dtp-ppt-03a-jenis-dan-breed-ternak-perah-sapi.pdf

8/20/2019 dtp-ppt-03a-jenis-dan-breed-ternak-perah-sapi.pdf

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JENIS DAN BREED

TERNAK PERAH1


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PENDAHULUAN

SPECIES = JENIS

• A group of individuals, which have certain

common characteristics, that distinguishesthem from other group of individuals. Within

a species the individuals are fertile when

mated, in different species they are not.

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BREED = RAS = BANGSA

• A group of animals related by

descent and similar in mostcharacters like general appearance,

features, size, configuration

(arrangement/shape), etc. are said to

be a breed.

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Klasifikasi Mamalia

Mamalia

Protheria Theria

Kelas

Sub-kelas

Infrakelas

(Bertelur) (Mengandung anak)

EutheriaMetatheria

(Berkantong) (Berplacenta)

Ordo Metatheria Marsupialia Mamaliamodern

Spesies

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Newborn joey. Note the immature stage of development and that it is "attached" to the

nipple.

A joey at 70 days after

birth. At this stage the

joey would still be in the

pouch and attached to

the nipple. Note the well

developed claws

A 150 day old joey. The

joey would still be

residing in the mother's

pouch.

A 200 day old joey. At this

stage it would be staying

outside of the pouch, but

continuing to nurse the

mother by sticking its

head into the pouch.6


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TERNAK PERAH

1. SAPI

2. KERBAU

3. KAMBING4. DOMBA

5. UNTA

6. BISON

7. KUDA

8. YAK7


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SAPI

PERAH8


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Family Bovidae

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Dairy cattle breeds

• Ternak sapi (domesticated cattle) biasanya dibagi kedalamdua kelompok utama yaitu:

> Bos taurus (taurine cattle) : berasal –usul dari Eropah

(temperate zone)

> Bos indicus (zebu cattle): berasal-usul dari Asia (India)

(tropical zone)

• Walau diantara keduanya terdapat perbedaan fisik danfisiologis yang, mereka dapat dipersilangkan denganmenghasilkan anak (jantan dan betina) yang fertil.

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Deskripsi Umum• Domestic cows are common throughout

the world. They are grown and bred forfood

–meat and milk production, as

well as for working - plowing andmoving heavy loads.

•

Domestic cows are social animals andlive in herds which are structuredaccording to a dominance hierarchy .

• Cows feed on grasses and other

herbaceous plants. An average cow canconsume about 70 kg of grass in an 8hour day. Cows are ruminants. Theyhave a four chambered stomach.

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Bos indicus group

• This group is also called "the humpedcattle“ (sapi ber-punuk ). The size andshape of the hump vary by breed, sex

and age of animals.

•

Other external features common tomost Zebu cattle are narrow body,rather long legs and well developeddewlap, particularly in the males.

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• The most important characteristic of this group is itsadaptation to the tropical environment. This adaptationderives from three main aspects:

> a high degree of heat tolerance partly due to low

heat production (associated with low metabolic rate

and low productivity) and partly due to a high

capacity to dissipate heat;

> low nutritional requirements, mainly due to low

metabolic rate and small size and also possibly to

more efficient digestion at low feeding levels;

> a considerable degree of resistance to ticks and also to

many tick-borne diseases prevalent in tropical countries.16


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• With regard to production traits, this group is

characterized by low productivity. The milk

yields are low with short lactations.

• They also have low weight gains and are late

maturing with delayed first calving.

• An important trait is the higher fat and solids-

not-fat content of the milk when comparedwith the Bos taurus group.

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• A large number of Zebu breeds have been

described, each country in the region having

one to several breeds.

• Most of these breeds are of importance only

in their home countries.

•

The more important breeds of Zebu cattle areSahiwal, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar, Hariana,

Kankrej, Gir and Ongole.

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• Pada mulanya bangsa-bangsa sapi dari daerah

tropis dimanfaatkan tenaganya sebagai ternakkerja dan untuk keperluan upacara-upacara

adat/agama, yang juga memerlukan air susu

sebagai sesaji.

• Turunan sapi zebu yang biasa digunakan

sebagai sapi perah antara lain adalah:

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Red Sindhi

• Asal : India; wilayah yang kering atau/dan panas dengan suhu

500 – 1070F.

• Ciri-ciri:

> Potongan tubuh kuat, kokoh , dan berat, kaki pendek

> Warna merah-coklat, bulu lembut

> Ukuran ambing besar

• Sifat-sifat

> Lambat dewasa, yakni sekitar 25 bulan> Produksi susu 2000 liter permasa laktasi

> Berat badan sapi jantan 500 kg, betina 350 kg.

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Sahiwal

• Asal: India.

• Tanda-tanda

> Potongan tubuh besar; lebih besar dari Red Shindi.> Warna coklat kemerahan

> Bulu halus, ambing besar bergantung

• Sifat -sifat

> Proses kedewasaan cepat yakni 20 - 25 bulan, lebih cepat

dari Red Sindhi

> Produksi rata-rata permasa laktasi 2500-3000 liter.21


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SAPI PERAH TURUNAN BOS TAURUS

(SAPI SUB-TROPIS)

• For over two centuries, the temperate breeds ofcattle have been subjected to strong selectionpressure for improved dairy, beef or dual purpose(dairy and beef) characteristics. Many of these

breeds have been used in crossbreeding in thetropical countries. Some of the more importantones are as follows.

• Termasuk bangsa-bangsa sapi perah sub-tropisadalah Friesien Holstein, Yersey, Ayrshire,Gurensey dan Brown Swiss breed utama sapiperah.

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US Breeds of Dairy Cattle

Holsteins

Jersey

Ayrshires

Swiss

Guernsey

Other

93.4%

3.6 %

0.3 %

0.8 %

0.5 %

1.4 %

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Average Milk Production by Breed

Breed Milk Fat % Fat lb. Protein

%Protein

lb.

Ayrshires 17,885 3.80 680 3.13 688

BrownSwiss

20,757 3.99 828 3.32 688

Guernseys 16,692 4.42 737 3.29 549

Holsteins 25,139 3.62 915 3.02 758

Jerseys 17,732 4.60 815 3.53 633

Shorthorns 17,263 3.57 616 3.09 533

USDA-AIPL 2004 Data 24


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Friesian Holstein (FH)• Sapi ini juga dikenal dengan nama Fries Holland atau sering

disingkat FH. Di Amerika bangsa sapi ini disebut Holstein, dan

di negara-negara lain ada pula yang menyebut Friesien. Tetapi

di Indonesia sapi ini popular dengan sebutan FH.

• Sapi FH menduduki populasi terbesar, bahkan hampir di

seluruh dunia, baik di negara-negara sub-tropis maupun

tropis. Bangsa sapi ini mudah beradaptasi di tempat baru. Di

Indonesia populasi bangsa sapi FH ini juga yang terbesar

diantara bangsa-bangsa sapi perah yang lain.• Di Indonesia, kecuali menggunakan sapi FH murni sebagai sapi

perah, khususnya di Jawa Timur, banyak pula diternakkan sapi

Grati, yakni hasil persilangan antara Friesian Holstein dan sapi

lokal Ongole. 25


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FH: THE MOST POPULAR BREED OF DAIRY CATTLE

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• Asal : Belanda.

• Tanda-tanda

> Warna belang hitam putih

> Pada dahinya terdapat hitam putih berbentuk segitiga.> Dada, perut bawah, kaki dan ekor berwarna berwarna putih.

> Tanduk kecil-pendek menjurus ke depan.

> Ambing : besar, simetris kanan kiri dgn putting yg panjang

dan besar, kulit tipis dengan bulu halus, vena terlihat berkelok

kelok (milk veins).

• Sifat-sifat umum

> Tenang dan jinak sehingga mudah ditangani

> Tidak tahan panas, namun mudah beradaptasi> Lambat menjadi dewasa

> Produksi susu:4500-6000 liter per satu masa laktasi

> Bb: jantan mencapai 1000 kg dan betina 650 kg.

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• The breed is well known for its high milk yields(with averages of over 6,000 kg per lactation inseveral countries), but fat and solids-not-fatcontents are low.

• They also have larger weight gains and higher

mature weights than other temperate breeds of dairy or dual purpose cattle.

•

In recent years, Friesians have gained inpopularity as the temperate counterpart forcrossbreeding of Zebu cattle and in somecountries, this is the breed of choice.

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History

• The Holstein cow originated in Europe

• The major historical development of this

breed occurred in what is now theNetherlands

• Winthrop Chenery brought the first Holstein

over so the sailors could have milk – He noticed her high production and

started to bring over more

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Yersey• Bertubuh kecil, terkecil diantara breed utama sapi perah, namun

bentuk tubuhnya sebagai sapi penghasil susu sangat ideal.

• Asal: pulau Yersey, Inggris Selatan.

•

Tanda-tanda> Warna tidak seragam, yakni bervariasi mulai dari kelabu-

keputihan,coklat-nmuda ataui ada yang coklat-kekuningan,

coklat-kemerahan, sampai merah-gelap dan pada

bagian-bagian tertentu ada warna putih.

> Jantan berwarna lebih gelap.

> Warna mulut hitam, tetapi dikelilingi warna yang lebih muda.

> Ukuran tanduk sedang,l ebih panjang daripada FH, menjurus

agak ke atas.32


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* Sifat-sifat

> Sangat peka dan mudah gugup, kurang tenaga dan

mudah terganggu oleh perubahan-perubahan di sekitar.

> Apabila sapi diperlakukan dengan lembut akan mudah

ditangani. Namun bila diperlakukan kasar akan mudah

berontak sehingga sulit ditangani. Untuk menghadapi

bangsa sapi semacam ini, peternak harus

hati-hati dan sabar.

> Produksi susu: 2500 liter per satu masa laktasi.

> Berat badan: jantan 625 kg, betina 425 kg.

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History

• The Jersey breed originated on the Island of

Jersey, a small British island in the English

Channel• The island of Jersey was very protective of

this breed. Because of this the breed

stayed distinctive for many years• Second most populous breed

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Characteristics

• Jerseys are adapted to a wide range of climatic and

geographical conditions

•Jerseys vary greatly in color, but the characteristiccolor is golden fawn, with or without white markings

• smallest of the dairy breeds

• long life (61.1 months vs 56.2 months)

• its nutritive content is 28.46% greater than ordinary

milk

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Ayrshire• Dibandingkan bangsa sapi yersey dan

Guernsey bangsa sapi Ayrshire lebih besar,

namun lebih kecil daripada FH.

• Asal usul: Scotlandia Selatan.

• Tanda-tandanya

> Warna belang-merah atau belang-coklat dan

putih.

> Tanduk agak panjang, menjurus ke atas dan

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• Sifat-sifat sapi

> Bangsa sapi ini agak tenang dan mencapai

kedewasaan seperti halnya sapi Guernsey.

> Rajin merumput di padang rumput yang

pertumbuhannya jelek.

> Produksi susu: 3500 liter persatu masa laktasi.

> BB: jantan mencapai 725 kg, betina 550 kg.

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History

• The Ayrshire breed originated in the County of Ayrin Scotland, prior to 1800.

• Prior to 1800 many of the cattle of Ayrshire wereblack, although by 1775 browns and mottled colorsstarted to appear.

• early breeders carefully crossed and selected the

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Guernsey• Bangsa sapi Guernsey lebih kuat dan besar dibanding Yersey. Tetapi

bentuk tubuhnya mirip Yersey.

• Asal: pulau Guenrsey, Inggris Selatan.

• Tanda-tanda

•

Warnanya kuning tua dengan belang-belang hitam-putih, warna putihpada umumnya terdapat pada muka dan sisi perut danpada keempat

kakinya.

• Tanduknya menjurus kedepan dan agak condong ke depan dengan ukuran

sedang.

•Sifat-sifat

• Bangsa sapi ini lebih tenang daripada Yersey walaupun tidak setenang FH.

• Cepat menjadi dewasa, tetapi sedikit lebih lambat daripada Yersey.

• Produksi susu: 2750 liter per masa laktasi.

• Berat badan: jantan mencapai 700 kg, betina 475 kg.42


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History

• Originated on island of Guernsey off the coast ofFrance

• Brought to U.S. in 1831

• Fourth in milk production

• Produces a golden colored milk

• Cows weigh 1100 lbs.

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Sapi Brown Swiss

• Brown Swiss termasuk bangsa sapi yang tulang-tulang dan kepalanya

berukuran besar, penghasil susu dan daging yang baik.

• Asal sapi: Switzerland

• Tanda-tandanya

•

Warna bervariasi, mulai dari warna muda atau ringan sampai gelap,termasuk coklat-muda-keabuan, coklat-hitam yang pada umumnya warna

coklat seperti tikus (sawo-matang). Pada mulut dan sekitar tuang belakang

berwarna lebih muda, sedangkan hidung dan kakinya hitam.

• Ukuran badan dan tulang-tulangnya besar, mendekati FH

•Sifat-sifat

• Jinak, mudah dipelihara

• Produksi susu baik, nomor dua setelah FH

• Berat badan: jantan 970 kg, betina 630 kg.45


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Brown Swiss breed

• This breed has a somewhat lower lactation yield thanHolstein, but with a higher fat content. It is slightlybetter than Holstein in beef potential.

• The total world population is in the range of about 4million cows (2 percent of all dairy cows).

• This breed has:

(1) lower milk yield/lactation(2) higher fat content(3) better beef production than the Friesian.

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History

• Believed to have originated in the Alps of Switzerland,these hardy animals are tolerant of harsh climate andproduce large quantities of milk, close behind theHolsteins.

• Officially recognized as a breed in the U.S. in 1906, the firstsmall group of cows arrived here in 1869. Though fewanimals were actually imported, this hasn't stopped theirsteady growth in number, and today, the Brown Swiss arevery important members of the dairy industry.

• Average output is 21,000lbs./9525kg (~2450 gallons) of milkper cycle with 4.0% butterfat, 3.5% total protein.

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Milking Shorthorn•

One of the oldestrecognized breeds in the

world, a segment of the

Shorthorn breed

• Originated in northeastern

England

• Came to U.S. (Va.) in 1783

• Provided milk, meat, and

transportation to pioneers

• Red, red & white, white, or

roan in color

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Traits• Tri purpose breed

• Low milk production, low components

• Moderate in size

• Reddish brown and white

– Spotted or speckle, roan

• Lack dairyness

• Good grazers

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History

• Shorthorn originated Tees River Valley in the

northeastern part of England

• The Colling brothers, Charles and Robert,

are often referred to as the founders of the

Shorthorn breed of cattle

• first systematic breeding program

• They were brought to America in 1783

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Major Breeds of Dair Cattle


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Major Breeds of Dairy Cattle

Milking Devon• Red in color

• Triple purpose (Draft, beef, milk)

• Not normally raised for milk production

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