Download - ALKOHOL
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KELOMPOK VI
RIA APRILIA PUSPASARAH SILVANIATIARA PUSPITA DEWI
ALKOHOL, ETER, DAN FENOL
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ALKOHOL
Adalah senyawa seperti air yang satu hidrogennya diganti oleh rantai hidrokarbon
H H
MOLEKUL AIR
HR
MOLEKUL ALKOHOL
-OHFungsi
hidroksi= ion hidroksida
Gugus hidroksil
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SIFAT FISIS SENYAWA ALKOHOL
TITIK DIDIH
Alkohol dapat membentuk ikatan
hidrogen
Titik didih lebih tinggi dibanding
alkilhalida/eter
Atom C semakin banyak
Titik didih semakin tinggi
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alkohol Td (0C)
kloroalkana Td(0C)
CH3OH 664.5 CH3Cl -24
C2H5OH 78.3 C2H5Cl 13
C3H7OH 97.2 C3H7Cl 46
HOCH2CH2OH 197 CLlCH2CH2OH 83,5
PERBANDINGAN TITIKDIDIH SENYAWA ALKOHOL DAN
KLOROALKANA
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KELARUTAN
alkohol
Hidrokarbon
Hidroksil
Hidrofob
Hidrofil
‘Semakin banyak gugus hidrkarbon dalam alkohol, semakin kecil kelarutannya, semakin banyak gugus hidroksil semakin tinggi kelarutannya’
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Nama (IUPAC)
Nama(Trivial)
Rumus Td (0C)
Rapatan
(g/mL)
Kelarutan
(H2O)
Metanol Metil alkohol
CH3OH 64.5 0,79 ∞
Etanol Etil alkohol
C2H5OH 78.3 0,79 ∞
1-propanol
Propil alkohol
C3H7OH 97.2 0,80 ∞
2-propanol
Isopropil alkohol
(CH3)2CHOH
82.3 0,79 ∞
1-butanol Butil alkohol
C4H9OH 117 0,81 8,3 gr/100
ml
Sifat fisis beberapa alkohol
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STRUKTUR
OHCH2
R HANYA 1 GUGUS R YG TERIKAT PADA C-OH
R CH OH
R
2 GUGUS R YG TERIKAT PADA C-OH
R
R C OH
R3 GUGUS R YG TERIKAT PADA C-OH
PRIMER
SEKUNDER
TERSIER
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CH3 CH CH2
OH
CH3
2- Metil-1- propanol (isobutil alkohol)
CCH3
CH3
CH3
OH
2- Metil-2-Propanol
(ter-butil alkohol)OHCH
2CH3 Etanol
(etil alkohol)
CH2
CH2
OH OH
1,2 Etanadiol(etilena glikol)
CH2
CH CH2
OH OH OH
1,2,3-Propanatriol
(gliserol)
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PEMBUATAN ALKOHOL
Adisi air C=C
+ H-OH C C
H OH
Reaksi Hidrasi
H+
100
0C
Aturan markonikov
alkena
air
alkohol
H-OHH+
100
0C
++C=
C
H H
CH3
H
Propena air
C C CH3CH3
H H
OH H
C C CH3CH3
H H
OHH
2-Propanol
1-Propanol
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Reaksi Substitusi
H2O
100
0C
+R X +
Halokarbon
OH-
Ion hidroksid
a
R OH
alkohol
X-
Ion halid
a
Biasa menggunakan lar. Natrium & kalium hidrosida
H2O
100
0C
CH3
I
Iodometana
+ K-OH
Kalium hidroksid
a
CH3-OH
Metanol
+ KI
Kalium iodida
H C Cl
CH3
CH3
2- kloropropana(isopropil klorida)
+NaOH
H2O
100
0C
+ NaClH C OH
CH3
CH3
2- Propanol(isopropil alkohol)
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Reaksi Grignard
Reagensia Grignard
Organomagnesium (R-MgX)
Alkohol primerHCH
O
Metanal (formaldehi
d)
R-MgX
H2O,H+
RCH2OH
Suatu alkohol primer
Alkohol sekunder HCOCH3
O
Metil format
2CH3CH2MgBr
H2O,H+
HC
OH
CH2CH3
CH2CH3
3- Pentanol
Alkohol tersier
CH3COCH2CH3
O
Etil asetat
2 CH3CH2MgBr
H2O,H+
CH3C
OH
CH2CH3
CH2CH3
3- metil-3 pentanol
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Reaksi-reaksi alkohol
Reaksi eliminasi/ dehidrasi
Tersier
H2SO4 PEKAT
60
0C
+ H2O
Sekunder
H2SO4 PEKAT
100
0C
+ H2O
(CH3)3COHt-butil alkohol
(CH3)2C = CH2Metil
propena
(CH3)2CHOH2-Propanol
CH3CH=CH2 Propena
(propilena)
Primer
H2SO4 PEKAT
180
0C
+ H2O
Makin mudah
terdehidrasi
CH3CH2OH
etanol
CH2=CH2
etena
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ELIMINASI DEHIDROGENASI
+ K-OHKalor
+ KCl + H2OC C
H Cl
H H
H H
Kloroetana
C=C
H H
H H
Etena (etilena)
ELIMINASI DEHALOGENASI
+ Zn
C=C
CH3 H
H H
Propena
C C
Br
Br
CH3
H
H H
1,2-dibromo-propana
+ ZnBr2
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Alkoksida
Garam suatu alkohol
CH3O- Na+
(natrium metoksida)
Basa kuat
Pembuatan?
Butuh basa yg lebih kuat
NaNH2/R-MgX
Mereaksikan dengan logam alkali
2 H2O + 2Na 2OH- + 2Na+ +H2 Ion
hidroksida
CH3OH + Na CH3O- Na+ + ½ H2
Ion alkoksida(natrium
metoksida)
Berkurangnya reaktivitas terhadap logam Na dan K
H2O CH3OH CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CH2OH
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Reaksi substitusi alkohol
+ H-BrH2SO4
Kalor
CH3CH2CH2CH2-OH
1- butanol
C4H9-Br + H2O
1-bromobutana (95%)
H-ClZnCl2
CH3CH2CH-OH
CH3
+
2-butanol
CH3CH2CH-Cl
CH3
+ H2O
2-klorobutana (66%)
H-Cl(CH3)2C- OH
+
t-butilalkohol
(CH3)2C - Cl
+ H2O
t-butil klorida (88%)
Apa artinya?
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PRIMER
SEKUNDER TERSIER
MENINGKATNYA REAKTIVITAS TERHADAP HX
NAIKNYA KUAT ASAM NAIK PULA KEREAKTIVAN TERHADAP ALKOHOL
HF HCl HBr HI
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Oksidasi alkohol
Alkohol primer
[O]Aldehid
[O] Asam karboksilat
CH3CH2OH
[O] CH3COH
+ H2O
[O]CH3COOH
Alkohol sekunder
[O] R-C-R
O(KETON)
[O] H2OCH3 CH2
CH CH3
OH
2-Butanol
CH3 CH2 C=O
CH3+
Etil metil keton
Alkohol tersier
[O]
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ALKOHOL
EPOKSIDA
ESTER
ALDEHID &
KETON
ALKILHALIDA
ALKENA
PEMBUATAN ALKOHOL
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MACAM-MACAM SENYAWA YANG DAPAT DIPEROLEH DARI ALKOHOL
ALKOHOL
ESTER
ALKIL HALIDA
ESTER ANORGANIK
ESTER ORGANIK
ALKENA
ALDEHID KETON
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KEGUNAAN ALKOHOL