biologi molekuler
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BIOLOGI MOLEKULER. Pengenalan Biologi Molekuler Materi Genetik Struktur dan Sifat Asam Nukleat Replikasi DNA, Mutasi dan Repair DNA. III. Ekspresi Gena Transkripsi, Translasi, dan Regulasi. IV . Pertumbuhan Sel Eukariot Sel Signaling dan Siklus Sel V. Transformasi Genetik - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
BIOLOGI MOLEKULERI. Pengenalan Biologi Molekuler
II. Materi GenetikStruktur dan Sifat Asam Nukleat
Replikasi DNA, Mutasi dan Repair DNA
III. Ekspresi GenaTranskripsi, Translasi, dan Regulasi
IV. Pertumbuhan Sel EukariotSel Signaling dan Siklus Sel
V. Transformasi GenetikRekombinasi, Transposon dan Retrovirus
III. DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, A.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D., Darnell, J., 2000, Molecular cell Biology, 4th ed., Freeman and Company, New York.
Alberts,B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Robert, K., Watson, JD., 1994, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3th ed.,Garland Publishing, Inc, New York.
Devlin T.M., 2002, Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 5th ed., wiley-Liss, New York.
Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., Stryer.,2002, Biochemistry, 5th ed.,W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
Freifelder, D.,1987, Molecular Biology, 2th ed., Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Boston.
Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J., 1998, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2nd. Ed. ASM Press, Washington DC.
Brown, T.A., 2001, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis, An Introduction, 4th ed., Blackwell Science, UK
46
(Berg JM et al, 2002)
Human 2.9x109 bp
REKAYASA GENETIK
TEKNOLOGI GENA FARMASETIK
ProkariotProkariot EukariotEukariot
OrganismeOrganisme Bakteria dan Bakteria dan sianobakteriasianobakteria
Fungi, hewan, manusiaFungi, hewan, manusia
Ukuran selUkuran sel 1 - 101 - 10mm 5 - 1005 - 100mm
OrganelOrganel Beberapa / tidak adaBeberapa / tidak ada Inti, mitokondria, Inti, mitokondria, kloroplastkloroplast
GENOMGENOM Sirkuler dalam Sirkuler dalam sitoplasma,sitoplasma,Satu molekul Satu molekul kromosomkromosom
Linier panjang, dipak rapi Linier panjang, dipak rapi dgn protein histon dalam dgn protein histon dalam inti.inti.Manusia mempunyai 46 Manusia mempunyai 46 cromosomcromosom
RNA dan RNA dan proteinprotein
Disintesis dalam Disintesis dalam sitoplasmasitoplasma
RNA : dalam inti, Protein: RNA : dalam inti, Protein: dalam sitoplasmadalam sitoplasma
OrganisasiOrganisasi UniselUnisel MultiselMultisel
PERBEDAAN PROKARIOT & EUKARIOT
mRNA Translation
RNAses
Decay
Proteins
Turnover Interactions
Modification
Regulatory factors
Localization
DNA
mRNA
IFs, EF, RF
mRNAStorage Translation
RNAses
Decay
Proteins
Turnover Interactions
Modification(PO4/dPO4, glycosylation)
Regulatory factors
Localization
Pre-mRNA
CappingPolyadenylation Splicing
mRNA
eIFs, eEF, eRF
II. MATERI GENETIK
Mahluk hidup tersusun dari SEL
yang dapat membelah dan menurunkan
INFORMASI GENETIK nya
Dibawa oleh DNA : rantai polimer panjang yang merupakan rangkaian dari jutaan nukleotida
Molekul DNA yang terdiri dari beberapa gena di paking membentuk CHROMOSOM
Total informasi genetik yang tersimpan dalam kromosom GENOM
Fragmen DNA yang mengkode protein, suatu unit keturunan Gena
What Is Cloning?• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a
living organism, such as the famous sheep ‘Dolly’
• Similar to an identical twin
The Making of DollyCloning depends on DNACloning depends on DNA
Step 1: Take the Nuclei out of a sheep eggStep 1: Take the Nuclei out of a sheep egg
Empty DNADNA
Step 2: Transfer nuclei from the MotherStep 2: Transfer nuclei from the Mother
Sheep EggSheep Egg Mother’s EggMother’s Egg
Hello Dolly
She was cloned using a cell taken from a healthy six-year-old sheep
July 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, ScotlandJuly 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the
Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland
NucleusNucleus
Cloning and the Cell
Its all about DNAIts all about DNA
Cloning Depends on DNANucleusNucleus
ChromosomeChromosome
Good-Bye Dolly
• Dolly’s DNA was already 6 years old when she was born - WHY?
• Dolly’s DNA was already 6 years old when she was born - WHY?
At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature aging.
Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive lung disease (symptom of old age)
At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature aging.
Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive lung disease (symptom of old age)
It’s all about DNA
ChromosomeChromosome DNADNA
Gene 1Gene 1
Gene 2Gene 2
TelomeresTelomeresTelomeres
TTAGGGTTAGGG
Telomere Length Declines
0 35 65
1,500
3,000
8,000
Age (years)
Telomere length in base pairs(human white blood cells)
Telomere length in base pairs(human white blood cells)
More on Dolly and Cloning
How many failures will it take to produce a human
Dolly’s experimenters used 277 cloned embryos to produce one sheep, meaning 276 failed.
Dolly’s experimenters used 277 cloned embryos to produce one sheep, meaning 276 failed.
Question
Other Cloned Animals
July 1998 cloned calves
July 1998 cloned calves Cloned
muleCloned mule
Cloned mouseCloned mouse
Future Experiments
ButterCatButterCat CatCowCatCow
Future Experiments
SparrowBoxerSparrowBoxer TigerOwlTigerOwl
JUMLAH BASA VS KOMPLEKS MAKHLUK
Chromosomes
1616 66 2424
Chromosomes
7878 4040 4646
Human Genome
• Genome inti 23 pasang kromosome 2x (4x109 bp)
2 m DNA/sel
• Genome mitokondria
Some organisms are diploid - that is, they have paired homologous
chromosomes in their somatic cells, and thus contain two copies of each
gene.
An organism in which both copies of the gene are identical - that is, have the
same allele - is said to be homozygous for that gene. An organism which has
two different alleles of the gene is said to be heterozygous
E. Coli 4.7 x 106 1 Chromosom40 – 50 loop superkoil
Human 4 x 109
22 autosom yang berbeda 2 sex kromosom
Masing2 single linier DNA
Kromosom tanpa histon
DNA
CHROMOSOME
KROMOSOM
CENTROMER
region dari chromosom yang diperlukan untuk
pengikatan mitotic spindle saat proses mitosis
TELOMER
fragmen di ujung chromosom linier
replikasi secara khusus untuk mencegah perpendekan chromosom
ORIGIN REPLIKASI
tempat awal replikasi berlangsung
mRNA
Transcription
Introduction
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Cell
Polypeptide(protein)
TranslationRibosome
Reverse tanscription DNA
KOMPOSISI GENA FUNGSIONAL
PROMOTER
OPERATOR
ACTIVATOR BINDING SITE
STRUKTURAL GEN : mRNA
TERMINATOR