osteologi da psik semester 2 kd 2 anatomy

Osteologi

2

Fungsi Tulang1. Penunjang (Support)

– Tulang2 ekstremitas inferior, cingulum pelvicum, columna vertebralis – Mandibula pada gigi – Tulang lainnya yang menunjang organ dan jaringan

1. Perlindungan (Protection) – Cranium melindungi otak – Costae dan sternum melindungi paru-paru dan jantung– Vertebrae melindungai corda spinalis

1. Pergerakan (Movement)2. Penyimpan mineral dan jaringan lemak (adiposa)

– 99% kalsium tubuh – 85% fosfor– Adipose tissue terdapat pada cavum medullare tulang2 tertentu

1. Hematopoiesis – Pembentukan sel darah di cavum medullare

3

Berdasarkan struktur:

– Pars cartilaginosa• Perichondrium

– Pars ossea• Periosteum, tdd:

osteoprogenitor, osteoblast.

• Endosteum, tdd:

osteoblast, osteoclast.

• Substantia compacta• Substantia spongiosa

(trabecularis)

Klasifikasi Tulang

4

1. Os Longum : – Epifise (proximal & distal)– Lempeng epifise

– Metafise – Diafise atau Corpus

(cavum medulla berisi sumsum

tulang)– Ex : tulang ekstremitas sup. & inf.

2. Os Breve– Bentuk Cuboid– Ex : ossa carpalia & tarsalia

Berdasarkan bentuk:

5

3. Os planum

– Bentuk pipih– Subs compacta << subs

spongiosa– >> tulang di cranium,

scapulae, sternum, costae,

4. Os irregulare– Bentuk tdk beraturan,

tdk dpt dimasukkan pd kelompok sebelumnya

– Os vertebrae, coxae, sphenoidale, ethmoidale

Klasifikasi Tulang

6

Berdasarkan letak:

– Axial skeleton• Membentuk sumbu panjang

tubuh.• Tdd: cranium, columna

vertebralis, dan costae. • Fungsi: proteksi, support.

– Appendicular skeleton• Tulang2 ekstremitas sup. dan inf.

beserta cingulumnya (cingulum pectorale dan pelvicum).

• Fungsi: lokomosi dan perlindungan thd lingkungan.

Klasifikasi Tulang

7

AXIAL SKELETON

• Tdd :– cranium– vertebrae– sacrum– coccyx– sternum – costae

8

Neurocranium : os occipitale os parietale ( 1 psg ) os temporale ( 1 psg ) os frontale os sphenoidale

Splanchnocranium / Viscerocranium : os maxilla ( 1 psg ) os mandibula os zygomaticus ( 1 psg ) os nasale ( 1 psg ) os vomer os ethmoidale os palatina ( 1 psg ) os lacrimale ( 1 psg ) concha nasalis inferior (1 psg )

CRANIUM

9

The SkullThe Skull

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.7

10

Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.11

11

Inferior ViewInferior View

Slide 5.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.9

12

Superior ViewSuperior View

Slide 5.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.8

For. opticum

For. rotundum

For. spinosum

13

OS MANDIBULA

Corpus mandibulae :

For. Mentale

For. Mandibulae

Angulus mandibulae :

Ramus mandibulae :

Proc. Coronoideus

Proc. Condyloideus

Incisura mandibulae

14

Columna Vertebralis

Slide 5.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Vertebrae dipisahkan oleh discus intervertebralis

• Pemberian nama sesuia dengan lokasinya

Figure 5.14

15

Karakteristik umum vertebrae

• Corpus Vertebrae• Arcus Vertebrae

– pediculus – lamina vertebrae

• Processus (7): – Processus spinous – Processus transversus

– Processus articularis sup & inf.

• Foramen Vertebralis Canalis Vertebralis

• Foramen Intervertebralis

16

VERTEBRAE CERVICALIS :

• Corpus : kecil • Foramen Vertebralis :

besar, segitiga• Processus Spinosus : pendek,bercabang (C3

- C5), panjang pada C6 , C7

• Processus Transversus :foramen transversus

17

• Atlas (C1) – Corpus & processus spinosus– Arcus anterior & posterior

arches– Fovea dentis

• Axis (C2): – Dens axis berartikulasi

dengan fovea dentis os atlas

• Vertebra prominens (C7):

– Proc. spinosus panjang & tidak bercabang

18

Vertebrae Thoracalis

• Corpus vertebrae :

bentuk jantung, fovea costalis corporis superior and inferior

• Foramen Vertebralis :

kecil, bulat • Processus Spinosus :

panjang• Processus Transversus :

fovea costalis transversalis

19

Vertebrae Lumbalis

• Corpus Vertebrae besar, bentuk seperti ginjal

• Foramen Vertebrae :

besar, segitiga

20

Sacrum

• Facies Anterior :

promontorium, foramina sacralis

anterior (4 psg) • Facies Posterior : crista sacralis media, & lateralis,

foramina sacralis posterior (4 psg), hiatus sacralis, cornu sacralis

• Facies Lateralis:

facies auricularis, tuberositas sacralis

21

Sternum • Manubrium sterni :

incissura jugularis, incissura clavicularis

• Corpus sterni :incissura costalis

• Processus Xiphoideus • Angulus Sterni

Ludovici : sudut yg dibentuk oleh

pertemuan manubrium dengan corpus sterni

22

Kerangka DadaKerangka Dada

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Dibtk 3 kelompok tulang :

•Sternum

•Costae

•Vert. Thoracalis

Figure 5.19a

23

Ossa Costae

• Costae 1 – 7 :

costae vera / sejati

• Costae 8 – 10 : costae spuria affixa

• Costae 11 – 12 : costae spuria fluctuantes

24

Karakteristik Costae :

• CAPITULUM COSTAE– Facies articularis capituli costae

(berartikulasi dg – fovea costalis corporis vertebrae)– Crista capituli costae ( costae II – X )

• COLLUM COSTAE– Tuberculum costae– Facies articularis tuberculi costae (costae I –

X ) (berartikulasi dg fovea costalis transversalis)

• CORPUS COSTAE– Angulus costae– Sulcus costae (berjalan arteri, vena,

n.intercostalis )

25

• Costa I:

pipih, tuberculum scalenus anterior, sulcus arteri & vena subclavian

• Costa 11 & 12

collum costae –

tuberculum costae –

angulus costae -

26

1. SKELETON EKSTREMITAS CRANIALIS

Komposisi :• Gelang Bahu (Shoulder

girdle):– Clavicula– Scapula

• Tulang Ekstremitas Cranialis yg bebas – Humerus – Radius and ulna – Carpal, metacarpals,

phalanges

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

27

Clavicula

• Extremitas sternalis :– Medial, ujung lebih

bundar

• Extremitas acromialis :– Lateral, ujung pipih

28

Scapula• 3 Margo :

– Superior: processus coracoideus , incissura scapularis

– Lateral

– Medial • 3 Angulus :

– Superior– Inferior

– Lateral: cavitas glenoidalis,

• 2 Facies :– Facies Anterior : concave, fossa

subscapularis– Facies Posterior : fossae supra &

infraspinata, spina scapula, acromion

29

OS HUMERUSEPIPHYSE PROXIMAL DIAPHYSE EPIPHYSE DISTAL

Caput humeriCavitas glenoidalis scapulae Collum anatomicumTuberculum majusTuberculum minusSulcus intertubercularistendon caput longum m.biceps brachiiCrista tuberculi majorisCrista tuberculi minoris

Collum chirurgicumTuberositas deltoideaSulcus n.radialis

Epicondylus lateralisEpicondylus medialisFossa radialisFossa coronoideaFossa olecrani (post.) Capitulum humeri(Fovea capituli radii)Trochlea humeri(Incisura semilunaris os ulna)Sulcus n. ulnaris

30

RADIUS

EPIPHYSE PROXIMAL

DIAPHYSE EPIPHYSE DISTAL

Capitulum radiiFovea capituli radii(Capitulum humeri)Circumferentia articularis capituli radii(Incisura radialis os ulna)

Tuberositas radii3 Margo : volaris, dorsalis, crista interossea

Proc. StyloideusIncisura ulnaris(Circumferentia articularis ulnae)Facies articularis carpae(Ossa carpalia)

31

Ulna

• Epiphyse proximal : olecranon processus coronoideus

incissura semilunaris incissura radialis

• Epiphyse distal : processus styloideus capitulum ulnae

32

Ossa Carpalia :• Deret Proximal (radial ke ulnair) :

scaphoid (naviculare manus), lunatum, triquetrum, pisiformis

• Deret Distal (radial ke ulnair) :trapezium (multangulum majus), trapezoideum (mulangulum minus), capitatum, hamatum

Ossa Metacarpalia :• Ibu jari – Kelingking ( jari I – V)

Ossa Phalanges :• Jumlah total = 14 Ibu jari (2) ,

jari lain (3)

33

2. SKELETON EKSTREMITAS CAUDALIS

Dibentuk Oleh : • Gelang Pangul (Pelvic girdle) :

– Os coxae (2)

• Tulang Ekstremitas Caudalis yg bebas :– Femur ( patella)

– Tibia , fibula

– Tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges

34

OS COXAE

• Dibtk oleh : os ilium, os ischium, os pubis bertemu di Acetabulum

• Acetabulum :

- Incisura acetabuli

- Facies lunata

- Fossa acetabuli• Foramen obturatorium

- ditutupi membrana obturatoria

35

OS ILIUM :• Fossa iliaca• Facies auricularis ossis ilii• Linea arcuata• Tuberositas iliaca• Crista iliaca• Spina iliaca : ant. Sup., post. Sup., ant. Inf., post. Inf.OS ISCHIUM :• Incisura ischiadica major• Spina ischiadica• Incisura ischiadica minorOS PUBIS :• Eminentia iliopectinea• Tuberculum pubicum• Symphisis ossis pubis

36

PELVISPELVIS

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.23a

37

Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis

Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.23c

38

PERBEDAAN PELVIS WANITA PELVIS PRIA

Pelvis major Lebih besar Lebih kecil

Aditus pelvis Oval melintang Seperti jantung

Arcus pubis 90 ° < 90 °

Incisura ischiadica major

Lebih besar Lebih kecil

Inclinatio pelvis 60 -65 ° 55 – 60 °

Os sacrum Lebih pendek & lebarLebih datar

Lebih panjangLebih melengkung

39

FEMUR• Epiphyse Proximal :

– Caput femoris– Collum femoris– Trochanter major & minor– Crista intertrochanterica

• Corpus :– linea aspera – Planum popliteum

• Epiphyse Distal : – Condylus lateralis & medialis– Epicondylus medialis & lateralis – Facies patellaris

40

TIBIA

• Epiphyse proximal :– Condylus medialis &

lateralis– Eminentia intercondylaris– Facies articularis superior– Facies lateralis fibulae– Tuberositas tibiae

• Epiphyse distal : – Facies articularis inferior – Malleolus medialis

41

FIBULA

• Ep. Prox. : Capitulum fibulae Apex capituli fibulae

• Corpus : margo interossea

• Ep. Distal : Malleolus lateral

Merupakan os sesamoid

Patella

42

Ossa Tarsalia

• Deret Posterior : talus , calcaneus • Deret Tengah : navicular bone• Deret Anterior : cuboid, cuneiforme (medial, intermedia, lateral)

Ossa Metatarsalia

• Ibu jari – Kelingking ( jari I – V)

Ossa Phalanges

• Jumlah total = 14 Ibu jari

(2) , jari lain (3)