1

I BAB

NAULUHADNEP

.A gnakaleB rataL

,ajrek gnaulep nasatabreteK alajeg utas halas idajnem lamrof rotkes amaturet

aragen id naniksimek - gnabmekreb aragen gnay ajrek natakgnA .aisenodnI kusamret

nuhat paites habmatreb nikames utnet upmam naka kadit helo aynhurules gnupmatid

iagabreb naklubminem naka ini lah ,inagnatid areges kadit akiJ .lamrof rotkes

naniksimek akgna ayntakgninem halada aynaratna id ,urab nahalasamrep ,

satilanimirk uata ada kadit adap kapmadreb sitamoto gnay naruggnagnep akgna nad

es irahes pudih nahutubek ihunemem kutnu takaraysam natapadnep ayntikid - .irah

nasalejnep itrepes niksim naadaek nakrabmaggnem naka tubesret isidnoK PB ,S

niksim uata gnaroeses imalaid gnay nagnarukek abres gnay napudihek isidnok halada

aggnihes aggnat hamur igab kayal gnay/laminim nahutubek ihunemem upmam kadit

aynnnapudihek isidnok utaus halada naniksimek ianegnem saul hibel naitregneP .

kutnu naayadrebkaditek ,natapmesek naamaskaditek ,napuggnaskaditek ,nagnarukek

gnarab naktapadnem - kah ,nanayalep ,gnarab - nakhutubid gnay )mukuh( laisos kah

kayal pudih tradnats iapacnem kutnu rasad napudihek gnukudnem nad )iadamem(

3 : 1891 ,alA( - itrepeS .)5 atoK id naniksimeK nasilut malad nasalejnep idneffE( ,

nuhat apnat : )01 nagnap ,gnadnas( iretam nahutubek radekes aynah kadit naniksimek

2

asinagro itrepes iretam non aguj ipatet ,)napap nad iapacnem kutnu kitilop laisos is

,nauhategnep ,naajrekep helorepmem kutnu laisos nagniraj ,amasreb nagnitnepek

.aisunam naarethajesek naktakgninem kutnu anugreb gnay nial lah nad isamrofni

iksim takaraysam igab naayadrebmep ayapu nakhutubid ,uti babes helO kutnu n

hara ek ujunem upmam aggnihes natapadnep nad pudih satilauk naktakgninem

.arethajes gnay takaraysam

S lucnum lamrofni rotke ,sata id nahalasamrep raulek nalaj utas halas iagabes

nagned malad raseb pukuc nanarep ajrek natakgna nahibelek gnupmanem id rotkes

.)3002 ,raiseD( nargim non nad nargim kududnep adap kiab lamrof raseb naigabeS

irad upmam susuhk nailhaek ikilimem kadit nad hadner nakididnepreb gnay akerem

rotkes id ajrekeb gnaro kirat ayad idajnem gnay rotkaF .ini rotkes id gnupmatret

a lamrofni naajrekep nakapurem aynmumu adap ini rotkes anerak halada nial aratn

apnat ikusamid hadum tagnas gnay ajrek gnadib nakapurem nad ,takignem kadit gnay

.)6991 ,idneffE nad gninnaM( kimedaka tarays itrepes nataraysrep ihunemem

lamrofni naajrekep utas halaS ini naitilenep kejbo iagabes nakidajid naka gnay

gnulumep halada gnililek sakeb gnarab ilebmep nad . ini naajrekep irogetak audeK

igal iakapret kadit hadus gnay sakeb gnarab naktaafnamem malad id gnupmicekreb

.lupegnep adapek aynlaujnem nad ep ,aynnaadebreP nakanuggnem kadit gnulum

ilebmep nakgnades ,iracid gnay sakeb gnarab helorepmem kutnu gnau ladom gnarab

sakeb .agraw irad sakeb gnarab ilebmem kutnu gnau ladom nakanuggnem gnililek

gnulumep anemoneF ilebmep nad sakeb gnarab ek gnilil es nikam karam

agnakaleb tasup nagned taked gnay haread nupuata naatokrep haread id amaturet ,ini n

3

.atok ,)6002( onaitselaP malad )6991( ododiW nad gnobeR bokaY turuneM

nahab nalupmugnep malad sativitka kutneb halada gnulumep - gnay sakeb nahab

gnalu ruadid( naktaafnamid asib hisam .) akerem nakapurem sakeb gnarab ilebmeP

ilakes amas iakapret asib kadit hadus gnay sakeb gnarab ilebmem ajrekeb gnay

nagned .gnau ladom nakanuggnem 8002 nuhat aggnih aisenodnI id gnulumep halmuJ

.)4: 8002 ,aganiS( awij 408.652.1 iapacnem gnutihret tubesret akgna nakarikrepiD

takgninem nikames naka anerak manat kococreb nahal gnay tipmeynem nikames

nakgnades ,skelpmok nikames pudih nahutubek ini lah nakasarid aynsusuhk helo

.hawab ek hagnenem nagnalak takaraysam

gnaruk asarid ased id ajrek natapmeseK nakhab ,kiab nagned gnabmekreb

gnurednec .nalaggnitretek imalagnem kaynab ,aynbisan ikiabrepmem kutnU

aynrihka adap nad ajrek iracnem gnay ased irad gnatadnep .atok id patenem

id kududnep nahadniprep takgnit nakbabeynem tubesret gnatadnep aynkusaM

atokrep )3891( iruhnamaD turunem ini naadaeK .raseb habmatreb nikames na malad

)6002( inairemA utiay ,kitsilaud gnay naatokrep imonoke rutkurts naklubminem ,

.lamrofni nad lamrof rotkes

P .isanimirksidret gnay iseforp idajnem hisam gnulumep iagabes naajreke

iserpskE - gnajapid gnay ”kusam gnaralid gnulumep“ nasilut itrepes natnops iserpske

utas halas nakapurem nusud nupuam ,nahamurep ,gnag kusam nalaj gnajnapes id

.)941 :9991 ,omorkiwT( gnulumep arap padahret isanimirksid kutneb adebreB

ilebmep nagned sakeb gnarab takaraysam helo kiab hibel tubmasid gnay gnililek

.sakeb gnarab helorepmem kutnu rutaret hibel ajrekeb nad nalipmanepreb anerak

4

gnay akerem utiay ,irogetak aud idajnem igabid sakeb gnarab ilebmeP

mas aynaudeK .libom nagnobmor nad rotom adepes nakanuggnem a- amas ajrekeb

helorepmem kutnu gnau ladom nagned sakeb gnarab ilebmem gnililek metsis nagned

okot ,lekgneb irad ,nial ased ek utas ased irad ,hamur ek hamur irad sakeb gnarab -

nakanuggnem asaib gnaro aynkayal nalipmanepreb akereM .rasap nupuam okot

adepes kutnu gnakaleb naigab adap kaboreg nupuam gnobmork irebid gnay rotom

m awabme sakeb gnarab helorepid gnay metsis nagned libom nakanuggnem nad

iridret nagnobmor paites aynasaib ,nagnobmor gnaruk irad .gnaro hulupes hibel

gnulumeP nep sakeb gnarab ilebmep nad rotom adepes anugg nakroteynem gnay

sakeb gnarab ,gnuganamaT aseD ,nagnirpegN nusuD nalupegnep tapmet id

d nalitnuM nasawak irad lasareb nalitnuM natamaceK aynratikes na R . nagnobmo

ilebmep sakeb gnarab nakanuggnem gnay bom ,ojerilaK haread irad lasareb li

eK .nagnodnaB nad ,namalaS natamac

gnakaleb rataL raseb naigabes iseforp sakeb gnarab ilebmep nakroteynem gnay

gnarab sakeb gnarab aseD ,nagnirpegN nusuD nalupegnep tapmet id ayn

nalitnuM natamaceK ,gnuganamaT aynsatabret helo kasedret gnay inatep halada

nahal aynkaynab nikames nad nainatrep igolonket naanuggnep gnajnunep iagabes

haread id nainatrep sativitka - naasedep haread isidnoK .laggnit akerem anam id

,ajrek natapmesek ayntipmeynem nikames padahret kapmadreb tubesret kadit ased

ajrek aganet nakulremem igal gnay hanat ikilimem aynah akerem anerak aguj uata ,

6002 ,onaitselaP( tipmes 22 : .)

5

gnulumeP nakapurem .sakeb gnarab again atat iatnar malad id gnitnep rotka

gnulumeP malad gnalu ruad irtsudni ahasu iatnar nesudorp iagabes nakisisopid

)202 :8002 ,aganiS( . ilebmep nagned aguj utigeB sakeb gnarab .gnililek M akere

m sagutreb gnay rotka halada sakeb gnarab iracne gnay iagabes nakidajid satidomok

gnay gnalu ruad irtsudni helo ilabmek haloid naka gnarab iagabes nakidajid kutnu

gnay ilabmek lauj ialin ikilimem gnay .iggnit hibel

gnulumep naridaheK ilebmep nad sakeb gnarab gnililek habmatreb nikames

aynhalmuj kaynab gniries upmam gnay sakeb gnarab lupegnep aynada nagned

lupegneP .gnalu ruad ahasu ainud nakhariaggnem sakeb gnarab ilebmep , nad

gnulumep nakapurem p rentra ajrek .ihuragnepmem gnilas gnay P gnutnagreb lupegne

gnulumep adapek ilebmep nad sakeb gnarab gnililek nahelorep malad gnarab sakeb

.nakileblaujrepid gnay satidomok iagabes

ahasu malad id atsawsariw gnaroes iric utas halas nakapurem gnay isavonI

kutnu naumet utaus ipateT .asaib raul gnay naumet utauses halnakub nalupegnep

nagnukgnil id aidesret gnay imonoke ayad rebmus aynhadnipreb itasaiynem

agnukgnil ek hadner sativitkudorp gnay lisah naktapadnem nad iggnit sativitkudorp n

naktaafnamem igetarts halada uti tasaiS .raseb hibel laitnetop ytinutroppo iauses gnay

.ada gnay satilibapak nagned S gnaulep naktaafnamem malad lupegnep igetart

aynahasu naktakgninem upmam aggnihes tubesret .ini naitilenep malad id sahabid

suret naka akerem ,gnusgnalreb suret hisam aisunam napudihek amaleS

irahes pudih nahutubek ihunemem kutnu nataigek nakukalem - uti nataigek irad ,irah

naklisahid p nakidajid tubesret laH .kaynab habmatreb nikames gnay habmil gnaule

6

irad ialum kiab ,sakeb gnarab again atat iatnar ukalep kutnu nakijnajnem gnay ahasu

gnorobmep ,gnalu ruad kirbap radnab / aggnih sakeb gnarab lupegnep , gnarab ilebmep

nad sakeb .gnulumep

B gabes nakidajid sakeb gnara nakijnajnem gnay ahasu utaus ia rebmus anerak

naka kadit naktaafnamid gnay ayad urtsuj aynkilabes numan ,sibah hanrep nikames

.habmatreb U .sakeb gnarab ahasu irad helorepid gnay taafnam kaynaB ahas

sakeb gnarab nahalognep es dujuw utas halas iagab nakiratselem nagnukgnil

upmam gnay takaraysam igab fitisop kapmad nakirebmem habmil ilabmek halognem

iaruret tilus gnay arab idajnem .simonoke ialin ikilimem gnay gn gnalu ruad ahasU

sakeb gnarab aguj abmus nakirebmem upmam d ,nanugnabmep igab fitisop nagn i

kubmem halada aynaratna akgna ignarugnem ,ajrek gnaulep kaynab utigeb a

ruggnagnep .takaraysam natapadnep naktakgninem nad na

U nalupegnep ahas gnay licek gnologret hisam nakkujnunem upmam isnetsiske

narep nad aggnih ini huajes iapmas kutnu tapmetes takaraysam taubmem gnay(

ajrekeb )gnulumep idajnem gnay naayadrebmep ,kadit gnilaP .igal ”ayadreb“ hibel

ukalid halet sakeb gnarab lupegnep helo nak gnay takaraysam awabmem halet

upmam atres ,naniksimek nad nagnakalebretek ihuajnem aynmaladid gnupmicekreb

munem ridnamek pakis nakgnabmekhub .)7 : 6002 ,onaitselaP( nai

nad nalitnuM nasawaK id inuketid karam nikames sakeb gnarab ahasU

tatek nikames gnay nagniasrep padahret kapmadreb tubesret laH .aynratikes

idajret aynah kadit nagniasreP .tubesret ahasu ainud inukenem gnay ahasugnepratna

ratna gnulumepratna aguj numan ,lupegnep ilebmep nad sakeb gnarab iracnem gnay

7

em ,gniasreb upmam kadit akiJ .sakeb gnarab ayntatek irad rikgnisret naka aker

ahasu nagniasrep .tubesret ilebmeP sakeb gnarab ahasu isanimodnem hibel gnililek

,uti babes helO .nalitnuM haread id gnulumep adapirad sakeb gnarab nairacnep

ilebmep nad lupegnep aratna nilajret gnay nagnubuh naknakenem hibel naitilenep

sakeb gnarab .gnililek

ilebmeP sakeb gnarab gnililek lupegnep nad gnisam arac nakanuggnem - gnisam

nagnubuh nilajnem nagned aynutas halas ,inuketid gnay ahasu naknalajnem kutnu

raga naujutreb nakukalid gnay ahasu igetartS .aynaudek aratna id kiab gnay ajrek

haleb audek taubmem nad amal nahatreb upmam kutnebret gnay isaler tapad kahip

nasawaK id tatek gnay sakeb gnarab ahasu nagniasrep hagnet id nahatreb suret

.nalitnuM

ini naitileneP nem anamiagab ianegnem naksalej alop nilajret gnay nagnubuh

nagned lupegnep aratna sakeb gnarab ilebmep id nalupegnep tapmet nusuD

,nagnirpegN alad nalitnuM natamaceK ,gnuganamaT aseD ahasu naknalajnem m

malad ajas apA .sakeb gnarab again iatnar /kapmad helorepid gnay isakilpmi igab

kahip haleb audek malad tujnal hibel sahabid tubesret nagnubuh aynnilajret irad

.ini nasilut

.B halasaM nasumuR

iraD : halada itiletid naka gnay halasam nasumurep akam ,sata id gnakaleb ratal

nad lupegnep aratna nilajret gnay nagnubuh alop anamiagaB ilebmep gnarab

sakeb gnililek nalupegnep tapmet id ?

8

.C naitileneP naujuT

m halada naitilenep irad naujuT nagnubuh alop imahame aratna nilajret gnay

mep nad lupegnep ileb .nalupegnep tapmet id sakeb gnarab

.D naitileneP taafnaM

.kahip kaynab igab taafnamreb nakparahid ini naitileneP nauhategnep umli igaB

ini naitilenep lisah tapad laisos umli gnadib id hanasahk habmanem , aynsusuhk

mep nad lupegnep helo nilajid gnay nagnubuh gnatnet ileb sakeb gnarab gnililek

m malad again iatnar atat rotka ukales ahasu naknalajne .sakeb gnarab P ini naitilene

,namalagnep naarahadnebmep nakhabmanem upmam ,narajalep nakirebmem

b nauhategnep nad isaripsni T .saul takaraysam nad acabmep iga nolac arap kusamre

jrek ainud id rucnulem pais gnay ajrek natakgna gnatad naka gnay nad gnarakes a

d taafnam kaynab iuhategnem nagne helorepid tapad gnay rotkes ahasu gnaulep irad

rofni suhk ,lam .sakeb gnarab naktaafnamem aynsu

nakparahid ini naitilenep malad lupegnep helo naknalajid gnay ahasu igetartS

habmat nakirebmem aynutas halaS .namalagnep nad nauhategnep na nakidajnem

takaraysam pudih kutnu kiratret hibel fitpada ,fitaerk , kimanid malad id iridnam nad

nagnubuh nilajnem nagned helorepid gnay nagnutnuek kaynab utigeB .ahasu ainud

amasreb rentrap nad lupegnep aynlah itrepes , ilebmep sakeb gnarab gnililek .

9

natakgninep gnorodnem kutnu ayapu utas halas nakapurem tubesret nagnubuH

satilauk aynah kadit gnay pudih taafnamreb ridnes irid kutnu kutnu aguj numan ,i

s nial gnaro nad nagnukgnil igab anugreb gnay udividni kutnebmem upmam aggnihe

.ratikes takaraysam

ini tesir ,itilenep igaB nad fitaripsni tagnas hanasahk habmanem kutnu taafnamreb

umli ep aynsusuhk ,maladnem hibel araces nauhategn ianegnem rotkes imonoke

lamrofni .

.E akatsuP naijaK

isasilautpesnoK .1

1.1 . sakeB gnaraB lupegneP

akiJ .naklupegnem nataubrep ,arac ,sesorp itrareb IBBK turunem nalupegneP

,arac ,sesorp itrareb sakeb gnarab nalupegnep ,tubesret ankam irad naklupmisid

.sakeb gnarab naklupegnem nataubrep nupuam nakapurem sakeb gnarab lupegneP

nu ladom ikilimem gnay gnaro ilebmem kut sinej alages /sakeb gnarab sakeb gnarab

hadus gnay .gnulumep irad iakap kayal kadit sakeb gnaraB gnulumep nakrotesid gnay

samekid nad halipid naidumek tubesret raseb hibel gnay alaks malad nakrasadreb

gnisam - et nad samekid haleteS .sinej gnisam gnarab ,raseb hibel alaks malad lupmukr

iapmas aynrihka aggnih radnab /gnorobmep adapek igal nakrotesid kutnu pais sakeb

ek .gnalu ruad kirbap gnarab narulaynep sesorP - gnarab naktabilem tapad sakeb

01

raseb hadanep nad lupegnep ,gnulumep d rotka ukales mala ar gnalu ruad ahasu iatn

.)6002 ,onaitselaP(

aud idajnem nakadebid sakeb gnarab lupegnep ,ada gnay laisos atarts nakrasadreB

ksedid naka gnay narep nad kitsiretkarak nagned ,nasipal :tukireb 1.1 lebaT nakispir

1.1 LEBAT

nareP nad kitsiretkaraK ,laisoS sutatS sakeB gnaraB lupegneP

nasipaL

)sutats(

laisoS

kitsiretkaraK nareP

lupegneP

raseB

gnulumep haub kana ikilimeM

gnaro 01 irad hibel

nagnupmanep kapal ikilimeM

saul gnay gnarab

/nagnupmanep satisapaK

hibel gnulumep irad nailebmep

irah rep not 5 irad

ikilimeM 02 pR > ahasu ladom

atuj

nagaruj /nakijam iagabeS

iagabes gnurednec aynasaiB

noinipo( tapadnep nipmimep

)redael

tapad imonoke malaD

narep nagned nakrajajesid

/narasamep agabmel iagabes

nega

11

: rebmuS 102 : 8002 ,aganiS - 202

P sakeb gnarab ahasu lupegne ,gnuganamaT ,nagnirpegN nusuD id itiletid gnay

raseb lupegnep isakifisalk malad ek kusamret nalitnuM sata id irogetak nakrasadreb .

kutnu gnades nad licek alaks lupegnep ahasu irogetak naksalejnem aguj naitileneP

nakgnidnabmem da akerem nagnubuh tahilem n .raseb lupegnep ahasu nagned

.2.1 gnulumeP sakeB gnaraB ilebmeP nad

acnem gnay gnaro itrareb gnay ,gnulup atak irad lasareb gnulumeP hakfan ir

alaj nagned nad tugnumem n adapek aynlaujnem nagned sakeb gnarab naktaafnamem

satidomok gnarab idajnem ilabmek aynhalognem naka gnay ahasugnep ukal gnay

lauj sakeb gnarab naklupmugnem utiay ,gnulumem halada gnulumep naajrekeP .

aubret gnay )habmil( iskudorp nahab iagabes naktaafnamid kutnu )hapmas( gn

.)IBBK(

lupegneP

liceK

5 gnulumep haub kana ikilimeM -

gnaro 01

ikilimeM nagnupmanep kapal

gnarab

/nagnupmanep satisapaK

gnilap gnulumep irad nailebmep

not 5 kaynab

5 pR ahasu ladoM - atuj 02 pR

licek nagaruj /nakijam iagabeS

iagabes gnurednec aynasaiB

sataek( isakinumok surenep -

)hawabek

tapad imonoke malaD

nagned nakrajajesid narep

lupmugnep nagadep

21

gnulumep ,)6002( onaitselaP malad )6991( ododiW nad gnobeR bokaY turuneM

nahab nalupmugnep malad sativitka kutneb halada - asib hisam gnay sakeb nahab

.)gnalu ruadid( naktaafnamid turunem gnulumeP naksinifedid YID laisoS aniB oriB

irahes gnay gnaro iagabes - gnarab naklupmugnem ajrekeb aynirah - gnarab sakeb gnay

.anad nanabrognep utaus aynada apnat simonoke ialin iaynupmem

iric nagned YID admeP laisoS aniB oriB helo nakrapapid aguj gnulumep iseforP

h nakididnep takgnit ,sinket nalipmartek ikilimem kadit ,aganet nakladnagnem ayna

kadit ajrekeb malad ,iridnam ayapu nakukalid hakfan helorepmem malad ,hadner

gnadnurep narutarep hutnesret muleb ,ajrek maj naruta takiret - gnadib nagnadnu

d gnay naajrekagnetek nad susuhk nailhaek tutnunem kadit ,hatniremep nakpateti

iagabreb irad ajrek aganet pareynem tapad sewul araces aggnihes ,susuhk nalipmartek

.)2002 ,saytgniniraS( nakididnep natakgnit

s aynah ,hadner ulales kadit aguj aynranebes gnulumep natapadnep halmuJ aja

hisam gnulumep iagabes naajrekeP .)38 :6891 ,idneffE( naitsapek tapadret kadit

paggnagnem gnay ”satilanijram sotim“ aynadA .isanimirksidret gnay iseforp idajnem

,ayahabreb ,rotok ,anih gnay naajrekep nakapurem gnulumep iagabes naajrekep

nad gnapmiynem paites malad amiretid hadum kadit gnulumep taubmem ,hena

nad lakgnad araces nakitraid gnires hisam gnulumep ataK .takaraysam nasipal

utaus nakapurem nad ,sigolotap tafisreb hibel gnay utauses iagabes paggnaid

takaraysam laisos nahalasamrep .)7:7991 ,omorkiwT(

p helo iracid ini naitilenep malad sakeb gnaraB gnulume ilebmep nad gnarab

sakeb gnililek nagnobmor nad rotom adepes anuggnep utiay irogetak aud nagned

31

.libom sakeb gnarab ilebmeP adap gnulumep nagned adebreb duskamid gnay

m gnay aymumu irad sakeb gnarab gnulume nad nanalaj gnau ladom apnat . ilebmeP

sakeb gnarab tubesret helorepmem kutnu gnau ladom nagned ajrekeb sakeb gnarab

ek utas ased irad ,hamur ek hamur irad sakeb gnarab ilebmem gnililek metsis nagned

okot ,lekgneb irad ,nial ased -t aynkayal nalipmanepreb akereM .rasap nupuam oko

asaib gnaro gnay rotom adepes nakanuggnem nagned kaboreg nupuam gnobmork id

m kutnu gnakaleb naigab awabme sakeb gnarab .helorepid gnay ilebmeP sakeb gnarab

nagnobmor amasreb gnay akerem halada - ab iracnem amas gned sakeb gnar an metsis

nagnobmor gnaro aparebeb libom nakanuggnem gnay nagnobmor paites aynasaib ,

iridret gnaruk .gnaro hulupes irad hibel

”itulegid“ kaynab hibel ini gnulumep iseforp ,aynmumu adaP takaraysam helo

,nahurulesek araces ripmaH .niksim lasareb gnay nargim nakapurem gnulumep arap

.)2002 ,katnujnamiS( naasedep irad mep nagned aguj utigeB ileb sakeb gnarab

gnililek naigabes ,aynratikes nad nalitnuM haread irad niales ,ini naitilenep malad

dep nakapurem gnay ojerilaK haread irad lasareb raseb id katelret gnay naase

.gnalegaM ,namalaS natamaceK mulebeS iseforp inukenem ,gnulumep idajnem

satiroyam takgnob iluk ,atab utab taubmep hurub ,inatep iagabes ajrekeb akerem irad

.aynnial natubares hurub nad taum

3.1 . ( sakeb gnaraB nakosgnor )

gnaraB sakeb gnaraB .)IBBK( ilakes amas kasur hadus gnay gnarab nakapurem

( sakeb nakosgnor gnalu ruad irtsudni helo alolekid gnay satidomok nakapurem ) kutnu

41

gnarab idajnem haloid hagnetes idaj uata idaj imonoke ialin ikilimem aggnihes .

d ahasu iatnaR lem gnalu rua gnulumep naktabi ilebmep , sakeb gnarab gnililek ,

nad gnorobmep /radnab ,lupegnep .gnalu ruad irtsudni/kirbap sakeb gnaraB gnay

naktaafnamid helo ilabmek haloid upmam gnay gnarab halada gnalu ruad irtsudni , id

aynaratna apureb ek macam alages ,narok ,sudrak ,rebme sinej alages ,acak ,lotob ,satr

itrepes magol aiteS .sakeb ika nad ,nagninuk ,agabmet ,muinumula ,gnes ,iseb p

sakeb gnarab gnisam nakrasadreb nial amas utas adebreb gnay agrah ikilimem -

gnisam sinej .

sakeb gnaraB gnarab nakanuggnem suret gnay aisunam nataigek helo naklisahid -

irahes pudih nahutubek gnajnunem kutnu irtsudni lisah gnarab - ,irah nikameS .irah

gnay nataigek alup magareb nikames ,aisunam isalupop kaynab habmatreb nikames

nakukalid gnay kapmadreb padahret aynkaynab nikames sakeb gnarab gnay

apureb hapmas habmil ,raneb nagned inagnatid kadit akiJ .naklisahid sakeb gnarab

gnay iaruret kutnu amal utkaw nakulremem kinagrona hapmas kusamret gnay

kapmadreb dni narep hal inis iD .nagnukgnil kasurem nad iramecnem gnalu ruad irtsu

gnarab ,lucnum - tapadid gnay anugreb kadit hadus gnay gnarab irad gnulumep nad

ilebmep sakeb gnarab gnililek kirbap ek raseb iatrap malad lupegnep helo laujid ,

radnab iulalem gnalu ruadid kutnu idajnem gnay idaj hagnetes nupuam idaj gnarab

.ilabmek lauj ialin nad anug ialin ikilimem P ini sakeb gnarab gnalu ruad naalolegne

nakasurep ignarugnem malad isubirtnok nad nagnabmus nakirebmem upmam

.imub nahaleb id nagnukgnil

51

.2 iroeT isasit

1.2 . lamrofnI rotkeS

lamrofni imonoke pesnoK 1791 nuhat adap traH helo ilak amatrep naklanekrepid

ilak gnires gnay nataigek iagablep nakapurem lamrofni rotkeS .agitek ainud aragen id

”iridnes ahasu“ mumu halitsi malad pukacret )931 : 3891 ,idneffE nad gninnaM( .

aragen id lamrofni rotkeS - gnades aragen naupmamkaditek irad lucnum gnabmekreb

5791 ,radmuzaM( ajrek iracnep gnajnap nairtna gnupmanem kutnu lamrof rotkes nad )

gnupmanep hadaw iagabes nakidajid upmam gnay naimonokerep nataigek kutneb

nataigeK .ajrek natakgna - lamrofni rotkes naimonokerep nataigek kadites - aynkadit

nad tikides nupapateb ,kududnep arap adap naajrekep nad natapadnep nakirebmem

anamiagab nakgnayabid asib kadit ripmah gnay kududnep adapek ,aynpatet kadit

rotkes ada kadit akij akerem isnetsisbus napudihek naknahatrepmem asib akerem

rofni nakajibek irad sigol isneukesnok iagabes lucnum ini isautiS .tubesret lam

iagabes tubesid gnay apa irad sitametsis naigab nakapurem gnay irtsudni rotkes

.)5891 ,initraK( lamrof

malad raseb pukuc gnay nanarep iaynupmem lamrofni rotkeS gnupmanem

na nahibelek id ajrek natakg non nad nargim kududnep adap kiab lamrof rotkes

kiab nagned gnabmekreb kadit ased id ajrek natapmeseK .)3002 ,raiseD( nargim

ikiabrepmem kutnU .nalaggnitretek imalagnem gnurednec nakhab ,atok id itrepes

dap nad ajrek iracnem gnay gnatadnep kaynab ,aynbisan patenem akerem aynrihka a

id kududnep nahadniprep takgnit nakbabeynem tubesret gnatadnep aynkusaM .atok id

61

turunem ini naadaeK .raseb habmatreb nikames naatokrep )3891( iruhnamaD malad

)6002( inairemA ,kitsilaud gnay naatokrep imonoke rutkurts naklubminem , utiay

.lamrofni nad lamrof rotkes

nagnubuH aguj aratna nilajret lamrofni rotkes epitotorp idajnem gnay

b naimonokerep .nainatrep rotkes nagned raaza S kududnep nahadniprep idajret gnire

pmiynem eeG cM .tubesret rotkes audek aratna asaj nad gnarab sura atres naklu

nagnabmekrep anam id anemonef utaus nakkujnunem lamrofni rotkes naadarebek

o ignabmiid kadit ilakgnires gnabmekreb gnades aragen id tasep gnay imonoke hel

L .ada gnay ajrek natapmesek rotkes id gnupmatret ulal uti ajrek natakgna napau

p nagned lamrofni sativitkudor .)7991 ,eeG’cM( netsisbus

gnadnapid ajrekep nahibelek aynidajret nad hadner gnay isasilairtsudni takgniT

atok id gnabmekreb sitsilaud metsis amatu babeynep iagabes - .agiteK ainuD id atok

ep isakol id naadaek nakrabmaggnem aguj tubesret isidnoK haread id naitilen

aratna amatu rulaj id sigetarts hayaliw nagned licek atok iagabeS .nalitnuM

atrakaygoY - gnay lamrofni rotkes isnetop kaynab ikilimem nalitnuM ,gnalegaM

rotkes id paresret kadit gnay ratikes takaraysam ajrek naupmut nakidajid upmam

.lamrof gnay sakeb gnarab naktaafnamem gnaulep apureb aynutas halaS aguj upmam

.aynratikes nad nalitnuM id hapmas emulov nahalasamrep ignarugnem S rotke

duskam id gnay lamrofni ini naitilenep malad habmil naalolegnep ahasu halada

p helo nakukalid gnay sakeb gnarab gnulume ilebmep , sakeb gnarab gnililek nad

.lupegnep

71

huaj aynsativitkudorp gnay niksim muak ajrekep assam itupilem lamrofni rotkeS

hadner hibel nakgnidnabid ajrekep na nredom rotkes atok igab pututret gnay akerem .

s gnulumeP naitilenep malad kejbo iagabe lamrofni rotkes malad iseforp nakapurem

id paresret kadit gnay niksim muak igab nial nahilip ada kadit anerak hilipid gnay

.lamrof rotkes naajrekep K naknikgnumem kadit gnay namalagnep nad naupmame

gnay nakididnep itrepes ,lamrof rotkes malad ek kusam kutnu muak taubmem ,hadner

hilimem aynratikes nad nalitnuM nasawaK id niksim inukenem iagabes iseforp

gnulumep ilebmep nad sakeb gnarab malad id kusam gnay irogetak rotkes imonoke

.lamrofni awhab nakkujnunem tubesret nasalejneP tahilid tapad lamrofni rotkes

bes nad ajrek natakgna gnupmanep hadaw ,naimonokerep nataigek kutneb iaga

( aggnaynep enoz reffub .nanugnabmep sesorp malad ada surah gnay )

gnulumeP ilebmep nad sakeb gnarab nakidajid kutnu sakeb gnarab iracnem

ayad rebmus iagabes satidomok / ilabmek haloid gnay gnalu ruad irtsudni helo

iggnit hibel lauj ialin ikilimem gnay idaj hagnetes uata idaj gnarab idajnem akerem ,

nesudorp iagabes tubesid tapad tubesret irtsudni malad )202 :8002 ,aganiS( lupegneP .

gnorobmep nad radnab / kutnu narepreb kirbap ikrareih hawab id adareb gnay

irad nahelorep sakeb gnarab apureb gnalu ruad irtsudni satidomok nakrulaynem

kirbap ek nakmirikid kutnu gnulumep - .aynhalognem pais gnay gnalu ruad kirbap

ab nagned nalajreb upmam sakeb gnarab again ataT ajrek anerak ki amas

.gnulumep ek iapmas aggnih kirbap irad ialum ,gnabmies gnay rotkaratna laH

nakkujnunem tubesret gnalu ruad kirbap awhab raseb alaks lupegnep aggnih gnay

81

ahasu nagned tare tagnas gnay nagnubuh ikilimem lamrof rotkes ahasu nakapurem

tkes lamrofni ro aynhawab id .gnades lupegnep aggnih gnulumep utiay

NAGAB 1.1

sakeB gnaraB agaiN ataT iatnaR ataM

3991 ,itrahuS : rebmuS

gnalu ruad irtsudnI pareynem upmam kaynab utigeb .ajrek aganet irad ialuM

aggnih nalupegnep tapmet ,gnorobmep /radnab ahasu ,gnalu ruad kirbap gnulumep .

rasaP

lupegnePkapaL /

/gnorobmePradnaB

ruaD kirbaPgnalU

nagnobmoR lukaB nemusnoKiakameP

gnakuThapmaS

keserG gnakuT

iagnuS

ASPT/SSPT

nanalaJ

gnupmaK

91

iapacnem kutnu naujutreb sakeb gnarab again atat rotkaratna nilajret gnay nagnubuH

gnisam imonoke nahutubek ihunemem nad nagnutnuek - .kahip gnisam nupikseM

ratna amas rotka - tahilret kapman ,nagnutnuek helorepmem amas noitatiolpxe neddih

su malad id ukalreb gnay gnulumeP .gnulumep helo imalaid gnay sakeb gnarab aha

nesudorp iagabes ukab nahab nakaideynem gnay natapadnep helorepmem gnilap

.aynnial sata id rutkurts nad lupegnep adapirad tikides

ulumep aratna nilajret gnay nagnubuh huajes isatabid sukoF gn ilebmep , gnarab

sakeb gnililek nusuD nalupegnep tapmet naitilenep kejbo nagned lupegnep nad

nad lupegnep helo nakgnabmekid gnay igetartS .nalitnuM ,gnuganamaT ,nagnirpegN

aggnihes ahasu nakgnabmegnem nad isnetsiske agajnem kutnu nakhutubid gnulumep

udek .naknigniid nigni gnay naujut iapacnem upmam kahip haleb a

gnulumep iagabes iseforP ilebmep nad sakeb gnarab gnililek igab akubret tafisreb

as apais kusam nigni gnay aj kadit anerak nakulremem apureb tarays .susuhk nailhaek

gnarab rasap alup raseb nikames ,sakeb gnarab iracnem gnay gnaro kaynab nikameS

huragnepreb tubesret laH .ada gnay sakeb gnay lupegnep halmuj padahret nikames

kaynab nad .sakeb gnarab ahasu iatnar malad ahasu hariag ayntakgninem

K p nataige kadites lamrofni rotkes naimonokere - natapadnep nakirebmem aynkadit

naajrekep nad aynmulebes initraK nasalejnep itrepes pateb , kadit nad tikides nupa

aynpatet akerem anamiagab nakgnayabid asib kadit ripmah gnay kududnep adapek

s napudihek naknahatrepmem asib .akerem netsisbu P ilak parek gnay naajreke

02

urtsuj ,gnaro kaynab helo atam halebes gnadnapid nad takgnagnem upmam

nad pudih naknahatrepmem kutnu hadner nakididnepreb gnay akerem utnabmem

abes naajrekep nagned utnabret tagnas akereM .nalisahgnep naktakgninem iag

,inuketid gnay gnulumep nupiksem helorepid gnay natapadnep utnenem kadit ,

aynkadites irahes pudih nahutubek ipukucnem upmam - .irah

2.2 aloP . laisoS isaleR

kutnu amases nagned iskaretnireb ulales laisos kulhkam ukales aisunaM

nagnubuh nakapurem laisos iskaretnI .aynnahutubek ihunemem - laisos nagnubuh

kopmolek aratna .nagnarorep gnaro aratna nagnubuh tukgnaynem gnay simanid gnay -

aratna nupuam ,aisunam kopmolek aisunam kopmolek nagned nagnarorep gnaro

kutnu nugnabid laisos nagnubuH .)76 : 0991 ,otnakeoS malad nilliG nad nilliG(

.aisunam nagnitnepek nad nahutubek kutneb iagabreb ihunemem

alop naksalejnem kutnu ini naitilenep malad nakanugid laisos isaler aloP

buh mep nad sakeb gnarab lupegnep aratna nagnu ileb sakeb gnarab tapmet id

natamaceK ,gnuganamaT aseD ,nagnirpegN nusuD id adareb gnay nalupegnep

laisos isaleR .takaraysam malad id udividniratna nagnubuh halada isaleR .nalitnuM

isah laisos nagnubuh tubesid aguj kitametsis )ukal hakgnit naiakgnar( iskaretni irad l

hibel uata gnaro aud aratna ,udividni ratna nagnubuh tukgnaynem nad simanid gnay

,kopmolek ratna .kopmolek nagned udividni aratna nupuata apurem laisos isaleR nak

ratna kilab labmit nagnubuh gnilas nad nial gnay udividni nagned utas gnay udividni

12

pait akij ada naka laisos nagnubuh uata laisos isaler utauS .ihuragnepmem - gnaro pait

nial kahip irad gnatad naka gnay nakadnit sinej tapet araces naklamarem tapad

.aynirid padahret

nem otipsuP ordneH igoloisos ilha arap aynmumu adap awhab nakatay

laisos sesorp utiay ,aud idajnem laisos iskaretni alop nad kutneb nakisakifisalkgnem

gnay laisos sesorp nad )sessecorp evitaicossa( nakgnubaggnem tafisreb gnay

.)sessecorp evitaicossid( nakiarecnem nialeS dneH nilliG nad nilliG ,otipsuP or

)77 : 0991 ,otnakeoS( aguj gnay macam aud idajnem laisos sesorp isakifitnedignem

laisos iskaretni aynada tabika iagabes lubmit utiay , :

.a fitaisosa sesorP ( noitaicossa fo sessecorp ) kutneb agit idajnem igabret gnay

: susuhk

.1 isadomokA

.2 isalimisA

.3 isarutlukA

.b fitaisosid sesorP ( noitaicossid fo sessecorp : pukacnem gnay )

.1 nagniasreP

.2 naiakitrep uata nagnatnetrep nad isnevartnok itupilem gnay nagniasreP

( tcilfnoc )

nakgnubaggnem haragnem gnay laisos sesorP )fitaisosa( igab nakujutid

ialin ayndujuwret - nakijabek tubesid gnay ialin - nalidaek itrepes laisos nakijabek

22

.fitisop sesorp iagabes nakatakid nad satiradilos ,nanukurek ,hisak atnic ,laisos

nakiarecnem laisos sesorp nakgnadeS )fitaisosasid( gnay isisopo tafisreb nad

ialin aynatpicret adapek haragnem - ,naicnebek itrepes laisosa uata fitagen ialin

nakatakid ini nad naheceprep ,nagnatnetrep ,nagnobmosek ,emsioge ,nahusumrep

( fitagen sesorp ,otipsuP .)882 :2991

kokop iskaretni sesorP nilajret gnay : )97 : 0991 ,otnakeoS(

.a sesorP A fitaisos

.1 ( amaS ajreK noitarepooC )

uata nagnarorep gnaro aratna amasreb ahasu utaus halada amas ajreK

.amasreb naujut aparebeb uata utas iapacnem kutnu aisunam kopmolek

kutnu nakkaregid tapad gnaro alibapa gnabmekreb amas ajrek kutneB

utaus iapacnem nad amasreb naujut urah naujut awhab naradasek ada s

ada surah aguJ .aumes igab taafnam iaynupmem irah naidumek id tubesret

naka gnay asaj salab atres ajrek naigabmep malad nakgnaneynem gnay milki

nailhaek ,ayntujnales nagnabmekrep malaD .amiretid - nailhaek utnetret

aynamas ajrek anacner ayapus ,amas ajrekeb gnay akerem igab nakulrepid

: amas ajrek kutneB .kiab nagned anaskalret tapad

.i gnotog pukacnem gnay nanukureK - gnolot nad gnoyor - gnolonem

.ii gniniagreB narakutrep ianegnem naijnajrep naanaskalep utiay ,

gnarab - asaj nad gnarab - hibel uata isasinagro aud aratna asaj

32

.iii oK - ( isatpo noitatpooC rusnu naamirenep sesorp utaus ,) - urab rusnu

utaus malad kitilop naanaskalep uata nanipmimepek malad

aynidajret iradnihgnem kutnu arac utas halas iagabes ,isasinagro

gnacnogek natukgnasreb gnay isasinagro satilibats malad na

.vi ( isilaoK noitilaoC hibel uata isasinagro aud aratna isanibmok ,)

naujut iaynupmem gnay - tapad isilaoK .amas gnay naujut

,utkaw aratnemes kutnu libats kadit gnay naadaek naklisahgnem

uata isasinagro aud anerak iaynupmem nanikgnumek tubesret hibel

ipatet nakA .aynnial nagned utas aratna amas kadit gnay rutkurts

aparebeb uata utas iapacnem kutnu halada amatu duskam anerak

.fitarepook halada ayntafis akam ,amasreb naujut

.v erutneV nioJ ugnep malad nagned amas ajrek , keyorp naahas -

.utnetret keyorp

.2 ( isadomokA noitadomoccA )

nagnatnetrep nakiaseleynem kutnu arac utaus nakapurem isadomokA

nagnalihek kadit nawal aggnihes ,nawal kahip nakrucnahgnem apnat

idabirpek halada isadomoka naujuT .aynna aratna nagnatnetrep ignarugneM

kopmolek uata nagnarorep gnaro - naadebrep tabika iagabes aisunam kopmolek

aggnihes ,mahap raga tapadnep audek aratna asetnis nakalisahgnem

,urab alop utaus naklisahgnem nagnatnetrep utaus aynkadelem hagecnem

aw aratnemes kutnu ,reropmetnok araces uata utk aynidajret naknikgnumem

42

kopmolek aratna amasajrek - iagabes hasipret aynpudih gnay laisos kopmolek

rotkaf tabika - ,naayadubek nad sigolokisp laisos rotkaf nakahasugnem

kopmolek aratna narubelep - .hasipret gnay laisos kopmolek

omokA utneb aparebeb iaynupmem sesorp utaus iagabes isad k : tukireb iagabes

)i noicreoC

aynada anerak nakanaskalid aynsesorp gnay isadomoka kutneb utauS

alib hamel gnay naadaek malad adareb kahip utas halas anam id ,naaskap

.nawal kahip nagned nakgnidnabid araces nakukalid tapad aynnaanaskaleP

.)gnusgnal kadit araces( sigolokisp nupuam )gnusgnal araces( kisif

)ii esimorpmoC

kahip anam id isadomoka kutneb utauS - gnilas tabilret gnay kahip

padahret naiaseleynep utaus iapacret raga ,aynnatutnut ignarugnem

srep .ada gnay nahisile

)iii noitartibrA

iapacnem kutnu arac utauS esimorpmoc kahip alibapa - gnay kahip

nakiaselesid nagnatnetreP .iridnes ayniapacnem puggnas kadit napadahreb

utaus helo uata kahip haleb audek helo hilipid gnay agitek kahip helo

kreb gnay nadab kahip irad iggnit hibel nakudude - gnay kahip

.nagnatnetreb

)vi noitaideM

52

iapureynem ripmaH noitartibra , larten gnay agitek kahip gnadnuid

nakahasugnem sagutreb agitek kahiP .ada gnay nahisilesrep laos malad

agitek kahiP .iamad araces naiaseleynep utaus ,tahesanep iagabes aynah

rebmem kutnu gnanewew ikilimem kadit i nasutupek - nasutupek

.tubesret nahisilesrep naiaseleynep

)v noitailicnoC

nanigniek nakumetrepmem kutnu ahasu utauS - kahip irad nanigniek

.amasreb naujutesrep utaus ayniapacret hisilesreb gnay hibel ayntafiS

kahip igab natapmesek akubmem nad isreok adapirad kanul - gnay kahip

.isalimisa nakadagnem kutnu natukgnasreb

)iv noitareloT tnareloT( - )noitapicitraP

.aynkutneb lamrof gnay naujutesep apnat isadomoka kutneb utauS

dit araces lubmit gnadakreT anerak nakanacnerid apnat nad radas ka

kopmolek uata nagnarorep gnaro kataw aynada - kutnu aisunam kopmolek

.nagnatnetrep utaus iradnihgnem nikgnum tapades

)iiv etamelatS

kahip anam id isadomoka utauS - ikilimem nagnatnetreb gnay kahip

gnabmies gnay nataukek malad utnetret kitit utaus adap itnehreb nad

kahip haleb audek nakanerakid ini laH .aynnagnatnetrep nakanaskalem

.rudnum nupuam ujam kutnu igal nanikgnumek ada kadit kadus

)iiiv noitacidujdA

.nalidagnep atekgnes uata arakrep naiaseleyneP

62

.3 ( isalimisA noitalimissA )

iadnatid gnay tujnal farat malad laisos sesorp nakapurem isalimisA

ahasu aynada nagned - naadebrep ignarugnem ahasu - tapadret gnay naadebrep

gnaro aratna - kopmolek uata gnarorep - itupilem aguj nad aisunam kopmolek

ahasu - d pakis nautasek iggnitrepmem kutnu ahasu sesorp na - latnem sesorp

.amasreb naujut nad nagnitnepek nakitahrepmem nagned isalimisa sesorP

: anerak lubmit

)1( kopmoleK - ,aynnaayadubek adebreb gnay aisunam kopmolek

)2( araces luagreb gnilas gnay kopmolek agraw iagabes nagnarorep gnarO

tnu fisnetni nad gnusgnal aggnihes ,amal gnay utkaw ku

)3( naayadubeK - kopmolek irad naayadubek - tubesret aisunam kopmolek

.irid nakiauseynem gnilas nad habureb

.b fitaisosiD sesorP

iagabes tubesid aguj gnires fitaisosid sesorP sessecorp lanoitisoppo isisopO .

kopmolekes uata gnaroeses nawalem gnaujreb arac iagabes nakitraid tapad

sesorp uata isisopO .utnetret naujut iapacnem kutnu ,aisunam - gnay sesorp

: idajnem nakadebid fitaisosid

)1 ( nagniasreP noititepmoC )

k uata udividni anam id ,laisos sesorp utauS gniasreb gnay kopmole

gnadib iulalem nagnutnuek iracnem - utaus adap gnay napudihek gnadib

ada halet gnay akgnasarp majatrepmem uata naitahrep tasup idajnem asam

72

aud ikilimem nagniasreP .namacna uata nasarekek nakanugrepmem apnat

fisreb gnay utiay ,mumu epit .idabirp tafisreb kadit gnay nad idabirp ta

eB kutn - halada nagniasrep kutneb ,imonoke nagniasrep nagniasrep

,naayadubek nanarep nad nakududek utaus iapacnem kutnu nagniasrep

,takaraysam malad utnetret gnay .sar naadebrep anerak nagniasrep

)2 ( isnevartnoK noitnevartnoC )

aratna adareb gnay laisos sesorp kutneb taus halada isnevartnoK

.naiakitrep uata nagnatnetrep nad nagniasrep helo iadnatid isnevartnoK

alajeg - padahret uata gnaroeses irid padahret nasaupkaditek aynada alajeg

isnevartnok kutneB .anacner utaus :

)a mumu sesorP

nataubrep itupileM - ,nanaggneek ,nakalonep itrepes nataubrep

gnalahgnem nataubrep ,nanawalrep - nauggnag ,setorp ,ignalah -

.nial kahip anacner nakuacagnem nad nasarekek nataubrep ,nauggnag

)b anahredes gnay kutneB

nial gnaro naataynrep lakgnayneM ikamem ,mumu akum id - ikam

tarus iulalem - nakrapmelem ,hantifmem ,acrecnem ,narabeles tarus

.nial kahip adapek naitkubmep nabeb

)c fisnetni gnay kutneB

sased nakrabeynem ,natusahgnep pukgnacneM - nakawecegnem ,sused

.ayniagabes nad ,nial kahip

82

)d aisahar tafisreB

.ayniagabes nad ,tanaihkreb ,nial kahip adapek aisahar nakmumugneM

)e sitkat tafisreB

.nial kahip nakgnugnibmem uata uggnaggnem ,nawal naktujegneM

)3 ( naiakitrep uata nagnatnetreP tcilfnoC )

ahasureb kopmolek uata udividni anam id laisos sesorp utauS

ut ihunemem nagned nawal kahip gnatnanem nalaj nagned aynnauj

,naujut utaus tukgnaynem gnay nagnatnetreP .nasarekek uata namacna

alop nagned nanawalreb kadit gnajnapes nagnitnepek uata ialin - alop

nagnatnetrep akam ,utnetret laisos rutkurts malad id laisos nagnubuh

ret .fitisop tafisreb tubes

p halada nagnatnetrep babeS udividni naadebre - ,udividni naadebrep

,naayadubek nad nagnitnepek naadebrep .laisos nahaburep kutneB

apureb nagnatnetrep ,idabirp nagnatnetrep ,laisar nagnatnetrep

salek aratna nagnatnetrep - ,laisos salek anerak helo nakbabesid aynmumu

naadebrep aynada - ,nagnitnepek naadebrep ,kitilop nagnatnetrep

.lanoisanretni tafisreb gnay nagnatnetrep

gnay awij ikilimem aisunaM upmam iagabes pudih tarsah nakgnatadnem

tarsah nagned aynutas halaS .nagnolog naknahatrepmem kutnu amasreb kadnehek

malad tapadret ini tarsaH .)062 : 3991 ,ylidahS( pudih nagnapal saulrepmem kutnu

92

isgnok uata nalupmukrep - ,nagnubuh naksaulem malad imonoke isgnok naksaulem

.aynkinket iggnitrepmem uata habmanem nad nalaujnep haread ikilimem lupegneP

sitnirid gnay ahasu nakgnabmegnem nanigniek hawab irad kutnu ahasu nakidajid

gnay nalupegnep hibel gnay .raseb nagnubuh saulrepmem lupegneP isaler nilajnem

pegnep nagned nial lu ilebmep , sakeb gnarab gnililek aparebeB .gnulumep nad

s igetart ahasu nakanugid .tubesret naujut iapacnem kutnu lupegnep

,tatek tagnas gnay nalitnuM haread id lupegnep ratna nagniasrep ipaggnaneM

aseD ,nagnirpegN nusuD id nalupegnep ahasu raga natamaceK ,gnuganamaT

ahasu igetarts nagned itasaiynem lupegnep ,gnabmekreb nad nahatreb patet nalitnuM

gnulumep naknahatrepmem kutnu naknalajid gnay ilebmep nad sakeb gnarab gnililek

akerem nahelorep sakeb gnarab nakroteynem nagned amas ajrekeb patet raga utigeB .

nagned aguj ilebmep sakeb gnarab gnililek aynkaynab , takaraysam malad nujret gnay

gniasreb akerem taubmem aynratikes nad nalitnuM nasawaK id sakeb gnarab ahasu

mep igetarts utas halaS .sakeb gnarab ilebmem nad iracnem kutnu nial amas utas ileb

arab sakeb gn gnililek aynisnetsiske agajnem kutnu halada nagned amas ajrekeb

nilajnem akerem ,kiab nagned nalajreb gnulumep nad lupegnep ahasu ragA .lupegnep

mep nad lupegnep helo naknalajid gnay igetartS .nial amas utas nagnubuh ileb gnarab

sakeb gnililek t id ,gnuganamaT ,nagnirpegN nusuD sakeb gnarab nalupegnep tapme

nalitnuM nagnubuh utaus kutnebmem gnay isi malad tujnal hibel naksalejid

.ini naitilenep

03

tiakreT naitileneP .F

helo silutid pudih naknahatrepmem malad gnulumep igetarts ianegnem naitileneP

)3991( itrahuS iniR ahtraM umlI satlukaF ,igoloisoS nasuruJ ,kitiloP umlI nad laisoS

d MGU ludujreb gnay ispirks nagne idutS( gnulumeP pudiH nagnusgnaleK igetartS

id pudih naknahatrepmem malad gnulumep helo nakparetid gnay igetarts gnatnet

oylumodiS gnupmaK .)atrakaygoY aydoK ojerlageT natamaceK reneB naharuleK

nad isavitom ,ajrek tessa nakilimepek aratna nagnubuh ianegnem itilenem itrahuS

natapadnep takgnit malad gnulumep igetarts nagned id pudih naknahatrepmem

oylumodiS gnupmaK , reneB naharuleK , natamaceK atrakaygoY aydoK ojerlageT .

sakeb gnarab nahelorep lisah padahret huragnepreb tagnas isavitom nad ajrek tessA

lebairav agiteK .oylumodiS gnupmaK id gnulumep natapadnep adap sabmireb gnay

trepmem kutnu gnulumep igetarts nagned nakgnubuhid naidumek tubesret naknaha

.akerem pudih nagnusgnalek

eb igetartS kutnebr lisah sakeb gnarab nakroteynem nad halimem ,iracnem arac

irahes pudih nahutubek kutnu natapadnep naigabmep itasaiynem araC .nagnulup - .irah

gabreb napmiynem nagned gnarab agrah aynnurut itasaiynem ayapU gnarab macam ia

iggnit gnarab agrah taas aynlaujnem nad nagnubat iagabes nakidajid kutnu sakeb

,aynlisaH .akerem pudih naknahatrepmem kutnu gnulumep igetarts nakapurem

nagned isavitom atreseb nakhutubid gnay ladom itrepes ajrek tessa iggnit nikames

uk gnay naktakgninem kutnu upmam gnulumep ,pudih naknahatrepmem kutnu ta

13

nagnulup lisah nahelorep pudih nagnusgnalek igetarts nagned nakrabmagid gnay

irahes - gnay natapadnep alup kaynab nikames ,nagnulup lisah kaynab nikameS .irah

gnulumep helorepid lumodiS gnupmaK oy , reneB naharuleK ageT natamaceK , ojerl ,

atrakaygoY aydoK .

isavitom ,tessa ,igetarts aratna nagnubuh adap ujutret itrahuS naitilenep sukoF

ep adap ada gnay natapadnep nad ajrek ianegnem isamrofnI .ajas gnulum lupegnep

nad pakgnelep atad iagabes nakidajid akgnadeS .nahabmat atad naitilenep malad n

,ayntujnales gnulumep irad naknalajid gnay igetarts nad ajrenik ianegnem isamrofni ,

ilebmep sakeb gnarab gnililek iuhategnem kutnu nakhutubid lupegnep nupuam

nilajret gnay nagnubuh id aratna akerem tapmet id ,nagnirpegN nusuD nalupegnep

nalitnuM natamaceK ,gnuganamaT aseD .

ajrenik ianegnem naitileneP malad inairemA haysiA helo silutid aguj gnulumep

ludujreb gnay aynispirks ,ajreK kitsiretkaraK ,gnulumeP kitsiretkaraK sisilanA

d ,laisoS nagnubuH aarethajeseK na gnulumeP n meP namikumeP susaK( d gnulu i

,gnuadeK aseD natamaceK ,gnalumaP )netnaB isniporP ,gnaregnaT netapubaK irad

d isakinumoK idutS margorP takaraysaM nagnabmegneP na nainatreP satlukaF ,

rogoB nainatreP tutitsnI nuhat adap 6002 ,aynnasilut malaD . airemA nakkujnunem in

gnay gnulumep ajrenik nad kitsiretkarak aratna nagnubuh aynada ianegnem

.akerem laisos nagnubuh nagned gnulumep iseforp nakiricnem

23

mumu araceS nagnubuh nagned ajrek kitsiretkarak ,kitsiretkarak aratna laisos

nagnurednecek ikilimem gnulumep lebairav aumes kadit nupualaw nagnubuh

.netsisnok pukuc gnay nagnubuh nakkujnunem haread apureb gnulumep kitsiretkaraK

id gnulumep ajrenik ihuragnepmem nakididnep nad amaga ,nimalek sinej ,lasa ,aisu

rad gnatadnep nakapurem raseb naigabes gnay gnuadeK aseD ajreniK .hagneT awaJ i

takgnit ihuragnepmem naka ajrekeb amal nagned aynutas halas iadnatid kiab gnay

naarethajesek takgnit adap alup huragnepreb naka gnay gnulumep natapadnep

nagned gnulumep laisos nagnubuh ,gnulumep ajrenik nad kitsiretkarak iraD .akerem

hatniremep nad ratikes agraw ,)lupegnep( kapal kilimep nagned ,gnulumep amases

takgniT .gnulumep naarethajesek takgnit nakrabmaggnem upmam tapmetes

adebreb rukuid gnay naarethajesek - ,3002 NBKKB ,5002 SPB naruku turunem adeb

dnopser fitkejbus nagnadnap nad ,gnuadeK aseD id gnulumep arethajes nikameS .ne

.nial gnaro nagned nilaj akerem gnay laisos nagnubuh snetni nikames

,ajrenik ,kitsiretkarak aratna nagnubuh adap katelret inairemA naitilenep sukoF

ada gnay gnulumep naarethajesek takgnit nad laisos nagnubuh ,gnuadeK nusuD id

natamaceK ,gnalumaP vorP ,gnaregnaT netapubaK netnaB isni naitilenep malaD .

tapmet ratikes takaraysam nad gnulumep aratna naksukofid hibel nagnubuh inairemA

.nahabmat atad idajnem radekes kapal /lupegnep ianegnem ataD .akerem laggnit

nadeS nilajret gnay nagnubuh adap katelret sukof ayntujnales naitilenep malad nakg

mep nad lupegnep aratna gnililek sakeb gnarab ileb ajrekeb malad aynaudek ayapU .

numan ,ajas gnulumep ajrenik radekes aynah nakub ,pakgnel hibel naksalejid naka

33

aguj ilebmep gnarab sakeb nad gnililek id sahk idajnem gnay sakeb gnarab lupegnep

nalitnuM natamaceK ,gnuganamaT aseD ,nagnirpegN nusuD nalupegnep tapmet

.maladnem hibel araces

eippoY helo nakukalid aguj gnulumep naayadrebmep gnatnet naitileneP

P idorP irad )6002( onaitselaP )KDSP( naarethajeseK nad laisoS nanugnabme

ludujreb gnay ispirks malad id ,adaM hajdaG satisrevinU malaD lupegneP nanareP

sketnoK gnulumeP naayadrebmeP , nad isnetsiskE ianegneM idutS lupegneP nareP

sakeB gnaraB nakukalid gnay aseD ,nasedoroP nusuD natamaceK ,gnanaludnaR

etapubaK ,monitaJ .hagneT awaJ ,netalK n

upmam gnay sakeb gnarab lupegnep gnaroes narep naknakenem hibel onaitselaP

irad lasareb raseb naigabes gnay gnulumep padahret urab ajrek nagnapal akubmem

sret lupegnep anamiagaB .tapmetes ased takaraysam nakayadrebmem upmam tube

arethajes nad ujam hibel kutnu aynlaggnit tapmet ratikes nagned idajnem ajrekeb

.gnulumep tubesret naajrekeP nad naruggnagnep akgna ignarugnem upmam

nlaggnit tapmet nagnukgnil id takaraysam naimonokerep halasam isatagnem gnay ay

id katelret aseD ,nasedoroP nusuD etapubaK ,monitaJ natamaceK ,gnanaludnaR n

.netalK

padahret sukof hibel onaitselaP halada ayntujnales naitilenep nagned naadebreP

gnay gnulumep nakayadrebmem upmam asarid gnay nanarep nagned lupegnep

ysam nakapurem malad nakgnadeS .aynlaggnit tapmet nagnukgnil ratikes takara

43

lupegnep aratna nilajid gnay nagnubuh adap nakujutid sukof ,ayntujnales naitilenep

mep nad gnililek sakeb gnarab ileb nagnutnuek nad isnetsiske naktakgninem malad

h aynnilajret irad helorepid gnay nusuD id nalupegnep ahasU .tubesret nagnubu

b nasedoroP )gnulumep gnaro <05( licek hibel alaksre nagned nakgnidnabid

halmuj ikilimem gnay ayntujnales naitilenep ilebmep sakeb gnarab gnililek irad hibel

raul id adareb gnay nasawak irad lasareb gnay gnaro 05 nalupegnep tapmet haread

natamaceK ,gnuganamaT aseD ,nagnirpegN nusuD id ada gnay sakeb gnarab

.nalitnuM

naitileneP edoteM .G

naitileneP naijaK nautaS nad naitileneP isakoL .1

luduj nagned naitileneP d lupegneP sakeB gnaraB ilebmeP na negneM idutS( ia

sakeB gnaraB ilebmeP ,lupegneP nagnubuH gnulumeP nad d isakol libmagnem ) i

,nalitnuM natamaceK ,gnuganamaT aseD ,nagnirpegN nusuD nalupegneP tapmeT

.hagneT awaJ ,gnalegaM netapubaK

rpegN nusuD id anerak ini naitilenep amet nad isakol hilimem nasalA nagni

iridreb utas agit irad .nalitnuM natamaceK id raseb alaks malad nalupegnep tapmet

ahasu hariaG sakeb gnarab iggnit gnay nalitnuM id ayniridreb nagned iadnatid

t kaynab gnarab nahalognep nad nalupegnep tapme - tubesret gnarab nial nasalA .

nusuD sakeb gnarab nalupegnep isakol id laggnit tapmetreb gnay itilenep anerak

53

helo inuketid karam gnay ahasu ianegnem imahamem kaynab tikides nagnirpegN

tala ,utkaw ,gnau ,natapmesek nagnabmitrep nagneD .ratikes takaraysam - nad tala

K( aganet hibel silunep ,)TAWU gnajnunem kutnu isamrofni helorepmem hadum

.ini naitilenep nalisahrebek

gnulumep halada nagnapal id itiletid gnay sisilana nautaS ilebmep , sakeb gnarab

gnililek ,nagnirpegN nusuD id sakeb gnarab lupegnep nad aseD ,gnuganamaT

natamaceK .nalitnuM .naitilenep malad halasam nasumur nagned natiakreb ini laH

gnulumep akerem halada duskamid gnay gnulumeP ,keserg ilebmep sakeb gnarab

m gnay akerem halada gnililek anuggne nak gnay libom nagnobmor nad rotom adepes

nusuD nalupegnep tapmet id aynirah paites nahelorep sakeb gnarab nakroteynem

nad sakeb gnarab lupegnem gnay gnaro halada duskamid gnay lupegneP .nagnirpegN

,nagnirpegN nusuD id aynahasu nakiridnem aseD natamaceK ,gnuganamaT

.nalitnuM suD id lupegnep nialeS nad licek lupegnep namrofni aud ,nagnirpegN nu

nagned akerem nagnubuh naksalejnem nad nagnidnabrep kutnu libmaid aguj gnades

.raseb hibel gnay lupegnep anamiagab ianegnem isamrofnI nagnubuh lupegnep ,

ilebmep sakeb gnarab gnililek nad ad gnulumep alajnem mal aguj ahasu nakn

irad helorepid gnay ratikes takaraysam aguj id ajrekeb gnarab nalupegnep tapmet

sakeb .

namrofni nautneneP helo ajagnes araces nakpatetid halet ini naitilenep malad

nakutnetid hadus gnay namrofni nautnenep araC .)76 : 0102 ,lasiaF( itilenep

(p evisopru ) id nednopseR .atad ilaggnem kutnu ini naitilenep alop iagabes nakanugid

63

lupegnep halada aynaratna raseb lupegnep ,gnades lupegnep ,licek gnulumep , ,keserg

ilebmep sakeb gnarab ,rotom adepes anuggnep ilebmep sakeb gnarab nagnobmor

libom jrekep , a nawayrak / .ratikes takaraysam nad nalupegnep tapmet id I isamrofn

ilagid ,nalupegnep isakol ratikes takaraysam irad lasareb gnay nednopser irad

t iagabes tapmetes ased takgnarep kusamre kcehc ssorc nagnubuh alop ianegnem

ulumep nagned sakeb gnarab lupegnep ,gn ilebmep sakeb gnarab , nad nawayrak

.iridnes uti ratikes takaraysam

2 . naitileneP sineJ

apureb halasam nasumur bawajnem naujutreb ini naitileneP alop gnay nagnubuh

aratna nilajret gnulumep ilebmep , sakeb gnarab gnililek nad ,sakeb gnarab lupegnep

.nalitnuM ,gnuganamaT ,nagnirpegN nusuD nalupegnep tapmet id aynsusuhk

H lupegnep aratna nagnubu ilebmep , sakeb gnarab tahilid gnulumep nad iulalem

gnisam ajrek kitsiretkarak - ,ajrek kitsiretkarak iuhategnem haleteS .kahip gnisam

ilret gnay iskaretni aynada tah akerem aratna id nagnubuh kutnebmem . P silune

nakanuggnem sinej fitatilauk naitilenep .nakhutubid gnay atad helorepmem kutnu

malad halnakub aynsisilana tinu anerak nakukalid fitatialuk edotem nahilimeP

naknialem ,akgna kutneb .utnetret kopmolek ukalirep utaus nakispirksednem

imahamem kutnu duskamreb gnay naitilenep nakapurem fitatilauk naitileneP

naitilenep kejbus helo imalaid gnay apa gnatnet anemonef itrepes ,ispesrep ,ukalirep

nial nad nakadnit ,isavitom - itsiloh araces ,nial malad ispirksed arac nagned nad ,k

73

atak kutneb - nagned nad haimala gnay susuhk sketnok utaus adap ,asahab nad atak

.)6 : 1102 ,gnoeloM( haimli edotem iagabreb naktaafnamem

edoteM fitpirksed nad isarolpskegnem kutnu itilenep helo nakanugid

lebairav halmujes nakispirksednem nalaj nagned naitilenep amet isakifiralkgnem

.)02 : 0102 ,lasiaF( itiletid gnay tinu nad halasam nagned naanekreb gnay D fitpirkse

fitatilauK nakapurem ilenep rudesorp utaus fitpirksed atad nakanuggnem gnay nait

atak apureb - gnaro irad nasil uata silutret atak - gnaro .itamaid tapad gnay ukalep nad

napituk isireb naitilenep naropaL - atak apureb naklupmukid gnay atad napituk - ,atak

akgna nakub nad rabmag - narabmag irebmem kutnu akgna ijaynep naropal na

.)11 :1102 ,gnoeloM(

fitatilauk fitpirskeD naveler hibel asarid kutnu ijakgnem nakanugid amet malad

.naitilenep ini edoteM salej gnay narabmag nakirebmem ispirksed ianegnem kejbo

aratna nagnubuh nad naitilenep lupegnep ilebmep , gnarab sakeb gnulumep nad id

.nalitnuM natamaceK ,gnuganamaT aseD ,nagnirpegN nusuD nalupegnep tapmet

naitileneP ned nakukalid nad aracnawaw ,natamagnep arac nag nahaalenep

aynaratna id ,nagnabmitrep aparebeb anerak nakanugid fitatilauk edoteM .nemukod

akiauseynem naataynek nagned napadahreb alibapa hadum hibel fitatilauk edotem n

nad itilenep aratna nagnubuh takikah gnusgnal araces nakijaynem ini edotem ,kamaj

tapad nad akep hibel edotem halada rihkaret gnay nad ,nednopser hibel nakiauseynem

83

anep kaynab nagned irid alop padahret amasreb huragnep namaj - gnay ialin alop

.ipadahid

.3 keT ataD nalupmugneP kin

.a isavresbO

uata natamagnep nakanuggnem gnay kinket nakapurem isavresbo kinkeT

ukalirep uata ,sesorp ,isautis ,isidnok ,adneb utaus padahret gnusgnal naardnignep

.)25 : 0102 ,lasiaF( natamagnep halada isavresbo kinket nakanuggnem nasalA upmam

naupmamek naklamitpognem ,naitahrep ,naayacrepek ,fitom iges irad itilenep

ayniagabes nial nad ,naasaibek ,radas kat ukalirep isavresbO . naknikgnumem

.naitilenep kejbus helo tahilid anamiagabes ainud tahilem kutnu tamagnep

nanem ,kejbus naitregnep iges irad anemonef itra pakgnaneM ayadub napudihek pakg

.uti utkaw naadaek adap kejbus arap natuna nad nagnadnap iges irad natamagnep

keybus helo itayahid nad nakasarid gnay apa nakasarem itilenep naknikgnumem

.)571 : 1102 ,gnoeloM( atad rebmus idajnem itilenep alup naknikgnumem aggnihes

O taked irad itamagnem nad tahilem halada silunep helo nakukalid gnay isavresb

lupegnep tapmet id ahasu sesorp satinitur na nusuD id adareb gnay sakeb gnarab

,nagnirpegN aseD ,gnuganamaT natamaceK ,nalitnuM netapubaK .gnalegaM

tapmet taas nakukalid isavresbO nad gnulumep helo irotesid iamar ialum nalupegnep

ilebmep sakeb gnarab taaS .irah eros aggnih gnais utiay gnarab laujnep nad gnulumep

sesorp tahilret ,nalupegnep tapmet id gnililekreb nahelorep nakroteynem sakeb

93

nad lisah amirenem ,gnabminem ,halimem .lupegnep nagned nilajret gnay iskaretni

S hasu igetart lupegnep iskaretni nad isidnok irad imahapid tapad naknalajid gnay a

gnulumep nad .aynahasu nakgnabmegnem kutnu sakeb gnarab atreS alup iuhatekid

ab nalupegnep ahasu ianegnem ratikes takaraysam tapadnep sakeb gnar nakiridid gnay

.akerem nusud id

.b aracnawaW

halada aracnawaW gnay naitilenep kinket mret fitatilauk edotem malad ek kusa ,

imahamem aguj ipatet ada gnay apa anemonef iuhategnem aynah kadit aynnaujut

edotem iulaleM .maladnem araces ni - weivretni htped naktapadnem itilenep ini

nagned gnusgnal araces bawaj aynat iulalem isamrofni namrofni ini aracnawaW .

id nakanuggnem nagned nakukal ediug weivretni iagabes naaynatrep ratfad utiay ,

hadus gnay aracnawaw namodep id gnay naaynatrep nagned aynmulebes nusus

afis gnay kaynabes atad ilaggnem tapad raga sabeb aynt id .nakhutub ediug weivretnI

.ini nasilut rihka namalah naripmal ratfad id tahilid tapad

namrofnI naitilenep halada 2 gnaro adepes anuggnep sakeb gnarab ilebmep

nagnobmor sakeb gnarab ilebmep gnaro 2 ,rotom ,nagnobmor ripos gnaro 2 ,libom

keserg gnulumep gnaroes , gnisam - gnaro utas gnisam sakeb gnarab lupegnep alaks

nad gnades alaks ,licek alaks raseb , 3 nawayrak /ajrekep namrofni di tapmet

,nalupegnep natnam hatniremep tabajep nalitnuM UPD gnaroes , takgnarep nusud

)sudaK kapaB( takaraysam hokot , nad gnaroes aggnit gnay takaraysam nalikawrep id l

nalupegnep tapmet ratikes ,gnugaanamaT aseD ,nagnirpegN nusuD id adareb gnay

.nalitnuM natamaceK

04

.c isatnemukoD

ata natatac apureb retnemukod kinket atad rebmuS kod u aidesret gnay nemu

,lasiaF( .)35:0102 nemukoD .ulalreb gnay awitsirep natatac nakapurem isatnemukoD

ayrak uata ,rabmag ,nasilut kutnebreb asaib - .gnaroeses latnemunom ayrak S rebmu

atad lupegnep ahasu nagned natiakreb isamrofni naktapadnem kutnu nakanugid nad

gnulumep ianegnem isamrofni ilebmep nad sakeb gnarab gnarab nakroteynem gnay

,nagnirpegN nusuD id ada gnay nalupegnep tapmet id sakeb aseD ,gnuganamaT

nalitnuM natamaceK . isatnemukod rebmuS nawayrak ratfad halada aynaratna id

ratfad ,nalupegnep tapmet gnay gnarab agrah ratfad nad sakeb gnarab narotes ukub

.nalupegnep tapmet id aretret itileneP gnukudnep iagabes nagnapal atad libmagnem

nad naitilenep ada gnay rednukes atad habmanem .

.4 j nad rebmuS nakanugid gnay atad sine

amatu atad rebmus ,dnalfoL turuneM atak halada fitatilauk naitilenep malad - atak

nial nad nemukod itrepes )rednukes( nahabmat atad halada aynhibeles ,nakadnit nad -

nial .)751 : 7002 ,gnoeloM( .ada gnay naitilenep lisah ipakgnelem gnilas aynaumeseK

ini naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay atad sinej nad rebmuS utiay ,aud idajnem igabid :

.a remirP ataD

atak apureb remirp ataD - gnaro nakadnit nad atak - nad itamaid gnay gnaro

iaracnawawid m iulalem tatacid amatu atad rebmuS .amatu atad rebmus nakapure

.otof nalibmagnep nad sepat oidua /oediv namakerep iulalem uata silutret natatac

nakirebid gnay isamrofni irad helorepid remirp ataD natukgnasreb gnay nednopser

14

m iulale w gnay aracnawa id nakukal nagned ,lupegnep ilebmep sakeb gnarab ,

gnulumep , nawayrak nalupegnep tapmet malad id nad kusamret ,ratikes takaraysam

,nagnirpegN nusuD ased takgnarep .nalitnuM natamaceK ,gnuganamaT aseD

.b rednukeS ataD

gnukudnep uata pakgnelep atad nakapurem rednukes ataD amatu atad . ataD

rednukes ipakgnelem isamrofni naitilenep isakol id itilenep helorepid halet gnay .

otof nad silutret rebmus iulalem tapadid ini naitilenep malad id rednukes ataD .

silutret rebmuS irad lasareb gnay nahabmat nahab nakapurem atad gnay silutret

idajnem igabret ,pisra irad rebmus ,haimli halajam nad rutaretil ,ukub rebmus

.imser nemukod nad idabirp nemukod S naktapadnem kutnu nakanugid atad rebmu

naitilenep nagned natiakreb isamrofni apureb ,nalupegnep tapmet nawayrak ratfad

ab narotes ukub ratfad gnarab agrah ratfad nad helorepid gnay irah paites sakeb gnar

.nalupegnep tapmet id aretret gnay

otoF fitatilauk naitilenep naulrepek kutnu tala iagabes iakapid kaynab hibel

fitpirksed atad naklisahgnem otoF .naulrepek iagabreb malad iakapid tapad anerak

y iges haalenem kutnu nakanugid gnires nad agrahreb pukuc gna - nad fitkejbus iges

tapad gnay otof irogetak aud adA .fitkudni araces sisilanaid gnires aynlisah

otof nad gnaro naklisahid gnay otof utiay ,fitatilauk naitilenep malad naktaafnamid

naklisahid gnay ( iridnes itilenep helo : 4002 ,gnoeloM 751 - 161 .) malad otoF

apureb ini naitilenep nalupegnep tapmet nataigek otof ilebmep otof , sakeb gnarab nad

rab nakroteynem taas gnulumep nahelorep sakeb gna tapmet id gnililekreb

nalupegnep .

24

.5 ataD sisilanA kinkeT

nakub ,isaran dujuwreb atad ijakgnem ini naitilenep malad fitatilauk edoteM

imahamem kutnu isnerefer haubes idajnem ipateT .kalotid fitatitnauk atad itrareb

ahasureb fitatilauk atad sisilanA .fisnehrepmok hibel araces itiletid gnay halasam

akkujnunem .aynsketnok iasues natapmenep atres nakispirksednem ,ankam n malaD

,atad iskuder yalpsid utaus nakapurem nalupmisek nalibmagnep nad atad naijaynep /

tapad kadit ,nagnubuhreb gnilas aynsesorp nad fitkaretni gnay sulkis

nakisatnemgerfid hasipret( - : 3002 ,lasiaF( )hasip 552 - .)652

2.1 NAGAB

fitatilauK ataD sisilanA sesorP

3002 ,lasiaF : rebmuS

nusuynem nad iracnem sesorp halada fitatilauk naitilenep malad atad sisilanA

nad ,nagnapal natatac ,aracnawaw lisah irad helorepid gnay atad sitametsis araces

ek nakrabajnem ,irogetak maladek atad nakisasinagrognem arac nagned ,isatnemukod

tinu malad - ,tinu gnay anam hilimem ,alop malad ek nusuynem ,asetnis nakukalem

ataD nalupmugneP

gneP nalibmanalupmiseK

yalpsiD ataD iskudeR ataD

34

hadum aggnihes nalupmisek taubmem nad ,irajalepid naka gnay nad gnitnep

nial gnaro nad iridnes irid helo imahapid )442 : 8002 ,onoyiguS( . D d i naitilenep mala

nakukalid atad sisilana ,fitatilauk lawa kajes nikgnum aregeseS . gnay atad helorepid

aggnihes ,sisilanaid nad nasilut malad ek habuid nagnapal irad id namahamep helorep

nad nauhategnep ianegnem .satilaer L hakgna - malad hakgnal gnem atad sisilana

: tukireb iagabes halada

.a ataD nalupmugneP

d ataD nalupmugnep nemurtsni nad edotem ,rebmus nagned iauses naklupmuki

nednopser iaracnawawem itilenep ,ini pahat adaP .atad - idajnem gnay nednopser

s ,gnulumep utiay naitilenep rebmu ,gnililek sakeb gnarab ilebmep lupegnep alaks

tapmet nawayrak ,raseb nad gnades ,licek tabajep ,nalupegnep nad hatniremep

nalupegnep tapmet ratikes takaraysam aseD ,nagnirpegN nusuD id ada gnay

y aracnawaw namodep nakanuggnem( nalitnuM natamaceK ,gnuganamaT halet gna

.)aynmulebes nakpaisid nawaW .3102 iluJ aggnih inuJ nalub amales nakukalid arac

nakukalid nagnobmor ripos nad sakeb gnarab ilebmep ,gnulumep nagned aracnawaW

.sakeb gnarab nakroteynem akerem haletes irah eros adap nalupegnep tapmet id

apmet nawayrak nagned aracnawaw utkaw aguj utigeB nakukalid gnay nalupegnep t

.ajrekeb iasu nad taharitsi maj taas adap taas nakiausesid aracnawaw utkaw nahilimeP

.ajrek utkaw uggnaggnem kadit raga naajrekep nakukalem iaseles akerem

44

nagned aracnawaW hamur id nakukalid raseb nad gnades ,licek lupegnep gnisam -

lupegnep gnisam nagned aguj utigeB . tapmet ratikes takaraysam nad nusuD alapeK

nawaW .nalupegnep l rotnaK id nakukalid nalitnuM UPD alapeK natnaM nagned arac

as nalutebeK .nalitnuM id hapmas kuleb kules iuhategnem kutnu malaS TPU ut

mulebes uggnim awaw nakukalid aracn id sanid aparebeb id natabaj hila idajret ,

UPD kusamret ,nalitnuM . isaK muleb urab gnay nalitnuM UPD hapmaS naalolegneP

hurules iasaugnem ukales atrituS tigiS kapaB nakisadnemokerid naidumek ,iretam

iagabes tabajnem halet gnay aynmulebes edoirep natukgnasreb tabajep natnam

.malaS TPU alapeK gnay isamrofni nakirebmem akubret nagned namrofnI

.silunep helo nakhutubid

itilenep ,aracnawaw nialeS id awitsirep ,anasaus ,naadaek isavresbognem aguj

a ukal hakgnit nad irah paites nalupegnep tapmet .aynmalad id narepreb gnay rotk

iamar nalupegnep tapmet taas irah eros aggnih gnais adap nakukalid isavresbO

ilebmep nad gnulumep ignatadid sakeb gnarab ilek .gnil tubesret isavresbo iraD

ilebmep ,gnulumep anamiagab tahilret sakeb gnarab tapmet nawayrak ,gnililek

.gnusgnal araces iskaretnireb lupegnep nad nalupegnep

,nupmihgnem aguj itilenep ,helorepid gnay atad isamrofni ipakgnelem kutnU

atacnem nad askiremem nemukod t - naitilenep atad rebmus idajnem gnay nemukod

.)33 :0102 ,lasiaF( tapmet nawayrak ratfad ianegnem isamrofni helorepmem itileneP

ilebmep nad gnulumep ,nalupegnep sakeb gnarab gnarab nakroteynem gnay gnililek

rem nahelorep ,nalupegnep tapmet id sakeb gnarab aman ratfad nad irah paites ake

54

,gnuganamaT ,nagnirpegN nusuD nalupegnep tapmet id nakileb laujrepid gnay sakeb

.nalitnuM

.b ataD iskudeR

hakgnal nakapurem atad iskudeR .atad nalupmugnep haletes nakukalid gnay

arac nagned nakukalid iskudeR id helorepid gnay rasak atad nakanahredeynem

nagnapal . isatnemukod nad isavresbo ,aracnawaw iulalem lupmukret atad haleteS

em itilenep nad anahredes hibel gnay atad idajnem tubesret atad lisah nakanahredeyn

.naitilenep sukof nagned iauses redesid gnay ataD reb nakanah naujut kutnu

isamrofni naijaynep hadumrepmem irad helorepid gnay nagnapal

retkarak utiay naitilenep sukof nagned iauses halipid helorepid gnay ataD nad

igetarts ajrek ilebmep ,gnulumep helo nakukalid gnay sakeb gnarab lupegnep nad

.sakeb gnarab iulalem nilajret gnay nagnubuh narabmag tahilret tubesret atad iraD

.akerem naajrekep isnetsiske agajnem kutnu nakanugid gnay igetarts

.c ataD naijayneP

( naijayneP yalpsid gnay isamrofni nalupmugnep sesorp iagabes nakitraid atad )

.nakulrepid gnay nakopmolegnep uata irogetak nakrasadreb nususid naitilenep malaD

gnisam ianegnem atad ini - ilebmep ,gnulumep ajrek igetarts nad irogetak gnisam

sakeb gnarab halet gnay lupegnep nad malad id nakijasid naidumek nakanahredesid

.III nad II bab atad naklipmanem atad naijayneP nakanahredesid halet gnay ureb ap

kifarg ,lebat ,tamilak nad otof sakeb gnarab nalupegnep tapmet id libmaid gnay

64

nalitnuM ,gnuganamaT ,nagnirpegN nusuD . let gnay ataD nakijasid ha tubesret

naidumek helorepmem kutnu nakisaterpretniid atres sisilanaid nalupmisek apureb

naitilenep naujut .

.d nalupmiseK nakiraneP

.atad sisilana sesorp irad rihkaret pahat nakapurem nalupmisek nakiraneP pahaT

,itra nairacnep nakapurem ini alop - tabika babes rula ,isarugifnok ,nasalejnep ,alop

.isisoporp nad lamrofni rotkes iroet nakanuggnem sisilanaid nakijasid halet gnay ataD

.gnulumep nad sakeb gnarab ilebmep ,lupegnep aratna nilajret gnay isaler alop nad

mur bawajnem kutnu nakanugid iroeT nilajret gnay nagnubuh apureb halasam nasu

nusuD nalupegnep tapmet id sakeb gnarab ilebmep nad gnulumep ,lupegnep aratna

.nalitnuM ,gnuganamaT ,nagnirpegN atad naijas naiakgnares nakapurem ini napahaT

gnis ,sakgnir gnay tamilak kutneb malad nakgnautid gnay .tadap nad tak