kimia-air-contoh kimia air aplikasi
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Review and learn general guidelines for
developing effecing sa!pling progra!s"
#racice $ow o inerpre %ased on
geoc$e!ical daa anal&sis"
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C'E(ICAL C'ARACTERISTICS ) *
pH (Hydrogen Ion Activity) affects aqueous complexation,
mineral solubility, adsorption properties, gas solubility, &
biochemical reactions.
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
-4.5 -3.5 -2.5 -1.5 -0.5
og !"#$
p H
%ffect of "#$ gas pressure
on groundater !H
A sample of '
originally in equilibrium
ith calcite at !"#$ * +.atm
⇒ alloed to equilibrate
ith atmosphere (!"#$ *
+.+++- atm)arge change in pH
(pH ./ 0.1) ould
have a ma2or effect on
the solubility of
minerals.
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p'
T$e p' of waer deer!ines $e solu%ili& +a!oun $a cadissolved in $e waer, and %iological availa%ili& +a!oun
$a can %e uili-ed %& a.uaic life,of c$e!ical consiuens suc$ asnuriens +p$osp$orus/ nirogen/
and car%on, and $eav& !eals+lead/ copper/ cad!iu!/ ec","
$
-
1/
3
04
+
$
-
1
5 pure rain
5 sea ater 5 distilled ater
bleach 5
5 most fish species die
ammonia 5
lemon 2uice 5
beer 5
vinegar 5
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Al0alini& 5 o deer!ine $e dissolved inorganic car%on concenraion
+CO1+a.,/ '1CO*/ 'CO*) / CO*1), of a waer sa!ple 'ardness 5 o !easure $e soap)consu!ing capaci& 2 scale)for!ing endenc&
of $e waer +Ca13 3 (g13,
C'E(ICAL C'ARACTERISTICS ) 4
Conducivi& T5S
5ivide La0e 67 4"8
La0e Superior 9: 8*
La0e Ta$oe 91 84
Grindsone La0e 9; 8;
Ice La0e 667 :9La0e Independence *68 16*
La0e (ead
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T5S +Toal 5issoloved Solids, ) T5S !eer
T$is !eer wor0s %& !easuring $e electrical conductivity of $e
waer" Conducivi& increases as $e a!ouns of sals and o$er
dissolved solids increase in $e waer" Conducivi& and T5S are
wo differen %u relaed ess" One can %e calculaed fro! $eo$er %& !ulipl&ing or dividing %& a cerain fi=ed nu!%er"
T5S +!g>L, ? 7";; o 7": = conducivi& of sa!ple + S>c!,
C'E(ICAL C'ARACTERISTICS ) ;
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Redo= ? O=idaion 3 Reducion O=idaion @ su%sance loses or donaes elecrons +e),
Reducion @ su%sance gains or acceps elecrons +e),
Redo= reacions can %e $oug$ of as reacions involving ransfer ofo=&gen"
In soluion c$e!isr& i is generall& !ore convenien o considerredo= reacions as elecron ransfers"
T$e redo= poenial is a !easure of $e affini& of a su%sance forelecrons"
ni in vols ) a ransfer of elecrons is an elecrical curren"
+++
++=+ 2HO2
12FeOH2Fe 2
2
2
3
+−+
=+ 23 FeeFe
C'E(ICAL C'ARACTERISTICS ) ;
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Redo= #oenial can %e !easured
using Redo= eser on sie"
Redo= #oenial +E$, %& $e Nerns e.uaion@
w$ere E7 ? sandard poenial +a 1;C 2 6 a! pressure,
R ? gas consan +0cal>+!ol;,
T ? e!peraure +0elvins,
D ? Darada& consan +1*"6 0cal>V,
n ? nu!%er of elecrons
sp ? solu%ili& produc
RE5O #OTENTIALS +E$,
sp
0 lnKnF
RTEEh +=
.
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pH
+ $ 1 0 + $ 1
% h
( v o
l t s )
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% h
( v o l t s )
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pH
+ $ 1 0 + $ 1
% h
( v o
l t s )
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5issolved O=&gen +5O, 5 $e onl& gas rouinel& !easured inwaer sa!ples +!g>L,"
5issolved o=&gen refers o $e volu!e of o=&gen $a is conained
in waer" O=&gen eners $e waer %& p$oos&n$esis of a.uaic
%ioa and %& $e ransfer of o=&gen across $e air)waer inerface"
T$e a!oun of 5O depends on $e waer e!peraure/ salini&/and pressure"
$en perfor!ing $e dissolved o=&gen es/ onl& gra% sa!ples
s$ould %e used/ and $e anal&sis s$ould %e perfor!ed
i!!ediael&" T$erefore/ $is is a field es $a s$ould %eperfor!ed on sie"
As dissolved o=&gen levels in waer drop %elow ;"7 !g>L/ a.uaic
life is pu under sress" T$e lower $e concenraion/ $e greaer
$e sress"
C'E(ICAL C'ARACTERISTICS ) 8
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5ea$ Valle& SpringsGeoc$e!ical Invesigaion
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AREA INDOR(ATION
Researc$ers sugges $a ground waer in $e Hucca (ounain
area is $&draulicall& conneced o $e Lower Car%onae A.uifer"
5isc$arge fro! $e !aor springs in 5ea$ Valle& !a& %e faul)
conrolled"
T$e o%ecive of $is geoc$e!ical sud& of spring waers was o
o deer!ine $e source of $ese waers"
Geolog& in $e sud& is $ig$l& varia%le and co!ple=" Al$oug$
i is possi%le o readil& !ap $e surface geolog& of $e area/ our
0nowledge of $e su%surface geolog& %enea$ $e alluvial %asinis %ased upon a li!ied nu!%er of %ore$oles"
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@ost of the springs
are located near the
top of the recharge
system.
9he very high H"#-conc and very lo
conc of =a, "l, 6#1, &
@g indicate a very
young ground ater
source.
9o springs differ
from the other
springs < they are
localiDed
intermittent seeps.
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9hese springs have
very similar chemical
compositions < high
conc of =a & E and
intermediate conc of H"#-, 6#1, & "l.
9his indicate ater
discharging from
these springs has
folloed long travelpaths.
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F$, F1, & F/ springs
have similar chemical
compositions, but are
not geographically near
each other. 9hesesprings can be
described as a mixed
bag of sources, based
on the ide range of
chemical compositions.
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9hese springs are
totally dominated by
evaporation
processes, ith high
conc of =a"l.
9he composition of
F3 is similar to other
mountain springs,
hich suggest this
is a fault controlledspring source.
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SEAGE 5IS#OSAL SHSTE(S
8 G i = d l d "#
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8arGer eservoir, =ederland, "#
6urface ater 6ample 6ite
'round ater 6ample 6ite
esidence
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AREA INDOR(ATION
Bar0er Reservoir is a !ounain reservoir adacen o Nederland/
$a supplies 47 percen of $e drin0ing waer for $e ci& ofBoulder"
T$e sud& area is pri!aril& #reca!%rian igneous and!ea!orp$ic roc0/ e=cep for uaernar& alluviu! andcolluviu! in srea!%eds and drainages $a lead o $e reservoir"
Ground waer $a disc$arges ino Bar0er Reservoir flows%enea$ residenial develop!ens on $e nor$ and sou$ sides of$e reservoir"
'o!es on %o$ sides of $e reservoir use individual sewagedisposal s&se!s for disposal of do!esic wasewaer"
SGS 2 Ci& of Boulder conduced $is sud& o evaluaew$e$er sewage disposal s&se!s affec $e .uali& of groundwaer enering Bar0er Reservoir or is ri%uaries"
B +B, i d i di f di l ff d
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Boron +B, is a good indicaor of sewage disposal s&se! effecs on groundwaer %ecause +6, naural %ac0ground concenraions are generall& lowrelaive o sewage disposal effluen/ +1, B does no undergo %iologicalre!oval during rea!en/ and +*, B is no significanl& sor%ed in $esu%surface"
B conc" &picall& range fro! less $an67 g>L o 47 g>L" Elevaed B conc" can indicae $u!an influence +non)c$lorine %leac$es and
frui,
( g7)
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ACI5 (INE 5RAINAGE
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AREA INDOR(ATION
T$e sud& area is locaed in rural sou$ern Sar0 Coun&
O$io in $e Bear Cree0 Run aers$ed"
T$is area is an unglaciaed par of O$io wi$ relief of
up o 177 fee per 7"; !iles" T$ree #enns&lvanian aged unis
are presen in $e areaF $e Cone!aug$/ Alleg$en&/
and #osville Dor!aions" T$ese unis consis of iner%edded
coals/ s$ales/ and li!esone including $e Broo0ville ndercla& w$ic$
acs as a !aor regional a.uiclude/ and occurs a $e conac %eween
$e #osville and $e Alleg$en& Dor!aions"
T$e area $as %een srip !ined for coal and li!esones for !os of $is
cenur& and a%andoned !ine spoils occup& appro=i!ael& 47K of
$e drainage %asin"
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B
A
"
8
':
%
Areas occupied by strip minespoils (red)
6
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# $ % & E F G
Te'p 12.0 11.7 11.7 10.6 11.5 12.1 11.2
pH 7.46 8.42 8.60 7.04 7.55 7.17 4.89
H%O3 876 776 552 424 512 324 28
%O3 0 67 0 0 0 0 0
%l 1266.4 72.9 10.4 43.1 32.5 15.9 8.7
O4 10 10 10.9 10 10 82.4 2069.9
!O4 0.15 0.75 0.55 0.10 0.20 0.18 0.10
) 0.26 0.18 0.22 0.31 0.40 0.44 0.26
$r 11.50 1.20 0.06 0.60 0.44 0.13 0.04
)" 890 340 220 140 190 160 20
K 8.5 3.0 2.3 7.2 5.0 2.1 5.6
*g 6.21 0.36 0.18 7.43 3.99 0.70 223.50
%" 20 0.8 0.6 22 12 2 443
#l 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.13 5.40
*n 0.01 0 0 0.03 0.02 0.01 46.1
Fe 0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 46.7
+ 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.3 )&
T& 2996 1264 800 645 757 590 2890
6A@!% :A9A (,on,. +n 'g/
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C'LORI5E +Cl, 5oes no su%siue for o$er anions +no waer)roc0 ineracion,⇒
conservaive ele!en sed in !ass %alance calculaions for !i=ing of waer %odies"
!arG
Cl +!g>L,
#ar0 *1
River 6;
Local A.uifer *9
8ased on the ater chemistry, the parG ater as a mixture
of aquifer and river ater. hat is the mixing ratio
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BRO(INE +Br,
Bro!ine is widel& disri%ued in naure/ generall& in low
concenraions in $e for! of %ro!ine sals" T$e !os co!!on
for!s of %ro!ine are solu%le sals found naurall& in seawaer/
sal la0es/ inland seas/ and %rine wells suc$ as $ose in
(ic$igan and Ar0ansas in $e nied Saes"
Seawaer conains a%ou 8; pp! %ro!ide sals +!uc$ s!aller
.uaniies $an c$loride,"
Br is also a conservaive ion +no waer)roc0 ineracion,"
Br>Cl raio is used o race origins of salini&"
Dor ocean waer/ Br>Cl ? *"; = 67)*
Groundwaer flowing $roug$ a.uifer wi$ $alie +NaCl,
⇒ Sal dissoluion will lower Br>Cl as Cl increases"
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NITRATE +N,
So!e N in rainfall +dissoluion of a!osp$eric N 2
an$ropogenic NO= e!issions,
Also inpu fro! soil +especiall& w$ere ferilisers are used or
near sepic s&se!s,⇒ sed o assess i!pacs of polluion+effluen/ ferilisers,
Tends o %e conservaive in !os groundwaer environ!ens"
Aero%ic condiion/ NO* is sa%le and a conservaive racer"
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,hoeller &+"gr"'
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
4045
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
' e 1 . /
#
$%
&
E
F
G
H%O3 %l O4 )" *g %"
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600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
To"l &+ssole4 ol+4s ('g./
5 e l l & e p 2 h ( e l e 3 " 2 + o n " 6 o 3 e s e "
l e 3 e
l 0
B
%
":
8
'
A
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" A 9 I # = 6 A = I # = 6meq7l
=aCE H"#- C"#- "l
@g 6#1
"a"alcium ("a) "hloride ("l)
6 u l f a t e ( 6 # 1 ) C "
h l o r i d
e ( " l )
" a l c i u
m ( " a ) C @ a g n e s i u m ( @ g )
" a r b o
n a t e ( " # - ) C 8
i c a r b o
n a t e ( H " # - )
6 o d i u m ( = a ) C ! o t a s s i u m ( E )
6 u l f a
t e ( 6 # 1 )
@ a g
n e s i u m ( @
g )
0+ + 1+ $+ $+ 1+ + 0+
0 +
. +
1 +
$ +
$ +
1 +
. +
0 +
$ +
1 +
. +
0 +
0 +
. +
1 +
$ +
$ +
1 +
. +
0 +
$ +
1 +
. +
0 +
0 +
. +
1 +
$ +
0 +
. +
1 +
$ +
'
A
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