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History of Jakarta
Image of Batavia, capital of the Dutch East Indies in what is now North Jakarta,circa 1780
The first mention of Jakarta in the
historical records was during the 4th
century; at this time it was a Hindu
settlement and port. Since this time, the city
had been variously claimed by the
Indianized kingdom of Tarumanegara, the
Hindu Kingdom of Sunda, the Muslim
Sultanate of Banten, the Dutch East Indies,
the Empire of Japan and finally, Indonesia.
Jakarta has been known under several
names: Sunda Kelapa, during the Kingdom
of Sunda period; Jayakarta, Djajakarta or
Jacatra, during the short period of theBanten Sultanate; Batavia, under the Dutch
colonial empire; and Djakarta, or Jakarta,
during the Japanese occupation and the modern period.[1][2][3]
Early kingdoms (4th century AD)
The earliest historical record discovered in Jakarta is also one of the oldest inscription in Indonesian history. The
coastal area around Jakarta was recognised as a port and the area was founded as a Hindu settlement around the
4th-century as part of the Indianized kingdom of Tarumanagara. The Tugu inscription, discovered in Tugu
sub-district, North Jakarta, confirming that the area around vicinity of modern Jakarta was an ancient settlement backin 4th-century.
In AD 397, King Purnawarman established Sunda Pura, located on the northern coast of West Java, as the new
capital city for the kingdom. The capital of Tarumanagara kingdom was estimated to be located somewhere between
Tugu sub-district North Jakarta, and Bekasi Regency, West Java. Purnawarman left seven memorial stones across
the area, including the present-day Banten and West Java provinces, consisting of inscriptions bearing his name.
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Kingdom of Sunda (6691527)
Padro of Sunda Kalapa (1522), a stone
pillar sealing the SundaPortuguese
treaty, Indonesian National Museum,
Jakarta.
After the power of Tarumanagara declined, its territories became part of the
Kingdom of Sunda. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written by
Chou Ju-kua in the early 13th Century, Srivijaya ruled Sumatra, the Malay
peninsula, and western Java (known as Sunda). The port of Sunda was
described as strategic and thriving, with pepper from Sunda renowned for its
supreme quality. The people of the area worked in agriculture and their
houses were built on wooden piles.
One of the ports at the mouth of a river was renamed Sunda Kelapa (or
Kalapa, as written in Hindu Bujangga Manik, manuscripts from a monk's
lontar and one of the precious remnants of Old Sundanese literature.[4]
The
port served Pakuan Pajajaran (present day Bogor), the capital of the Sunda
Kingdom. By the fourteenth century, Sunda Kelapa became a major trading
port for the kingdom.
In 1522, the Portuguese secured a politics and economic agreement with the
Sunda Kingdom, the authority of the port. In exchange for military assistance
against the threat of the rising Islamic Javan Sultanate of Demak, Prabu
Surawisesa, king of Sunda at that time, granted them free access to the pepper
trade. Portuguese who were in the service of the sovereign, made their homes
in Sunda Kelapa.
Banten Sultanate (15271619)
Jayakarta in 1605 prior the establishment of
Batavia.
To prevent Portuguese gaining foothold on Java, in 1527, Fatahillah,on behalf of the Demak attacked the Portuguese in Sunda Kelapa and
succeeded in conquering the harbour on June 22, 1527, after which
Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta. Later, the port became a part
of the Banten Sultanate, located west from Jayakarta.
By the late 16th century, Jayakarta was under the rule of the Sultanate
of Banten. Prince Jayawikarta, a follower of the Sultan of Banten,
established a settlement on the west banks of the Ciliwung River,
erecting a military post to control the port at the mouth of the river.
In 1595, merchants from Amsterdam embarked upon an expedition to the East Indies archipelago. Under the
command of Cornelis de Houtman, the expedition arrived in Bantam and Jayakarta in 1596 with the intention of
trading spices; similar to the intentions of the Portuguese.
Later, in 1602, the English East India Company's first voyage, commandeered by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in
Aceh and sailed on to Bantam, the capital of the Sultanate of Banten; there he was allowed to build a trading post
that became the centre of English trade in Indonesia until 1682.[5]
In 1610, Dutch merchants were granted permission to build a wooden godown and houses opposite to Prince
Jayawikarta's settlement on the east bank of the river. As the Dutch grew increasingly powerful, Jayawikarta allowed
the British to erect houses on the West Bank of the Ciliwung River, as well as a fort close to his customs office post,
to keep his strength equal to that of the Dutch. Jayawikarta supported the British because his palace was at threatfrom the Dutch cannons. In December 1618, the tense relationship between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch
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escalated; Jayawikarta's soldiers besieged the Dutch fortress that covered two strong godowns, namely Nassau and
Mauritius. A British fleet, consisting of 15 ships, arrived under the leadership of Sir Thomas Dale, an English naval
commander and former governor of the Colony of Virginia (present State of Virginia).
After the sea battle, the newly appointed Dutch governor, Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1618), escaped to the Moluccas to
seek support (the Dutch had already overtaken the first of the Portuguese forts there in 1605). Meanwhile, the
commander of the Dutch army, Pieter van den Broecke, along with five other men, was arrested during thenegotiations, as Jayawikarta believed that he had been deceived by the Dutch.
[6]Later, Jayawikarta and the British
entered into a friendship agreement.
The Dutch army was on the verge of surrendering to the British when, in 1619, a sultan from Banten sent a group of
soldiers to summon Prince Jayawikarta; a request was made for the establishment of a closed, exclusive relationship
with the British, without prior approval from Banten authorities. The conflict between Banten and Prince
Jayawikarta, as well as the tense relationship between Banten and the British, presented a new opportunity for the
Dutch. Relieved by the change in the situation, the Dutch army, under the leadership of Coen, attacked and burned
the city of Jayakarta, including its palace, on May 30, 1619, without any opposition; the population of Jayakarta was
thereby expelled. Jayakarta was completely destroyed and only the remnants of the Padro of Sunda Kelapa
remained; these were later discovered in 1918 during an excavation in the Kota area, on the corner of Cengkeh street
and Nelayan Timur Street, and are stored at the National Museum in Jakarta. It is possible that the location of
Jayakarta was in Pulau Gadung. Prince Jayawikarta retired to Tanara, the eventual place of his death, in the interior
of Banten. The Dutch established a closer relationship with Banten and assumed control of the port, thus allowing
the Dutch East Indies to rule the entire region.
Dutch East India Company (17th 18th century)
A map of Batavia showing the transformation of the city from Jayakarta in 1619
into Batavia in 1667.
The Dutch fortress garrison, along with
hired soldiers from Japan, Germany, Scotia,
Denmark and Belgium, celebrated itstriumph
[citation needed], while the godowns of
Nassau and Mauritius were expanded with
the erection of a new fort extension to the
east on March 12, 1619, overseen by
Commander Van Raay. Coen wished to
name the new settlement "Nieuw-Hoorn"
(after his birthplace, Hoorn), but was
prevented from doing so by the central
government of the Netherlands East
IndiesWikipedia:Please clarify, the HeerenXVII; instead, Batavia, became the new
name for the fort and settlement. The name
was derived from the Germanic tribe of the
Batavi and it was believed that the tribe's
members were the ancestors of the Dutch people during that time. Jayakarta was then called "Batavia" for more than
300 years.
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Coat of arms of Batavia
The Javanese people were made to feel unwelcome in Batavia from the time of its
foundation in 1619, as the Dutch feared an insurrection. Coen asked Willem
Ysbrandtszoon Bontekoe, a skipper for the Dutch East India Company, to bring
1000 Chinese people to Batavia from Macao;[citation needed]
however, only a small
segment of the 1000 survived the trip. In 1621, another attempt was initiated and
15,000 people were deported from the Banda Islands to Batavia; on this occasion,only 600 survived the trip.
[citation needed]
Siege of Batavia by Sultan Agung in 1628.
On August 27, 1628, Sultan Agung, king of the Mataram Sultanate
(16131645), launched his first offensive on Batavia. He suffered
heavy losses, retreated, and launched a second offensive in 1629. The
Dutch fleet destroyed both his supplies and ships, located in the
harbours of Cirebon and Tegal. Mataram troops, starving and
decimated by illness, retreated again. Later, Sultan Agung pursued his
conquering ambitions in an eastward direction and attacked Blitar,
Panarukan and the Blambangan principality in Eastern Java, a vassal of
the Balinese kingdom of Gelgel.
Following the siege, it was decided that Batavia would need a stronger
defense system. Simon Stevin, a Flemish mathematician and military
engineer, was employed to design a walled city. Stevin responded with a design representative of a typical Dutch
city, criss-crossed with canals that straightened the flow of the river Ciliwung. Jacques Specx developed the design
further, by creating a moat and city wall that surrounded the city; extensions of the city walls appeared to the west ofBatavia and the city became completely enclosed. Only the Chinese people and the Mardijkers were allowed to settle
within the walled city of Batavia.
In 1656, due to a conflict with Banten, the Javanese were not allowed to reside within the city walls and
consequently settled outside Batavia. In 1659, a temporary peace with Banten enabled the city to grow and, during
this period, more bamboo shacks appeared in Batavia. From 1667, bamboo houses, as well as the keeping of
livestock, were banned within the city. Meanwhile, the city progressively became an attraction for many people and
suburbs began to develop outside the city walls.
The area outside the walls was considered unsafe for the non-native inhabitants of Batavia. The marsh area around
Batavia could only be fully cultivated when a new peace treaty was signed with Banten in 1684 and country houses
were subsequently established outside the city walls. The Chinese people began with the cultivation of sugarcane and
tuak, with coffee a later addition.
The large-scale cultivation caused destruction to the environment, in addition to coastal erosion in the northern area
of Batavia. Maintenance of the canal was extensive due to frequent closures and the continuous dredging that was
required. In the 18th century, Batavia became increasingly affected by malaria epidemics, as the marsh areas were
breeding grounds for mosquitos. The disease killed many Europeans, resulting in Batavia receiving the nickname,
"Het kerkhof der Europeanen" ("the cemetery of the Europeans"). Wealthier European settlers, who could afford
relocation, moved to southern areas of higher elevation. Eventually, the old city was dismantled in 1810.
Batavia was founded as a trade and administrative center of the Dutch East India Company; it was never intended to
be a settlement for the Dutch people. Coen founded Batavia as a trading company, whereby a city's inhabitants
would take care of the production and supply of food. As a result, there was no migration of Dutch families and,
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instead, a mixed society was formed.
There were few Dutch women in Batavia. Relationships between Dutch men and Asian women did not usually result
in marriage, as the women could not return to the Dutch Republic. This societal pattern created a mixed group of
mestizo descendants in Batavia. The sons of this mixed group often travelled to Europe to study, while the daughters
were forced to remain in Batavia, with the latter often marrying VOC officials at a very young age. The women's
position in Batavia developed into an important feature of the social network of Batavia; they were accustomed todealing with slaves and spoke the same language, mostly Portuguese and Malay. Eventually, many of these women
effectively became widows, as their husbands left Batavia to return to the Netherlands, and their children were often
removed as well. These women were known as snaar (string).
As the VOC preferred to maintain complete control over its business, a large number of slaves was employed.
Batavia became an unattractive location for people who wanted to establish their own businesses.
A Balinese slave in Batavia. To avoid a revolt of
the people of Java, many slaves were employed
from places outside Java, such as Bali.
Most of Batavia's residents were of Asian descent. Thousands of slaves
were brought from India and Arakan and, later, slaves were brought
from Bali and Sulawesi. To avoid an uprising, a decision was made to
free the Javanese people from slavery. Chinese people made up the
largest group in Batavia, with most of them merchants and labourers.
The Chinese people was the most decisive group in the development of
Batavia. There was also a large group of freed slaves, usually
Portuguese-speaking Asian Christians, that was formerly under the rule
of the Portuguese. The group's members were made prisoners by the
VOC during numerous conflicts with the Portuguese. Portuguese was
the dominant language in Batavia until the late 18th century, when the
language was slowly replaced with Dutch and Malay. Additionally,
there were also Malays, as well as Muslim and Hindu merchants from
India.
Initially, these different ethnic groups lived alongside each other;
however, in 1688, complete segregation was enacted upon the
indigenous population. Each ethnic group was forced to live in its own
established village outside the city wall. There were Javanese villages
for Javanese people, Moluccan villages for the Moluccans, and so on.
Each person was tagged with a tag to identify them with their own
ethnic group; later, this identity tag was replaced with a parchment.
Reporting was compulsory for intermarriage that involved different ethnic groups.
The infamous massacre of the Chinese people in
Batavia on October 9, 1740
Within Batavia's walls, the wealthy Dutch built tall houses and canals.
Commercial opportunities attracted Indonesian and especially Chinese
immigrants, with the increasing population numbers creating a burden
upon the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government attempted to
restrict Chinese migration through deportations. On October 9, 1740,
10,000 Chinese were massacred and, during the following year,
Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok, outside the city walls.[7]
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Slaves employed for the VOC made up more than
60% population of Batavia.
In the 18th century, more than 60% of Batavia's population consisted
of slaves working for the VOC. The slaves were mostly engaged to
undertake housework, while working and living conditions were
generally reasonable.[citation needed]
Laws were enacted that protected
slaves against overly cruel actions from their masters; for example,
Christian slaves were given freedom after the death of their masters,while some slaves were allowed to own a store and made money to buy
their freedom. Sometimes, slaves fled and established gangs that would
roam throughout the area.
From the beginning of the VOC establishment in Batavia, until the
colony became a fully-fledged town, the population of Batavia grew
tremendously. At the beginning, Batavia consisted of approximately
50,000 inhabitants and, by the second half of the 19th century, Batavia consisted of 800,000 inhabitants. By the end
of the VOC rule of Batavia, the population of Batavia had reached one million.[8]
Modern colonialism (19th century 1942)
Batavia in 1840, showing the growth of the city
to the south of the old Batavia.
After the VOC was formally liquidated in 1800, the Batavian Republic
expanded all of the VOC's territorial claims into a fully-fledged colony
named the Dutch East Indies. From the company's regional
headquarters, Batavia evolved into the capital of the colony. During
this era of concurrent urbanisation and industrialisation, Batavia was
involved in the inceptive stage of most of the colony's modernising
developments.
In 1808, Daendels decided to quit the by-then dilapidated and
unhealthy Old Towna new town center was subsequently built
further to the south, near the estate of Weltevreden. Batavia thereby
became a city with two centers: Kota as the hub of business, where the
offices and warehouses of shipping and trading companies were
located; while Weltevreded became the new home for the government,
military, and shops. These two centers were connected by the
Molenvliet Canal and a road (now Gajah Mada Road) that ran alongside the waterway. This period in the 19th
century consisted of numerous technological advancements and city beautification initiatives in Batavia, earning
Batavia the nickname, "De Koningin van het Oosten", or "Queen of the East".
The city began to move further south, as epidemics in 1835 and 1870Wikipedia:Please clarify encouraged more
people to move far south of the port.
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Map of Batavia in 1897
By the end of the century, the population of the capital Batavian
regency numbered 115,887 people, of which 8,893 were Europeans,
26,817 were Chinese and 77,700 were indigenous
islanders.[9]
Wikipedia:Link rot Many schools, hospitals, factories,
offices, trading companies, and post offices were established
throughout the city, while improvements in transportation, health, andtechnology in Batavia caused more and more Dutch people to migrate
to the capitalthe society of Batavia consequently became
increasingly Dutch-like. The Dutch people who had never set foot on
Batavia were known locally as Totoks. The term was also used to
identify new Chinese arrivals, to differentiate them from the
Peranakan. Many totoks developed a great love for the Indies culture
of Indonesia and adopted this culture; they could be observed wearing
kebayas, sarongs, as well as summer dresses.
During the Indonesian National Revival era, Mohammad Husni
Thamrin, a member of Volksraad, criticized the Colonial Government
for ignoring the development of kampung ("inlander's area") while
catering for the rich people in Menteng. Thamrin also talked about the
issue of Farming Tax and the other taxes that were burdensome for the
poorer members of the community.
A significant consequence of these expanding commercial activities was the immigration of large numbers of Dutch
employees, as well as rural Javanese, into Batavia. In 1905, the population of Batavia and the surrounding area
reached 2.1 million, including 93,000 Chinese people, 14,000 Europeans, and 2,800 Arabs (in addition to the local
population). This growth resulted in an increased demand for housing and land prices consequently soared. New
houses were often built in dense arrangements and kampung settlements filled the spaces left in between the newstructures. However, such development proceeded with little regard for the tropical conditions and resulted in overly
dense living conditions, poor sanitation, and an absence of public amenities. In 1913, the plague broke out in Java
and during this period, the Old Batavia, with its abandoned moats and ramparts, experienced a new boom, as the
commercial companies were re-established along the Kali Besar. In a very short period of time, the area of Old
Batavia re-established itself as a new commercial center, with 20th-century and 17th-century buildings adjacent to
each other.
See also List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta
Technological advancement in 19th-century Batavia
On February 3, 1836, the first government steamboat, Willem I, arrived at the Batavia shipyard of Island Onrust. This
was followed by the arrival of another steamer from the "Nederland" Royal Mail line in September 1871. On
December 1, 1881, the first dock of the Netherlands Indian Dry Docks Company was opened on Pulau Amsterdam
(Eiland Amsterdam) in the roadsteads of Batavia.
By the end of 1853, the first exhibition of agricultural products and native arts and crafts was held in Batavia.
Commemoration of the first centenary of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences was held on June 1, 1878. In
November 1884, an exhibition of Javanese crafts and arts was held in the Zoological Gardens in what is now Taman
Ismail Marzuki. From August 12 to November 19, 1883, an exhibition of agricultural products and native arts and
crafts was held at Batavia's Koningsplein.
In 1860, the Willem III school was opened. On July 16, 1895, the Pasteur Institute was established. On January 15,1888, an anatomical and bacterial laboratory was established in Batavia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merdeka_Square%2C_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taman_Ismail_Marzukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taman_Ismail_Marzukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steamboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_colonial_buildings_and_structures_in_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Husni_Thamrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Husni_Thamrinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_National_Revivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peranakanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABatavia_1897.jpg -
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History of Jakarta 8
In March 1864, a concession was granted to the Netherlands Indian Railway Company for the construction of a
railway between Batavia and Buitenzorg; this line was completed on September 15, 1871. Gradually, the line would
be connected to Cicurug in 1881, to Sukabumi in 1882, to Cianjur in 1883, then to Bandung in 1884Batavia had
become connected to Bandung. With the opening of the railway section, Tasikmalaya-Maos, on November 1, 1894,
Batavia was also connected with Surabaya by railway.[10]
In 1869, the Batavia Tramway Company started the horse-tram line, 'nr 1: Old Batavia' (now Jakarta Kota). Theroute started at the Amsterdam Gate in the northern end of Prinsenstraat (now Jalan Cengkeh) and then reached
Molenvliet (Jalan Gajah Madah) and Harmonie. Following 1882, the horse-tram lines were reconstructed into
steamtram lines.[11]
Wikipedia:Link rot The electric train that commenced operating in 1899 was the first ever
electric train in the Kingdom of Netherlands.
The abolition of the Cultuurstelsel in 1870 led to the rapid development of private enterprise in the Dutch Indies.
Numerous trading companies and financial institutions established themselves in Java, with most settling in Batavia.
Jakarta Old Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, typically along the Kali Besar. These private
companies owned or managed plantations, oil fields, or mines. Railway stations were also designed during this
period, in a style that was characteristic of the period.
A boom occurred in the international trade activity with Europe and the increase of shipping led to the construction
of a new harbor at Tanjung Priok between 1877 and 1883. In 1886, the Tanjung Priok Station connected the harbor
with the city of Batavia.
In 1883, the Dutch Indies Telephone Company was established in Batavia.
Japanese Occupation
Sketch of the Japanese entry into Batavia
On March 5, 1942, Batavia fell to the Japanese. The Dutch formally
surrendered to the Japanese occupation forces on March 9, 1942, and
rule of the colony was transferred to Japan. The city was renamed
"Jakarta" and the official name was "Jakarta Tokubetsu Shi" ("Special
Municipality of Jakarta"), in accordance with the "special" status that
was assigned to the city. This was a period of decline in
Bataviaduring three-and-a-half years of occupation, both the
economic situation and the physical condition of Indonesian cities
deteriorated. Many buildings were vandalized, as metal was needed for the war, and many iron statues from the
Dutch colonial period were taken away by the Japanese troops.
To strengthen its position in Indonesia, the Japanese government issued Act No. 42 1942 as part of the "Restoration
of the Regional Administration System". This act divided Java into several Syuu ("Resident Administration" or
Karesidenan) that were each led by a Bupati (Regent). Each Syuu was divided into several Shi ("Municipality" orStad Gemeente) that were led by Wedanas ("District Heads"). Below a Wedana was a Wedana Assistant
("Sub-district Head"), who, in turn, oversaw a Lurah ("Village Unit Head"), who, in turn, was responsible over a
Kepala Kampung ("Kampung Chief").
A Schichoo ("Mayor") was superior to all of these officials, following the law created by the Guisenken ("Head of
the Japanese Imperial Administration"). The effect of this system was a "one-man rule" structure with no councils or
representative bodies. The first schichoo of Jakarta was Tsukamoto and the last was Hasegawa.
In 1943, the Japanese Imperial administration slightly revised the administration of Jakarta by adding a special
counseling body. This agency was composed of twelve local Javanese leaders who were regarded as loyal to the
Japanese; among them were Suwiryo and Dahlan Abdullah.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACOLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Schets_van_de_Japanse_intocht_in_Batavia_zoals_de_Japanners_het_zich_voorstelden_TMnr_10001766.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanjung_Priok_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ciliwung_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultuurstelselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_rothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amsterdam_Gate%2C_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakarta_Old_Townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surabayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tasikmalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cianjurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukabumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cicurughttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bogor -
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History of Jakarta 9
National revolution era (19451950)
The first ceremony of raising the flag of
Indonesia in Jakarta
Following the eventual surrender of the Japanese, Indonesia declared
its independence on August 17, 1945. The proclamation was enacted at
Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56 (now Jalan Proklamasi), Jakarta, with
Suwiryo acting as the committee chairman. Suwiryo was recognized as
the first mayor of Jakarta Tokubetsu Shi and this name was soon
altered to read, Pemerintah Nasional Kota Jakarta ("Jakarta City
National Administration").
On September 29, 1945, Anglo-Dutch troops arrived in Jakarta for the
purpose of disarming and repatriation of the Japanese garrison. They
also planned on reasserting control over the colony. On November 21,
1945, Suwiryo and his assistants were arrested by members of the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration.
Following World War II, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Ally-occupied Jakarta during the fight for
Indonesian independence and established the capital in Yogyakarta.
Urban development continued to stagnate while the Dutch tried to re-establish themselves. In 1947, the Dutch
succeeded in implementing a set of planning regulations for urban developmentthe SSO/SVV
(Stadsvormings-ordonantie/Stadsvormings-verordening)that had been devised prior to the war.
On December 27, 1949, the Dutch finally recognized Indonesia as an independent country and sovereign federal
state under the name of "Republic of the United States of Indonesia". At this time, the Jakarta City Administration
was led by Mayor Sastro Mulyono.
In 1949, construction occurred for the urban planning of Kebayoran Baru, designed by Moh. Soesilo was started on
March 8, 1949, and was completed in 1955. Kebayoran Baru is considered the first urban planning design that was
created by an Indonesian.
Early independence era (1950s1960s)
Monas, or the national monument, symbolizing
the fight for Indonesian independence.
In 1950, the Dutch finally left and their residences and properties were
taken over by the Indonesian government in 1957. Once independence
was secured, Jakarta was once again made the national capital. The
departure of the Dutch caused a massive migration of the rural
population into Jakarta, in response to a perception that the city was the
place for economic opportunities. The kampung areas in Jakarta
swelled as a result.
Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno, envisaged Jakarta as a greatinternational city and instigated large government-funded projects that
were undertaken with openly nationalistic architecturea newly
independent nation's pride was on international display.[12]
To promote
nationalist pride among Indonesian people, Sukarno infused his
modernist ideas into the urban planning initiatives that he approved for
the capital city (eventually Jakarta).
Some of the notable monumental projects of Sukarno are: the
clover-leaf highway, a broad by-pass in Jakarta (Jalan Jenderal
Sudirman); four high-rise hotels, including the Hotel Indonesia; a new parliament building; a stadium; the largest
mosque in Southeast Asia; and numerous monuments and memorials, including The National Monument.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istiqlal_Mosque%2C_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istiqlal_Mosque%2C_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bung_Karno_Stadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DPR/MPR_Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotel_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalan_Jenderal_Sudirmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalan_Jenderal_Sudirmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukarnohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMerdeka_Square_Monas_02.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kebayoran_Baruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_United_States_of_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yogyakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_National_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_National_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_the_Netherlands%23British_involvementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AIndonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg -
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History of Jakarta 10
Kampung improvement program (1970s)
Since 1970, the national development policy has been focused primarily on economic growth and achievement. This
situation encouraged the emergence of a large number of private housing projects, but government housing schemes
have also been implemented to cope with the growth of urban populations. During this period, kampung
improvement programs have been reintroduced to improve conditions in existing areas. The Kampung Improvement
Programme of Jakarta, enacted by Ali Sadikin, the governor of Jakarta (19661977), was a success; the program
won the Aga Khan Award for architecture in 1980. Sadikin was also responsible for rehabilitating public services,
banning rickshaws, and clearing out "slum dwellers" and "street peddlers". Despite the perceived success of this
policy, it was discontinued for its over-emphasis upon the improvement of only physical infrastructure.
Recent urban development (1980spresent)
During the 1980s, smaller land sites were acquired for high-rise projects, while larger parcels of land were
subdivided for low-key projects, such as the building of new shophouses. This period also saw the removal of
kampongs from the inner-city areas and the destruction of many historical buildings. One infamous case was the
demolition of the Society of Harmonie and the subsequent construction of a parking lot.The period between the late-1980s and the mid-1990s saw a massive increase in foreign investment as Jakarta
became the focus of a real estate boom. The investment of overseas capital into joint-venture property and
construction projects with local developers brought many foreign architects into Indonesia. However, unlike the
Dutch architects of the 1930s, many of these expatriate architects were unfamiliar with the tropics, while their local
partners had received similarly Modernist architectural training. As a result, downtown areas in Jakarta gradually
resembled those of the large Western cities; and often at a high environmental cost: high-rise buildings consume
huge amounts of energy in terms of air-conditioning and other services.
The economic boom period of Jakarta ended abruptly in the 1997 Asian financial crisis and many projects were left
abandoned. The city became a center of violence, protest, and political maneuvering, as long-time president, Suharto,
began to lose his grip on power. Tensions reached a peak in May 1998, when four students were shot dead at Trisakti
University by security forces; four days of riots ensued, resulting in damage to, or destruction of, an estimated 6,000
buildings, and the loss of 1,200 lives. The Chinese of the Glodok district were severely affected during the riot
period and accounts of rape and murder later emerged. In the following years, including several terms of ineffective
Presidents, Jakarta was a center of popular protest and national political instability, including a number of Jemaah
Islamiyah-connected bombings.
Since the turn of the century, the people of Jakarta have witnessed a period of political stability and prosperity, along
with another construction boom.
Notes and references[1] See also Perfected Spelling System as well as Wikipedia:WikiProject Indonesia/Naming conventions
[2] Indonesian alphabet, pronunciation and language (http://www.omniglot. com/writing/indonesian. htm). Omniglot.com. Retrieved on
2013-07-16.
[3] Lesson: Old Indonesian Spellings (http://www.studyindonesian. com/lessons/oldspellings/). StudyIndonesian. Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
[4] Bujangga Manik Manuscript which are now located at the Bodleian Library of Oxford University in England, and travel records by Prince
Bujangga Manik.()
[5] Ricklefs, Merle Calvin. (1993).A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, p. 29.
[6] Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia Brill Online (http://www.
kitlv-journals.nl/index. php/btlv/article/viewFile/5535/6302). Kitlv-journals.nl. Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
[7] Witton, Patrick (2003).Indonesia, p. 101. (http://books. google. com/books?id=eoMYUd6FsSkC& pg=PA897& dq=Indonesia+ lonely+
planet+ &+Patrick+Witton&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPA101,M1)
[8][8] Oosthoek's Gellustreerde Encyclopaedie (1917)[9] Teeuwen, DirkRendez Vous Batavia (Rotterdam, 2007) (http://www.rendez-vous-batavia. nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa. pdf)
[10][10] GEDENKBOEK, Staatsspoor en Tremwegen in Nederlandsch Indie 1875-1925
http://books.google.com/books?id=eoMYUd6FsSkC&pg=PA897&dq=Indonesia+lonely+planet+%26+Patrick+Witton&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPA101,M1http://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa.pdfhttp://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa.pdfhttp://books.google.com/books?id=eoMYUd6FsSkC&pg=PA897&dq=Indonesia+lonely+planet+%26+Patrick+Witton&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPA101,M1http://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa.pdfhttp://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/photogallery/sunda-k/sunda-kelapa.pdfhttp://books.google.com/books?id=eoMYUd6FsSkC&pg=PA897&dq=Indonesia+lonely+planet+%26+Patrick+Witton&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPA101,M1http://books.google.com/books?id=eoMYUd6FsSkC&pg=PA897&dq=Indonesia+lonely+planet+%26+Patrick+Witton&lr=&client=firefox-a#PPA101,M1http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/article/viewFile/5535/6302http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/article/viewFile/5535/6302http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodleian_Libraryhttp://www.studyindonesian.com/lessons/oldspellings/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/indonesian.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiProject_Indonesia/Naming_conventionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfected_Spelling_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jemaah_Islamiyahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jemaah_Islamiyahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trisakti_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trisakti_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trisakti_shootingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suhartohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_Asian_financial_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_colonial_buildings_and_structures_in_Jakarta%23Colonialism_%E2%80%93_late_18th_century_to_1870http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture%23First_%281978-1980%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Sadikin -
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History of Jakarta 11
[11] Teeuwen, DirkRendez Vous Batavia From horsepower to electrification. Tramways in Batavia-Jakarta, 18691962. (Rotterdam, 2007)
(http://www.rendez-vous-batavia. nl/colonial_institutions/passenger-transportation-services/tram-batavia.pdf)
[12] Schoppert, Peter et al. (1997).Java Style, p. _.
Further reading
Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993),A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, Stanford: Stanford University Press,
ISBN 0-8047-2194-7.
Schoppert, Peter; Damais, Soedarmadji & Sosrowardoyo, Tara (1998),Java Style, Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing,
ISBN 962-593-232-1.
Witton, Patrick (2003),Indonesia, Melbourne: Lonely Planet, ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
External links
Pictures and Map from 1733 (http://gauss.suub.uni-bremen.de/suub/hist/servlet/servlet.hmap?id=248214)
(Homannische Erben, Nuernberg-Germany)
http://gauss.suub.uni-bremen.de/suub/hist/servlet/servlet.hmap?id=248214http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1-74059-154-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/962-593-232-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8047-2194-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.rendez-vous-batavia.nl/colonial_institutions/passenger-transportation-services/tram-batavia.pdf -
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Article Sources and Contributors 12
Article Sources and ContributorsHistory of Jakarta Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=583636778 Contributors: Afasmit, Agent 78787, Anotherclown, Aristophanes68, Arsonal, Bender235, Bkonrad, Bruce
Hall, CalicoCatLover, Chovin, Chris the speller, Ciserayu, Colonies Chris, Compfreak7, Crisco 1492, Crysb, Dave w74, Davidelit, DeVerm, Dekimasu, Delusion23, Denisarona, Doryofcastile,
Editfromwithout, Elekhh, English Bobby, Enkyo2, Eyesnore, Faizan, Fentener van Vlissingen, Frietjes, Funandtrvl, Gamgee, Giraffedata, Gunkarta, Hibernian, Hmains, HuskyHuskie, Insanity
Incarnate, Iridescent, Jackson Square, JamesAM, JdH, Jondel, Jusses2, KARL RAN, Kembangraps, Kintetsubuffalo, Kunderemp, LeoNomis, M.Satria Wirayudha, M2545, Mcoupal, Merbabu,
Michael Bednarek, Migvazaf, Miranche, Nikevich, Omnipaedista, Patrick, Per Honor et Gloria, PhnomPencil, PlaysInPeoria, Pomodoro Grasso, Prairielad4, Rochelimit, SatuSuro, SchreiberBike,
SelfQ, Senator Palpatine, Soulparadox, Speaker to Lampposts, Speednat, Sun Creator, TheGeekHead, Toussaint, Tucoxn, Wikitza, Woohookitty, 51 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Ville de Batavia c1780.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ville_de_Batavia_c1780.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: FA2010, Fluffystar
File:Padrao sunda kelapa.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Padrao_sunda_kelapa.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Original uploader was Hadiyana at
id.wikipedia
File:Iacatra year 1605-1608 drawn1675-1725.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Iacatra_year_1605-1608_drawn1675-1725.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors:
anonymous
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kaart voorstellende het Kasteel en de Stad Batavia in het jaar 1667 TMnr 496-2.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kaart_voorstellende_het_Kasteel_en_de_Stad_Batavia_in_het_jaar_1667_TMnr_496-2.jpg License: unknown
Contributors: -
File:Wapen-Batavia.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wapen-Batavia.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dutch Gouvernment. (Original uploader was Ron4 at
nl.wikipedia)
File:Siege of Batavia 1628.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Siege_of_Batavia_1628.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors: unknown
File:Balinese slave in Batavia in 1700 from Cornelis de Bruin Voyages de Corneille le Brun 1718.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Balinese_slave_in_Batavia_in_1700_from_Cornelis_de_Bruin_Voyages_de_Corneille_le_Brun_1718.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors:
Bennylin, Kilom691, Vincent Steenberg, World Imaging
File:Tableau de la Partie de Batavia, ou s'est fait proprement le terrible Massacre des Chinois, le 9 Octob. 1740.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tableau_de_la_Partie_de_Batavia,_ou_s'est_fait_proprement_le_terrible_Massacre_des_Chinois,_le_9_Octob._1740.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: (this etch) (original)
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een slavin (bediende) in Batavia TMnr 1574-23.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_slavin_(bediende)_in_Batavia_TMnr_1574-23.jpg License: unknown Contributors: 2 anonymous edits
File:Batavia-Wikipedia.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Batavia-Wikipedia.JPGLicense: Public Domain Contributors: Eduard Selberg (1878) Original uploader
was Geoethno at de.wikipedia
File:Batavia 1897.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Batavia_1897.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Elekhh, Fentener van Vlissingen, Hullie, Humboldt, 1
anonymous edits
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Schets van de Japanse intocht in Batavia zoals de Japanners het zich voorstelden TMnr 10001766.jpg Source:
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License: unknown Contributors: Bdk, Docu, Humboldt, Oaktree b
File:Indonesian flag raised 17 August 1945.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpgLicense: Public Domain Contributors:
Frans Mendur (also Frans Mendoer)
File:Merdeka Square Monas 02.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Merdeka_Square_Monas_02.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: Gunawan Kartapranata
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/