Download - Osteologi da psik SEMESTER 2 kd 2 anatomy
Osteologi
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Fungsi Tulang1. Penunjang (Support)
– Tulang2 ekstremitas inferior, cingulum pelvicum, columna vertebralis – Mandibula pada gigi – Tulang lainnya yang menunjang organ dan jaringan
1. Perlindungan (Protection) – Cranium melindungi otak – Costae dan sternum melindungi paru-paru dan jantung– Vertebrae melindungai corda spinalis
1. Pergerakan (Movement)2. Penyimpan mineral dan jaringan lemak (adiposa)
– 99% kalsium tubuh – 85% fosfor– Adipose tissue terdapat pada cavum medullare tulang2 tertentu
1. Hematopoiesis – Pembentukan sel darah di cavum medullare
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Berdasarkan struktur:
– Pars cartilaginosa• Perichondrium
– Pars ossea• Periosteum, tdd:
osteoprogenitor, osteoblast.
• Endosteum, tdd:
osteoblast, osteoclast.
• Substantia compacta• Substantia spongiosa
(trabecularis)
Klasifikasi Tulang
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1. Os Longum : – Epifise (proximal & distal)– Lempeng epifise
– Metafise – Diafise atau Corpus
(cavum medulla berisi sumsum
tulang)– Ex : tulang ekstremitas sup. & inf.
2. Os Breve– Bentuk Cuboid– Ex : ossa carpalia & tarsalia
Berdasarkan bentuk:
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3. Os planum
– Bentuk pipih– Subs compacta << subs
spongiosa– >> tulang di cranium,
scapulae, sternum, costae,
4. Os irregulare– Bentuk tdk beraturan,
tdk dpt dimasukkan pd kelompok sebelumnya
– Os vertebrae, coxae, sphenoidale, ethmoidale
Klasifikasi Tulang
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Berdasarkan letak:
– Axial skeleton• Membentuk sumbu panjang
tubuh.• Tdd: cranium, columna
vertebralis, dan costae. • Fungsi: proteksi, support.
– Appendicular skeleton• Tulang2 ekstremitas sup. dan inf.
beserta cingulumnya (cingulum pectorale dan pelvicum).
• Fungsi: lokomosi dan perlindungan thd lingkungan.
Klasifikasi Tulang
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AXIAL SKELETON
• Tdd :– cranium– vertebrae– sacrum– coccyx– sternum – costae
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Neurocranium : os occipitale os parietale ( 1 psg ) os temporale ( 1 psg ) os frontale os sphenoidale
Splanchnocranium / Viscerocranium : os maxilla ( 1 psg ) os mandibula os zygomaticus ( 1 psg ) os nasale ( 1 psg ) os vomer os ethmoidale os palatina ( 1 psg ) os lacrimale ( 1 psg ) concha nasalis inferior (1 psg )
CRANIUM
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The SkullThe Skull
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.7
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Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.11
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Inferior ViewInferior View
Slide 5.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.9
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Superior ViewSuperior View
Slide 5.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.8
For. opticum
For. rotundum
For. spinosum
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OS MANDIBULA
Corpus mandibulae :
For. Mentale
For. Mandibulae
Angulus mandibulae :
Ramus mandibulae :
Proc. Coronoideus
Proc. Condyloideus
Incisura mandibulae
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Columna Vertebralis
Slide 5.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Vertebrae dipisahkan oleh discus intervertebralis
• Pemberian nama sesuia dengan lokasinya
Figure 5.14
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Karakteristik umum vertebrae
• Corpus Vertebrae• Arcus Vertebrae
– pediculus – lamina vertebrae
• Processus (7): – Processus spinous – Processus transversus
– Processus articularis sup & inf.
• Foramen Vertebralis Canalis Vertebralis
• Foramen Intervertebralis
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VERTEBRAE CERVICALIS :
• Corpus : kecil • Foramen Vertebralis :
besar, segitiga• Processus Spinosus : pendek,bercabang (C3
- C5), panjang pada C6 , C7
• Processus Transversus :foramen transversus
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• Atlas (C1) – Corpus & processus spinosus– Arcus anterior & posterior
arches– Fovea dentis
• Axis (C2): – Dens axis berartikulasi
dengan fovea dentis os atlas
• Vertebra prominens (C7):
– Proc. spinosus panjang & tidak bercabang
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Vertebrae Thoracalis
• Corpus vertebrae :
bentuk jantung, fovea costalis corporis superior and inferior
• Foramen Vertebralis :
kecil, bulat • Processus Spinosus :
panjang• Processus Transversus :
fovea costalis transversalis
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Vertebrae Lumbalis
• Corpus Vertebrae besar, bentuk seperti ginjal
• Foramen Vertebrae :
besar, segitiga
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Sacrum
• Facies Anterior :
promontorium, foramina sacralis
anterior (4 psg) • Facies Posterior : crista sacralis media, & lateralis,
foramina sacralis posterior (4 psg), hiatus sacralis, cornu sacralis
• Facies Lateralis:
facies auricularis, tuberositas sacralis
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Sternum • Manubrium sterni :
incissura jugularis, incissura clavicularis
• Corpus sterni :incissura costalis
• Processus Xiphoideus • Angulus Sterni
Ludovici : sudut yg dibentuk oleh
pertemuan manubrium dengan corpus sterni
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Kerangka DadaKerangka Dada
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Dibtk 3 kelompok tulang :
•Sternum
•Costae
•Vert. Thoracalis
Figure 5.19a
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Ossa Costae
• Costae 1 – 7 :
costae vera / sejati
• Costae 8 – 10 : costae spuria affixa
• Costae 11 – 12 : costae spuria fluctuantes
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Karakteristik Costae :
• CAPITULUM COSTAE– Facies articularis capituli costae
(berartikulasi dg – fovea costalis corporis vertebrae)– Crista capituli costae ( costae II – X )
• COLLUM COSTAE– Tuberculum costae– Facies articularis tuberculi costae (costae I –
X ) (berartikulasi dg fovea costalis transversalis)
• CORPUS COSTAE– Angulus costae– Sulcus costae (berjalan arteri, vena,
n.intercostalis )
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• Costa I:
pipih, tuberculum scalenus anterior, sulcus arteri & vena subclavian
• Costa 11 & 12
collum costae –
tuberculum costae –
angulus costae -
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1. SKELETON EKSTREMITAS CRANIALIS
Komposisi :• Gelang Bahu (Shoulder
girdle):– Clavicula– Scapula
• Tulang Ekstremitas Cranialis yg bebas – Humerus – Radius and ulna – Carpal, metacarpals,
phalanges
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
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Clavicula
• Extremitas sternalis :– Medial, ujung lebih
bundar
• Extremitas acromialis :– Lateral, ujung pipih
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Scapula• 3 Margo :
– Superior: processus coracoideus , incissura scapularis
– Lateral
– Medial • 3 Angulus :
– Superior– Inferior
– Lateral: cavitas glenoidalis,
• 2 Facies :– Facies Anterior : concave, fossa
subscapularis– Facies Posterior : fossae supra &
infraspinata, spina scapula, acromion
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OS HUMERUSEPIPHYSE PROXIMAL DIAPHYSE EPIPHYSE DISTAL
Caput humeriCavitas glenoidalis scapulae Collum anatomicumTuberculum majusTuberculum minusSulcus intertubercularistendon caput longum m.biceps brachiiCrista tuberculi majorisCrista tuberculi minoris
Collum chirurgicumTuberositas deltoideaSulcus n.radialis
Epicondylus lateralisEpicondylus medialisFossa radialisFossa coronoideaFossa olecrani (post.) Capitulum humeri(Fovea capituli radii)Trochlea humeri(Incisura semilunaris os ulna)Sulcus n. ulnaris
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RADIUS
EPIPHYSE PROXIMAL
DIAPHYSE EPIPHYSE DISTAL
Capitulum radiiFovea capituli radii(Capitulum humeri)Circumferentia articularis capituli radii(Incisura radialis os ulna)
Tuberositas radii3 Margo : volaris, dorsalis, crista interossea
Proc. StyloideusIncisura ulnaris(Circumferentia articularis ulnae)Facies articularis carpae(Ossa carpalia)
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Ulna
• Epiphyse proximal : olecranon processus coronoideus
incissura semilunaris incissura radialis
• Epiphyse distal : processus styloideus capitulum ulnae
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Ossa Carpalia :• Deret Proximal (radial ke ulnair) :
scaphoid (naviculare manus), lunatum, triquetrum, pisiformis
• Deret Distal (radial ke ulnair) :trapezium (multangulum majus), trapezoideum (mulangulum minus), capitatum, hamatum
Ossa Metacarpalia :• Ibu jari – Kelingking ( jari I – V)
Ossa Phalanges :• Jumlah total = 14 Ibu jari (2) ,
jari lain (3)
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2. SKELETON EKSTREMITAS CAUDALIS
Dibentuk Oleh : • Gelang Pangul (Pelvic girdle) :
– Os coxae (2)
• Tulang Ekstremitas Caudalis yg bebas :– Femur ( patella)
– Tibia , fibula
– Tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges
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OS COXAE
• Dibtk oleh : os ilium, os ischium, os pubis bertemu di Acetabulum
• Acetabulum :
- Incisura acetabuli
- Facies lunata
- Fossa acetabuli• Foramen obturatorium
- ditutupi membrana obturatoria
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OS ILIUM :• Fossa iliaca• Facies auricularis ossis ilii• Linea arcuata• Tuberositas iliaca• Crista iliaca• Spina iliaca : ant. Sup., post. Sup., ant. Inf., post. Inf.OS ISCHIUM :• Incisura ischiadica major• Spina ischiadica• Incisura ischiadica minorOS PUBIS :• Eminentia iliopectinea• Tuberculum pubicum• Symphisis ossis pubis
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PELVISPELVIS
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23a
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Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23c
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PERBEDAAN PELVIS WANITA PELVIS PRIA
Pelvis major Lebih besar Lebih kecil
Aditus pelvis Oval melintang Seperti jantung
Arcus pubis 90 ° < 90 °
Incisura ischiadica major
Lebih besar Lebih kecil
Inclinatio pelvis 60 -65 ° 55 – 60 °
Os sacrum Lebih pendek & lebarLebih datar
Lebih panjangLebih melengkung
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FEMUR• Epiphyse Proximal :
– Caput femoris– Collum femoris– Trochanter major & minor– Crista intertrochanterica
• Corpus :– linea aspera – Planum popliteum
• Epiphyse Distal : – Condylus lateralis & medialis– Epicondylus medialis & lateralis – Facies patellaris
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TIBIA
• Epiphyse proximal :– Condylus medialis &
lateralis– Eminentia intercondylaris– Facies articularis superior– Facies lateralis fibulae– Tuberositas tibiae
• Epiphyse distal : – Facies articularis inferior – Malleolus medialis
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FIBULA
• Ep. Prox. : Capitulum fibulae Apex capituli fibulae
• Corpus : margo interossea
• Ep. Distal : Malleolus lateral
Merupakan os sesamoid
Patella
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Ossa Tarsalia
• Deret Posterior : talus , calcaneus • Deret Tengah : navicular bone• Deret Anterior : cuboid, cuneiforme (medial, intermedia, lateral)
Ossa Metatarsalia
• Ibu jari – Kelingking ( jari I – V)
Ossa Phalanges
• Jumlah total = 14 Ibu jari
(2) , jari lain (3)
