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Lymphatic Systemby:

Mohamad Taufik Hidayat b. BaharuldinUnit of Physiology, Department of Human Anatomy,

FPSK, UPM

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- Sistem limfatik mewakili satu jalan tambahan ; melaluinya cecair berlebihan

dlm ruang interstitial (ruang antara sel) dikembalikan ke edaran sistemik

- Juga ia mengangkut protein & molekul besar yang tidak dapat diserapsecara langsung ke dalam kapilari

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- Sistem limfatik bukan satu sistem/

litar tertutup; wujud dead end

- Tiada pam pusat

Dead end capillary

Highly permeable

- Ia dibina oleh rangkaian salur

bdinding nipis yang membawa cecair

jernih cecair limfa

but each segment of the

lymphatic vessels function as a

separate automatic pump

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Secara umum sistem limfa mempunyai 4 fungsi utama :

(1) Mengumpul cecair & protein berlebihan dalam cecair interstitial masuk

ke aliran darah

(2) Mengangkut lemak di usus kecil (Sistem Percernaan)

(3) Musnahkan mikro-organisma dan bahan asing

(4) Menyediakan perlindungan jangka masa panjang dari mikro-organisma

dan bahan asing

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Struktur Fungsi

Kapilari limfatik mengumpul cecair berlebihan dari tisu

Salur limfatik

(collecting vessels)

mbawa cecair limfa dari kapilari limfatik ke salur vena

di leher

Nodus limfa situated along collecting lymphatic vessels; filter

foreign material from lymph ***

Tonsils musnahkan agen asing di bhgn atas salur respiratori &

sistem pencernaan

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Struktur Fungsi

Kelenjar timus membentuk antibodi pada bayi; berperanan dalamperkembangan sistem imun

Nodul limfa

terkumpul

Respons terhadap antigen yg hadir dalam usus -

hasilkan antibodi

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The Immune

System

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The Immune System

Non-specific defenses Specific defenses

1st line

2nd

line

Immune response @ immunity

Cell-mediated

immune

response

(CMIR)

Antibody-

mediated

immune

response

(AMIR)

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Non-specific defenses

1st line defense - Skin & Mucous membranes

- Outer layer of the skin-epidermis

- Physical barrier from entering body

- Shedding epidermis surface- remove microbiology

Skin

- Normal flora will restrict growth of bad/dangerous microorganisms

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- Lacrimal apparatus : manufacture tears to drain away irritants

- Saliva : washes microbes from the surface of the teeth

- Defecation & vomiting expel microbes : diarrhea rapidly expels many

microbes

- Gastric juice: produced by the glands of the stomach is a mixture of

hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus. The strong acidity destroy many

bacterial & most bacterial toxin

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2nd line defense - Internal defenses

- When pathogens penetrate the physical & chemical barrier, they

encounter a second line of defense: (1)antimicrobial proteins,

(2)phagocytes, natural killer cells, (3)inflammation & (4)fever

(1) Antimicrobial proteins

Non-specific defenses

- Interferons: released from virus-infected cell. Bind to receptor of adjacent

cell to produce antiviral proteins.

- Complement: plasma proteins that have the ability to enhance both the

nonspecific and specific defense systems of the body

- Transferrins: inhibit growth of bacteria

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(2) Natural Killer Cells & Phagocytes

Natural Killer Cells lymphocytes that have the ability to induce cytolysis,

kill a wide variety of infectious microbes & certain tumor cells.

- When microbes penetrate skin & mucous membranes or bypass the

antimicrobial proteins in blood, the next nonspecific line of defense are

Phagocytes performphagocytosis, ingestion of microbes or other particles

e.g. cellular debris.

- Two types; neutrophils & monocytes

- Phagocytosis occurs in 6 stages

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(3) Inflammation

Tissue damage by punctures, abrasions, burns,

foreign objects, infections or toxin

Inflammation of the tissue;Characterized by

rednessheat swellingpain

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(4) Fever

-Abnormally high body temperature bcoz the hypothalamic thermostatis reset

- Bacterial toxins elevate body temperature

- Elevated body temperature inhibits the growth of some microbes thruintensifying the effect of interferons