history and development of tourism ( sejarah dan perkembangan pariwisata) week 2

History and Development of Tourism (Sejarah dan Perkembangan Pariwisata)

Week 2

Matakuliah : V0162 - Pengantar Industri Hospitality dan PariwisataTahun : 2008

Bina Nusantara HO@0808

Subject

• Early beginning (Asal-usul pariwisata)• Early (and later) tourist attractions (Asal mula atraksi wisata) • The first travel agent (Agen perjalanan pertama)• Early transportation (Asal mula transportasi)• Accommodation (Akomodasi)• Past, present and future trends in the travel industry (Trend industri pariwisata: dulu, kini dan masa depan)


History and Development of Tourism Week 2

Objectives:On completion of this lesson, the students will

be able to explain the long haul travel via land

and sea in the early beginnings, and to explain the evolution of traveling ( from the individual travel to mass travel)


History of TourismWeek 2

• In the olden days there was already some travel, but the volume was very small and entirely was purposeful (for serious purposes: war, pilgrimage, trade)

• Travel for recreation is a recent invention• In the medieval period (about 1000 AD to 1400 AD)

most population lived in agricultural communities; they were static – rarely moved from their dwelling places



• In the 18th century, with the beginning of the industrial revolution, when industry started to develop rapidly, the rich elite class alone enjoyed travel and leisure, while the workers always stayed with their works.

• As industrialization got underway and population and wealth grew, tourism expanded. It was stimulated by leisure time, money and interest (the principal determinants of demand for leisure travel)



• The further tourism development was greatly influenced by the improvements in transport which ensured cheap and safe travel and reduction in journey time.


Early BeginningsWeek 2

• The invention of money (facilitating business transactions), and the wheel by the Sumerians (Mesopotamia, Babylonia) as well as the cruise conducted from Egypt and the concept of guide created by the Egyptians, all occurred about 5000 years ago, mark the beginning of documented travel beginnings.


Early Tourist AttractionsWeek 2

• Since the ancient times, sightseeing has always been the major activity in tourism.

• Tourists in those times traveled by land or by sea to far-away places to enjoy tourist attractions, which mostly constitute temples and monuments which now, a few of them, are listed as the great wonders of the world



• The pyramids (the burial tombs) in Egypt were the earliest outdoor great wonder in the world. They were built by pharaohs beginning in 2700 BC, by using the abundant stone in the Nile.



• The other wonders of the ancient world include:– The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (now Iraq)– The Tomb of Mausolus of Halicarnus (now

Turkey)– The Statue of Zeus at Olympia in Greece– The Colossus of Rhodesian in the Rhodes

Island, Greece– The Great Lighthouse (Pharos) in

Alexandria, Egypt– The Temple of Artemis (Temple of Diana at

Ephesus in Greece) – (now Turkey)


GamesWeek 2

• Beginning in 776 BC, citizens of the countries of the Mediterranian Sea come together every 4 years to the Olympic Games in Athens to honor Zeus through athetic competition.

• Besides the Olympic Games there were other great festivals such as Pythian Games, Isthmian Games and Nemean Games.


Spas, Baths, Seaside ResortsWeek 2

• Spas were first created by the Romans • In the 18th century spas were much frequented by

members of high society.• They were designed not only for their creative aspects

but also for social events.• Spas were designed and organized to be not only as

health centers but also as social resorts where the rich enjoyed entertainments, games, dancing and gambling.


Spas, Baths, Seaside ResortsWeek 2

• Sea bathing were also popular. Visitors to these sea resorts were still limited to those with considerable means.

• They visited the sea resorts for their therapeutic value. Besides sea resorts they also visited places where mineral springs were known to exist.


Early TransportationWeek 2

Early Roads• In Persia (now Iran) first road were

constructed between 500 and 400 BC, to connect cities and provinces to the capital. One of the roads was 1,500 miles long.

• In India well developed roads were constructed in 300 BC.

• The Romans started building elaborate roads in 150 BC, The Romans Roads comprised a network of 50,000 miles, extending from Scotland and Germany in the north to Egypt and other countries along the southern shores of the Mediterranian Sea.



Early Roads• The early roads were mainly used by

the military, government officials and caravans (merchants and pilgrims).

• Later, roads were also used by tourists who journeyed to see temples and monuments, like pyramids in Egypt, and other tourist attractions.



Early Ships and Water Excursion• The Phoenicians (Phoenix, now Lebanon) were the

first creators of the maritime power. They built ships and in 800 BC they had already built a network of trading posts around the Mediterranean.

• They acted as middlemen for their neighbours, purveying raw materials and finished goods from/ to Egypt, Nubia, Sardinia, Sicily, the East and their homeland.



Early Ships and Water Excursion• The Greeks followed the Phoenicians in becoming

great sea traders. They improved ships, accellerating the Mediterranean trade and carrying passengers.

• With the invention of steamboats in the early 19th century, steamboat excursions were established.

• By 1815 steamboats were playing the Avons and the Thames carrying passengers on excursion trips from London.



Rail Travel• Railways were first built in England in 1825 and

began carrying passengers from Liverpool to Manchester in 1830.

• The fare was only 1 penny per mile (=1.6 km) and the speed was 18 miles (=29 km) per hour. It is cheaper and faster than the stagecoach, therefore rail travel created a great demand.

• It was quickly and widely excepted even by those with low income.



Rail Travel• Railways expanded rapidly in Britain, in the rest of

Europe and in North America. Between 1826 and 1840 the first railroads were built in the United States.

• In 1841 Thomas Cook introduced the first railway excursion trips in England.



Automobile and Motorcoach Travel• In 1908 Henry Ford, US automobile manufacturer,

introduced his famous model T, marking the entry of automobiles into the travel scene.

• It revolutionized travel in the country, creating a demand for better roads. Shortly, it achieved dominance in the travel industry. It is now the mode of travel for about 80% of all trips.



Air Travel• Airplane’s first flight took place in 1903 at Kitty

Hawk, North Carolina, US (by the Wright Brothers)• Nearly 16 years later regular scheduled air service

began in Germany, conducted by the German airline, now known as Deutsche Lufthansa, one of the major international airlines.



Air Travel• In the US, the first airplane’s regular flight was made by

Varner Airlines in 1926. Eleven days later Western Airlines began service.

• Later, Varner merged with 3 other airlines to form United Airlines. All these lines only provided scheduled airmail services.

• At first, only one passenger was allowed to be carried in addition to the mail, if the weight limitations permitted.



Air Travel• The first international mail route was flown by Pan

American Airways from Florida to Havana in October 28, 1927.

• The trip took 1 hour 10 minutes, • Pan Am flew the first passengers on the same

route one year later; the fair was $50 each way.


The First Travel AgentsWeek 2

• In 1822, Robert Smart of Bristol, England announced himself as the first steamship agent. He book passengers on steamers to various parts along Bristol Channel and to Dublin, Ireland.

• In 1841, Thomas Cook introduced the first package tours (train excursion) from Leicester to Loughborough (England). He is recognized as the first railway excurtion agent.

• Cook’s company grew rapidly; it provided escorted tours to the Continent and later to the US and around the world.


The First Travel AgentsWeek 2

• Cook pioneered the supply of the “whole travel package”, covering transport, accommodation and activity at a desired destination.

• He was the agent of principle suppliers of transport, accommodation and attractions.

• He offered packaged group tours as well as individual inclusive tours.

• He published tour guidebooks that were highly valued.• Thomas Cook continues to be one of the world’s largest

travel organizations.


Early Days AccommodationWeek 2

• Cook pioneered the supply of the “whole travel package”, covering transport, accommodation and activity at a desired destination.

• He was the agent of principle suppliers of transport, accommodation and attractions.

• He offered packaged group tours as well as individual inclusive tours.

• He published tour guidebooks that were highly valued.• Thomas Cook continues to be one of the world’s largest

travel organizations.


The Early Days’ AccommodationWeek 2

• By 2000 BC there were already inns and taverns in the Middle East and the Orient (South East Asia, Central Asia).

• A considerable amount of trade had developed among people in these regions.

• Many of them earned their living from trade.• On their long distance business trips they needed

places to rest, eat and stay.



• In the 1800s in the US, many city residents who could not afford private homes lived in hotels that were located near the places where they worked or had businesses.

• Many hotels were occupied by permanent residents. They were no apartments as we know them today.

• In those days, hotels were the finest and most splendid structure in the cities. In big cities hotels featured such amenities as barbershops, libraries, billiard rooms, hair salons, ticket offices, florists, massage and even 24-hour dining service.



• Hotels became social centers, the setting for banquets, dances and political events. They were, hence, dubbed “Palace of the Public”. They became self-sufficient cities within cities.

• The first truly grand luxurious hotel in America was the Tremond Hotel in Boston. It was opened in October 1829. It was the first hotel to have: bellboys, front desk clerks, carpeted lobby and restaurant, inside toilets, and washbowls and pitcher in rooms.

• It was 3 stories high and had 170 guest rooms.



• In Europe, hotels developed faster. Luxury hotels were found more in Europe than in the US during the 19th century.

• There were Grand Hotel in Rome, the Ritz in Paris and the Savoy in London.

• In the US the first luxury hotel was Waldorf in New York City, built by the end of the 19th century. It design and amenities copied those of the European hotels.

• In the early 20th century a typical luxury hotel offered amenities such as steam heat, electric call bells and bath and closet on every floor.

• In 1934, the Statler Hotel in Detroit had central air-conditioning for every public room.


THANK YOU AND HAVE A GOOD DAY

history and development of tourism ( sejarah dan perkembangan pariwisata) week 2

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