .uta tahun yang lalu)

    3 Leakan 'a$+riu$ $e$+erikan +ukti!erta$a ari interaksi !reator5$angsa

    4ig ,2567;

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    -nimals

    Billio

    n

    so. ye

    arsag

    o

    4

    32

    1

    4ig* ,25A

    es

    ns

    ds

    ds

    ms

    es

    ds

    #s

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    Spong

    =ateProterooi#eon

    EarlyPaleooi#era/ambrianperiod0

    4nidaria

    -nnelid

    Bra#hiopod

    E#hinoderm

    4hordate

    )i

    llionso.yearsa

    go

    !((

    !42

    -rthropod

    )ollus#

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    3 &nalisis D7& $enun.ukkan +ahwa +anyak

    filu$ hewan $enyi$!ang se+elu$ leakan'a$+riu$0 $ungkin se+elu$ AA5AAA .uta

    tahun yang lalu

    3 4osil i

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    /a0 &,o#ell stage 1!( m 2(( m/b0 =ater stage

    .he Coloni4ation of

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    Land

    3 Ca$ur0 tu$+uhan0 an hewan $ulai $enguasai

    lahan sekitar 2AA .uta tahun yg lalu

    3 Tu$+uhan an .a$ur secara +ersa$a5sa$a

    $enguasai lahan sekitar 1,A .uta tahun yg lalu3 &rthro!oa an tetra!oa $eru!akan

    hewan arat yg !aling +eraga$ an

    terse+ar luas

    3 Tetra!oa +erevolusi ari ikan +ersiri! lo+us

    sekitar /;2 .uta tahun yang lalu

    4ig ,2567

    oloniation o land

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    Billio

    nso. ye

    arsago

    4

    32

    1

    Concept #$%5! .he rise and fall of dominant

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    3 'elo$!ok5kelo$!ok organis$e +erfluktuasi

    se!an.ang se.arah kehiu!an +u$i

    3 Hal terse+ut $eru!akan refleksi ari aanya/ hal yg sangat +er!engaruh0 yaitu

    *

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    -rift

    3 8e!an.ang !er.alanan waktu0 $assa aratan+u$i telah $e$+entuk se+uah +enua(Pangaea) se+anyak / kali0 yaitu

    *Paa waktu 0 .uta tahun yg lalu0

    ,*Paa waktu ;AA .uta tahun yg lalu0 an/*Paa waktu ,2A .uta tahun yang lalu

    3 Pangea aalah +enua yang ter.ai sela$a

    akhir Paleo=oic an awal era Meso=oiku$

    Continental

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    -rift

    3 Bu$i +ergerak !erlahan se!an.ang $antel!anas yang $enye+a+kan ter.ainya !roses!ergeseran +enua

    3 Laut an .uga le$!eng +enua +er+enturan0shg $e$isahkan satu sa$a lain

    3 %nteraksi antara le$!engan $enye+a+kange$!a +u$i an !e$+entukan !egununganan !ulau5!ulau

    4ig* ,25,

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    /a0 uta,ay vie, o Earth /b0 )ajor #ontinental plates

    nner#ore

    ?uter#ore

    rust

    )antle Pa#ii#Plate

    Da#aPlate

    Fuan de *u#aPlate

    o#os Plate

    aribbeanPlate

    -rabianPlate

    -ri#anPlate

    S#otia Plate

    Dorth-meri#anPlate

    South-meri#anPlate

    -ntar#ti#Plate

    -ustralianPlate

    PhilippinePlate

    ndianPlate

    Eurasian Plate

    4ig* ,25,a

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    /a0 uta,ay vie, o Earth

    nner#ore

    ?uter#ore

    rust

    )antle

    4ig* ,25,+

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    /b0 )ajor #ontinental plates

    Pa#ii#Plate

    Da#aPlate

    Fuan de *u#aPlate

    o#os Plate

    aribbeanPlate

    -rabianPlate

    -ri#anPlate

    S#otia Plate

    Dorth

    -meri#anPlate

    South

    -meri#an

    Plate

    -ntar#ti#Plate

    -ustralianPlate

    PhilippinePlate

    ndianPlate

    Eurasian Plate

    Consequences o Continental! it

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    !rit

    3 Pe$+entukan Pangaea ke / yakni sekitar

    ,2A .uta tahun yang lalu $e$iliki +anyak

    efek

    $ Penangkalan ha+itat !erairan$ Peru+ahan %kli$ aratan $en.ai le+ih

    ingin an le+ih kering$ Peru+ahan ikli$ +enua sa$!ai ke kutu+

    $ Peru+ahan !ola sirkulasi laut yang$engarah ke !eninginan glo+al

    4ig* ,25/

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    South-meri#a

    Pang

    aea

    )illionso.years

    ago

    "!.!

    13!

    )eso3oi#

    2!1

    Paleo3oi#

    ond,ana

    =aurasia

    Eurasia

    ndia

    -ri#a

    -ntar#ti#a-u

    strali

    a

    Dorth-m

    eri#a

    )adagas#ar

    4eno3oi#

    Present

    4ig* ,25/a

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    South-meri#a

    )illio

    nso.years

    ago

    "!.!

    Eurasia

    ndia

    -ri#a

    -ntar#ti#a -us

    tralia

    Dorth

    -meri

    #a

    )adagas#ar

    4en

    o3oi#

    Present

    4ig* ,25/+

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    Pangae

    a

    )illions

    o.yearsago

    13!

    )eso3oi#

    2!1

    Paleo3oi#

    ond,ana

    =aurasia

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    3 Pecahnya +enua Pangaea $enye+a+kan

    ter.ainya s!esiasi allo!atric

    3 Distri+usi fosil5fosil $encer$inkan telah

    ter.ainya !ergerakan !ergeseran +enua

    3 Misalnya0 kesa$aan fosil i +e+era!a

    +agian &$erika 8elatan an &frika konsisten

    engan gagasan +ahwa +enua terse+utse+elu$nya aalah satu

    MassE i i

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    E6tinctions

    3

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    Events

    3 8e!an.ang se.arah !e$+entukan +u$i telah

    ter.ai 2 !eristiwa ke!unahan $assal

    3 Paa setia! !eristiwa ke!unahan $assal ts+

    selalu ter.ai ke$usnahan s!ecies +u$i le+ih

    ari 2AG

    4ig* ,251

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    &otaleCtin#tionrate

    /.amilies

    permillionyears07

    &ime /millions o years ago0

    Dumb

    ero..amilies7

    enooi#)esooi#Paleooi#

    E ? S @ P &r F!42

    (

    4$$ 444 41" 3!' 2'' 2!1 2(( 14!

    Era

    Period

    !

    P D"!.!

    (

    (

    2((

    1((

    3((

    4((

    !((

    "((

    5((

    $((

    1!

    1(

    2(

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    3 'e!unahan Per$ian ter.ai antara era

    Paleo=oiku$ an Meso=oiku$

    3 'e!unahan $asal ini ter.ai ala$ waktu

    kurang ari 2 .uta tahun an $enye+a+kanke!unahan sekitar @;G s!esies hewan laut

    3 Peristiwa ini ise+a+kan oleh $eletusnya

    gunung +era!i0 yang $enye+a+kan!e$anasan glo+al0 an !enurunan oksigen

    sa$ura

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    3 'e!unahan $assal !aa era

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    3 'e!unahan $assal i!er!arah oleh aanya

    hu.an $eteor

    3 &anya iriiu$ ! +atuan sei$en

    $enun.ukkan a$!ak $eteorit sekitar ;2.uta tahun yang lalu

    3 &anya kawah

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    D?8&+

    -)E8-

    hi#Culub#rater>u#atGn

    Peninsula

    %s a &ixth Mass Extinction 'nder( )

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    (ay)

    3 Data $enun.ukkan +ahwa $anusia a!at

    $enye+a+kan ter.ainya ke!unahan $assal

    ke ena$

    3 Para il$uwan $e$!erkirakan +ahwa la.uke!unahan yg ise+a+kan oleh $anusia

    a!at $enca!ai AA hingga *AAA kali

    !ampak dari ter*adinya MassE ti ti

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    Extinctions

    3 Mass extinction a!at $engu+ah ko$unitas

    ecologi an keterseiaan niches +agi

    organis$e

    3 -ecovery keanekaraga$an hayati ari

    ke!unahan $assal $e$erlukan waktu 2 5 AA

    .uta tahun

    3 'e!unahan $asal $e$aksa $ahluk hiu!untuk $elakukan raiasi aaftif

    4ig* ,25;

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    Predatorgenera

    /per#entageo.marinege

    nera0

    &ime /millions o years ago0

    enooi#)esooi#Paleooi#

    E ? S @ P &r F

    !42

    (

    4$$ 444 41" 3!' 2'' 2!1 2(( 14!

    Era

    Period P D

    "!.! (

    1(

    2(

    3(

    4(

    !(

    daptieRadiations

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    Radiations

    3 -aiasi aa!tif aalah evolusi suatu

    s!esies ari satu nenek $oyang yg sa$a

    $elalui aa!tasi !aa lingkungan yang +aru

    (orld+ide ,daptiveRadiations

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    Radiations

    3 Ma$alia $en.alani raiasi aa!tif setelah

    ke!unahan inosaurus arat

    3 Hilangnya inosaurus (kecuali +urung)

    $e$ungkinkan ter.ainya keanekaraga$anan +erke$+angnya .u$lah $a$alia

    3 -aiasi aa!tif ter.ai .uga !aa !rokariota

    fotosintetik0 !reator +esar i era'a$+riu$0 tu$+uhan arat0 serangga0 an

    tetra!oa

    4ig* ,25

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    )illions o years ago

    )onotremes/! spe#ies0

    2!( 1!( 1((2(( !(

    -DES&8-=

    >D?@?D&

    (

    )arsupials/324 spe#ies0

    Eutherians

    /pla#entalmammalsH!6(1( spe#ies0

    -n#estralmammal

    Regional ,daptiveRadiations

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    Radiations

    3 -aiasi aa!tif !t ter.ai a!a+ila organis$e

    $ngoloni lingkungan +aru hanya engan

    ko$!etisi seerhana

    3'e!ulauan Hawaii aalah salah satu lokasiraiasi aa!tif ter+esar i unia

    4ig* ,25

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    lose Dorth -meri#an relative6the tar,eed Carl%uistia !uirii

    Argyro&iphiu!sandwi"ense

    u'autia linearisu'autia s"a'ra

    u'autia waialealae

    u'autia la&a

    +-I-(.4

    millionyears

    ?-+%3.5

    millionyears

    K-%-!.1

    millionyears

    1.3millionyears

    )?=?K-)-%

    =-D-

    4ig* ,25a

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    +-I-

    (.4millionyears

    ?-+%

    3.5million

    years

    K-%-

    !.1millionyears

    1.3million

    years

    )?=?K-

    )-%

    =-D-

    4ig* ,25+

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    lose Dorth -meri#an relative6the tar,eed Carl%uistia !uirii

    4ig* ,25c

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    u'autia waialealae

    4ig* ,25

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    u'autia la&a

    4ig* ,25e

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    u'autia s"a'ra

    4ig* ,25f

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    Argyro&iphiu! sandwi"ense

    4ig* ,25g

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    u'autia linearis

    Concept #$%$! Ma7or chan(es in body form canresult from chan(es in the se8uences and re(ulation

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    3 8tui ttg $ekanis$e !eru+ahan genetika!at $e$+erikan wawasan aanya

    evolusi l$ skala +esar

    result from chan(es in the se8uences and re(ulationof deelopmental (enes

    Eolutionary Effects of -eelopment1enes

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    1enes

    3 #enlah yang $engontrol !erke$+angan

    an !eru+ahan +entuk organis$e sa$!ai

    $en.ai ewasa

    3 La.u !erke$+angannya0

    3 aktu yg i+utuhkan untuk !erke$+angan0an

    3 Pola +entuk yang akan ter.ai

    Changes in Rate andTiming

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    Timing

    3 Heterochrony $eru!akan !eru+ahan

    evolusioner ala$ hal la.u atau waktu!erke$+angan

    3 La.u an waktu !erke$+angan

    $enye+a+kan ter.ainya !er+eaan

    signifikan terhaa! +entuk tu+uh

    3 Bentuk kontras tengkorak $anusia ansi$!anse aalah aki+at aanya !er+eaan

    kecil ala$ la.uItingkat !ertu$+uhan

    relatifnya

    4ig* ,25@

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    /a0 @ierential gro,th rates in a human

    /b0 omparison o #himpanee and human skull gro,th

    De,born

    -ge /years0

    -dult1!!2

    himpanee etus himpanee adult

    +uman etus +uman adult

    4ig* ,25@a

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    /a0 @ierential gro,th rates in a human

    De,born -ge /years0 -dult1!!2

    4ig* ,25@+

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    /b0 omparison o #himpanee and human skull gro,th

    himpanee etus himpanee adult

    +uman etus +uman adult

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    3 Heterochrony a!at $engu+ah waktu

    !eke$+angan organ re!rouksi $en.ai

    !eke$+angan organ nonre!rouctive

    3 Dala$ !aeo$or!hosis0 la.u !erke$+anganorgan re!rouksi le+ih ce!at i+aningkan

    engan !erke$+angan organ so$atik

    3 8!esies yg suah $atang secara seksuala!at $e$!ertahankan struktur fitur tu+uh

    s!esies leluhurnya

    4ig* ,25,A

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    ills

    Changes in &patialPattern

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    3 Peru+ahan evolusioner .uga +isa ter.ai

    se+agai aki+at anya !eru+ahan ala$ gen

    yang $engontrol !ene$!atan an

    !engaturan organ tu+uh

    3 en homeotik$enentukan fitur asar

    se!erti i $ana saya! an kaki akan

    ite$!atkan an +erke$+ang !aa +urung

    atau +agai$ana +agian5+agian +unga

    tana$an akan isusun

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    3 Hox gen aalah gen ho$eotik yang

    $enyeiakan infor$asi !osisi +agi organ

    tu+uh sela$a !erke$+angan $ahluk hiu!

    3 Cika Hox #en isi$!an i lokasi yang salah0$aka +agian tu+uh akan +eraa !aa lokasi

    yang salah

    3 Misalnya0 !aa

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    3 Evolusi verte+rata ari hewan inverte+rata

    ikaitkan engan !eru+ahan ala$ Hox

    #en

    3 Dua u!likasi Hox gen telah ter.ai ala$silsilah verte+rata

    3 Du!likasi ini $ungkin !enting ala$ evolusi

    verte+rata untuk $e$+entuk karakteristik+aru

    4ig* ,25,

    +ypotheti#al vertebratean#estor /invertebrate0

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    p

    3 Meningkatnya iversitas yang luar +iasa

    sela$a !erioe

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    3 Morfologi +aru se!ertinya +erasal ari u!likasi

    gen yang selan.utnya gen +aru ts+ akan$e$!rouksi gen !e$+angun +aru

    3 Mekanis$e evolusi yang $asuk akal ialah

    evolusi ari serangga +erkaki ; yang +erasal

    ari serangga +erkaki +anyak yakni

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    $o&gene " $o&gene 5 $o&gene $

    -bout 4(( mya

    rosophila Arte!ia

    U'&

    Changes in -eneRegulation

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    g

    3 Peru+ahan +entuk organis$e $ungkin le+ih

    +anyak ise+a+kan oleh aanya !eru+ahan!engaturan !erke$+angan gen

    3 8e+agai contoh0 8tickle+acks anau $e$iliki

    uri le+ih seikit i+aning 8tickle+ack laut

    3 Dala$ ua kelo$!ok ikan terse+ut0 urutan

    gennya teta! sa$a0 teta!i regulasi eks!resigennya +er+ea

    4ig* ,25,/

    8ES%=&S

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    &est o +ypothesis -7

    @ieren#es in the #oding

    seuen#e o the Pit&1geneJ

    8esult7Do

    )arine sti#kleba#k embryo

    loseup o ventral sura#e

    &est o +ypothesis B7

    @ieren#es in the regulation

    o eCpression o Pit&1J

    Pit&1is eCpressed in the ventral spine

    and mouth regions o developing marine

    sti#kleba#ks but only in the mouth region

    o developing lake sti#kba#ks.

    &he 2$3 amino a#ids o thePit&1protein

    are identi#al.

    8esult7>es

    =ake sti#kleba#k embryo

    loseupo mouth

    4ig* ,25,/a

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    )arine sti#kleba#k embryo

    loseup o ventral sura#e

    =ake sti#kleba#k embryo

    loseupo mouth

    Concept #$%9! Eolution is not (oaloriented

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    3 Evolusi se!erti halnya orang seang $engelas

    +a.aJ!roses i $ana +entuk +aru ti$+ul olehseikit $oifikasi ari +entuk5+entuk yang telah

    aa*

    EolutionaryNoelties

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    3 8e+agian +esar struktur5struktur +iologis +eru+ah

    ala$ +anyak taha! ari struktur se+elu$nya

    3 Mata ko$!leks aalah hasil +erke$+ang ari sel5sel !eka cahaya seerhana secara +e+as

    3 8truktur a!at +erke$+ang ala$ satu hal tertentuteta!i tiak lagi untuk fungsi +er+ea

    3 8eleksi ala$ hanya a!at $eningkatkan se+uah

    struktur ala$ konteks utilitas terkinisnya

    4ig* ,25,1

    Pigmented #ells/photore#eptors0

    Epithelium

    Pigmented

    #ells

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    /a0 Pat#h o pigmented #ells

    ?pti#nerve Pigmented

    layer /retina0

    *luidilled #avity

    Epithelium

    /#0 Pinhole #ameratype eye

    ?pti# nerve

    ornea

    8etina

    =ens

    /e0 ompleC #ameratype eye

    /d0 Eye ,ith primitive lens

    ?pti# nerve

    orneaellularmass/lens0

    /b0 Eye#up

    Derve ibers Derve ibers

    Eolutionary.rends

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    3 Menyi$!ulkan evolusi ari fakta tunggal evolusi

    +isa $enyesatkan

    3 "leh karena itu !erlu itelaah kecenerungan

    yang le+ih luas lagi

    4ig* ,25,2

    8e#ent/116!(( ya0

    Pleisto#ene/1.$ mya0

    )%uus$ippidion and other genera

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    (eohipparionPlio#ene/!.3 mya0

    /1.$ mya0

    $ipparion

    (annippus

    Pliohippus

    Callippus

    Mery"hippus

    Ar"haeohippus

    Megahippus

    $ypohippus

    Parahippus

    An"hitheriu!

    Sinohippus

    )io#ene/23 mya0

    ?ligo#ene/33.' mya0

    Eo#ene/!!.$ mya0

    Miohippus

    Paleotheriu!

    Propalaeotheriu!

    Pa"hynolophus

    $yra"otheriu!

    *rohippus

    Mesohippus

    )pihippus

    Bro,sers

    raers

    Key

    4ig* ,25,2a

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    ?ligo#ene

    /33.' mya0

    Eo#ene/!!.$ mya0

    Miohippus

    Paleotheriu!

    Propalaeotheriu!

    Pa"hynolophus

    $yra"otheriu!

    *rohippus

    Mesohippus

    )pihippus

    Bro,ser

    s

    raers

    Key

    4ig* ,25,2+

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    8e#ent/116!(( ya0

    (eohipparionPlio#ene/!.3 mya0

    Pleisto#ene/1.$ mya0

    $ipparion

    (annippus

    )%uus

    Pliohippus

    $ippidion and other genera

    Callippus

    Mery"hippus

    Ar"haeohippus

    Megahippus

    $ypohippus

    Parahippus

    An"hitheriu!

    Sinohippus

    )io#ene/23 mya0

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    3 Menurut 9s!ecies selection $oel:0 s!eciasi

    ter.ai ketika karakteristik tertentu r suatus!esies +ertahan le+ih la$a0 seangkan

    !aa generasi +aru ter.ai karakteristik lain

    yg sangat +er+ea

    3 7a$un e$ikian0 ter.ainya evolusi tiak

    selalu +erarti +ahwa aa +e+era!a

    orongan intrinsik $enu.u fenoti!e tertentu0

    na$un .uga karena aanya orongan

    ekstrinksik

    4ig ,2567

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    )illions o years ago /mya0

    1.2 bya7*irst multi#ellular eukaryotes

    2.1 bya7*irst eukaryotes /single#elled0

    3.! billion years ago /bya07

    *irst prokaryotes /single#elled0

    !3!!2! mya7

    ambrian eCplosion/great in#reasein diversity oanimal orms0

    !(( mya7oloniationo land byungi6 plantsand animals

    Present

    !((

    26(

    ((

    16!

    ((

    1

    6(((

    36(

    ((

    26!

    ((

    36!

    ((

    4

    6(((

    4ig ,2567@

    leo3o

    i#)es

    o1

    3oi#

    4eno1

    3oi#

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    ?rigin o solar systemand Earth

    4

    32

    1

    Paleo

    Proterooi# -r#haean

    Billionso. ye

    arsago

    4ig ,2567A

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    *lies andleas

    )oths andbutterlies

    addislies

    +erbivory

    4ig ,2567

    eo3oi#

    )eso1

    3oi#

    4eno1

    3oi#

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    ?rigin o solar system

    and Earth

    4

    32

    1

    Paleo

    3

    Proterooi# -r#haean

    Billionso. years

    ago

    :ou should now be ableto!

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    Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

    * Define raio$etric ating0 serial

    enosy$+iosis0 Pangaea0 snow+all Earth0exa!tation0 heterochrony0 an

    !aeo$or!hosis

    ,* Descri+e the contri+utions $ae +y "!arin0

    Halane0 Miller0 an 6rey towar

    unerstaning the origin of organic $olecules

    /* Ex!lain why -7&0 not D7&0 was likely the first

    genetic $aterial

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    1* Descri+e an suggest evience for the $a.or

    events in the history of life on Earth fro$Earths origin to , +illion years ago

    2* Briefly escri+e the