Biologi lingkungan Palembang;Kota yang tergenang airJELAJAH MUSI 2010KOMPAS 17-03-10 KOMPAS 10.09.09 KAMISPengemudi terpaksa memperlambat laju kendaraannya saat melewati lokasi kebakaran lahan di pinggir jalan lintas timur Sumatera Kilometer 29 dari Palembang ke Indralaya, Rabu (9/9).

Kebakaran lahan puluhan hektar itu menyebabkan lalu lintas terganggu. Berita di halaman 23KOMPAS .09.09

Asap juga mengganggu transportasi Darat, Udara dan Laut di Kalimantan KOMPAS 01.10.09 KAMISWarga melihat reruntuhan bangunan akibat gempa berkekuatan 7,6 SR yang mengguncang Kota padang Sumatera Barat, Rabu (30/9)

75 Orang lebih tewas, Ratusan bangunan runtuh. KOMPAS 01.10.09 KAMISWarga melihat reruntuhan bangunan akibat gempa berkekuatan 7,6 SR yang mengguncang Kota padang Sumatera Barat, Rabu (30/9)

75 Orang lebih tewas, Ratusan bangunan runtuh. Biologi LingkunganKUA 604

1. Studying The Environment2. The Ecology of Natural System3. The Growth of Human Population4. Food Production & World Hunger5. Land Use6. Extinction & Genetic Resources7. Sources of Energy8. Use of Energy & The Consequences9. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources10. Water Resources11. The Environment & Human Health12. Control of Pests and Weeds13. Water Pollution14. Air Pollution15. Solid Wastes Environmental ScienceThe role of environmental scienceEnvironmental ScienceThe role of environmental scienceEnvironmental ScienceThe role of environmental scienceEnvironmental ScienceThe role of environmental scienceSince most environmental issues deal with human activities, studies of economics, law and social sciences are often applied in conjunction with environmental science..Environmental ScienceThe role of environmental scienceEnvironmental science encompasses issues such as climate change,conservation, biodiversity, water quality, groundwater contamination , soil contamination, use of natural resources, waste management, sustainable development, disaster reduction, and air pollution.Environmental ScienceThe role of environmental scienceWhile the environment has been studied for at least as long as there has been science, the recent interest in putting the pieces of understanding together to study environmental systems has come alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation starting in the 1960s and 1970s. Environmental ScienceThe role of environmental scienceThis has been driven by the need for a large multi-disciplined team to analyze complex environmental problems, the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation, and growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems. Environmental ScienceComponentsAtmospheric sciences study the Earth's atmosphere with an emphasis upon its interrelation to other systems. Atmospheric sciences comprisemeteorological studies, greenhouse gas phenomena, atmospheric dispersion modeling of airborne contaminants,[3][4] sound propagation phenomena related to noise pollution, and even light pollution.Environmental ScienceComponentsTaking the example of the global warming phenomena, physicists createcomputer models of atmospheric circulation and infra-red radiation transmission, chemists examine the inventory of atmospheric chemicals and their reactions, biologists analyze the plant and animal contributions to carbon dioxide fluxes, and specialists such as meteorologists and oceanographersadd additional breadth in understanding the atmospheric dynamics.Environmental ScienceComponentsEcology studies typically analyse the dynamics of biological populations and some aspect of their environment. These studies might address endangered species, predator/prey interactions, habitat integrity, effects upon populations by environmental contaminants, or impact analysis of proposed land development upon species viability.Environmental ScienceComponentsAn interdisciplinary analysis of an ecological system which is being impacted by one or more stressors might include several related environmental science fields. For example one might examine an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial development could impact certain species by water pollution and air pollution. Environmental ScienceComponentsFor this study biologists would describe the flora and fauna,chemists would analyze the transport of water pollutants to the marsh,physicists would calculate air pollution emissions and geologists would assist in understanding the marsh soils and bay muds.Environmental ScienceComponentsEnvironmental chemistry is the study of chemical alterations in the environment. Principal areas of study include soil contamination and water pollution. Environmental ScienceComponents

The topics of analysis involve chemical degradation in the environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals (for example, evaporation of a solvent containing lake to yield solvent as an air pollutant), and chemical effects upon biota.Environmental ScienceComponentsAs an example study, consider the case of a leaking solvent tank which has entered the soil upgradient of a habitat of an endangered species of amphibian. As a method to resolve or to understand the extent of soil contamination, and subsurface transport of solvent, a computer model would be implemented. Environmental ScienceComponents

Chemists would then characterize the type(s) of molecular bonding of the solvent to the specific soil type and biologists would study the impacts upon soil arthropods, plants and ultimately pond dwelling copepods who are the food of the endangered amphibian.Environmental ScienceComponentsGeosciences include environmental geology, environmental soil science, volcanic phenomena and evolution of the Earth's crust. In some classification systems this can also include hydrology, including oceanography.Environmental ScienceComponentsAs an example study of soils erosion, calculations would be made of surface runoff by soil scientists. Hydrologists would assist in examining sediment transport in overland flow. Physicists would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters. Biologists would analyze subsequent impacts to aquatic flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity.Environmental ScienceRegulations driving the studiesIn the U.S. the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 set forth requirements for analysis of major projects in terms of specific environmental criteria. Environmental ScienceRegulations driving the studies

Numerous state laws have echoed these mandates, applying the principles to local scale actions. The upshot has been an explosion of documentation and study of environmental consequences before the fact of development actions.Environmental ScienceRegulations driving the studiesOne can examine the specifics of environmental science by reading examples of Environmental Impact Statements prepared under NEPA such as:Wastewater treatment expansion options discharging into the San Diego/Tiajuana Estuary, Expansion of the San Francisco International Airport, Development of the Houston, Metro Transportation system, Expansion of the metropolitan Boston MBTA transit system, and Construction of Interstate 66 through Arlington, Virginia.Environmental ScienceRegulations driving the studiesIn England and Wales the Environment Agency (EA),[5] formed in 1996 is a public body for protecting and improving the environment and enforces the regulations listed on the communities and local government site.[6] (formerly the office of the deputy prime minister). The Agency was set up under the Environment Act 1995 as an independent body and works closely with UK Government to enforce the regulations. Environmental ScienceTerminologyIn common usage, "environmental science" and "ecology" are often used interchangeably, but technically, ecology refers only to the study of organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment. Environmental ScienceTerminologyEcology could be considered a subset of environmental science, which also could involve purely chemical, or public health issues (for example) ecologists would be unlikely to study. In practice, there is considerable overlap between the work of ecologists and other environmental scientists.Environmental ScienceEKOLOGIKimball, J.W. 1983. BiologyEcology : The Biology of Populations and EnvironmentAliran Energi Dalam Biosfer : Input energi, Produktivitas ekosistem, Rantai makanan, Aliran energi dalam rantai makanan, Biomasa, Api, Suksesi, Ekosistem aquatik.EKOLOGIKimball, J.W. 1983. BiologyEcology : The Biology of Populations and Environment2. Siklus Material Dalam Biosfer : Siklus C,O,N,S,P dan mineral lain; Tehnik analisis, Air dan Biospher, Siklus dan properties air, Tanah, Prospek penambahan pertanian.EKOLOGIKimball, J.W. 1983. BiologyEcology : The Biology of Populations and Environment3. Pertumbuhan populasi: populasi manusia, Prinsip pertumbuhan populasi, Cek densitas independen pertumbuhan populasi, Kompetisi makanan, reproduksi, migrasi, predasi dan parasitisme; Daya dukung lingkungan; strategi r dan k (carrying capacity k; laju r dan waktu t)EKOLOGIKimball, J.W. 1983. BiologyEcology : The Biology of Populations and Environment4. Interaksi Antar Spesies : Predasi, parasitisme, Komensalisme, Mutualisme (simbiose), Kompetisi interspesifik, Koeksistensi spesies.EKOLOGIKimball, J.W. 1983. BiologyEcology : The Biology of Populations and Environment5. EKOLOGI MANUSIA IMortality : Famine, War and PestilenceParsitism : invading the HostHost Resistence to ParasitesInterfering with the Transmission of ParasitesDensity dependence of human parasitesChemotherapyAntibioticsPassive Immnunity Public Health MeasuresEKOLOGIKimball, J.W. 1983. BiologyEcology : The Biology of Populations and Environment6. EKOLOGI MANUSIA IIThe Carrying Capacity of EnvironmentThe Hazards of MonocultureEarly Pest Control TechniquesDDTThe Organnophosphates and Carbamates Third-generation PesticidesBiological ControlsBreeding Resistant SpeciesOther Approaches to Pest ControlThe Sterile Male Technicue Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)Perubahan Cara Hidup :Masyarakat Pemburu dan Pengumpul (Mns di dalam alam I)Masyarakat Pemburu dan Pengumpul (Mns di dalam alam II)c. Masyarakat Pertanian (Manusia menentang alam)d. Masyarakat Industri (Manusia menentang alam)e. Masyarakat Lengkap (Manusia bersama alam)Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)MASYARAKAT PEMBURU PENGUMPUL (Mns di dalam alam I)Apakah manusia akan punah? (William Farry)Merubah pola perilaku Peran perubah alam 2 juta tahun yang lalu, populasi kecil, shg perubahan tidak berarti, SUMBER ENERGI OTOTManusia yang pernah hidup (90% PP-I, 6% petani, 4% industri t)Perubahan dramatik dalam 10.000 tahun, sekarang hanya 1% PP-IKurva J : penambahan populasi, konsumsi, pencemaran (PP-Pt-Ind)Primitif : satu masalah pokok kelangsungan hidup Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)Tiga macam adaptasi cultural utama Inteligensi Penggunaan alat : berburu, mengumpulkan makanan/ pakaian Dalam lingkungan permusuhan : organisasi sosial Penggunaan bahasa : efisiensi, kerjasama, pewarisan ilmu Karateristik : Arawak di Hutan Equatorial, Amerika Selatan Penggunaan situs hewan/ tumbuhan tertentu Suku-suku, migrasi, Alat penggali/ penggerek Suku Pygmy : makanan utama buah/ tumbuhan, dikumpulkan wanita, bukan pemburu yang efisien. Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)b. MASYARAKAT PEMBURU PENGUMPUL (Mns di dalam alam II)Alat dan bahasa lebih berkembangPenggunaan api merusak lingkunganPenggunaan kapak batu menebang pohonPenggunaan tombak runcing efisiensi berburuArea berburu lebih luas Kutub : rusa kutub, mammoth, bison b. MASYARAKAT PEMBURU PENGUMPUL (Mns di dalam alam II) Spesialisasi buruan besar, domestikasi (kumpul biji, buah, umbi, kacang) Pleistosen akhir (Es) hewan besar punah iklim dan manusia : 70% mammoth & mastodon punah (migrasi Homo sapiens)Fosil dekat alat, Api untuk halau buruan penggiringan : di Solutre Perancis ditemukan fosil 100.000 kuda. Api Vegetasi padang perburuan (Indian, Amerika Utara Rusa) b. MASYARAKAT PEMBURU PENGUMPUL (Mns di dalam alam II)Savana tropik : Afrika dan Chapanal Mediterania : pembakaran berulangPerubahan lebih luas, mempengaruhi lingkungannya, menuju manusia menentang alam, namun populasi masih kecil, dampak belum berarti secara global atau regional, dan sifat populasi tersebar.Tidak ada kasus malnutrisi atau kelaparanMASYARAKAT PEMBURU PENGUMPUL (Mns di dalam alam II)Mortalitas : infeksi, infantisida, gerontisida, perang Kalahari Afrika : kerja 20 jam/ minggu, 50% waktu untuk istirahat Diet 23 spesies tumbuhan dan 17 spesies daging (lebih baik dari masyarakat petani)SUDAH ADA EKSPLOITASI LINGKUNGAN Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)c. MASYARAKAT PENGGEMBALA/ PETANI (Mns menentang alam)10.000-12.000 tahun yll, (Mesopotamia)Evolusi kultural (pengumpul produsen, kultivasi dan domestikasi)Perusakan lebih luas : Hutanm Savana rumput ternakDegradasi nutrien infertileTumbuhan biji : gandum, barley, padiPeralatan bajakSistem : irigasi, sengkedan, konturc. MASYARAKAT PENGGEMBALA/ PETANI (Mns menentang alam)Surplus makanan : populasi tambah cepat perusakan meluas Urbanisasi : 5000 SM 200 M : Sumeria, Babilonia, Assyria, Phoenicia, Mesir, Yunani, RomaPewarisan Alam Tandus Masalah : Salinasi, kepunahan, erosi, polusi, parasit, hama baru Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)d. MASYARAKAT INDUSTRI (Manusia menentang alam)Energi otot kimia, oil, coel, gas dan mineralPolusi udara, air, darat; DDT food chain, Hg/ Pb, pupuk, sampah padat Energi atom : polusi panas, sampah radioaktifTeknologi : bencana ekologi, material dan psykologi Hidup monoton, diversifikasi berkurang, teknologi unt teknologi, mengatur aturannya sendiri populasi, konsumsi, SD

Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)e. MANUSIA BERSAMA ALAMManusia terbatas : Hanya Satu Bumi Potensi adaptasi : kerjasama (Alland, 1972); Sebagai Anggota Suku Bangsa Global

Human Ecology I : Pestilence (Kimball, 1983)Mortality : Famine, War and PestilenceParsitism : invading the HostHost Resistence to ParasitesInterfering with the Transmission of ParasitesDensity dependence of human parasitesChemotherapyAntibioticsPassive ImmnunityPublic Health Measures

Human Ecology II : Competing For Food(Kimball, 1983)The Carrying Capacity of EnvironmentThe Hazards of MonocultureEarly Pest Control TechniquesDDTThe Organnophosphates and Carbamates Third-generation PesticidesBiological ControlsBreeding Resistant SpeciesOther Approaches to Pest ControlThe Sterile Male Technicue

1. Mortalitas : Kelaparan, perang, penyakit (wabah) Swedia : Laju penambahan natural 1860-1980 0,2% - 0,1%Mortalitas dipengaruhi :- Kapasitas limit lingk : heterotroph, suppy makanan- Efisiensi predator : meet (makanan)- Inefisiensi parasit : kematian hostHuman : - Agriculture + ternak efisiensi- Farm, cultivasi, fertilizer, pestisida, irigasi- Tahun 1900 80:20, sekarang 5:95- Kesehatan : sanitasi, imunisasi, antibiotik & khemoterapiPestisida : parasit reduksi kematian- DDT Ceylon 1945 (22/1000) 1946 (10/1000) 2. Parasitisme Cacing, protozoa, bakteri, fungi, virusMultiple (setiap sel) : virus, bakteri, protozoaCanal alimentary jaringan host : cacing, bakteri, protozoaInsekta : ektoparasit, formidable barrier : sel keratin (klt), peptidoglycan (digest), cornea (tears)Silia sel phagocytic : macrophage- Sekresi Ig.A antibodi: respon imun, ph rendah (gastric)

Bakteri dalam Canal alimentary: aktivitas sel phagozytic, barrier imun Ig.A Faktor yang mempengaruhi kehadiran parasit : - jumlah parasit, kondisi alam, ketahanan host dan mekanisme perlawanan alami 3. Resistensi Host terhadap parasit Parasit mekanisme defensif hostBakteri sel jaringan pelipatan pelepasan substansi, akumulasi lymph phagocytic, polypeptida kinin Serum albumin, histamin, fibrin histmin Respon : inflamasi akut : nodus lymph fixed phagocytic, gland swollen : groin, neck, armpit, sinus spleen (intestinum), liver Produksi antibody : pnemonia antipneumococcal Respon sekunder : parasit malaria antigen determinan Tripanosoma, schistosoma Virus interferon agen antivirus (tidak spesifik untuk semua virus)Sintesis protein/ RNA 4. Transmisi parasit Host intermediate host Host :inhalasi, defekasi, membran (mucus) : spirochaetaIntermediate host : mesin efisien reproduksi Chlorinasi penyakit intestinal (tcd) DDT 1943, 1944 typhus fever, insekta (malaria) 5. Dependensi densitas Imunisasi (salk vaccine, 1950), Sabin vaccine (1960), Polio Imunisasi campak (90%), rebella (80%), diptheria 1916-1960 50% anak-anak di Wales imunKekeuatan dep. Dens survive dalam populasiEpidemi, migrasi Australia Selatan (1916-1920) Measles 6. Kemoterapi Sulfa + Antibiotik (PD II)Blok transport electron dalam ez. Cytocrome dng Sianida Sulfanilamide Streptococcus, Spirochaeta (1910,1912)PABA Para Amino Benzoic Acid Bakteri Chloroquinex (worm, protozoa), Methiszone (virus), Amantadine hydrochlorine (virus influenza)7. Antibiotik Sekresi fungi/ bakteri (inhibitor growth)Penicillin (Flemming), Chloromycetin, Aureomycin, Terramycin blok sintesa peptidoglikan (dd bakteri)8. Imunisasi pasif Antiserum, antitoxin (tetanus)9. Outlook Mutasi parasit, Resistensi, Infektan baru 46. Ekologi Manusia II (Kompetisi Makanan) Daya Dukung Lingkungan : Agroteknologi Pengembangan yang bernilai tinggi Efisiensi lahan Fertilisasi, irigasi + kapasitas lingkungan dalam jangka pendek (+), jangka panjang (-)Dampak terhadap ekosistem : etrofikasi, deplesi SD fosil, erosi tanah, dll.Contoh dampak: insekta wereng, belalang, kutu loncat, dll.Monokultur Penambahan kapasitas lingkungan unt dukung kompetisi terhadap tanaman Pertumbuhan eksponensial pestPolykultur : sistem perakaran, foliasi, eksploitasi strata SD, kompetisi antar tanaman direduksi Produktivitas max (biomassa) tercapai, reduksi pest46. Ekologi Manusia II (Kompetisi Makanan) Pembasmian HamaAwal manual langsung, nikotin (insektisida)Substansi anorganik : Arsen, Pyretrum, RotenoneFungi : copper sulfat, mercurichloride, sulfurWeed : kontrol mekanik sodium arsen Pestisida : toxis tinggi, jg thd non target, resistensi residu terakumulasi dalam tanah/ cropDDT PD II (1930) Penicillin, 1943/ 1944 typus sulfa drugPredator (crop), vector (malaria), Yellow fever (nyamuk), pes (lalat)1963 Ceylon (+), 1946 Swedia : resistensi (100 sp insek)Chlorinasi hidrokarbon, Methoxychlor Generasi baru : aldrin, dieldrin, endrin : resisten, sangat toxis, juga pada manusia (hewan), tersimpan lama di lingkungan 31 Desember 1972 DDT tidak boleh di US: mempengaruhi biospher, reduksi populasi nontarget, dan rsistensi pestDDT terakumulasi dalam jaringan (darah, lemak)Akumulasi dalam piramida rantai makanan :Produsen (0.04), kons primer (0.23), Kons sekd (2.07), kons tersier (13.8)Contoh reduksi cangkang telur (Falcon, Hawk) 3,3 21,7 %46. Ekologi Manusia II (Kompetisi Makanan) Organofosfat & Carbamat PD II : Gas syaraf hambat aktivasi acetylcolin (enzim)Parathion : 30X lebih toxic dari DDT, kasus keracunan 1968 (300) mati 17 Mexico, 360 kasus 102 mati (India)Carbamat (Carbaryl = Sevin) inhibitor acetylcolin : persistensi (-) cepat terdegradasi, insekta resisten, hambat sintesa chitin.Diflubenzuron (Dimilin) hambat sintesis telur insekta (chitin), toksisitas thd vertebrata rendah, efektif thd fungi.Pestisida Generasi III Juvenil Hormon (JH), insektisida (1976) William SB anti JH activity hambat metamorphosisKontrol Biologis Mites, Beetle Predator : Chrysolina (beetle); Aphid (lamtoro) Hawaii kutu loncat.Parasit : Bacillus thuringiensis (moth) - Kapas BT46. Ekologi Manusia II (Kompetisi Makanan) Breeding Resistent SpeciesTomat (fungus) 30 varietas, padi, jagung, barleyPendekatan lain thd hama Repellants unpalatable predatorAtractan Mates Sex Atractan, male confusionsCommunication disreption dorman/ diapause : photoperiodic kontrol artificialTehnik Jantan Mandul 1958 Sterilisasi (radiasi), introduksi kromosom abnormal.Masa Yang Akan Datang Renewable resourcesFotosintesa; Cannot renewable : metal, ores, oil, coal.