evolusi dan perubahan ekosistem

8/17/2019 Evolusi Dan Perubahan Ekosistem

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2/18

KO1EVOLUSI

!!%!h e$#,!h!n (e.o%#si) !! o,e' ,io%o&is *!n& i4e"#s'!n o%eh e$#,!h!n (e.o%#si) !!

o,e' %!in *!n& ,e$'!i"!n en&!nn*!/:on"oh

P!! "in&'!" sesies e.o%#si se4ies in!n& en&!n !$!si"n*!- e.o%#si +!n&s! en&!n

$e!"o$n*! 56 '$n !! in"e$!'si (f!'"o$ ,io%o&is) D!%!+ ,!n*!' '!s#s se$in&'!%i "i!' e%!s- '$ns#!"# sesies !!" ,e$e.o%#si se,!&!i $eson !$i "e'!n!n se%e'si !$i ,!n*!' sesies %!inn*!-

!n "i!1"i! sesies %!inn*! #&! ,e$e.o%#si +e$eson ,!n*!' sesies %!inn*! #%! 56

koevolusi baur/

Pe$'e+,!n&!n !n E.o%#si E'osis"e+

;In&!" "e$,en"#'n*! e'osis"e+<

;Pe$'e+,!n&!n e'osis"e+ (s#'sesi e'o%o&is) !!%!h e$#,!h!n !%!+ s"$#'"#$ sesies !n

$oses 'o+#ni"!s *!n& ,e$!%!n en&!n !'"# !n $oses *!n& "e$!i se%!+! e$!%!n!n !'"# s!+!i !! s!!" 'e!!!n e'osis"e+ "e$!'hi$ !! s!!" ini (e$&!n"i!n !n"!$ s!"# 'o+#ni"!s

en&!n 'o+#ni"!s *!n& %!in) D!!" i,e!'!n

Suksesi otogenik =i'! e$#,!h!n s#'sesion!% i"en"#'!n "e$#"!+! o%eh 'o1!'si in"e$n!% ($oses1 $oses ,io"i' !%!+ e'osis"e+)

Suksesi allogenik =i'! 'e'#!"!n %#!$ (+is!%n*! ,!!i- !i) se4!$! $e%e$ +e+en&!$#hi !"!#+en&on"$o% e$#,!h!n

Pengaruh allogenik versus otogenik =i'! efe' $oses !%%o&eni' se4!$! 'onsis"en +e%e,ihi $oses o"o&eni'- see$"i !%!+ '!s#s ,!n*!' 'o%!+- +!'! e'osis"e+ ,#'!n h!n*! "i!' !!"

s"!,i%- ,!h'!n e'osis"e+ !'!n #n!h o%eh en&isi!n ,!h!n o$&!ni' !n sei+en- *!n& 'e+#i!n

,e$#,!h +en!i "!n!h ,e$%#+#$ !"!# s#!"# 'o+#ni"!s "e$$es"$i!%/

Ke"i'! s#!"# "e$i"o$i ,!$# i,#'! !"!# si! #n"#' i"e+!"i ('o%onis!si)- +is!%n*! ses#!h ,!ni$%!h!$- %!!n& *!n& i"in&&!%'!n- !"!# &en!n&!n !i$ ,!$#- s#'sesi o"o&eni' ,i!s!n*! i+#%!i

en&!n s#!"# +e"!,o%is+e 'o+#ni"!s *!n& "i!' sei+,!n&> i+!n! $o#'si '!s!$ (P) +#n&'in

%e,ih ,es!$ !"!# %e,ih 'e4i% !$i!! $esi$!si (R)- *!n& #n"#' $oses se%!n#"n*! +en## 'onisi*!n& %e,ih sei+,!n& (P 5 R)/

Kese%#$#h!n e$e"!n 'o+#ni"!s i+!n! *!n& s!"# +en&&!n"i'!n *!n& %!in !%!+ s!"# !$e!"e$"en"# ise,#" sere. Ko+#ni"!s1'o+#ni"!s *!n& $e%!"if se+en"!$! !n ,e$!&!+ ise,#" tahap

seral !"!# "!h! e$'e+,!n&!n !"!# "!h! ione$/ U#n& !'hi$ *!n& s"!,i% ise,#" klimaks- *!n&

,e$%!n&s#n& %!+! s!+!i !"!n&n*! en&!$#h *!n& +en&&!n&/

=!i- Ko+#ni"!s !'hi$ !"!# s"!,i% !%!+ s#!"# se$e !!%!h komunitas klimaks/ D!%!+ "eo$i-

'o+#ni"!s '%i+!'s !!%!h +!ni$i '!$en! i! ,e$!! !%!+ 'esei+,!n&!n en&!n i$in*! seni$i!n en&!n h!,i"!" fisi'/

e$&!n"i!n enis1enis !%!+ se$e "e$!i se,!, o#%!si1o#%!si 4en$#n& +en,!h %in&'#n&!nfisi'n*!- +e+,#!" 'e!!!n *!n& ,!i' #n"#' o#%!si1o#%!si %!inn*! s!+!i 'esei+,!n&!n

!n"!$! ,io"i' !n !,io"i4 "e$4!!i/


3/18

Be$!s!$'!n 'e!!!n !!% "e+!" ,e$%!n&s#n&n*! s#'sesi- s#'sesi !!" i,e!'!n !%!+ >

1. Suksesi Primer s#'sesi *!n& ,e$%!n&s#n& !! s#,s"$!" *!n& se,e%#+n*! "i!' ih#ni o%ehs#!"# 'o+#ni"!s- +is!%n*! !$#s %!.!/

2. Suksesi Sekunder s#'sesi *!n& ,e$%!n&s#n& !! "e+!" *!n& se,e%#+n*! e$n!h ih#ni

o%eh s#!"# 'o+#ni"!s- +is!%n*! h#"!n "e,!n&!n- e$%!!n&!n ,e$in!h/;Pe$#,!h!n 'o+osisi sesies f%o$! ise,#" floristik beranting- se!n&'!n !! he!n ise,#"

faunistik beranting/

L!h!n 'oson& 56 se"e%!h !n&'! !'"# "e$"en"# !!" i"#+,#hi !n 'e+#i!n 'o+#ni"!s

"#+,#h!n "e$se,#" !!" #%! i&!n"i'!n o%eh "#+,#h1"#+,#h!n *!n& %!in/ Pe$&!n"i!n ini !'!n

sen!n"i!s! ,e$%!n&s#n& se4!$! "e$#s +ene$#s s!+!i !'hi$n*! "e$!!" s#!"# 'o+#ni"!s"#+,#h!n *!n& i!!"i !! 'e!!!n e'osis"e+ *!n& "e$!'hi$ *!n& s"!,i%

('%i+!'s)/ 56 S#'sesi $i+e$ !"!# se'#ne$ ?

Proses Suksesi (Hipotesis):

/ Pe$#,!h!n *!n& "e$!"#$ !%!+ 'o+#ni"!s- *!'ni s#!"# sesies *!n& s!"# +en&&!n"i'!nsesies *!n& %!in '!$en! "i! "!h! sesies +e+oifi'!si %in&'#n&!n sehin&&! '#$!n&

4o4o' ,!&i i$in*! seni$i "e"!i %e,ih 4o4o' ,!&i sesies %!in 56 s#'sesi ,e$!%!n

"e$!$!h- e$'e+,!n&!n 'o+#ni"!s ,e$"in&'!" !$i 'o+#ni"!s ionee$ s!+!i !!'%i+!'s

2/ S#'sesi se4!$! he"e$o&en '!$en! e$'e+,!n&!n i s#!"# !e$!h ,e$&!n"#n& 'e!!

si!! *!n& s!+!i i s!n! e$"!+! '!%i/ Pe$&!n"i!n sesies "i!' e$%# "e$!"#$ '!$en!+!sin&1+!sin& sesies +en4o,! #n"#' +en&h!%!# !"!# +ene'!n sesies ,!$# *!n&

!"!n& +!'! s#'sesi +en!i %e,ih ,e$sif!" ini.i#!% !n '#$!n& !!" ie$'i$!'!n

'!$en! 'o+#ni"!s "i!' se%!%# +en4!!i '%i+!'s 56 $oses !'!n "e$#s ,e$%!n#" s!+!i'%i+!'s/

:!"!"!n;=i'! "i!' "e$!i &!n&!n- s#!"# e'osis"e+ *!n& ,e%#+ +en4!!i '%i+!'s !'!n "e$#s

,e$'e+,!n& hin&&! +!+# +en4!!i 'e!!!n '%i+!'s/

;=i'! s#!h !%!+ 'e!!!n '%i+!'s- e'osis"e+ !'!n ,e$#s!h! #n"#' +e+e$"!h!n'!n

'e!!!nn*! !%!+ 'e!!!n o"i+!% !!%!&i "!n! !!n*! &!n&!n/ P$oses *!n& !! 4ene$#n&

,e$f#n&si !%!+ $e%!si !n ho+eos"!sis (#n"#' +e+e$"!h!n'!n 'esei+,!n&!n *!n& !!)/Te"!i- 'e!!!n see$"i ini "i!' !'!n ,e$"!h!n %!+! '!$en! e'osis"e+ *!n& 4ene$#n& in!+is

!'!n "e$#s ,e$#,!h1#,!h/ =i'! s!"# f!'"o$ ,e$#,!h- +!'! f!'"o$ %!in !!" ,e$#,!h/

Konisi e'osis"e+ i +!s!1+!s! +en!"!n& i#&! ,e$!! !%!+ #! 'onisi *!n& ,e$,e! ,is!

+e+,en"#' 'e!!!n '%i+!'s !!,i%! e'osis"e+ "i!' +en&!%!+i 'e$#s!'!n '!$en! !!n*!


4/18

&!n&!n1&!n&!n> !"!#- !!" #%! e'osis"e+ ini +e+,en"#' 'e!!!n *!n& i!%!+n*!

"e$!!" $oses s#'sesi !"!# ,!h'!n hi%!n& (+#sn!h) '!$en! !!n*! &!n&!n1&!n&!n- see$"i

,en4!n! !%!+ !n !'"i.i"!s +!n#si! *!n& +e$#s!' !%!+/

Pe$%# iin&!"


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se,!&!i 'o+onen se%e'si #n"#' sesies %!in- !n !!"!si e$%!!n!n !$i sesies 'e#!

*!n& "i+,#% se,!&!i $eson en&!$#h se%e'si *!n& i"i+,#%'!n o%eh sesies e$"!+!/

• ;Koe.o%#si se4!$! in"ensif ie%!!$i !%!+ h#,#n&!n $e!"o$1$e* !n si+,iosis *!n&

+e$#!'!n h#,#n&!n !n"!$o#%!si +!'h%#' hi# !%!+ 'o+#ni"!s/

;D!%!+ !$"i!n "e$%#!s- 'oe.o%#si !!%!h e$#,!h!n !! o,e' ,io%o&is *!n& i4e"#s'!n o%eh

e$#,!h!n !! o,e' %!in *!n& ,e$'!i"!n en&!nn*!

en&!nn*!/ Ti!1"i! ih!' !%!+ s#!"# h#,#n&!n e.o%#sione$ +e+,e$i'!n "e'!n!n se%e'si'e!! ih!' %!inn*!- sehin&&! +e+en&!$#hi e.o%#si ih!' %!in "e$se,#"/

P$insi 'o1e.o%#si

5 M!h%#' hi# !'!n se+!'si+!% +#&'in +en&e's%oi"!si %in&'#n&!n 'ehi#!nn*!/

S*!$!" "e$!in*! 'oe.o%#si !!%!h !!n*! o%!1o%! h#,#n&!n !n"!$! sesies s!"# en&!n sesies

*!n& %!in !%!+ 'o+#ni"!s//8#,#n&!n !n"!$! sesies ini !'!n +e+#n4#%'!n "ie1"ie !!"!si *!n& +e$#!'!n "!n!

"e$!in*! 'oe.o%#si/

S#!"# sesies !!" ,e$e.o%#si se,!&!i $eson !$i "e'!n!n se%e'si !$i ,!n*!' sesies %!inn*!-!n "i!1"i! sesies %!inn*! #&! ,e$e.o%#si +e$eson ,!n*!' sesies %!inn*! #%!/

;Sesies +e$#!'!n ,!&i!n !$i o#%!si *!n& e'! "e$h!! e$#,!h!n e'o%o&is 56 e$#,!h!n

&ene"i' *!n& 'e4i% !! o#%!si *!n& +enn"#n&'!n s!"# s!+! %!inn*! 56 Ke#n"#n&!n *!n&i!!"'!n +e+,e$i'!n 'ese+!"!n *!n& %e,ih ,es!$ !&!$ '!$!'"e$is"i' ini i!$is'!n 'e!!

&ene$!si se%!n#"n*!/

56 Sei$in& en&!n ,e$!%!nn*! !'"#- +#"!si *!n& ,e$'e%!n#"!n+en4i"!'!n h#,#n&!n *!n& 'i"! !n"!# se'!$!n&/

:on"oh14on"oh 'o1e.o%#si

;8#,#n&!n !n"!$! Pseudomyrmex (seenis se+#") en&!n "#+,#h!n !'!si!/ Se+#" +en&n!'!n

"#+,#h!n ini se,!&!i "e+!" ,e$%in#n& !n s#+,e$ +!'!n!n/ 8#,#n&!n !n"!$ #! o$&!nis+eini s!n&!" e'!" sehin&&! +en*e,!,'!n e.o%#si s"$#'"#$ !n e$i%!'# 'h#s#s !! 'e#!

o$&!nis+e/ Se+#" +e%in#n&i ohon !'!si! !$i he!n he$,i.o$! !n +e+,e$sih'!n "!n!h h#"!n

!$i ,enih "#+,#h!n s!in&!n/ Se,!&!i &!n"in*!- "#+,#h!n +e+#n*!i s"$#'"#$ #$i *!n&

+e+,es!$ *!n& !!" in!'!n o%eh se+#" se,!&!i "e+!" e$%in#n&!n !n s#+,e$ +!'!n!n'e"i'! "#+,#h!n "e$se,#" ,e$,#n&!/

Hubungan antara populasi tumbuhan Passiflora dengan serangga herbivora kupu!kupu

Heliconius/ Un"#' +e%in#n&i i$i !$i %!$.! Heliconius- !#n +#! !n "#n!s "#+,#h!n Passiflora +en&h!si%'!n !" $!4#n/ Te$n*!"! %!$.! Heliconius +!+# +eno%e$!nsi !" !hi" ini

en&!n eni+ e+e4!h !" $!4#n "e$se,#"/ 56 #daptasi balik dari Passiflora +e+,e$i +!'!n

,!&i se$!n&&! enis ini !n +e+,e$i "e+!" #n"#' ,e$"e%#$- "e"!i ,in"i' !#n Passiflora


6/18

+en&!n#n& ne'"!$ *!n& +enn!n& se$!n&&! %!in *!n& se'!%is se,!&!i $e!"o$ Heliconius/

A'i,!" !!n*! 'o+e"isi7$e!si- !n4!+!n Heliconius "e$h!! Passiflora sei'i" "e$'#$!n&i/

$i daerah sekitar %erapi.

Pada saat %erapi meletus &' rusakna segala sesuatu ang ada di sekitar %erapi

termasuk matina hean dan tumbuhan ang ada di sekitarna.

$alam *angka aktu tertentu materi vulkanik dari %erapi akan terurai di dalam tanah

hingga menebabkan tanah di sekitar %erapi men*adi subur &' menguntungkan bagi

pertumbuhan tanaman terutama tanaman perkebunan seperti saur!sauran &' Produk

lebih berkualitas.

&' dengan adana tumbuhan ang tumbuh dengan lebih baik akan membuat hean!

hean ang ada di sekitarna *uga berkembang dengan baik (+etersediaan makanan ang

melimpah membuat hean!hean tersebut dapat hidup dengan baik) &' mun,ul varietas2

g lebih unggul drpd varietas sebelumna &' hasil pertanian-perkebunan lebih ,!i' 56'ehi#!n +!s*!$!'!" %e,ih se!h"e$!

S#'sesi Me$!i


7/18


8/18


9/18

Pe$#,!h!n +#si+!n


10/18


11/18


12/18

EVOLUSI BIOSCER

;iosfer !!%!h ,!&i!n %#!$ !$i %!ne" ,#+i- +en4!'# #!$!- !$!"!n- !n !i$- *!n&+e+#n&'in'!n 'ehi#!n !n $oses ,io"i' ,e$%!n&s#n&/

;D!%!+ en&e$"i!n %#!s- biosfer !!%!h sis"e+ e'o%o&is &%o,!% *!n& +en*!"#'!n se%#$#h

+!'h%#' hi# !n h#,#n&!n !n"!$+e$e'!- "e$+!s#' in"e$!'sin*! en&!n #ns#$ %i"osfe$ (,!"#!n)-

hi$osfe$ (!i$)- !n !"+osfe$ (#!$!) ,#+i/


13/18

;B#+i hin&&! se'!$!n& !!%!h s!"#1s!"#n*! "e+!" *!n& i'e"!h#i *!n& +en#'#n& 'ehi#!n/

Biosfe$ i!n&&! "e%!h ,e$%!n&s#n& se%!+! se'i"!$ 3- +i%i!$ "!h#n !$i @- +i%i!$ "!h#n #si!

,#+i

B#+i "e+!" hi# +!n#si! "e$s#s#n !"!s +!"e$i !!"- 4!i$- !n &!s/ Te$!in*! 'ehi#!n i

,#+i en&!n sfi$1sfi$ 'e+#i!n +e+,en"#' e'osis"e+ i ,#+i 56 in*!"!'!n se,!&!i ,iosfe$/

O$&!nis+e i ,#+i " i'e%o+o''!n +en!i

/fo"o!#"o"$of

2/fo"ohe"e$o"$of

3/ 'e+o!#"o"$of

@/'e+ohe"e$o"$of

/os+o"$of-

F/f!&o"$of

/,io"$of

H/ s!$o"$of

9/s!$o"$of o,%i&!"

0/ ne4"o"$of o,%i&!"

/ ne4"o"$of f!'#%"!"if

2/,io"$of f!'#%"!"if

3/ ,io"$of o,%i&!"

@/!e$o,

/ !n!e$o,F/!n!e$o, f!'#%"!"if

O$&!nis+e i ,#+i " i'e%o+o''!n +en!i/fo"o!#"o"$of

2/fo"ohe"e$o"$of

3/ 'e+o!#"o"$of

@/'e+ohe"e$o"$of

/os+o"$of-

F/f!&o"$of

/,io"$ofH/ s!$o"$of

9/s!$o"$of o,%i&!"

0/ ne4"o"$of o,%i&!"

/ ne4"o"$of f!'#%"!"if

2/,io"$of f!'#%"!"if

3/ ,io"$of o,%i&!"


14/18

@/!e$o,

/ !n!e$o,

F/!n!e$o, f!'#%"!"if

Si!! ione$ "e$,en"#'n*! ,iosfe$?

!!%!h o$&!nis+e kemoheterotrof /56 8!% ini '!$en! !! "!h! !!% ,#+i +e$#!'!n %!#"!n o$&!ni' !n en$!i!n +o%e'#%

o$&!ni' ini i%!'#'!n +e%!%#i $oses fe$+en"!si *!n& h!n*! +!+# i%!'#'!n o%eh o$&!nis+e

'e+ohe"e$o"$of/

T!h! e$'e+,!n&!n !!% 'o+onen ,io"i' ,iosfe$/Be$!!% !$i !"+osfe$ #$,! *!n& +en*e%i+#"i ,#+i- & 'o+osisi +e%i#"i +e"!n!-

h*$o&en- !++oni!- !n #! !i$/ P!! s!!" i"# h!n*! !! sin!$ +!"!h!$i/ 56 $e!'si 'i+i!i 56

ene$&i +!"!h!$i #ns#$2 "s, +o%e'#%1+o%e'#% o$&!ni' 'o+%e'/

2/Mo%e'#%2 'o+%e's *& "e$,en"#' "s,/ ,e$e%#!n& +e%!'#'!n e.o%#si +en!i +!'h%#' hi#-

"e"!i '!$en! '!%! i"# ,#+i +e$#!'!n %!#"!n o$&!ni'- +!'! h!n*! !!" i+!nf!!"'!n o%eh+!'h%#' hi# *!n& +!+# +en&h!si%'!n ene$&i +e%!%#i s#,s"$!" "e$se,#" (heterotrof primer)

3/Pe+e4!h!n +o%e'#% o$&!ni' o%eh heterotrof primer +e%i#"i $oses fe$+en"!si *!n& !'!n+en&h!si%'!n :O2 !"+osfe$ ien#hi :O2 !n +o%e'#% o$&!ni' ,e$'#$!n&/ K#!n"i"!s :O2*!n& +enin&'!" !n 'e%!n&'!!n +o%e'#% o$&!ni' ,e$en&!$#h !! !!"!si +!'h%#' hi#

sehin&&! +e+,e$i e%#!n& +!'h%#' autotrof *!n& +!+# +e+!nf!!"'!n :O2 #n"#' !si+i%!si

!"!# sin"esis & ene$&i sin!$ +!"!h!$i !n ih!si%'!n%!h O2/ Ke+#i!n "e$!i 'esei+,!n&!n!n"!$! O2 !n :O2 i !"+sfe$/ O2 *!n& ih!si%'!n "e$'onsen"$!si i !"+osfe$ +e+,en"#' oon

*!n& "i!' !!" i"e+,#s o%eh sin!$ UV s!+!i se'!$!n&/

@/Se+!'n ,!n*!'n*! O2 +e+,e$i'!n e%#!n& ,es!$ ,!&i +!'h%#' hi# se+!'in ,es!$ #n"#'

+e%!'#'!n

e+e4!h!n +o%e'#% o$&!ni' +#n4#%%!h +!'%#' aerobik /

/Se+!'in ,!n*!'n*! sin"esis !" o$&!ni' +eno$on& 'e+#n4#%!n +!'h%#' hi# *!n&

+e+!nf!!"'!n s#,s"$!" o$&!ni' #n"#' 'ehi#!nn*!/ A'hi$n*! +#n4#%%!h +!'h%#' hi# *!n&

+e%!'#'!n predatorisme !n simbiosis/ Ini%!h *!n& ise,#" se,!&!i heterotrof sekunder/


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Hubungan antara tahap!tahap perkembangan aal komponen biotik biosfer terhadap

perubahan sfir!sfir ang lain:

8e"e$o"$of Mo%e'#%2 o$&!ni'

'o+%e'

Ene$&i +!"!h!$iAtmosfer

purba,metana,hidrogen,

P$oses fe$+

O2 !n :O2

sei+,!n&

CO2 + Energi

matahari

O2

CO2 naik,

molekul

or anik turun

M#n4#% !#"o"$of

M#n4#% ,e$,!&!i

+!'h%#' *&

+e+!nf!!"'!n !"

o$&!ni' #"' hi#

(Heterotrof

sekunder)

$e!"o$is+e !n

si+,iosis

O2terkonsentrasidi atmosferOzon =>

Sin"esis !" o$&!ni'

s+'n "in&&i

unul aerobik !ehidupan smkn

berkembang


16/18

;Konisi !"+osfe$ *& sh 'on#sif #"' 'ehi#!n !n +#n4#%n*! +!'h%#' autotrof +eno$on& +#n4#%n*! +!'h%#' hi# heterotrof sekunder- +is!%n*! !+#$/ =!+#$ ini !'!n

+en&e%#!$'!n !s!+ #"' +e%!$#"'!n +ine$!% +e+e$4e!" e'o+osisi ,!"#1,!"#!n "e$,en"#' "!n!h/

;T!n!h ,ese$"! ,!"#1,!"#!n !n +ine$!%1+ine$!% %!in !'!n +e+,en"#' %!is!n $i,#!n +e"e$ i

!%!+ ,#+i 5 litosfer;A#"o"$of *!n& ,e$#! "#+,#h!n !'!n +e+en&!$#hi e$&e$!'!n !i$/ Pen!!n !i$ !$i !#n

#&! +e+en&!$#hi e$&e$!'!n !i$/ U! !i$ !'!n +en&!%!+i 'onens!si !n !"#h se,!&!i h#!n+en&!%i$ 'e s#n&!i- !n!#- %!#"- !n #&! +!s#' 'e !%!+ "!n!h- se!n&'!n se,!&i!n %!&i

+en! !$i

e$+#'!!n ,#+i 'e !"+osfe$ 'e+,!%i/ Si'%#s ini +e+,en"#' si'%#s !i$/ Si'%#s ini +en#n#''!n"e$,en"#'n*! hidrosfer.

;#tmosfer- litosfer- !n hidrosfer ,ese$"! 'ehi#!n i !%!+n*! +e$#!'!n 'es!"#!n *!n&

+e+,en"#' biosfer

Ko+onen ,io"i' *& !%in& o+in!n i ,iosfe$ ini !!%!h o$&!nis+e he"e$o"$of se'#ne$- '$n

o$&!nis+ ini +!+# hi# !n +en&h!si%'!n ene$&i !$i ,e$,!&!i s#+,e$56A! *!n& hi# en&!n ,e$&!n"#n& !! o$&!nis+e !#"o"$of (he$,i.o$!-ne'"o"$of-

+i'$o!eo$ofi%- %%)

A! *!n& hi# ,e$&!n"#n& !! o$&!nis+ he"e$o"$of se'#ne$ %!in( '!$ni.o$!)

A! *!n& ,e$&!"#n& !! 'e#!n*! *!'ni !! !#"o"$of !n he"e$o"$of(o+ni.o$!)-

A! *!n& hi# en&!n +en$!i'!n !n +e+!nf!!"'!n sen*!! o$&!ni' "#,#h o$&!nis+e ,!i' !#"o"$of +!##n he"e$o"of se'#ne$ *!n& "e%!h +!"i( e'o+ose$!+#$- ,!'"e$i)/

=#+%!h !$i 'ese%#$#h!n o$&!nis+e he"e$o"$of ini ie$'i$!'!n !#h %e,ih

,!n*!' i,!nin& #+%!h o$&!nis+ !#"o"$of *!n& !!

Biosfe$ sen!n"i!s! ,e$e.o%#si

;S#!"# ,iosfe$ !'!n "e$#s1+ene$#s +en&!%!+i e$#,!h!n 'e"i'! e'osis"e+ en*#s#nn*! *!n&

"e$i$i !$i 'o+#ni"!s1'o+#ni"!s se%!%# +en&!%!+i s#'sesi/

;S#'sesi ini !'!n ,e$en&!$#h !! 'e!!!n '%i+!'s s#!"# ,iosfe$/

;S#!"# ,iosfe$ i'!"!'!n '%i+!'s !!,i%! 'o+onen1'o+onen en*#s#nn*! ,e$!! !%!+

'e!!!n sei+,!n& !n s"!,i%/

;Ke!!!n se"i+,!n& "e$se,#" !!" #%! hi%!n& !"!# +#sn!h !!,i%! ien&!$#hi s#!"# f!'"o$

*!i"# e$#,!h!n i'%i+- e$,e!!n 'onisi "!n!h !"!##n '!$en! ,en4!n!/

;S!!" ini ,iosfe$ "i!' !"!# ,e%#+ !%!+ 'e!!!n '%i+!'s '!$en! 'o+onen1'o+onen en*#s#nn*! sen!n"i!s! ,e$#,!h- ,!i' ,io"i' +!##n !,io"i' (


17/18

'!$en! 'o+onen1'o+onen "e$se,#" "i!' +e+,en"#' s#!"# 'e!!!n *!n& se"i+,!n& '!$en!

,!n*!' f!'"o$)/

S!%!h s!"# f!'"o$ *& +e+en&!$#hi e$#,!h!n ,iosfe$ !!%!h !'"i.i"!s +!n#si! *!n& "i!' ,e$s!h!,!" en&!n !%!+- see$"i ene,!n&!n h#"!n s!4!$! %i!$ (illegal logging )- 'e,!'!$!n h#"!n-

!"!##n e+!nf!!"!n "e'no%o&i *!n& #+#+n*! +eni+,#%'!n ,!n*!' &!n&!n "e$h!!

'esei+,!n&!n !%!+ 56 " i se%#$#h #ni!

; s!!" ini 'o+osisi sen*!! i !"+osfe$ see$"i o'si&en ,e$#,!h se4!$! '#!n"i"!s '!$en!se+!'in ,!n*!'n*! :O2 56 "i!' ii+,!n&i en&!n #+%!h "#+,#h!n se,!&!i o$&!nis+e *!n&

+!+# +en&!si+i%!si :O2 ,!n*!' 'e+!"i!n !! o$&!nis+e1o$&!nis+e *!n& "i!' +!+# ,e$!!"!si en&!n ,!i'- !n #&! !'!n ,e$en&!$#h !! 'e+!+#!n o$&!nis+e1o$&!nis+e!%!+ +e+e$,!n*!' 'e"#$#n!n/

;=!i- ini !% ,#'"i ,!h! ,iosfe$

*!n& !! se'!$!n& ini "i!' !%!+ 'e!!!n sei+,!n& !n "i!' !%!+ 'e!!!n '%i+!'s/

Biosfe$ #"' 'ehi#!n +!n#si!

;Konisi ,iosfe$ *!n& +en#'#n& 'ehi#!n +!n#si! *!i"# ,iosfe$ *!n& i !%!+n*! "e$!!"s#+,e$1s#+,e$ 'e,#"#h!n +!n#si! #n"#' +e%!n&s#n&'!n hi#n*!/

;Biosfe$ ini h!$#s 4#'# !+!n !n +e+i%i'i 'o+onen *!n& 4#'# ,!&i +!n#si! #n"#'

+e%!n&s#n&'!n hi#n*!- +e+e$"!h!n'!n hi#n*!- !n +e%es"!$i'!n 'ehi#!nn*!/ Biosfe$ini e$%# +en*ei!'!n s#+,e$ +!'!n!n (,!i' n!,!"i +!##n he!ni) ,!&i se%#$#h !n&&o"!

o#%!si +!n#si!/

;#tmosfer *!n& +e$#!'!n ,!&i!n !$i ,iosfe$ h!$#s !%!+ 'onisi *!n& ,!i'/ A"+osfe$ ini

e$%# +e+i%i'i 'o+osisi *!n& "e!" #n"#' hi# +!n#si!- see$"i '!n#n&!n O2 *!n& 4#'#/

;A"+osfe$ h!$#s +!+# +e%in#n&i +!n#si! !$i sin!$ UV *!n& s!n&!" ,e$,!h!*! ,!&i+!n#si!/

Ko+onen %!in *!n& h!$#s !%!+ 'onisi ,!i' !!%!h ,!&i!n hidrosfer/ Si'%#s !i$ h!$#s %!n4!$

+en&in&!" ,!h! !i$ s!n&!" en"in& ,!&i +!nn#si!/

56Se,!&i!n ,es!$ "#,#h +!n#si! "e$i$i !$i !i$ *!n& h!$#s se%!%# ien#hi 'e,#"#h!nn*! '!$en! i'! "i!' +!'! +!n#si! "e$&!n& !'"i.i"!s hi#n*! !"!# ,!h'!n +!"i/

56 A'"i.i"!s +!n#si! #&! "i!' !!" %e!s !$i !i$/

;Ko+onen litosfer *!n& +en*ei!'!n "!n!h "e+!" 'i"! ,is! ,e$i!' !n +e+,!nn $#+!h7"e+!" "in&&!% #&! h!$#s !%!+ 'onisi ,!i'/ =#&! h!$#s +en&!n#n& #ns#$1#ns#$ en"in& !n

+!+# +en*i+!n 4!!n&!n !i$ "!n!h en&!n o"i+!% sehin&&! +!n#si! !!"

+e+!nf!!"'!nn*! !%!+ +e+en#hi 'e,#"#h!n hi#n*!


18/18

56 B!h!n +!'!n!n *!n& ie$o%eh !$i "#+,#h!n *!n& i"#+,#h'!n i "!n!h *!n& ,!i'- +'

h!si%n*! %e,ih +!'si+!% sehin&&! s#+,e$ 'e,#"#h!n +!n#si! !!" "e$4#'#i en&!n ,!i'/ Pe$%#

iin&!" A'"i.i"!s +!n#si!+e+e$%#'!n !s#!n ene$&i !$i +!'!n!n *!n& i+!'!n/

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