bab iv

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IQ. 7.5. @icgi Xk}i}|g`}i \bkxdgc Cg~i}g` \kxc{gx & ]kxqiè Jghkc RC^K

"\=).

[`|{j dk`k`|{jg` ìcgi xk}i}|g`}i |bkxdgc cg~i}g` |kxc{gx & }kxqiè jghkc

RC^K lie{`gjg` ~kx}gdgg`?

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g L

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8

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χ Z7T.................................................................... "<.7<)

Lidg`g?

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χ 4 xk}i}|iqi|g} |bkxdgc lgxi }kxqiè J.d&U

L’g 4 ligdk|kx kr|kx`gc lgxi gxdfx

|= 4 jk|khgcg` lgxi }kxqi e

Ogli ìcgi xk}i}|g`}i |bkxdgc cg~i}g` |kxc{gx & }kxqiè jghkc RC^K "\=)

U>.>792J.d&= 4\ Z2T

IQ. 7.2. @icgi Xk}i}|g`}i ^g`g} ]kjkciciè Jghkc "\<).

^kx}gdgg` iì dkèe{`gjg` jfd~f`k` jklgcgdg` ~k`g`gdg` jghkc lg`

xk}i}|g`}i |bkxdgc |g`gb. Jgxk`g |ilgj ckèjg~g` lg|g lgxi ^C@ }k~kx|i jklgcgdg`

~k`g`gdg` jghkc fckb ^C@ |ig~$|ig~ }gc{xg` lg` xk}i}|i|iqi|g} |bkxdgc |g`gb.

Dgjg ~k`{ci}# {`|{j jklgcgdg` dkèe{`gjg` }|g`lgxl ^[IC 8>>>. ]klgèjg`

{`|{j xk}i}|iqi|g} |bkxdgc |g`gb ilkgc. ]klgèjg` {`|{j ligdk|kx |kxc{gx jghkc

lilg~g|jg` lgxi lg|g}bkk| jghkc.

" ))7"c`8

8

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∘*Õ4 {{\ }

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χ Z7T .......................................................... "<7;)

k L

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84 ............................................................................................ "<.71)

dd2>>C 4 Z=T dd Lk 2;4 Z2T

72.28=;dd2;

dd2>>.8 44{ J.d&U74 } χ Z2T

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)7"72.28=;72.28=;c`7<.=.8

7 8<

4

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C 4 jklgcgdg` jghkc "dd).

Lk 4 Ligdk|kx |kxc{gx jghkc "dd).

χ } 4 Xk}i}|iqi|g} |bkxdgc |g`gb "J.d&U) 4 7 J.d&U.Z2T

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IQ.8. ^k`k`|{g` \kd~kxg|{x Jghkc.

IQ.8.7. ^k`k`|{g` X{ei$x{ei Jf`l{j|fx "Um).

[`|{j ~kxbi|{èg` jk`gijg` |kd~kxg|{x jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<># dgjg

li~kxc{jg` lg|g gx{} {`|{j |ig~ }gc{xg` ygè dkèe{`gjg` jghkc |}h. Lg|g }khgegi

hkxij{|?

\ghkc <.7 Lga|gx @icgi Gx{} ~glg |ig~ }gc{xg` @G8R]KAEHY 8<> Xgyf` Hkcg`|i.

@f H[] H[] AKKLKX OK@I] Gx{} "I)

"Gd~kxk)^K@EBG@\GX

7 7<1 7<> UGBILI@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 7<.72<<

8 7 =7= ][LIXDG@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> =7=.;=<<= =7= =7< ][LIXDG@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> =><.;=7>

< 7 8 KR^XK]] @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 8<5.=575

; 7 8 KR^XK]] @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 8<5.=575

X I U m

84 ........................................................................................ "<.75)

\ghkc <.8 Lga|gx X{ei$x{ei Jf`l{j|fx "U m ) |ig~ }gc{xg` @G8R]KAEHY 8<> Xgyf` Hkcg`|i.

@f H[] H[] AKKLKX

OK@I] Gx{} "I)

"Gd~kxk)

X

"℡ &d)

Um

"U&d)^K@EBG@\GX

7 7<1 7<> UGBILI@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 7<.72<=;9 >.>>>71715 >.>=8;

8 7 =7= ][LIXDG@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> =7=.;=<=22 >.>>>71715 7;.2982

= =7= =7< ][LIXDG@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> =><.;=7><9 >.>>>71715 7<.99=7

< 7 8 KR^XK]] @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 8<5.=5757> >.>>>71715 9.29=>

; 7 8 KR^XK]] @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 8<5.=5757> >.>>>71715 9.29=>

IQ.8.8. ^k`k`|{g` X{ei$X{ei \f|gc "U\).

l ml c | U U U U U ***4*4 )7"87

κ κ Z7T......................................... "<.72)

\ghkc <.= Lga|gx X{ei$x{ei \f|gc "U \ ) |ig~ }gc{xg` @G8R]KAEHY 8<> Xgyf`

Hkcg`|i.

@f H[] H[] AKKLKX OK@I]

κ 7 κ 8

Ul

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>.><;

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IQ.8.=. ^k`k`|{g` jk`gijg` |kd~kxg|{x jghkc "∁ β ).

Jk`gijg` |kd~kxg|{x ~glg jghkc }gc{xg` hgugb |g`gb ok`i} @G8RKAEHY

8<> lilg~g|jg` dkcgc{i ~kx}gdgg`?

)" < l l | m \ U \ U \ U ` **4∁β ...................................................... "<.79)

=87 \ \ `

\ \ l **4 Z7T......................................................................... "<.8>)

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4

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4

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Xgyf` Hkcg`|i.

@f H[] H[] AKKLKX

OK@I] \l

J.d&U

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">M)^K@EBG@\GX

7 7<1 7<> UGBILI@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> >.>9;1

>.72>

2

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2

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; 7 8 KR^XK]] @G8R]KAEHY 8<> >.>9;1

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2

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IQ.8.<. \kd~kxg|{x |f|gc "β |f|).

β β β ∁*4 gdh|f| ............................................................................... <.88

\ghkc <.; Lga|gx \kd~kxg|{x |f|gc " β |f| ) |ig~ }gc{xg` @G8R]KAEHY 8<> Xgyf` Hkcg`|i.

@f H[] H[] AKKLKX OK@I]

β gdh

">M)

∁ β">M)

β |f|

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7 7<1 7<> UGBILI@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 8; >.72>8 8;.72>8

8 7 =7= ][LIXDG@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 8; <9.==;= 5<.==;=

= =7= =7< ][LIXDG@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 8; <1.;<57 57.;<57

< 7 8 KR^XK]] @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 8; =>.5<>; ;;.5<>;

; 7 8 KR^XK]] @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 8; =>.5<>; ;;.5<>;

Lidg`g?

I 4 Gx{} ygè dkègcix lgcgd jf`l{j|fx jgxk`g ~glg jf`li}i

}|kgly$}|g|k.

Uc 4 x{ei$x{ei |f|gc ~g`g} lgcgd jghkc

Um 4 x{ei$x{ei ~g`g} lgcgd jf`l{j|fx

U} 4 x{ei$x{ei ~g`g} lgcgd }bkg|b

Ug 4 x{ei$x{ei ~g`g} lgcgd gxdfx

Ul 4 x{ei$x{ei ~g`g} likckj|xij "U&d)

κ 7# κ 8 4

^kxhg`lièg` |f|gc x{ei$x{ei lgyg ~glg }bkg|b lg` gxdfx

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X 4 Xk}i}|g`}i GM lgxi jf`l{j|fx }gg| ~kèf~kxg}ig` ~glg

|kd~kxg|{x dgj}idgc "℡ &d)

` 4 o{dcgb i`|i jf`l{j|fx

β gdh 4 |kd~kxg|{x cièj{èg` "lgcgd |g`gb) ">M)

∁ β 4 jk`gijg` |kd~kxg|{x ">M).

β |f| 4 |kd~kxg|{x |f|gc ">M).

IQ. =. ^kxbi|{èg` Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y) Jghkc

@G8R]KAEHY 8<> Xgyf` Hkcg`|i .

^kxbi|{èg` Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y) hkxe{`g {`|{j dk`k`|{jg`

hk}gx gx{} dgj}idgc ygè hi}g licgc{i&hfckb libg`|gxjg` jghkc. Lgcgd bgc iì

9>>M# ygè dkx{~gjg` hg|g} jkxog i`}{cg}i RC^K Z9T. ]k~kx|i ~kxbi|{èg` li g|g}.

^kx}gdgg` Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y) glgcgb?

Z T;.>

<=87877

/

<=87dgr

))"7")7"

)";.>)"

******

***∘∘4

\ \ `X\ `X X\

\ \ \ `\ U I l gdh

κ κ κ

β β ............................ "<.87)

Z T)">.==2<>.7=5>7">.>>>71715=>)>.7=5>7">.>>>71715=>.<;<9>.>>>71715

)>.;551>.>792>"=>.1927.;.>>.>.<;8)8;9>"

**Õ**Õ*Õ

***∘∘4

=;9.9;<74

Lidg`g?

\7 4 @icgi xk}i}|g`}i |bkxdgc g`|gxg jf`l{j|fx lg` }bkg|b "J.d&U)

\8 4 @icgi xk}i}|g`}i |bkxdgc g |gxg }bkg|b lg` gxdfx &hklliè "J.d&U)

\= 4 @icgi xk}i}|g`}i |bkxdgc cg~i}g` |kxc{gx & }kxqiè jghkc RC^K

"J.d&U)

\< 4 \gbg`g` ~g`g} }kjkciciè jghkc "J.d&U)

;>



X 4 \gbg`g` GM lgxi jf`l{j|fx }gg| ~kèf~kxg}ig` ~glg

|kd~kxg|{xk dgj}idgc "℡ &d)

β gdh 4 \kd~kxg|{x cièj{èg` "lgcgd |g`gb) ">M

β dgr 4 \kd~kxg|{x jf`l{j|fx dgrid{d {`|{j hg|g} jkxog i`}{cg}i {`|{j

f~kxg}i jf`|i`{ " }|kgly$}|g|k) ">M)

MG\G\G@? ]kbgx{}`yg Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y) hkxhklg |ig~ }gc{xg`

jgxk`g xk}i}|iqi|g} |g`gb# |kd~kxg|{x cièj{èg` |g`gb "gdhik`|) jklgcgdg`

~k`g`gdg` jghkc }gc{xg` hgugb |g`gb li cg~gèg` ~g}|i hklg. Jk|iglgg` lg|g

|kx}kh{| lgxi ^C@# dgjg Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y) li~kxbi|{èjg` }g|{

}gog# jgxk`g jfd~f`k` }k~kx|i xk}i}|iqi|g} |g`gb# |kd~kxg|{x cièj{èg` |g`gb

"gdhik`|)# lg` jklgcgdg` ~k`g`gdg` jghkc { |{j |ig~ }gc{xg` ligèeg~ }gdg.

IQ. <. ^kxhg`lièg` Jk`gijg` \kd~kxg|{x \ig~ ]gc{xg`#

\kd~kx|{x \f|gc# \kd~kxg|{x Jf`l{j|fx Dgrid{d [`|{j Hg|g}

Jkxog I`}{cg}i [`|{j F~kxg}i Jf`|i`{# @icgi Gx{} Ygè Dkègcix#

Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y) Jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<> .

\ghkc <.1 ^kxhg`lièg` \kd~kx|{x \f|gc \ig~ ]gc{xg` lg` \kd~kxg|{x

Jf`l{j|fx Dgrid{d [`|{j Hg|g} Jkxog I`}{cg}i [`|{j F~kxg}i

Jf`|i`{.

@f H[] H[] AKKLKX

OK@I] β dgr

">M)

β |f|

">M)^K@EBG@\GX

7 7<1 7<> UGBILI@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 9> 8;.7987

8 7 =7= ][LIXDG@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 9> 5<.=<5=

= =7= =7< ][LIXDG@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 9> 57.;;9>

< 7 8 KR^XK]] @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 9> ;;.5;8<

; 7 8 KR^XK]] @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 9> ;;.5;8<

\ghkc <.5 ^kxhg`lièg` @icgi Gx{} Ygè Dkègcix lg` Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{}"Gd~gmi|y) |ig~ }gc{xg` @G8R]KAEHY 8<> Xgyf` Hkcg`|i.

@f H[] H[] AKKLKX OK@I] I Idgr

^K@EBG@\GX

;7



"Gd~kxk) "Gd~kxk)7 7<1 7<> UGBILI@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 7<.72<=;9 =;9.9;<7

8 7 =7= ][LIXDG@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> =7=.;=<=22 =;9.9;<7

= =7= =7< ][LIXDG@ @G8R]KAEHY 8<> =><.;=7><9 =;9.9;<7

< 7 8 KR^XK]] @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 8<5.=5757> =;9.9;<7; 7 8 KR^XK]] @G8R]KAEHY 8<> 8<5.=5757> =;9.9;<7

Lidg`g?

∁ β 4 jk`gijg` |kd~kxg|{xk jghkc ">M).

β |f| 4 |kd~kxg|{xk |f|gc jghkc ">M).

β dgr 4 |kd~kxg|{x jf`l{j|fx dgrid{d {`|{j hg|g} jkxog i`}{cg}i {`|{j

f~kxg}i jf`|i`{ " }|kgly$}|g|k) ">M).

I 4 gx{} ygè dkègcix ~glg }gg| jf`li}i }|kgly }|g|k "G).

Idgr 4 gx{} dgrid{d jf`l{j|fx {`|{j hg|g} jkxog i`}{cg}i {`|{j

f~kxg}i jf`|i`{ " }|kgly$}|g|k) "G).

4 Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y).

IQ. ;. Exgaij ^kègx{b Gx{} Ygè Dkègcix \kxbglg~

\kd~kxg|{x Jghkc.

IQ.;.g. ^kègx{b gx{} ygè dkègcix |kxbglg~ jk`gijg` |kd~kxg|{x

jghkc lg` |kd~kxg|{x |f|gc Jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<>.

^glg jf`li}i }|kgly$}|g|k }kdgji` |ièei ìcgi gx{} ygè dkègcix ~glg jghkc

}gc{xg` hgugb |g`gb# ìcgi |kd~kxg|{xk ygè libg}icjg` o{eg }kdgji |ièei.

;8



]kdgji` jkmic }kdgji` xk`lgb ìcgi gx{} ygè dkègcix# ìcgi |kd~kxg|{xk ygè

libg}icjg` o{eg }kdgji xk`lgb. B{h{èg``yg hi}g ji|g cibg| ~glg exgaij li

;=



hgugb.

;<



Egdhgx <.< Exgaij ~kègx{b gx{} ygè dkègcix |kxbglg~ jk`gijg` |kd~kxg|{x jghkc lg` |kd~kxg|{x |f|gc Jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<>.

IQ.;.h. Exgaij hg|g} {ò{j jkxog jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<>.

Hg|g} {ò{j jkxog jghkc }gc{xg` hgugb |g`gb# hgbug ìcgi |kd~kxg|{xk

dgj}id{d i`}{cg}i RC^K jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<> ~glg jf`li}i }|kgly$}|g|k

glgcgb 9>>M. Ogli |kd~kxg|{x |f|gc jghkc gjihg| jk`gijg` |kd~kxg|{x ~glg jf`li}i

}|kgly$}|g|k |ilgj hfckb dkckug|i 9>>M. ]klgèjg` gx{} ygè dkègcix ~glg jghkc

|kx}kh{| |ilgj hfckb dkckug|i ìcgi Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y). Hi}g ji|g

cibg| ~glg exgaij lihgugb hgbug ~glg ìcgi Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y)#

;;



|kd~kxg|{x |f|gc`yg hkxìcgi 9>>M ygè dkx{~gjg` ìcgi |kd~kxg|{x dgj}id{d

jkxog i`}{cg}i RC^K.

Egdhgx <.; Exgaij hg|g} {ò{j jkxog jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<>.

IQ. 1. Exgaij ^kègx{b Jklgcgdg` \kxbglg~ @icgi Jg~g}i|g}

Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y).

^kègx{b jklgcgdg` |kxbglg~ ìcgi jg~g}i|g} bg`|gx gx{}# hgbug }kdgji`

lgcgd ~k`g`gdg` jghkc ~glg }{g|{ }gc{xg` hgugb |g`gb# dgjg ìcgi Jg~g}i|g}

Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) }kdgji jkmic. ]kdgji lgèjgc ~k`g`gdg` jghkc

}gc{xg` hgugb |g`gb |kx}kh{|# dgjg ìcgi Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) hk}gx.

B{h{èg``yg hi}g ji|g cibg| ~glg exgaij lihgugb.

;1



Egdhgx <.1 Exgaij ^kègx{b Jklgcgdg` \kxbglg~ @icgi Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{}

"Gd~gmi|y).IQ. 5. Exgaij ^kègx{b \kd~kxg|{x \g`gb "Gdhik`|)

\kxbglg~ @icgi Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y).

^kègx{b |kd~kxg|{x cièj{èg` |g`gb "gdhik`| )# hgbug }kdgji` |ièei

|kd~kxg|{x cièj{èg` |g`gb "gdhik`| ) |kd~g| }gc{xg` hgugb |g`gb |kx}kh{|

li|g`gd# dgjg Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) }kdgji` jkmic. ]kdgji` xk`lgb

|kd~kxg|{x cièj{èg` |g`gb "gdhik`| ) dgjg ìcgi Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{}

" Gd~gmi|y) }kdgji` hk}gx. Lgxi exgaij iì o{eg hi}g lig}{d}ijg` hgbug ~glg

;5



~kx{hgbg` |kd~kxg|{x |kd~kxg|{x cièj{èg` |g`gb "gdhik`| ) ygè kj}|xid

"mf`|fb? li e{x{`# |kd~kxg|{x |ièei ~glg }igè bgxi# |kd~kxg|{x ygè }gèg|

xk`lgb ~glg dgcgd bgxiZ78T) li }{g|{ |kd~g|# dgjg gjg` |kxogli ~kx{hgbg` ìcgi

Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y). B{h{èg` |kx}kh{| hi}g ji|g cibg| ~glg exgaij

;2



lihgugb.

Egdhgx <.5 Exgaij ^k`egx{b \kd~kxg|{x \g`gb "Gdhik |) \kxbglg~ @icgi

Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y).

;9



IQ. 2. Exgaij ^kègx{b Xk}i}|iqi|g} \bkxdgc \g`gb \kxbglg~

@icgi Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y).

^kègx{b xk}i}|iqi|g} |bkxdgc |g`gb |kxbglg~ ìcgi Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{}

" Gd~gmi|y). Hgbug }kdgji` |ièei ìcgi xk}i}|iqi|g} |bkxdgc }{g|{ |g`gb |kd~g|

}gc{xg` hgugb |g`gb |kx}kh{| li|g`gd# ìcgi Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y)

o{eg }kdgji jkmic. ]kdgji` xk`lgb ìcgi xk}i}|iqi|g} |bkxdgc |g`gb# ìcgi

Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) o{eg }kdgji` hk}gx.

Egdhgx <.2 Exgaij ^kègx{b Xk}i}|iqi|g} \bkxdgc \g`gb \kxbglg~ @icgi

Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y).

1>



IQ.9. ^kxhg`lièg` [ò{j Jkxog G`|gxg Jghkc

@G8R]KAEHY 8<> lg` Jghkc Dflkc @f.8.

^kxbi|{èg` iì dk`mfhg dkdhg`lièg` {ò{j jkxog Jghkc

@G8R]KAEHY ygè lie{`gjg` li cg~gèg` lkèg` Jghkc Dflkc @f.8.

\ghkc <.2 Lg|g lidk`}if`gc Jghkc Dflkc @f. 8.

Jf`l{j|fx

Okì} \kdhgeg " }|xg`lkl)

C{g}"]) =>> dd8

Ligdk|kx Kj}|kx`gc Jf`l{j|fx "lm) 8>.; dd

Ligdk|kx Kj}|kx`gc Jf`l{j|fx$]bikcl "lm}) 87.5 dd

Ogxgj g`|gxg ~{}g| jf`l{j|fx lg` ~{}g| jghkc " m) 75.1 dd

^kdi}gbg` grigc lgxi jf`l{j|fx "}) =>.; dd

I`}{cg}i

Okì} RC^K

Ligdk|kx i`}{cg}i "Li) 82.; dd

Ligdk|kx lig|g} }mxkk` "Li}) =>.7 dd

Jk|khgcg` i`|i i`}{cg}i "|i) ;.;= dd

Jk|khgcg` g`|gxg jf`l{j|fx "|) 9.1 ddJk|khgcg` g`|gxg jf`l{j|fx lg` }bkg|b "|c) <.2 dd

]mxkk`& ]bkg|b

Okì} î|g \kdhgeg

Ligdk|kx xg|g$xg|g ~kè{g|g` "xkiàfxmkdk`|) =>.; dd

jk|khgcg` }mxkk` dk|gcij "l7) >.8 dd

Ogmjk|&Hklliè "Kr|kx`gc Mfqkxiè)

Okì} ^QM

Jk|khgcg` Ogmjk| "| o) =.; dd

Ligdk|kx Ogmjk| "Lk) 58.9 dd

\ghkc <.9 ^gxgdk|kx Jghkc Dflkc `f. 8.Z7T

X

>.>>>>59

2

U&d

Xk}i}|g`}i GM lgxi jf`l{j|fx }gg| ~kèf~kxg}ig` ~glg

|kd~kxg|{x dgj}idgc

κ 7 >.87< ^kxhg`li eg` "Xg}if) |f|gc x{ei$x{ei lgyg ~glg }bkg|b.

17



κ 8 > ^kxhg`lièg` "Xg}if) |f|gc x{ei$x{ei lgyg ~glg gxdf{x.

\7 >.=>5 Jd&U @icgi Xk}i}|g`}i \bkxdgc G`|gxg Jf`l{j|fx Lg` ]bkg|b.

\8 > Jd&U Xk}i}|g`}i \bkxdgc G`|gxg ]bkg|b lg` Gxdfx &hklliè.

\= >.7>< Jd&U

@icgi Xk}i}|g`}i \bkxdgc Cg~i}g` \kxc{gx & ]kxqiè Jghkc

RC^K.

IQ.9.g. ^kxbi|{èg` @icgi Xk}i}|g`}i ^g`g} ]kjkcici e Jghkc "\<) Jghkc

Dflkc @f.8.

" ))7"c`8

8

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IQ.9.h. ^k`k`|{g` X{ei$X{ei Likckj|xij " Ligckm|xim Cf}}k}) "Ul) Jghkc

Dflkc @f.8.

μ ώ μ ω |g`8|g`8

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;.84λ Z7T

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97>

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c`72

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4

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IQ.9.m. Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) Jghkc Dflkc @f.8 .

Z T;.>

<=87877

/

<=87dgr

))"7")7"

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κ κ κ

β β ............................ "<.8<)

Z T>.>52)">.==2<>.7=5>7">.>>>>592=>)>.7=5>7">.>>>>592=>.=>5>.>>>>592

)>.;551>.>792>"=>.=>5.;.>>.>1>1)8;9>"

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;<>.=;8874

IQ.9.l. ^kxhg`lièg` Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) G`|gxg Jghkc

Jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<> lg` Jghkc Dflkc @f.8.

Hi}g licibg| lihgugb Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) hgbug jghkc

Dflkc @f. 8 ckhib hk}gx lgxi jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<>.

\ghkc <.7> ^kxhg`lièg` Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y) G`|gxg Jghkc Jghkc


Okì} Jghkc Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y)

Jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<> =;9.987>

Jghkc Dflkc @f.8 ;<>.=;88

1=



IQ.9.k. ^kxhg`lièg` Gx{} Ygè Dkègcix \kxbglg~ Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx

Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) G`|gxg Jghkc Jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<> lg` Jghkc

Dflkc @f.8.

Exgaij iì dkd~kxcibg|jg` ~kègx{b ìcgi gx{} ygè dkègcix |kxbglg~

|kd~kxg|{x jghkc ~glg jf`li}i }|kgly$}|g|k. ]kdgji |ièei ìcgi gx{} ygè

dkègci# }kdgji` |ièei |kd~kxg|{x jghkc. \k|g~i ìcgi gx{} ygè dkègcix |ilgj

hfckb dkckug|i ìcgi Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y)# jgxk`g |kd~kxg|{x |f|gc

jghkc gjg` dkckug|i hg|g} dgj}id{d f~kxg}i i`}{cg}i.

Egdhgx <.9 Exgaij ^kxhg`li eg` Gx{} Ygè Dkègcix \kxbglg~ Jg~g}i|g}

Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y) G`|gxg Jghkc Jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<>lg` Jghkc Dflkc @f.8.

IQ.9.a. ^kxhg`lièg` ^kègx{b Jklgcgdg` \kxbglg~ Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx

Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) G`|gxg Jghkc Jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<> lg` Jghkc

Dflkc @f.8.

1<



Exgaij lihgugb dkd~kxcibg|jg` ~kègx{b jklgcgdg` ~glg jghkc Dflkc

@f. 8 lg` jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<>. Lidg`g }kdgji` lgcgd ~k`g`gdg` jkl{g

jghkc |}h# Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y)`yg }kdgji` jkmic..

Egdhgx <.7> Exgaij ^kxhg`lièg` ^kègx{b Jklgcgdg` \kxbglg~ Jg~g}i|g}

Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y) G`|gxg Jghkc Jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<>lg` Jghkc Dflkc @f.8.

IQ.9.e. ^kxhg`lièg` ^kègx{b \kd~kxg|{x Cièj{èg` \g`gb "Gdhik`|)

\kxbglg~ Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) G`|gxg Jghkc Jghkc


1;



Exgaij lihgugb dkd~kxcibg|jg` ~kègx{b |kd~kxg|{x cièj{èg` |g`gb

"gdhik`|) |kxbglg~ Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) ~glg jghkc Dflkc @f. 8

lg` jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<>. Lidg`g }kdgji` hk}gx |kd~kxg|{x cièj{èg`

|g`gb "gdhik`|) jkl{g jghkc |}h# Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y)`yg }kdgji`

jkmic.

Egdhgx <.77 ^kxhg`lièg` ^kègx{b \kd~kxg|{x Cièj{èg` \g`gb "Gdhik`|)\kxbglg~ Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y) G`|gxg Jghkc Jghkc

@G8R]KAEHY 8<> lg` Jghkc Dflkc @f.8.IQ.9.b. ^kxhg`lièg` ^kègx{b Xk}i}|iqi|g} \bkxdgc \kxbglg~ Jg~g}i|g}

Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) G`|gxg Jghkc Jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<>

lg` Jghkc Dflkc @f.8.

11



Exgaij lihgugb dkd~kxcibg|jg` ~kègx{b xk}i}|iqi|g} |bkxdgc

|g`gb|kxbglg~ Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) ~glg jghkc Dflkc @f. 8 lg`

jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<>. Lidg`g }kdgji` hk}gx xk}}i}|iqi|g} |bkxdgc |g`gb#

Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} " Gd~gmi|y) jkl{g jghkc |}h }kdgji` jkmic.

Egdhgx <.78 ^kxhg`lièg` ^kègx{b Xk}i}|iqi|g} \bkxdgc \kxbglg~ Jg~g}i|g} Bg`|gx Gx{} "Gd~gmi|y) G`|gxg Jghkc Jghkc @G8R]KAEHY 8<>

lg` Jghkc Dflkc @f.8.

15

bab iv

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