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Nama : ARDIANSYAH

NPM : D2D013002

1. INTRODUCTION

Much of what is taught to policy analysts in many policy programs ill equips them

todeal with the issues related to the quality of democracy. Traditionally, policy analysis

served democracy by concentrating on the efficiency and effectiveness with which stated

 policy goals were delivered (Bardach 2000 !eimer and "ining #$$$%. &sing tools from

macroeconomics, policy analysts have conducted increasingly sophisticated means'ends

assessments and theories of the proper role of government vis a)vis mar*ets (+strom#$$0

indblom #$--%. !here political science has a substantial foothold in policy programs,

 policy analysts have attended to political feasibility and support, responsiveness of policy to

citiens, evaluation of the ways in which policies are constructed to reach agreement, and

how implementing agencies relate to constituencies, and to each other (/ye #$$ deeon

and 1teelman #$$$ngram and 1mith#$$3%. Today, assuming that efficiency, effectiveness,

and political feasibility are the only measures policy analysts should apply in measuring the

various policies4 contribution to democracy is clearly inadequate. There is an accumulation of 

 both theoretical and empirical wor* demonstrating that public policies, and the elements in

their designs, have important effects on citienship, 5ustice, and discourse. The importance of 

 public policy in creating a more 5ust society is apparent worldwide. ssues of distributive

 5ustice and responsive leadership cannot be left only to academic enquiry, but must become

more central in the wor* of the policy analyst (6age#$3 /enhardt and /enhardt 2003%.

Moreover, the conte7t in which policy analysis is ta*ing place is changing in important ways

that ma*e the relationship of policy to democracy especially salient.

+ur initial theme is to suggest that the conte7ts for most public policies are undergoing

rapid changes, which require a focus on the democracy gap that has previously received scantattention from policy analysts. !e will then e7plore briefly the meanings of conditions for 

democracy. !e will ne7t posit some possible lin*ages between democratic conditions and

 public policy content or design. The bul* of the chapter will be in developing these lin*ages

as a sub5ect matter for policy analysis . 8inally, we will e7amine how the purposes and tools

of contemporary policy analysts need to change to serve democracy better. !hile our 

 principal focus will be on developments in the &nited 1tates, which is the case we *now best,

we will refer to parallel developments elsewhere as appropriate.

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1. PENDAHULUAN

Banya* dari apa yang dia5ar*an *epada analis *ebi5a*an pada banya* program

*ebi5a*an yang saling meleng*api mere*a untu* berurusan dengan masalah yang ber*aitan

dengan *ualitas demo*rasi. 1ecara tradisional, analisis *ebi5a*an dilayani demo*rasi dengan

 ber*onsentrasi pada efisiensi dan efe*tivitas yang tu5uan *ebi5a*an lain yang disampai*an

(Bardach 2000 !eimer dan "ining #$$$%. Mengguna*an alatalat dari ma*roe*onomi, analis

*ebi5a*an telah mela*u*an penilaian saranau5ung sema*in canggih dan teori peran yang

tepat dari pemerintah visvis a) pasar (+strom#$$0 indblom #$--%. /imana ilmu politi* 

memili*i pi5a*an substansial dalam program *ebi5a*an, analis *ebi5a*an telah hadir untu* 

*elaya*an politi* dan du*ungan, respon *ebi5a*an *epada warga, evaluasi cara di mana

*ebi5a*an yang dibangun untu* mencapai *esepa*atan, dan bagaimana badan pela*sana

 berhubungan dengan *onstituen, dan satu sama lain (/ye #$$ deeon dan 1teelman #$$$

ngram dan 1mith#$$3%. 9ari ini, dengan asumsi bahwa efisiensi, efe*tivitas, dan *elaya*an

 politi* adalah satusatunya lang*ah analis *ebi5a*an harus diterap*an dalam mengu*ur 

*ontribusi berbagai *ebi5a*an :untu* demo*rasi 5elas tida* memadai. ;da a*umulasi berdua

 be*er5a teoritis dan empiris menun5u**an bahwa *ebi5a*an publi*, dan unsurunsur dalam

desain mere*a, memili*i efe* penting pada *ewarganegaraan, *eadilan, dan wacana.

6entingnya *ebi5a*an publi* dalam mencipta*an masyara*at yang lebih adil 5elas seluruh

dunia. su *eadilan distributif dan *epemimpinan responsif tida* dapat dibiar*an hanya untu* 

 penyelidi*an a*ademi*, tetapi harus men5adi lebih sentral dalam pe*er5aan analis *ebi5a*an

(6age#$3 /enhardt dan /enhardt 2003%. 1elain itu, *onte*s di mana analisis *ebi5a*an

 berlangsung berubah dalam caracara penting yang membuat hubungan *ebi5a*an demo*rasi

terutama menon5ol.

Tema awal *ami adalah untu* menun5u**an bahwa *onte*s untu* sebagian besar 

*ebi5a*an publi* sedang mengalami perubahan yang cepat, yang membutuh*an fo*us pada

*esen5angan demo*rasi yang sebelumnya telah menerima sedi*it perhatian dari analis

*ebi5a*an.

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8. CHALLENGE FOR THE POLICY ANALYST

=7ploring the *inds of questions and lin*ages suggested here requires that the policy

analyst must evaluate government and governance structures quite differently from simply

measuring effectiveness and effciency. ;nalysts need to be especially attentive to ancillary

effects of actions beyond goal fulfillment. >overnment must be measured by its ability to

intervene strategically in the comple7 networ*s of policy delivery systems to encourage

 better access to information, to correct for power imbalances and damaging stereo types and

social constructions among sta*eholders,and to create arenas and spheres of public discourse.

6olicy analysts must be prepared to unmas* framing of problems and social constructions of 

targets that are degenerative and damaging to democracy . 6olicy analysts may also be called

upon to suggest alternative policy tools, rules, and implementation structures that facilitate

the conditions for democracy.

6olicy analysts will need to hone s*ills beyond quantitative policy analysis andsystem

modeling to incorporate these criteria into policy assessments. ;dditionalattention should be

given to indepth interviewing s*ills including various *inds of narrative analysis. The use of 

stories, for e7ample, of how streetlevel policy wor*ers assess client identities and deliver 

 policy that they view as??fair44(MaynardMoodyandMusheno 2003% offers rich insights into

the daytoday wor* of policy implementers that would be invaluable in helping structure

 public organiations to release the tension between ruleboundedness and discretionary

 5udgements. =thnographic and participant observation are vital elements of the policy

analyst4s wor* yet are paid scant attention in most policy analysis methodological te7ts.

6articipatory policy analysis has been used very effectively not only to assess how and why a

 program is having certain *inds of impacts, but in designing better alternatives. 8urther, we

need torecognie that policy analysis is inherently a normative e7ercise and that the values of 

democracy are in need of particular analytical attention. Thus, interpretative methodologies

must be incorporated into the tool *it of the policy analysts.

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8. TANTANGAN UNTUK ANALIS KEBIJAKAN

Men5ela5ahi 5enis pertanyaan dan hubungan yang disaran*an di sini mensyarat*an

 bahwa analis *ebi5a*an harus mengevaluasi stru*tur pemerintahan dan tata *elola cu*up

 berbeda dari hanya mengu*ur efe*tivitas dan effisiensi. ;nalis harus sangat memperhati*an

efe* tambahan dari tinda*an di luar pemenuhan tu5uan. 6emerintah harus diu*ur oleh

*emampuannya untu* campur tangan secara strategis dalam 5aringan *omple*s sistem

 pengiriman *ebi5a*an untu* mendorong a*ses yang lebih bai* *e informasi, untu* 

mengore*si *etida*seimbangan *e*uatan dan 5enis stereo merusa* dan *onstru*si sosial

antara para pemang*u *epentingan, dan mencipta*an arena dan ling*up wacana publi*.

;nalis *ebi5a*an harus siap untu* mengung*ap bing*ai masalah dan *onstru*si sosial dari

target yang degeneratif dan merusa* demo*rasi. ;nalis *ebi5a*an 5uga dapat dipanggil untu* 

menyaran*an alat alternatif *ebi5a*an, aturan, dan stru*tur pela*sanaan yang memfasilitasi

*ondisi untu* demo*rasi.

;nalis *ebi5a*an perlu mengasah *eterampilan di luar analisis *ebi5a*an *uantitatif dan

 pemodelan sistem untu* memasu**an *riteria ini *e dalam penilaian *ebi5a*an. 6erhatian

tambahan harus diberi*an *epada mendalam *eterampilan wawancara termasu* berbagai

 5enis analisis naratif. 6enggunaan cerita, misalnya, bagaimana pe*er5a *ebi5a*an ting*at

 5alanan menilai identitas nasabah dan memberi*an *ebi5a*an yang mere*a pandang sebagai ::

adil :: (MaynardMoody dan Musheno 2003% menawar*an wawasan yang *aya *e harihari

*er5a pela*sana *ebi5a*an yang a*an sangat berharga dalam membantu stru*tur organisasi

 publi* untu* melepas*an *etegangan antara aturansifat terbatas dan penilaian *ebi5a*sanaan.

=tnografi dan observasi partisipan merupa*an elemen penting dari pe*er5aan analis *ebi5a*an

ini belum dibayar sedi*it perhatian di sebagian besar analisis *ebi5a*an te*s metodologis.

;nalisis *ebi5a*an partisipatif telah diguna*an sangat efe*tif tida* hanya untu* menilai

 bagaimana dan mengapa program adalah memili*i beberapa 5enis dampa*, tetapi dalam

merancang alternatif yang lebih bai*. 1elan5utnya, *ita perlu menga*ui bahwa analisis

*ebi5a*an pada dasarnya latihan normatif dan nilainilai demo*rasi yang membutuh*an

 perhatian analitis tertentu. /engan demi*ian, metodologi interpretatif harus dimasu**an *e

dalam *ota* peralatan dari para analis *ebi5a*an.