etika dalam penelitian

DATA DAN INFORMASI

ETIKA DALAM

PENELITIAN

Etika merupakan norma atau standar perilaku yang menjadi pedoman moral perilaku seseorang dan huungannya dengan orang lain

Tujuan etika dalam penelitian adalah untuk menjamin agar tidak ada seorangpun yang dirugikan atau mendapat dampak negatif dari kegiatan penelitian.

Cooper dan Emory (1996): kegiatan-kegiatan tidak etis dapat berupa:1. Pelanggaran persetujuan tentang kerahasiaan2. Salah menyajikan hasil dan temuan penelitian3. Menipu orang4. Menagih biaya yang tidak wajar5. Menghindari tanggung-jawab hukum6. Dan lainnya

ETIKA DALAM PENELITIAN

O’Sullivan dan Ressel (1989):

Tiga pedoman etika thd responden:1. Memulai pengumpulan data dengan menjelaskan

kepada responden mengenai manfaat yang diharapkan dari penelitian.

2. Menjelaskan kepada responden bahwa hak-haknya dan kesejahteraannya dilindungi secukupnya dan bagaimana caranya

3. Memastikan bahwa pewawancara mendapat persetujuan dari responden.

ETIKA DALAM PENELITIAN

But what has ethics got to do with research?

Is “pure” research above ethics and morality?

Is ethics and morality to do with technology and politics (the appliance of research) not research itself?

DIUNDUH DARI: www.bbk.ac.uk/.../research-ethics/ethics/1_Int... ……………… 20/10/2012

Science as a black box

RESEARCH

TECHNOLOGY

SOCIETY

One view of research might be that it is

isolated from society – although it

influences society it is isolated from it

with its own •Sociology•Norms•Ethics

MANAGEMENT POLITICS


Research is defined by its special methods

• Experimentation, observation, analysis,

• Objective• Theorizing

• As if it transcends ethical and political considerations

Scientific research


Research is a system of organized knowledge above mundane considerations

1. Archival aspect2. Information about natural phenomena3. Acquired by research4. Organized in coherent theoretical schemes5. Published in books and journals6. Historical process


Facts are not completely objective – they are not isolated from the society that gave rise to them

Facts can only be recorded in the framework of a theory.

The history, the environment, the culture, the politics, the religion, the personality of the scientist all influence the theory and therefore the facts recorded.

Research cannot be isolated from society and an ethical system

Which is brighter, a snowball seen indoors or a lump of coal outside?

A bright, sunlit day is about one hundred times brighter than a room lit by electric light. If we use a light meter to measure the absolute number of photons being reflected, the outdoor coal registers a higher value than the indoor snowball. The coal is brighter, and more photons are hitting your retina,

sending a stronger signal to your brain.


http://www.scifun.ed.ac.uk/card/images/facts/coal-snow.jpg

“Get your facts first, and then you can distort them as much as

you please.” Mark Twain (1835 - 1910)

“If the facts don't fit the theory, change the fact.” Albert Einstein

(1879 - 1955)

“The important thing in science is not so much to obtain new facts as

to discover new ways of thinking about them.”

Sir William Bragg (1862 - 1942)

“Science is facts; just as houses are made of stones, so is science

made of facts; but a pile of stones is not a house and a

collection of facts is not necessarily science.”

Henri Poincare (1854 - 1912)

“There are no facts, only interpretations.”

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)

“We want the facts to fit the preconceptions. When they don't, it is easier to ignore the facts than

to change the preconceptions.”Jassamyn West (1907–1984)

It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of

theories to suit facts.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859 - 1930)


The separation of academic and industry/technology/society

is illusory

• Research transforms societyAND• The inner workings of

science are changed by the social forces acting on it even down to the philosophical and psychological level

• Ethical decisions have to be made at all levels in the scientific chain of discovery


The chain of discovery

Industry in SOCIETY - POLITICS

Solving problem s

Technology as INSTRUM ENT - ECONOM ICS

Application

Know ledge in ARCHIVE - HISTORY

Publication

Discovery by M ETHOD - PHILOSOPHY

Research

Scientist w ith VOCATION - PSYCHOLOGY



Indus try in SOCIET Y - POLIT IC S

Solving problems

Technology as INSTRU MENT - E C ONOMIC S

Application

K now ledge in ARCH IVE - HISTOR Y

P ublication

Discovery by METHOD - PHILOSOPH Y

Research

Sc ientis t w ith VOCAT ION - PSY C HOLOG Y



Industry in SOCIETY - POLIT IC S

Solving problems

Tec hnology as INSTRU MENT - E C ONOMIC S

Application

K now ledge in ARCHIVE - HIST OR Y

P ublication

Discovery by METHOD - PHILOSOPH Y

Research

Sc ientis t w ith VOCAT ION - PSY C HOLOG Y


RESEARCH

TECHNOLOGY

SOCIETY

Discovery

Invention

Because research has a

profound influence on

society scientists

cannot ignore the

consequences of their

discoveries


Research is often a means of solving problems

1. It is intimately connected with politics, technology and society

2. Research should be used wisely but this is not for researchers to decide alone


The Impact of Research on Values and Values on Research

1. Ethical considerations are to the fore with the development of new technologies and new social systems

2. Society is inherently conservative and seeks to set the limits of research activity

I’m damned if they are going to make me redundant


DATA DAN INFORMASI.. THE RESEARCH PROCESS DAISY.

DIUNDUH DARI: http://www.clark.edu/Library/iris/types/research_process/research_process_p3.shtml ……………… 20/10/2013

http://www.clark.edu/Library/iris/types/research_process/research_process_p4.shtml

DATA DAN INFORMASI.MACHINE INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH..

DIUNDUH DARI sumber: http://mirlabs.org/research.php.....20/10/2013

etika dalam penelitian

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